>.
\UVFEG^ FJÍN_UMNG^ G JÄ@FG^ OF _UG@^DM^MÞ@
G`tfs of pk`fr f` sfrvmnmk u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, fs sudgdf`tf
mdpkrtg`tf rfgjmzgr prufegs of nkdmsmk`gdmf`tk k prufegs of pufstg f`
sfrvmnmk, nk` fj bm` of gsfiurgrsf quf jgs fspfnmbmngnmk`fs ofj omsf÷k
nkrrfspk`of` g jk quf fstç nk`strumok y gsä oftfrdm`gr quf jg jä`fg of
trg`sdmsmþ` fstç jmstg pgrg sfr f`frimzgog. Jgs prufegs dä`mdgs of pufstg f`
sfrvmnmk quf ofef` rfgjmzgrsf sk`8

Rfrmbmngnmþ` of jg gusf`nmg of nk`fxmk`fs m`govfrtmogs g tmfrrg
Rfrmbmngnmþ` of jg nk`tm`umogo of jks nk`ountkrfs

Dfomnmþ` of jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg pksmtmvg y sfnuf`nmg nfrk

>.7.
Rfrmbmngnmþ` of jg gusf`nmg of nk`fxmk`fs m`govfrtmogs g tmfrrg
Fj fsqufdg y gpjmngnmþ` of fstg prufeg, fs u`g vgrmgnmþ` of jg dfomnmþ`
of jg rfsmstf`nmg ofj gmsjgdmf`tk g ngejfs of pktf`nmg. Of afnak, sm sf qumsmfrg
ngjnujgr jg rfsmstf`nmg ofj gmsjgdmf`tk dfomog g ngog bgsf of jg jä`fg of
trg`sdmsmþ`, ø`mngdf`tf sf tmf`f quf omvmomr fj vkjtghf gpjmngok pkr jg nkrrmf`tf
dfomog.
>.7.7.
Ofbm`mnmþ`
Fs jg vfrmbmngnmþ` of jg gusf`nmg of gjiu`g nk`fxmþ` g tmfrrg, nkjkngog of
bkrdg govfrtmog k of bkrdg m`govfrtmog f` nugjqumfrg of jgs bgsfs of jg jä`fg of
trg`sdmsmþ`. @k kestg`tf, fj tmfdpk of nk`strunnmþ` of u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`
fs rfjgtmvgdf`tf jgrik, f`tk`nfs, `k agy u` nk`trkj fspfnäbmnk ofj nrfnmdmf`tk
96
of jg vfiftgnmþ`, rgdgs of çrekjfs y dgjfzg. \kr jk tg`tk, nk` ístg prufeg,
tgdemí` sf vfrmbmng quf nugjqumfrg of jgs bgsfs of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` `k
fstí f` nk`tgntk nk` gjiø` tmpk of vfiftgnmþ`, k f` fj pfkr of jks fsnf`grmks,
quf `k fxmstg u` nkrtk
n krtk nmrnumtk f`trf bgsfs g ngusg of vg`ogjmsdk.
>.7.5.
Mdpkrtg`nmg
Gj dkdf`tk of f`frimzgr u`g jjä`fg
ä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, gutkdçtmngdf`tf ístg
pgsg g sfr pgrtf of jg rfo of trg`sdmsmþ` ofj smstfdg of pktf`nmg pgrg fj nugj jg
jä`fg buf nk`strumog. \kr jk tg`tk, nugjqumfr bgjjg g jk jgrik of tkog jg jk`imtuo of
jg jä`fg, pufof prkvkngr ksnmjgnmk`fs f` fj smstfdg, jgs nugjfs pufof`
nkdprkdftfr jg fstgemjmogo ofj smstfdg of trg`sdmsmþ`, prkvkng`ok omspgrks y
rfnagzks of ngrig. Fs pkr fjjk, quf fs sudgdf`tf mdpkrtg`tf gsfiurgrsf of
quf jgs trfs bgsfs of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` g f`frimzgrsf, `k fstç`
m`govfrtmogdf`tf nk`fntgogs g tmfrrg k nkrtknmrnumtgogs f`trf sä dmsdgs, g jk
jgrik of tkog jg jk`imtuo of jg jä`fg.
>.7.>.
Ofsnrmpnmþ` if`frgj
\grg vfrmbmngr jg gusf`nmg of nk`fxmk`fs g tmfrrg m`govfrtmogs k nkrtk
nmrnumtks f`trf bgsfs, sf rfqumfrf of u` omspksmtmvk k fqumpk of prufeg ngpgz of
m`yfntgr u` gjtk vkjtghf f` nkrrmf`tf omrfntg. @krdgjdf`tf, gjiu`ks m`strudf`tks
of fstf tmpk, pufof` m`yfntgr agstg u` vkjtghf dçxmdk of 72< cmjkvkjtmks y 6
dmjmgdpfrmks f` NO. G fstf fqumpk of prufeg, sf jf nk`knf nkdk fqumpk of
prufeg of Gjtk \ktf`nmgj k Am\kt. \grg jä`fgs of trg`sdmsmþ` of gjtk vkjtghf (02=
cmjkvkjtmks), fj vgjkr of vkjtghf g m`yfntgr
m`yfn tgr ofef sfr dgykr g 76 cmjkvkjtmks
cm jkvkjtmks y df`kr
k miugj gj vkjtghf `kdm`gj of kpfrgnmþ` of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`. F` jg bmiurg
>1, sf dufstrg u` fqumpk of prufeg nkdø`df`tf fdpjfgok pgrg fstf tmpk of
prufegs, bgermngok pkr jg nkdpg֊g Dfiifr.
92
G jg bgsf of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` eghk prufeg, fstf omspksmtmvk m`yfntg
f` bkrdg irgougj vkjtghf f` NO agstg gjng`zgr fj `mvfj of vkjtghf ofsfgok k
pfrdmtmok pkr fj omspksmtmvk. F` jg u`mogo of nk`trkj ofj fqumpk of prufeg sf
pufof dk`mtkrfgr fj vkjtghf y jg nkrrmf`tf m`yfntgoks.
Bmiurg >1.
Fqumpk of prufeg of gjtk pktf`nmgj bgermngok
bge rmngok pkr Dfiifr
Buf`tf8 DFIIFU. M`struntmk` dg`ugj bkr taf ON omfjfntrmn tfst sfts. p. >.
^m jg bgsf eghk
eghk prufeg fstç jmerf of nk`fxmk`fs g tmfrrg g jk jgrik of tkog
jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, fj fqumpk of prufeg m`nrfdf`tgrç nk` bgnmjmogo fj vkjtghf
m`yfntgok, dg`tf`mf`ok vgjkrfs of nkrrmf`tf duy eghks, if`frgjdf`tf f` fj
99
krof` of dmnrk k `g`k gdpfrmks. ^m` fdegrik, sm jg bgsf eghk prufeg fstuvmfsf
nk`fntgog g tmfrrg f` gjiø` pu`tk g jk jgrik of tkog jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, fj
fqumpk of prufeg `k sfrç ngpgz of m`nrfdf`tgr fj vkjtghf m`yfntgok,
ø`mngdf`tf m`yfntgrç nk` irg` bgnmjmogo, nkrrmf`tf, tgj g nkdk sf vf f` jg bmiurg
>=, agstg quf jg prktfnnmþ` of skerf-nkrrmf`tf ofj fqumpk of prufeg gntøf
gntøf pgrg
jg prktfnnmþ` ofj dmsdk.
Bmiurg >=.
M`omngokrfs of vkjtghf y nkrrmf`tf of jg u`mogo of nk`trkj
g) Ngsk täpmnk of u`g bgsf sm` nk`fxmk`fs g tmfrrg8 Jg
nkrrmf`tf y fj vkjtghf gudf`tg`.
e) Ngsk täpmnk of u`g bgsf nk` nk`fxmk`fs g tmfrrg8 Fj vkjtghf
`k gudf`tg, ø`mngdf`tf gudf`tg jg nkrrmf`tf.
Buf`tf8 ^uefstgnmþ` of f`friäg fjíntrmng Giug Ngjmf`tf, Ufpøejmng of Ak`ourgs.
>.7.?.
Nk`omnmk`fs m`mnmgjfs rfqufrmogs pgrg rfgjmzgr jgs
prufegs
\grg oftfrdm`gr quf jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, g jk jgrik of tkog su jk`imtuo,
`k fstí gtfrrmzgog pkr nugjqumfr dfomk, f`tmí`ogsf of bkrdg m`tf`nmk`gj k `k
m`tf`nmk`gj, gdeks
fxtrfdks of jg jjä`fg
ä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` ofef` fstgr
ofsnk`fntgoks of nunamjjgs of pufstg g tmfrrg y nugjqumfr fqumpk of gjtk vkjtghf
of ngog suefstgnmþ` f` jks oks fxtrfdks of jg jä`fg, pkr fhfdpjk,
trg`sbkrdgokrfs of vkjtghf, trg`sbkrdgokrfs of nkrrmf`tf, f`trf ktrks fqumpks
prmdgrmks, tgj nkdk sf kesfrvg f` jg bmiurg ?<.
91
>.7.6.
Ufgjmzgnmþ` of prufegs g jg bgsf U
\grg oftfrdm`gr quf jg bgsf U of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` sf f`nuf`trg
f`nuf `trg jmerf
of nk`fxmk`fs g tmfrrg m`govfrtmogs y jmerfs of nkrtk nmrnumtks f`trf bgsfs, sf
ofef` rfgjmzgr jks smiumf`tfs nm`nk pgsks8

\gsk 78 sf ofef nudpjmr tkok jk fspfnmbmngok f` jgs nk`omnmk`fs m`mnmgjfs
rfqufrmogs pgrg rfgjmzgr jgs prufegs3
Bmiurg ?<.
Jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` ofsnk`fntgog of fqumpks prmdgrmks
Buf`tf8 ^uefstgnmþ` of f`friäg fjíntrmng Giug Ngjmf`tf, Ufpøejmng of Ak`ourgs.
9=

\gsk 58 f` fj fxtrfdk nfrng`k, fs ofnmr, ok`of sf f`nuf`trg uemngok fj
fqumpk of prufeg, sf ofef nk`fntgr fj ngejf of m`yfnnmþ` of gjtk vkjtghf
ofj m`strudf`tk of prufeg f` jg bgsf U3

\gsk >8 f` gdeks fxtrfdks of jg jä`fg eghk prufeg, sf ofef` nk`fntgr
omrfntgdf`tf g jg rfo of tmfrrgs of jg suefstgnmþ` k tkrrf jgs bgsfs ^ y _3

\gsk ?8 sf ofef m`nrfdf`tgr pgujgtm`gdf`tf fj vkjtghf agstg jjfigr gj `mvfj
of vkjtghf of prufeg ofsfgok k fj pfrdmtmok pkr fj fqumpk of prufeg,
ofspuís of agefr gjng`zgok fsf `mvfj, sf ofef skstf`fr fj vkjtghf pkr u`
dm`utk, jufik of fjjk, pgujgtm`gdf`tf sf ofef omsdm`umr fj vkjtghf
m`yfntgok3

\gsk 68 nk`smstf f` jg ofsnk`fxmþ` ofj ngejf quf m`yfntg fj gjtk vkjtghf
ofspuís of agefr omsdm`umok fj vkjtghf of prufeg g nfrk vkjtmks3 sm`
fdegrik, g`tfs of ofsnk`fntgr fj ngejf of m`yfnnmþ`, sf ofef ofsngrigr
g tmfrrg jg jä`fg of prufeg pkrquf ofemok g jg `gturgjfzg dmsdg of jg jä`fg
of trg`sdmsmþ`, ístg qufog ngrigog nk` vkjtghfs quf pufof` sfr dkrtgjfs.
F` jg bmiurg ?7 sf pufof kesfrvgr fj grrfijk pgrg fstg prufeg.
>.7.6.7.
Nrmtfrmk of fvgjugnmþ` of jg prufeg
Jg prufeg sf fvgjøg of bkrdg sgtmsbgntkrmg sm fj vkjtghf pufof sfr
irgougjdf`tf fjfvgok agstg fj vgjkr ofsfgok y quf ístf sfg skstf`mok, nkdk
dä`mdk ourg`tf u` dm`utk. ^m` fd
fdegrik,
egrik, jg prufeg sf fvgjugrç of bbkrdg
krdg `k
sgtmsbgntkrmg sm ø`mngdf`tf sf m`nrfdf`tg fj vgjkr of jg nkrrmf`tf y fj vkjtghf
pfrdg`fnf fstçtmnk f` nfrk vkjtmks y sm fj fqumpk of prufeg sf omspgrg dmf`trgs
fj vkjtghf sf vg m`nrfdf`tg`ok. ^m jg fvgjugnmþ` of jg prufeg jjfigsf g sfr `k
1<
sgtmsbgntkrmg, sf ofef` m`vfstmigr jgs ngusg`tfs of fsgs g`krdgjmogofs y
ofspuís of agefrjgs rfsujtk, jgs prufegs sf ofef` nkrrfr of `ufvk.
Bmiurg ?7.
Rfrmbmngnmþ` of jg gusf`nmg of pu`tks g tmfrrg f` jg bgsf
U
Buf`tf8 fjgekrgnmþ` prkpmg.
>.7.2.
Ufgjmzgnmþ` of prufegs g jg bgsf ^
\grg oftfrdm`gr quf jg bgsf ^ of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` sf f`nuf`trg jmerf
of nk`fxmk`fs g m`govfrtmogs g tmfrrg y jmerfs of nkrtk nmrnumtks f`trf bgsfs, sf
ofef` rfgjmzgr jks smiumf`tfs nm`nk pgsks8

\gsk 78 sf ofef nudpjmr tkok jk fspfnmbmngok f` jgs nk`omnmk`fs m`mnmgjfs
rfqufrmogs pgrg rfgjmzgr jgs prufegs3
17

\gsk 58 f` fj fxtrfdk nfrng`k, fs ofnmr, ok`of sf f`nuf`trg uemngok fj
fqumpk of prufeg, sf ofef nk`fntgr fj ngejf of m`yfnnmþ` of gjtk vkjtghf
ofj m`strudf`tk of prufeg f` jg bgsf ^3

\gsk >8 f` gdeks fxtrfdks of jg jä`fg eghk prufeg, sf ofef` nk`fntgr
omrfntgdf`tf g jg rfo of tmfrrgs of jg suefstgnmþ` k tkrrf jgs bgsfs U y _3

\gsk ?8 sf ofef m`nrfdf`tgr irgougjdf`tf fj vkjtghf agstg jjfigr gj `mvfj
of vkjtghf of prufeg ofsfgok k fj pfrdmtmok pkr fj fqumpk of prufeg,
ofspuís of agefr gjng`zgok fsf `mvfj, sf ofef skstf`fr fj vkjtghf pkr u`
dm`utk, jufik of fjjk, pgujgtm`gdf`tf sf ofef omsdm`umr fj vkjtghf
m`yfntgok3

\gsk 68 nk`smstf f` jg ofsnk`fxmþ` ofj ngejf quf m`yfntg fj gjtk vkjtghf
ofspuís of agefr omsdm`umok fj vkjtghf of prufeg g nfrk vkjtmks3 sm`
fdegrik, g`tfs of ofsnk`fntgr fj ngejf of m`yfnnmþ`, sf ofef ofsngrigr
g tmfrrg jg jä`fg of prufeg pkrquf ofemok g jg `gturgjfzg dmsdg of jg jä`fg
of trg`sdmsmþ`, ístg qufog ngrigog nk` vkjtghfs quf pufof` sfr dkrtgjfs.
F` jg bmiurg ?5 sf pufof kesfrvgr fj grrfijk pgrg fstg prufeg.
>.7.2.7.
Nrmtfrmk of fvgjugnmþ` of jg prufeg
Jg prufeg sf fvgjøg of bkrdg sgtmsbgntkrmg sm fj vkjtghf pufof sfr
irgougjdf`tf fjfvgok agstg fj vgjkr ofsfgok y quf ístf sfg skstf`mok, nkdk
dä`mdk ourg`tf u` dm`utk. ^m` fd
fdegrik,
egrik, jg prufeg sf fvgjugrç of bbkrdg
krdg `k
sgtmsbgntkrmg sm ø`mngdf`tf sf m`nrfdf`tg fj vgjkr of jg nkrrmf`tf y fj vkjtghf
pfrdg`fnf fstçtmnk f` nfrk vkjtmks y sm fj fqumpk of prufeg sf omspgrg dmf`trgs
fj vkjtghf sf vg m`nrfdf`tg`ok. ^m jg fvgjugnmþ` of jg prufeg jjfigsf g sfr `k
15
sgtmsbgntkrmg, sf ofef` m`vfstmigr jgs ngusg`tfs of fsgs g`krdgjmogofs y
ofspuís of agefrjgs rfsujtk, jgs prufegs sf ofef` nkrrfr of `ufvk.
Bmiurg ?5.
Rfrmbmngnmþ`
Rfrmbmng
nmþ` of jg gusf`nmg of pu`tks g tmfrrg f` jg bgsf
^
Buf`tf8 fjgekrgnmþ` prkpmg.
>.7.9.
Ufgjmzgnmþ` of prufegs g jg bgsf _
\grg oftfrdm`gr quf jg bgsf _ of jg
j g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` sf f`nuf`trg jmerf
of nk`fxmk`fs m`govfrtmogs g tmfrrg y jmerfs of nkrtk nmrnumtks f`trf bgsfs, sf
ofef` rfgjmzgr jks smiumf`tfs nm`nk pgsks8

\gsk 78 sf ofef nudpjmr tkok jk fspfnmbmngok f` jgs nk`omnmk`fs m`mnmgjfs
rfqufrmogs pgrg rfgjmzgr jgs prufegs3
1>

\gsk 58 f` fj fxtrfdk nfrng`k, fs ofnmr, ok`of sf f`nuf`trg uemngok fj
fqumpk of prufeg, sf ofef nk`fntgr fj ngejf of m`yfnnmþ` of gjtk vkjtghf
ofj m`strudf`tk of prufeg f` jg bgsf ^3

\gsk >8 f` gdeks fxtrfdks of jg jä`fg eghk prufeg, sf ofef` nk`fntgr
omrfntgdf`tf g jg rfo of tmfrrgs of jg suefstgnmþ` k tkrrf jgs bgsfs U y ^3

\gsk ?8 sf ofef m`nrfdf`tgr irgougjdf`tf fj vkjtghf agstg jjfigr gj `mvfj
of vkjtghf of prufeg ofsfgok k fj pfrdmtmok pkr fj fqumpk of prufeg,
ofspuís of agefr gjng`zgok fsf `mvfj, sf ofef skstf`fr fj vkjtghf pkr u`
dm`utk, jufik of fjjk, pgujgtm`gdf`tf sf ofef omsdm`umr fj vkjtghf
m`yfntgok3

\gsk 68 nk`smstf f` jg ofsnk`fxmþ` ofj ngejf quf m`yfntg fj gjtk vkjtghf
ofspuís of agefr omsdm`umok fj vkjtghf of prufeg g nfrk vkjtmks3 sm`
fdegrik, g`tfs of ofsnk`fntgr fj ngejf of m`yfnnmþ`, sf ofef ofsngrigr
g tmfrrg jg jä`fg of prufeg pkrquf ofemok g jg `gturgjfzg dmsdg of jg jä`fg
of trg`sdmsmþ`, ístg qufog ngrigog nk` vkjtghfs quf pufof` sfr dkrtgjfs.
F` jg bmiurg ?> sf pufof kesfrvgr fj grrfijk pgrg fstg prufeg.
>.7.9.7.
Nrmtfrmk of fvgjugnmþ` of jg prufeg
Jg prufeg sf fvgjøg of bkrdg sgtmsbgntkrmg sm fj vkjtghf pufof sfr
irgougjdf`tf fjfvgok agstg fj vgjkr ofsfgok y quf ístf sfg skstf`mok, nkdk
dä`mdk ourg`tf u` dm`utk. ^m` fd
fdegrik,
egrik, jg prufeg sf fvgjugrç of bbkrdg
krdg `k
sgtmsbgntkrmg sm ø`mngdf`tf sf m`nrfdf`tg fj vgjkr of jg nkrrmf`tf y fj vkjtghf
pfrdg`fnf fstçtmnk f` nfrk vkjtmks y sm fj fqumpk of prufeg sf omspgrg dmf`trgs
fj vkjtghf sf vg m`nrfdf`tg`ok. ^m jg fvgjugnmþ` of jg prufeg jjfigsf g sfr `k
1?
sgtmsbgntkrmg, sf ofef` m`vfstmigr jgs ngusg`tfs of fsgs g`krdgjmogofs y
ofspuís of agefrjgs rfsujtk, jgs prufegs sf ofef` nkrrfr of `ufvk.
Bmiurg ?>.
Rfrmbmngnmþ` of jg gusf`nmg of pu`tks g tmfrrg f` jg bgsf
_
Buf`tf8 fjgekrgnmþ` prkpmg.
>.5.
Rfrmbmngnmþ` of jg nk`tm`umogo of jks nk`ountkrfs
Jg nk`tm`umogo fs u`g vfrmbmngnmþ` quf sf rfgjmzg g tkok tmpk of
nk`ountkrfs, ofsof ngejfs of nk`trkj y eghk vkjtghf agstg nk`ountkrfs of jgs
jä`fgs of trg`sdmsmþ` of gjtk y fxtrg gjtk vkjtghf. Fs u`g prufeg sf`nmjjg pfrk
u`g mdpkrtg`nmg duy gjtg.
>.5.7.
Ofbm`mnmþ`
Fs jg nkdprkegnmþ` of jg m`tfirmogo y nk`tm`umogo of ngog u`k of jks
nk`ountkrfs of jgs bgsfs of u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, ofsof u` pu`tk m`mnmgj
16
agstg u` pu`tk omstg`tf y bm`gj, tkdg`ok nkdk rfbfrf`nmg fj pksmnmk`gdmf`tk of
ngog u`g of jgs bgsfs f` fj pu`tk m`mnmgj y f` fj pu`tk bm`gj f` egsf gj omsf÷k of
jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`.
>.5.5.
Mdpkrtg`nmg
\rfvmk g f`frimzgr pkr prmdfrg vfz u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, sf ofef tf`fr
jg nkdpjftg nfrtfzg of quf nugjqumfrg of jks nk`ountkrfs of ngog bgsf `k ag
smok nkrtgok f` nugjqumfr pu`tk g jk jgrik of jg jä`fg. _gdemí` fs trgsnf`of`tgj
jg vfrmbmngnmþ` of jg pksmnmþ` bäsmng k uemngnmþ` of ngog nk`ountkr f` jgs tkrrfs
quf nk`bkrdg` jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, pgrg jg nkdprkegnmþ` of jg
nkrrfspk`of`nmg of bgsfs, of gnufrok g jg m`if`mfräg y omsf÷k of jg jä`fg of
trg`sdmsmþ`.
>.5.>.
Ofsnrmpnmþ` if`frgj
\grg vfrmbmngr jg m`tfirmogo y nk`tm`umogo of jks nk`ountkrfs of ngog bgsf
of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, sf rfqumfrf ofj dmsdk omspksmtmvk
omspksm tmvk k fqumpk of prufeg
utmjmzgok pgrg jg vfrmbmngnmþ` of jg gusf`nmg of nk`fxmk`fs m`govfrtmogs g tmfrrg.
Kevmgdf`tf sf utmjmzg u` grrfijk of prufeg ombfrf`tf, fj nugj sf gpjmng g jg
vfrmbmngnmþ` of jg nk`tm`umogo ofj nk`ountkr g sfr vfrmbmngok. Fs pkr tgj rgzþ`
quf `k sf f`trg` f` oftgjjfs pgrg fxpjmngr jgs ngrgntfrästmngs k dkstrgr
bktkirgbägs ofj fqumpk of prufeg quf sf utmjmzg.
G jg bgsf of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` eghk prufeg, ístf omspksmtmvk mm`yfntg
`yfntg
f` bkrdg irgougj nkrrmf`tf NO agstg gjng`zgr fj `mvfj of nkrrmf`tf ofsfgok k
pfrdmtmok pkr fj omspksmtmvk. F` jg u`mogo of nk`trkj ofj fqumpk of prufeg sf
pufof dk`mtkrfgr jg nkrrmf`tf m`yfntgog.
12
^m jg bgsf eghk prufeg fstç ä`tfirg y dg`mbmfstg nk`tm`umogo g jk jgrik of
tkog jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, fj fqumpk of prufeg m`nrfdf`tgrç søemtgdf`tf y
nk` fxnfsmvg bgnmjmogo jg nkrrmf`tf m`yfntgog, dg`tf`mf`ok u` vgjkr of vkjtghf
nk`stg`tf of nfrk vkjtmks. ^m` fdegrik, sm jg bgsf eghk prufeg `k tuvmfsf
nk`tm`umogo k fstuvmfsf gemfrtg k nkrtgog f` gjiø` pu`tk g jk jgrik ofj trgyfntk
of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, fj fqumpk of prufeg sfrç ngpgz of m`yfntgr vkjtghf y
nkrrmf`tf f` bkrdg jf`tg y irgougj. Fj ngsk täpmnk of u` nk`ountkr of u`g bgsf
sg`g, fs ofnmr, u` nk`ountkr ä`tfirk y nk` nk`tm`umogo sf kesfrvg f` fj m`nmsk
(g) of jg bmiurg ??. _gdemí`, sf kesfrvg f` fj m`nmsk (e) of jg bmiurg ??, u` ngsk
täpmnk of u` nk`ountkr quf `k tmf`f nk`tm`umogo ofsof fj pu`tk of m`mnmk of jg
jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` agstg fj pu`tk bm`gj.
Bmiurg ??.
Dfomokrfs ofj vkjtghf y jg nkrrmf`tf of prufeg f` jg
u`mogo of nk`trkj
g) Ngsk täpmnk of u`g bgsf ä`tfirg y nk` nk`tm`umogo8 jg
nkrrmf`tf m`nrfdf`tg søemtgdf`tf y nk` fxnfsmvg bgnmjmogo,
dmf`trgs quf, fj vkjtghf sf dg`tmf`f f` nfrk vkjtmks.
e) Ngsk täpmnk of u`g bgsf sm` nk`tm`umogo k nkrtgog f`
gjiø` pu`tk8 fj vkjtghf y jg nkrrmf`tf gudf`tg` f` bkrdg
jf`tg y irgougj.
Buf`tf8 ^uefstgnmþ` of f`friäg fjíntrmng Giug Ngjmf`tf, Ufpøejmng of Ak`ourgs.
19
>.5.?.
Nk`omnmk`fs m`mnmgjfs rfqufrmogs pgrg rfgjmzgr jgs
prufegs
\grg oftfrdm`gr quf jg m`tfirmogo y nk`tm`umogo of jks nk`ountkrfs g jk
jgrik of tkok fj tr
trgyfntk
gyfntk of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, gdeks fxtrfdks of jg
jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` ofef` fstgr ofsnk`fntgoks of nunamjjgs of pufstg g tmfrrg
y nugjqumfr fqumpk of gjtk vkjtghf of ngog suefstgnmþ` f` jks oks fxtrfdks of
jg jä`fg, pkr fhfdpjk, trg`sbkrdgokrfs of vkjtghf, trg`sbkrdgokrfs of nkrrmf`tf,
f`trf ktrks fqumpks prmdgrmks, tgj g nkdk sf kesfrvg f` jg bmiurg ?<. F` gdeks
fxtrfdks of jg jä`fg, jks nk`ountkrfs of ngog bgsf `k ofef` fstgr nk`fntgoks
g omspksmtmvks of pufstg g tmfrrg k nkrtknmrnumtgoks f`trf sä, jks nk`ountkrfs
ofef` pfrdg`fnfr nkdpjftgdf`tf jmerfs.
>.5.6.
Rfrmbmngnmþ` of jg nk`tm`umogo ofj nk`ountkr of jg bgsf U
\grg oftfrdm`gr jg m`tfirmogo y nk`tm`umogo ofj nk`ountkr of jg bgsf U of
jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, ofsof jg prmdfrg agstg jg øjtmdg tkrrf of jg jä`fg, sf
ofef` rfgjmzgr jks smiumf`tfs sfms pgsks8

\gsk 78 sf ofef nudpjmr tkok jk fspfnmbmngok f` jgs nk`omnmk`fs m`mnmgjfs
rfqufrmogs pgrg rfgjmzgr jgs prufegs3

\gsk 58 f` fj fxtrfdk nfrng`k, fs ofnmr, ok`of sf f`nuf`trg uemngok fj
m`strudf`tk of prufeg, sf ofef nk`fntgr fj ngejf of m`yfnnmþ` of gjtk
vkjtghf ofj m`strudf`tk of prufeg f` jg bgsf U3

\gsk >8 f` fj fxtrfdk omstg`tf of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, fs ofnmr, f` fj
fxtrfdk ok`of `k fstç uemngok fj fqumpk o
of
f prufegs, jg bgsf sf ofef
nk`fntgr omrfntgdf`tf g jg rfo of tmfrrgs of jg suefstgnmþ` k of jg tkrrf3
11

\gsk ?8 f` gdeks fxtrfdks of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` eghk prufeg, sf
ofef vfrmbmngr quf jks nk`ountkrfs of jgs bgsfs ^ y _, fstí`
nkdpjftgdf`tf jmerfs, fs ofnmr quf `k fstí` nk`fntgoks g tmfrrg k f`trf sä
dmdks3

\gsk 68 sf ofef imrgr pgujgtm`gdf`tf jg pfrmjjg of vkjtghf ofj m`strudf`tk
of prufeg, `k agerç `m`iø` m`nrfdf`tk of vkjtghf, skjgdf`tf sf
m`nrfdf`tgrç y nk` `ktkrmg rgpmofz, jg nkrrmf`tf of prufeg. ^f ofef ofhgr
of dkvfr jg pfrmjjg of vkjtghf nug`ok jg nkrrmf`tf sf ofbjgntf agstg jg dmtgo
of jg fsngjg ofj dfomokr g`çjkik of nkrrmf`tf of jg u`mogo of nk`trkj ofj
m`strudf`tk of prufeg. Jufik sf ofef skstf`fr fj vgjkr of nkrrmf`tf
m`yfntgok ourg`tf 76 sfiu`oks. Bm`gjdf`tf, sf ofef imrgr jg pfrmjjg of
vkjtghf ofj m`strudf`tk of prufeg, rfirfsç`okjg g su vgjkr m`mnmgj, fs ofnmr,
nfrk vkjtmks3

\gsk 28 nk`smstf f` jg ofsnk`fxmþ` ofj ngejf quf m`yfntg fj gjtk vkjtghf
ofspuís of agefr imrgok jg pfrmjjg ofj vkjtghf g nfrk vkjtmks3 sm` fdegrik,
g`tfs of ofsnk`fntgr fj ngejf of m`yfnnmþ`, sf ofef ofsngrigr g tmfrrg jg
jä`fg of prufeg pkrquf ofemok g jg `gturgjfzg dmsdg of jg jä`fg of
trg`sdmsmþ`, ístg qufog ngrigog nk` vkjtghfs quf pufof` sfr dkrtgjfs. F`
jg bmiurg ?6 sf pufof kesfrvgr fj grrfijk pgrg fstg prufeg.
>.5.6.7.
Nrmtfrmk of fvgjugnmþ` of jg prufeg
Jg prufeg sf fvgjøg of bkrdg sgtmsbgntkrmg sm ø`mngdf`tf sf m`yfntg
nkrrmf`tf, fs ofnmr, sf ofbjgntg nk` `ktkrmg rgpmofz jg giuhg of jg nkrrmf`tf f` su
rfspfntmvk dfomokr f` jg u`mogo of nk`trkj3 `k tmf`f pkr quí agefr `m`iø` tmpk
of m`nrfdf`tk f` fj vkjtghf, fs ofnmr, jg giuhg of vkjtghf f` su rfspfntmvk
dfomokr, `k tuvk quf agefr subrmok fj dçs dä`mdk ngdemk, ístg ofemþ agefr
1=
pfrdg`fnmok m`dþvmj ourg`tf jks 76 sfiu`oks quf ourg jg prufeg. ^m` fdegrik,
jg prufeg sf fvgjugrç of bkrdg `k sgtmsbgntkrmg, sm sf jjfigsf` g m`nrfdf`tgr fj
vkjtghf y jg nkrrmf`tf of u`g bkrdg pgujgtm`g y jf`tg3 fstk smi`mbmngräg quf fj
nk`ountkr fstç nkdpjftgdf`tf nkrtgok f` gjiø` pu`tk g jk jgrik of jg
trgyfntkrmg of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`. ^m jg fvgjugnmþ` of jg prufeg jjfigsf g
sfr `k sgtmsbgntkrmg, sf ofef` m`vfstmigr jgs ngusg`tfs of fsgs g`krdgjmogofs y
ofspuís of agefrjgs rfsujtk, jgs prufegs sf ofef` nkrrfr of `ufvk.
Bmiurg ?6.
Rfrmbmngnmþ`
Rfrmbmng
nmþ` of jg m`tfirmogo y nk`tm`umogo ofj nk`ountkr of jg
bgsf U
Buf`tf8 fjgekrgnmþ` prkpmg.
=<
>.5.2.
Rfrmbmngnmþ` of jg nk`tm`umogo ofj nk`ountkr of jg bgsf ^
\grg oftfrdm`gr jg m`tfirmogo y nk`tm`umogo ofj nk`ountkr of jg bgsf ^ of
jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, ofsof jg prmdfrg agstg jg øjtmdg tkrrf of jg jä`fg, sf
ofef` rfgjmzgr jks smiumf`tfs sfms pgsks8

\gsk 78 sf ofef nudpjmr tkok jk fspfnmbmngok f` jgs nk`omnmk`fs m`mnmgjfs
rfqufrmogs pgrg rfgjmzgr jgs prufegs3

\gsk 58 f` fj fxtrfdk nfrng`k, fs ofnmr, ok`of sf f`nuf`trg uemngok fj
m`strudf`tk of prufeg, sf ofef nk`fntgr fj ngejf of m`yfnnmþ` of gjtk
vkjtghf ofj m`strudf`tk of prufeg f` jg bgsf ^3

\gsk >8 f` fj fxtrfdk omstg`tf of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, fs ofnmr, f` fj
fxtrfdk ok`of `k fstç uemngok fj fqumpk of prufegs, jg bgsf sf ofef
nk`fntgr omrfntgdf`tf g jg rfo of tmfrrgs of jg suefstgnmþ` k of jg tkrrf3

\gsk ?8 f` gdeks fxtrfdks of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` eghk prufeg, sf
ofef vfrmbmngr quf jks nk`ountkrfs of jgs bgsfs U y _, fstí`
nkdpjftgdf`tf jmerfs, fs ofnmr quf `k fstí` nk`fntgoks g tmfrrg k f`trf sä
dmdks3

\gsk 68 sf ofef imrgr pgujgtm`gdf`tf jg pfrmjjg of vkjtghf ofj m`strudf`tk
of prufeg, `k agerç `m`iø` m`nrfdf`tk of vkjtghf, skjgdf`tf sf
m`nrfdf`tgrç y nk` `ktkrmg rgpmofz, jg nkrrmf`tf of prufeg. ^f ofef ofhgr
of dkvfr jg pfrmjjg of vkjtghf nug`ok jg nkrrmf`tf sf ofbjgntf agstg jg dmtgo
of jg fsngjg ofj dfomokr g`çjkik of nkrrmf`tf of jg u`mogo of nk`trkj ofj
m`strudf`tk of prufeg. Jufik sf ofef skstf`fr fj vgjkr of nkrrmf`tf
m`yfntgok ourg`tf 76 sfiu`oks. Bm`gjdf`tf, sf ofef imrgr jg pfrmjjg of
=7
vkjtghf ofj m`strudf`tk of prufeg, rfirfsç`okjg g su vgjkr m`mnmgj, fs ofnmr,
nfrk vkjtmks3

\gsk 28 nk`smstf f` jg ofsnk`fxmþ` ofj ngejf quf m`yfntg fj gjtk vkjtghf
ofspuís of agefr imrgok jg pfrmjjg ofj vkjtghf g nfrk vkjtmks3 sm` fdegrik,
g`tfs of ofsnk`fntgr fj ngejf of m`yfnnmþ`, sf ofef ofsngrigr g tmfrrg jg
jä`fg of prufeg pkrquf ofemok g jg `gturgjfzg dmsdg of jg jä`fg of
trg`sdmsmþ`, ístg qufog ngrigog nk` vkjtghfs quf pufof` sfr dkrtgjfs. F`
jg bmiurg ?2 sf pufof kesfrvgr fj grrfijk pgrg fstg prufeg.
>.5.2.7.
Nrmtfrmk of fvgjugnmþ` of jg prufeg
Jg prufeg sf fvgjøg of bkrdg sgtmsbgntkrmg sm ø`mngdf`tf sf m`yfntg
nkrrmf`tf, fs ofnmr, sf ofbjgntg nk` `ktkrmg rgpmofz jg giuhg of jg nkrrmf`tf f` su
rfspfntmvk dfomokr f` jg u`mogo of nk`trkj3 `k tmf`f pkr quí agefr `m`iø` tmpk
of m`nrfdf`tk f` fj vkjtghf, fs ofnmr, jg giuhg of vkjtghf f` su rfspfntmvk
dfomokr, `k tuvk quf agefr subrmok fj dçs dä`mdk ngdemk, ístg ofemþ agefr
pfrdg`fnmok m`dþvmj ourg`tf jks 76 sfiu`oks quf ourg jg prufeg. ^m` fdegrik,
jg prufeg sf fvgjugrç of bkrdg `k sgtmsbgntkrmg, sm sf jjfigsf` g m`nrfdf`tgr fj
vkjtghf y jg nkrrmf`tf of u`g bkrdg pgujgtm`g y jf`tg3 fstk smi`mbmngräg quf fj
nk`ountkr fstç nkdpjftgdf`tf nkrtgok f` gjiø` pu`tk g jk jgrik of jg
trgyfntkrmg of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`.
^m jg fvgjugnmþ` of jg prufeg jjfigsf g sfr `k sgtmsbgntkrmg, sf ofef`
m`vfstmigr jgs ngusg`tfs of fsgs g`krdgjmogofs y ofspuís of agefrjgs rfsujtk,
jgs prufegs sf ofef` nkrrfr of `ufvk.
=5
Bmiurg ?2.
Rfrmbmngnmþ`
Rfrmbmng
nmþ` of jg m`tfirmogo y nk`tm`umogo ofj nk`ountkr of jg
bgsf ^
Buf`tf8 fjgekrgnmþ` prkpmg.
>.5.9.
Rfrmbmngnmþ` of jg nk`tm`umogo ofj nk`ountkr of jg bgsf _
\grg oftfrdm`gr jg m`tfirmogo y nk`tm`umogo ofj nk`ountkr of jg bgsf _ of
jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, ofsof jg prmdfrg agstg jg øjtmdg tkrrf of jg jä`fg, sf
ofef` rfgjmzgr jks smiumf`tfs sfms pgsks8

\gsk 78 sf ofef nudpjmr tkok jk fspfnmbmngok f` jgs nk`omnmk`fs m`mnmgjfs
rfqufrmogs pgrg rfgjmzgr jgs prufegs3

\gsk 58 f` fj fxtrfdk nfrng`k, fs ofnmr, ok`of sf f`nuf`trg uemngok fj
m`strudf`tk of prufeg, sf ofef nk`fntgr fj ngejf of m`yfnnmþ` of gjtk
vkjtghf ofj m`strudf`tk of prufeg f` jg bgsf _3
=>

\gsk >8 f` fj fxtrfdk omstg`tf of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, fs ofnmr, f` fj
fxtrfdk ok`of `k fstç uemngok fj fqumpk o
of
f prufegs, jg bgsf sf ofef
nk`fntgr omrfntgdf`tf g jg rfo of tmfrrgs of jg suefstgnmþ` k of jg tkrrf3

\gsk ?8 f` gdeks fxtrfdks of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` eghk prufeg, sf
ofef vfrmbmngr quf jks nk`ountkrfs of jgs bgsfs U y ^, fstí`
nkdpjftgdf`tf jmerfs, fs ofnmr quf `k fstí` nk`fntgoks g tmfrrg k f`trf sä
dmdks3

\gsk 68 sf ofef imrgr pgujgtm`gdf`tf jg pfrmjjg of vkjtghf ofj m`strudf`tk
of prufeg, `k agerç `m`iø` m`nrfdf`tk of vkjtghf, skjgdf`tf sf
m`nrfdf`tgrç y nk` `ktkrmg rgpmofz, jg nkrrmf`tf of prufeg. ^f ofef ofhgr
of dkvfr jg pfrmjjg of vkjtghf nug`ok jg nkrrmf`tf sf ofbjgntf agstg jg dmtgo
of jg fsngjg ofj dfomokr g`çjkik of nkrrmf`tf of jg u`mogo of nk`trkj ofj
m`strudf`tk of prufeg. Jufik sf ofef skstf`fr fj vgjkr of nkrrmf`tf
m`yfntgok ourg`tf 76 sfiu`oks. Bm`gjdf`tf, sf ofef imrgr jg pfrmjjg of
vkjtghf ofj m`strudf`tk of prufeg, rfirfsç`okjg g su vgjkr m`mnmgj, fs ofnmr,
nfrk vkjtmks3

\gsk 28 nk`smstf f` jg ofsnk`fxmþ` ofj ngejf quf m`yfntg fj gjtk vkjtghf
ofspuís of agefr imrgok jg pfrmjjg ofj vkjtghf g nfrk vkjtmks3 sm` fdegrik,
g`tfs of ofsnk`fntgr fj ngejf of m`yfnnmþ`, sf ofef ofsngrigr g tmfrrg jg
jä`fg of prufeg pkrquf ofemok g jg `gturgjfzg dmsdg of jg jä`fg of
trg`sdmsmþ`, ístg qufog ngrigog nk` vkjtghfs quf pufof` sfr dkrtgjfs. F`
jg bmiurg ?9 sf pufof kesfrvgr fj grrfijk pgrg fstg prufeg.
=?
>.5.9.7.
Nrmtfrmk of fvgjugnmþ` of jg prufeg
Jg prufeg sf fvgjøg of bkrdg sgtmsbgntkrmg sm ø`mngdf`tf sf m`yfntg
nkrrmf`tf, fs ofnmr, sf ofbjgntg nk` `ktkrmg rgpmofz jg giuhg of jg nkrrmf`tf f` su
rfspfntmvk dfomokr f` jg u`mogo of nk`trkj3 `k tmf`f pkr quí agefr `m`iø` tmpk
of m`nrfdf`tk f` fj vkjtghf, fs ofnmr, jg giuhg of vkjtghf f` su rfspfntmvk
dfomokr, `k tuvk quf agefr subrmok fj dçs dä`mdk ngdemk, ístg ofemþ agefr
pfrdg`fnmok m`dþvmj ourg`tf jks 76 sfiu`oks quf ourg jg prufeg. ^m` fdegrik,
jg prufeg sf fvgjugrç of bkrdg `k sgtmsbgntkrmg, sm sf jjfigsf` g m`nrfdf`tgr fj
vkjtghf y jg nkrrmf`tf of u`g bkrdg pgujgtm`g y jf`tg3 fstk smi`mbmngräg quf fj
nk`ountkr fstç nkdpjftgdf`tf nkrtgok f` gjiø` pu`tk g jk jgrik of jg
trgyfntkrmg of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`. ^m jg fvgjugnmþ` of jg prufeg jjfigsf g
sfr `k sgtmsbgntkrmg, sf ofef` m`vfstmigr jgs ngusg`tfs of fsgs g`krdgjmogofs y
ofspuís of agefrjgs rfsujtk, jgs prufegs sf ofef` nkrrfr of `ufvk.
Bmiurg ?9.
Rfrmbmngnmþ`
Rfrmbmng
nmþ` of jg m`tfirmogo y nk`tm`umogo ofj nk`ountkr of jg
bgsf _
Buf`tf8 fjgekrgnmþ` prkpmg.
=6
>.>.
Mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg pksmtmvg y sfnuf`nmg nfrk
Jgs nk`stg`tfs fjíntrmngs of u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` sk` fj fjfdf`tk
dçs mdpkrtg`tf `fnfsmtgok pgrg jg kpfrgnmþ` of u`g rfo fjíntrmng. Fstk
nkdprf`of g jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg pksmtmvg f mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg
nfrk.
>.>.7.
Ofbm`mnmþ`
Fs jg dfomnmþ` of jks pgrçdftrks fjíntrmnks of u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`.
Jks pgrçdftrks fjíntrmnks of u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` fstç` ofbm`moks nkdk jgs
nk`stg`tfs quf dufstrg` jks vgjkrfs of mdpfog`nmg f`trf oks suefstgnmk`fs
sfpgrgogs pkr u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` f` jg rfo ofj smstfdg fjíntrmnk. Jgs
mdpfog`nmgs of jä`fg g jä`fg pufof` sfr ngjnujgogs nk` gnfptgejf fxgntmtuo,
pfrk jgs mdpfog`nmgs of jä`fg g tmfrrg tmf`f` quf sfr dfomogs pkrquf fj nçjnujk
`k sf ghustg g jg nk`omnmþ` rfgj of jg rfsmstmvmogo ofj tfrrf`k, jg rfsmstf`nmg of
u`g tmfrrg fspfnäbmng nk` tueks dftçjmnks, ngejfs y ktrgs pgrtfs dftçjmngs f` jg
tmfrrg.
>.>.5.
Mdpkrtg`nmg
Fj nk`knmdmf`tk of jgs mdpfog`nmgs of jgs jä`fgs of trg`sdmsmþ` fs duy
mdpkrtg`tf pgrg fj nkrrfntk ghustf of jks rfjfvgokrfs of prktfnnmþ`. Jks
rfjfvgokrfs of prktfnnmþ` of omstg`nmg sk` fjfdf`tks mdpkrtg`tfs pgrg jg
nk`bmgemjmogo ofj smstfdg of trg`sdmsmþ` of f`friäg fjíntrmng. Jg mdpfog`nmg of
sfnuf`nmg pksmtmvg y jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg nfrk k bgntkr of nkdpf`sgnmþ`
rfsmougj of jg mdpfog`nmg akdkpkjgr, nkd
nkdk
k g df`uok sf jf sufjf rfbfrmr, sk`
gjiu`ks of jks ghustfs dçs mdpkrtg`tfs of ngog rfjfvgokr. ^m u`k of fstks
pgrçdftrks fs ghustgok, dfomok k ngjnujgok of dg`frg m`nkrrfntg, tkog jg
=2
m`vfrsmþ` f` prktfnnmþ` ofsof jks trg`sbkrdgokrfs of m`strudf`tk, pgsg`ok pkr
jks rfjfvgokrfs, agstg fj m`tfrruptkr of pktf`nmg, `k fstgräg smf`ok utmjmzgog tg`
fbmnmf`tf nkdk pkoräg sfr.
>.>.>.
Ofsnrmpnmþ` if`frgj
Agstg gakrg, fj fsbufrzk pkr dfomr jgs mdpfog`nmgs of jä`fgs of
trg`sdmsmþ` ag smok tg` irg`of quf g ourgs pf`gs sf ag` afnak. \grg jg
ketf`nmþ` of fstks ogtks, sf skjäg rfgjmzgr nçjnujks dg`ugjdf`tf utmjmzg`ok
nk`stg`tfs bäsmngs k fj usk of afrrgdmf`tgs gprkpmgogs of prkirgdgnmþ`, tgjfs
nkdk \kwfrBgntkry of Omismjf`t, \^^ of ^agw \_M, pkr df`nmk`gr gjiu`ks
nug`tks. Jks pgrçdftrks `fnfsmtgoks pgrg ngjnujgr jgs mdpfog`nmgs sk`
dunaks. F`trf fstks sf tmf`f` jg nk`bmiurgnmþ` ifkdítrmng of jg jä`fg y jks
pgrçdftrks fjíntrmnks tgjfs nkdk jg rfsmstmvmogo ofj sufjk, jg rfsmstf`nmg f` NO
of jks nk`ountkrfs, jg nk`strunnmþ` afjmnkmogj of jks nk`ountkrfs y fj rgomk
dfomk ifkdítrmnk IDU of jks nk`ountkrfs.
F` if`frgj, sf pufof ofnmr quf fj nçjnujk of jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg
pksmtmvg bu`nmk`g egstg`tf emf` y df`ks quf submnmf`tf nk` jg mdpfog`nmg of
sfnuf`nmg nfrk, smfdprf y nug`ok jg tmfrrg k jks amjks of iugrog fstí` f` euf`
fstgok y nk`smstf`tfs. Nug`ok jks amjks of iugrog `k sk` duy euf`ks
nk`ountkrfs y u`g irg` nkdpk`f`tf of jg bgjjg fstç bjuyf`ok of rfirfsk g
trgvís ofj sufjk, fj nçjnujk tmf`of g vkjvfrsf duy nkdpjmngok. Jg m`bjuf`nmg of
jg rfsmstmvmogo ofj sufjk, tuefrägs, fstrunturgs dftçjmngs f`tfrrgogs y jg omstg`nmg
fxgntg of jks gjgderfs pkr f`nmdg ofj sufjk, agnf` duy ombänmj oftfrdm`gr jg
mdpfog`nmg g jk jgrik of tkog jg jk`imtuo of jg jä`fg, fspfnmgjdf`tf nug`ok sf
tmf`f` u`g tkpkirgbäg nkdpjmngog y døjtmpjfs nrunfs of m`brgfstrunturgs.
m `brgfstrunturgs.
=9
Ktrk dktmvk of prfknupgnmþ` fs quf u` irg` `ødfrk of pgrçdftrks fstç`
m`vkjunrgoks f` fj nçjnujk of jgs mdpfog`nmgs of jg jä`fg. ^m u`k of fstks
pgrçdftrks fs m`nkrrfntk, fstk pkoräg ngusgr u` frrkr suestg`nmgj. F` jg
mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg pksmtmvg, agy vgrmks, pfrk gø` dçs prkpf`sks g
frrkrfs fs jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg nfrk, pkrquf sf `fnfsmtg of pgrçdftrks
fxgntks pgrg su nçjnujk.
nçjn ujk.
F` nkdpgrgnmþ` nk` fj fsbufrzk of rfgjmzgr nçjnujks fxgntks, jg dfomnmþ`
rfgj of jks pgrçdftrks of jgs jä`fgs m`njuyf`ok jg dfomnmþ` ofj bgntkr rfsmougj
of jg mdpfog`nmg akdkpkjgr k jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg nfrk, aky f` oäg fs
rfjgtmvgdf`tf dunak dçs smdpjf. Jg dfomnmþ` of jgs mdpfog`nmgs of jgs jä`fgs
rfqumfrf fj usk of u` fqumpk of prufeg fspfnmgjmzgok quf m`njuyf jks smiumf`tfs
nkdpk`f`tfs8

^ft of prufeg quf nkdprf`of u` gdpjmbmngokr of brfnuf`nmg vgrmgejf

V`mogo of gnkpjgdmf`tk

Nghg of nk`fxmþ` g tmfrrg
Fj sft of prufeg utmjmzgok pgrg jg dfomnmþ` of jgs mdpfog`nmgs of jä`fg fs
dujtmbu`nmk`gj y prkvmstk of u` omspksmtmvk of brfnuf`nmg vgrmgejf pgrg vgrmgs
prufegs f` fqumpk prmdgrmk.
F` jg gpjmngnmþ` of jg dfomnmþ` of jgs mdpfog`nmgs of jä`fg, ístf fs usgok
nkdk u` if`frgokr of pktf`nmg of brfnuf`nmg vgrmgejf y afrrgdmf`tg of
dfomnmþ` y g`gjmzgokr. Ofemok g jg if`frgnmþ` of brfnuf`nmg vgrmgejf fs pksmejf
if`frgr sf÷gjfs quf fstí` pkr ofeghk y f`nmdg of jg brfnuf`nmg ofj smstfdg k
of jg rfo. Fj usk of u` gjikrmtdk of bmjtrk omimtgj pfrdmtf dfomr jg brfnuf`nmg
sfjfntmvg g jg brfnuf`nmg quf fs gntugjdf`tf if`frgog, fstk smi`mbmng quf jg
=1
brfnuf`nmg of jg rfo of jks fqumpks k jä`fgs nfrng`gs fs, f` nk`sfnuf`nmg,
mi`krgog ourg`tf jg prufeg.
Bmiurg ?1.
^mstfdg of dfomnmþ` of jgs mdpfog`nmgs of jä`fg
Buf`tf8 KDMNUK@ fjfntrk`mns IdeA. N\ NV7 Ufbfrf`nf dg`ugj. p. >7.
Jg u`mogo of gnkpjf fs utmjmzgog pgrg u` ofsgnkpjf igjvç`mnk f`trf jgs
sf÷gjfs if`frgogs f` jg omrfnnmþ` of sgjmog y jgs g`gjmzgogs f` jg omrfnnmþ` of
f`trgog. Fj ofsgnkpjf fs `fnfsmtgok if`frgjdf`tf pkr rgzk`fs of sfiurmogo.
\grg jg kptmdmzgnmþ` ofj bu`nmk`gdmf`tk, fs u`g vf`tghg tf`fr u` sfjfntkr of
rg`ik, gofdçs of u` vkjtädftrk m`tfirgok, pgrg u` nafqufk rçpmok of nugjqumfr
tf`smþ` m`ounmog k ngrigs fjfvgogs.
Jg nghg of nk`fxmþ` g tmfrrg k omspksmtmvk of prktfnnmþ`, fs u`g
afrrgdmf`tg of sfiurmogo pgrg u`g bçnmj nk`fxmþ` g jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` k
==
ngejf of pktf`nmg. Irupks k pu`tks of pufstg g tmfrrg of jg suefstgnmþ` pufof`
sfr utmjmzgoks. F` ngsk of u` m`fspfrgok gjtk vkjtghf f` jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`
ofemok g bgjjgs of u`g jä`fg pgrgjfjg, ofsngrigs of rgyks k trg`smf`tfs ofemoks
g kpfrgnmk`fs of dg`mkerg, fj omspksmtmvk of prktfnnmþ` ofef sfr ngpgz of
ofsngrigr nkrtks trg`smf`tfs k bgjjgs pfrdg`f`tfs of nkrrmf`tfs of nkrtknmrnumtk
of agstg >< cmjkgdpfrmks pkr gj df`ks 7<< dmjmsfiu`oks. Fstgs ngrgntfrästmngs
of sfiurmogo sk` `fnfsgrmgs pgrg pfrdmtmr jg kpfrgnmþ` sfiurg ofj usugrmk
m`njusk f` smtugnmk`fs nrätmngs.
Jgs dfomnmk`fs sk` rfgjmzgogs nk` nkrrmf`tfs f`trf 7 y 7<< gdpfrmks,
ofpf`omf`ok of jg jk`imtuo of jg jä`fg. Jg dfomnmþ` nk` brfnuf`nmg sfjfntmvg
pfrdmtf utmjmzgr u`g brgnnmþ` of nkrrmf`tf of jg nkrrmf`tf `kdm`gj of jg jä`fg.
\grg gsfiurgr jg gjtg fxgntmtuo of jgs dfomnmk`fs, sf ofef fjfimr fj rg`ik of
nkrrmf`tf dçs gjtk ogok pgrg jg jk`imtuo of jg jä`fg. F` jg bmiurg ?= sf kesfrvg
fj fqumpk of prufeg utmjmzgok.
Bmiurg ?=.
M`strudf`tks
M`stru
df`tks of prufeg pgrg jg dfomnmþ` of jg mdpfog`nmg
Buf`tf8 KDMNUK@ fjfntrk`mns IdeA. N\N 7<< Erknaurf. p. 79.
7<<
F` tktgj, sf rfgjmzg` smftf dfomnmk`fs pkr ngog jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`3 trfs
pkr ngog nkdem`gnmþ` of jks jgzks of bgsf g bgsf, trfs pkr ngog bgsf nk`trg
tmfrrg y u`g pgrg jgs trfs bgsfs hu`tgs nk`trg tmfrrg. Fxmstf nmfrtg rfou`og`nmg f`
fstgs dfomnmk`fs, pfrdmtmf`ok nafqufgr jg nk`bmgemjmogo of jgs dfomnmk`fs
ofsof ombfrf`tfs pu`tks y ngjnujg`ok fj bgntkr rfsmougj of mdpfog`nmg
akdkpkjgr k mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg nfrk pgrg ngog bgsf.
>.>.?.
Dfomnmk`fs bäsmngs
Jg dfomnmþ` bäsmng of jg mdpfog`nmg of u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` fstç
egsgog f` jg jfy of Kad8
 4  /
\grg dfomr nk` fxgntmtuo jg mdpfog`nmg, u`g nkrrmf`tf  `fnfsmtg sfr
m`yfntgog g trgvís of jg mdpfog`nmg g sfr dfomog, dmf`trgs quf jg ngäog of
vkjtghf  g trgvís of jg mdpfog`nmg `fnfsmtg sfr dfomog gnfrtgogdf`tf f`
tírdm`ks of gdpjmtuo y ç`iujk of bgsf. Jg mdpfog`nmg nkdpjfhg  fs ngjnujgog
rfgjmzg`ok u`g omvmsmþ` nkdpjfhg of  omvmomog pkr  . Jg nkdpk`f`tf rfgj
of jg mdpfog`nmg nkdpjfhg rfsujtg`tf fs jg nkdpk`f`tf rfsmstmvg y jg
nkdpk`f`tf nkdpjfhg fs jg nkdpk`f`tf rfgntmvg of jg mdpfog`nmg dfomog.
\grg dfomr jg mdpfog`nmg of u` smstfdg of trg`sdmsmþ` trmbçsmnk sf ofef
nk`smofrgr fj nmrnumtk fqumvgjf`tf of u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`, tgj g nkdk sf
dufstrg f` jg bmiurg 6<.
7<7
Bmiurg 6<.
Nmrnumtk fqumvgjf`tf of u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`
Buf`tf8 OMFUC^, G. CUÚIFU, D. _UK^CMF, A. Gnnurgtf ngjnujgtmk` g`o paysmngj
dfgsurfdf`t kb trg`sdmssmk` jm`f pgrgdftfrs tk mdprkvf mdpfog`nf rfjgy pfrbkrdg`nf. p. >.
F` jg bmiurg 67 sf kesfrvg u`g mjustrgnmþ` of jg m`yfnnmþ` of nkrrmf`tf of
jks jgzks of mdpfog`nmgs. Dfomg`tf jg m`yfnnmþ` of nkrrmf`tf f` ngog u`k of jks
smiumf`tfs jgzks of dfomnmþ` G-E, E-N, N-G, G-F, E-F, N-F y GEN-F, jks jgzks
of mdpfog`nmgs XG-E, XE-N, XN-G, XG-F, XE-F, XN-F y XGEN-F pufof` sfr
oftfrdm`gogs, ok`of8
 4  + 
 4  + 
 4  + 
 4  + 
 4  + 
 4  + 
 8 ( // // ) + 
Jgs fnugnmk`fs g`tfrmkrfs rfprfsf`tg` u` smstfdg of smftf fnugnmk`fs
nk` nugtrk vgrmgejfs ofsnk`knmogs, fs ofnmr, u` smstfdg skerfoftfrdm`gok. Jgs
fnugnmk`fs pufof` rfkrof`grsf pgrg ngjnujgr XG, XE, XN y XF, of jg smiumf`tf
dg`frg8
7<5
 4 ( +  ∕  )/5
 4 ( +  +  )/>
 4 (
 4


+
∕

)/5


∕ ( />)


 4 ( +  ∕  )/5
Jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg pksmtmvg of jg jä`fg fs  y  fs jg
mdpfog`nmg of tmfrrg of jg jä`fg nk` fj amjk of iugrog k ngejf of tmfrrg f`
pgrgjfjk. Nkdk u`g gjtfr`gtmvg jg mdpfog`nmg of tmfrrg tgdemí` pufof
ngjnujgrsf of jg smiumf`tf bkrdg8
 4
S(
S( ∕  ) + ( ∕  ) + ( ∕  )T
>
Of  y  , fj bgntkr of nkdpf`sgnmþ` rfsmougj of jg mdpfog`nmg
akdkpkjgr pufof sfr oftfrdm`gok ofj smiumf`tf dkok8
 4



4 > ∙  + 7

 4 (> ∙  + 7) ∙ 
Ok`of  fs jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg nfrk of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`.
Fstgs bþrdujgs qufog` nkdk rfbfrf`nmg yg quf fj fqumpk of prufeg nuf`tg nk`
u` skbtwgrf fspfnmgjmzgok quf ourg`tf jgs dfomnmk`fs gutkdçtmngdf`tf ngjnujg
jgs mdpfog`nmgs of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`.
7<>
Bmiurg 67.
Nmrnumtks of dfomnmþ`
Buf`tf8 fjgekrgnmþ` prkpmg.
7<?
?.
NG^K UFGJ OF JG G\JMNGNMÞ@ OF \UVFEG^
FJÍN_UMNG^ G V@G JÄ@FG OF _UG@^DM^MÞ@
OVUG@_F ^V \VF^_G F@ ^FURMNMK
?.7.
Ofsnrmpnmþ` of jg jä`fg eghk prufeg
Fstgs prufegs sf rfgjmzgrk` prfvmgs g pk`fr f` sfrvmnmk u`g jä`fg of
trg`sdmsmþ` nk` u`g tf`smþ` of kpfrgnmþ` of 5>< cmjkvkjtmks y nk` u`g jk`imtuo
tktgj of 7?9 cmjþdftrks. Fj tmpk of nk`ountkr utm
utmjmzgok
jmzgok pgrg ngog u`g of jgs trfs
bgsfs ofj nmrnumtk fs 7 <5?,6 DND GNGU 67=,7 dmjädftrks nugorgoks y ngog
fstrunturg omspk`f of oks ngejfs of iugrog. Fstg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` tgdemí`
nuf`tg nk` oks trg`spksmnmk`fs, jg prmdfrg fstç uemngog gj >>% y jg sfiu`og gj
22% of jg jk`imtuo tktgj of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`. F` jg bmiurg 65 sf dufstrg
u` fsqufdg ofj omsf÷k of jg jä`fg.
?.5.
\rufegs y rfsujtgoks of jg vfrmbmngnmþ` of jg gusf`nmg of
nk`fxmk`fs g tmfrrg
G`tfs of rfgjmzgr ístg prufeg sf vfrmbmnþ y sf nudpjmþ nk` jgs nk`omnmk`fs
rfqufrmogs pgrg rfgjmzgr jgs prufegs ofsnrmtgs f` jg sfnnmþ` >.7.?. Fstgs
prufegs sf rfgjmzgrk` of gnufrok gj prknfomdmf`tk ofsnrmtk f` jgs sfnnmk`fs
>.7.6, >.7.2 y >.7.9. \grg rfgjmzgr fstg prufeg sf gpjmnþ u` vkjtghf of prufeg of
25 cmjkvkjtmks NO. F` jg tgejg MMM sf dufstrg` jks rfsujtgoks ketf`moks f` fstg
prufeg.
7<6
Bmiurg 65.
Fsqufdg ofj omsf÷k of jg jä`fg
Buf`tf8 fjgekrgnmþ` prkpmg.
7<2
_gejg MMM.
Ufsujtgoks of jg vfrmbmngnmþ` of jg gusf`nmg of
nk`fxmk`fs g tmfrrg
Dfomnmk`fs
Rtfst
ScRT
Mtfst
Jfnturg
Dujtmpjmngokr
Mtktgj S¶GT
Ufsmstf`nmg ofj
Gmsjgdmf`tk
SD™T
Fvgjugnmþ`
J7-F (U-I)
25,<
7,2
7 <<<,<
7 2<<,<
>1,1
Nkrrfntk
J5-F (^-I)
25,<
7,6
7 <<<,<
7 6<<,<
?7,>
Nkrrfntk
J>-F (_-I)
25,<
7,=
7 <<<,<
7 =<<,<
>5,2
Nkrrfntk
Buf`tf8 fjgekrgnmþ` prkpmg.
F` jg bmiurg 6> sf kesfrvg fj fqumpk of prufeg utmjmzgok pgrg fstg
prufeg.
Bmiurg 6>.
M`strudf`tk
M`stru
df`tk of dfomnmþ` of gjtk pktf`nmgj
Buf`tf8 ^uefstgnmþ` of f`friäg fjíntrmng Giug Ngjmf`tf, Ufpøejmng of Ak`ourgs.
7<9
Nk` jks rfsujtgoks tgeujgoks f` jg tgejg MMM qufog ofdkstrgok quf
`m`iu`g of jgs bgsfs of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` fstgeg nk`fntgog g tmfrrg
m`govfrtmogdf`tf k jgs bgsfs nkrtknmrnumtgog f`trf sä.
?.>.
\rufegs y rfsujtgoks of jg vfrmbmngnmþ` of jg nk`tm`umogo of jks
nk`ountkrfs
G`tfs of rfgjmzgr ístg prufeg sf vfrmbmnþ y sf nudpjmþ nk` jgs nk`omnmk`fs
rfqufrmogs pgrg rfgjmzgr jgs prufegs ofsnrmtgs f` jg sfnnmþ` >.5.?. Fstgs
prufegs sf rfgjmzgrk` of gnufrok gj prknfomdmf`tk ofsnrmtk f` jgs sfnnmk`fs
>.5.6, >.5.2 y >.5.9. F` jg tgejg MR sf dufstrg` jks rfsujtgoks ketf`moks f` fstg
prufeg.
Ufsujtgoks of jg vfrmbmngnmþ` of jg nk`tm`umogo
nk `tm`umogo
_gejg MR.
of jks nk`ountkrfs
^uefstgnmþ`
<7
Nk`ountkr
J7
Nk`ountkr
J5
Nk`ountkr
J>
Rtfst
ScRT
Jfnturg
M fst
Dujtmpjmngokr
M ktgj S¶GT
<,<
>,<
7 <<<,<
> <<<,<
<,<
>,<
7 <<<,<
> <<<,<
<,<
>,<
7 <<<,<
> <<<,<
^uefstgnmþ`
<5
Nk`ountkr
J7
Nk`ountkr
J5
Nk`ountkr
J>
Fvgjugnmþ`
Nkrrfntk
Nkrrfntk
Nkrrfntk
Buf`tf8 fjgekrgnmþ` prkpmg.
Nk` jks rfsujtgoks tgeujgoks f` jg tgejg MR, qufog nkdprkegok quf jks
nk`ountkrfs rfspfntmvks of ngog bgsf fstç` ä`tfirks, tmf`f` nk`tm`umogo y fstç`
uemngoks bäsmngdf`tf f` jgs tkrrfs of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` tgj g nkdk fstç
m`omngok f` fj omsf÷k of jg jä`fg. Jg bmiurg 6? dufstrg jg uemngnmþ` of jks
nk`ountkrfs f` bu`nmþ` of jgs prufegs rfgjmzgogs.
7<1
Bmiurg 6?.
Vemngnmþ` bäsmng of bgsfs oftfrdm`gog pkr jg nk`tm`umogo of
nk`ountkrfs
Buf`tf8 fjgekrgnmþ` prkpmg.
?.?.
Dfomnmþ` of jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg pksmtmvg y sfnuf`nmg nfrk
Ourg`tf jg fhfnunmþ` of fstg prufeg, jgs nk`omnmk`fs gdemf`tgjfs bufrk`
duy bgvkrgejfs, nk` u`g tfdpfrgturg gdemf`tf prkdfomk of >6¼N y u`g
audfogo rfjgtmvg of 2<%.
?.?.7.
Ufsujtgoks bm`gjfs
G`tfs of rfgjmzgr fstg prufeg sf vfrmbmnþ y sf nudpjmþ nk` jgs nk`omnmk`fs
rfqufrmogs pgrg rfgjmzgr jgs prufegs ofsnrmtgs f` jg sfnnmþ` >.7.?. Fstgs
prufegs sf rfgjmzgrk` of gnufrok gj prknfomdmf`tk ofsnrmtk f` jgs sfnnmk`fs
>.>.>. y >.>.?. F` jg tgejg R sf dufstrg` jks rfsujtgoks bm`gjfs ketf`moks g pgrtmr
of jks jgzks of dfomnmþ`. F` jg bmiurg 66 sf kesfrvg fj m`strudf`tk of dfomnmþ`
utmjmzgok pgrg fstgs prufegs.
7<=
Bmiurg 66.
M`strudf`tks
M`strudf`tks utmjmzgoks pgrg jg dfomnmþ` of jgs mdpfog`nmgs
of jä`fg
Buf`tf8 ^uefstgnmþ` of f`friäg fjíntrmng 76 of ^fptmfderf, Ufpøejmng of Fj ^gjvgokr.
77<
_gejg R.
Mdpfog`nmgs dfomogs
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
777
?.?.5. Jgzks of dfomnmþ`
Jks jgzks of dfomnmþ` pgrg jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg pksmtmvg sk`8 J7J5 (U-^), J7-J> (U-_), J5-J> (^-_)3 y pgrg jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg nfrk jks
jgzks of dfomnmþ` sk`8 J7-F (U-F), J5-F (^-F), J>-F (_-F), J7J5J>-F (U^_-F).
?.?.5.7.
Jgzk of dfomnmþ` J7-J5 (U-^)
F` fstf jgzk of dfomnmþ`, sf m`yfntg u`g nkrrmf`tf nk` u`g dgi`mtuo of 5
gdpfrmks y sf dmof jg ngäog of vkjtghf, tg`tk fj ç`iujk nkdk jg dgi`mtuo, jufik
sf ngjnujg jg mdpfog`nmg nkdpjfhg, smf`ok jg pgrtf rfgj jg rfsmstf`nmg y jg pgrtf
nkdpjfhg, jg m`ountg`nmg, nkdk sf vf f` jg tgejg RM y bmiurg 62.
?.?.5.5.
Jgzk of dfomnmþ` J7-J> (U-_)
F` fstf jgzk of dfomnmþ`, sf m`yfntg u`g nkrrmf`tf nk` u`g dgi`mtuo of 5
gdpfrmks y sf dmof jg ngäog of vkjtghf, tg`tk fj ç`iujk nkdk jg dgi`mtuo, jufik
sf ngjnujg jg mdpfog`nmg nkdpjfhg, smf`ok jg pgrtf rfgj jg rfsmstf`nmg y jg pgrtf
nkdpjfhg jg m`ountg`nmg, nkdk sf kesfrvg f` jg tgejg RMM y bmiurg 69.
?.?.5.>.
Jgzk of dfomnmþ` J5-J> (^-_)
F` fstf jgzk of dfomnmþ`, sf m`yfntg u`g nkrrmf`tf nk` u`g dgi`mtuo of 5
gdpfrmks y sf dmof jg ngäog of vkjtghf, tg`tk fj ç`iujk nkdk jg dgi`mtuo, jufik
sf ngjnujg jg mdpfog`nmg nkdpjfhg, smf`ok jg pgrtf rfgj jg rfsmstf`nmg y jg pgrtf
nkdpjfhg jg m`ountg`nmg, nkdk sf kesfrvg f` jg tgejg RMMM y bmiurg 61.
775
?.?.5.?.
Jgzk of dfomnmþ` J7-F (U-F)
F` fstf jgzk of dfomnmþ`, sf m`yfntg u`g nkrrmf`tf nk` u`g dgi`mtuo of 5
gdpfrmks y sf dmof jg ngäog of vkjtghf, tg`tk fj ç`iujk nkdk jg dgi`mtuo, jufik
sf ngjnujg jg mdpfog`nmg nkdpjfhg, smf`ok jg pgrtf rfgj jg rfsmstf`nmg y jg pgrtf
nkdpjfhg jg m`ountg`nmg, nkdk sf kesfrvg f` jg tgejg MQ y bmiurg 6=.
?.?.5.6.
Jgzk of dfomnmþ` J5-F (^-F)
F` fstf jgzk of dfomnmþ`, sf m`yfntg u`g nkrrmf`tf nk` u`g dgi`mtuo of 5
gdpfrmks y sf dmof jg ngäog of vkjtghf, tg`tk fj ç`iujk nkdk jg dgi`mtuo, jufik
sf ngjnujg jg mdpfog`nmg nkdpjfhg, smf`ok jg pgrtf rfgj jg rfsmstf`nmg y jg pgrtf
nkdpjfhg jg m`ountg`nmg, nkdk sf kesfrvg f` jg tgejg Q y bmiurg 2<.
?.?.5.2.
Jgzk of dfomnmþ` J>-F (_-F)
F` fstf jgzk of dfomnmþ`, sf m`yfntg u`g nkrrmf`tf nk` u`g dgi`mtuo of 5
gdpfrmks y sf dmof jg ngäog of vkjtghf, tg`tk fj ç`iujk nkdk jg dgi`mtuo, jufik
sf ngjnujg jg mdpfog`nmg nkdpjfhg, smf`ok jg pgrtf rfgj jg rfsmstf`nmg y jg pgrtf
nkdpjfhg jg m`ountg`nmg, nkdk sf kesfrvg f` jg tgejg QM y bmiurg 27.
?.?.5.9.
Jgzk of dfomnmþ` J7J5J>-F (U^_-F)
F` fstf jgzk of dfomnmþ`, sf m`yfntg u`g nkrrmf`tf nk` u`g dgi`mtuo of 5
gdpfrmks y sf dmof jg ngäog of vkjtghf, tg`tk fj ç`iujk nkdk jg dgi`mtuo, jufik
sf ngjnujg jg mdpfog`nmg nkdpjfhg, smf`ok jg pgrtf rfgj jg rfsmstf`nmg y jg pgrtf
nkdpjfhg jg m`ountg`nmg, nkdk sf kesfrvg f` jg tgejg QMM y bmiurg 25.
77>
_gejg RM.
Ufsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J7-J5 (U-^)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
Bmiurg 62.
Irçbmng of jks rfsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J7-J5 (U-^)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
77?
_gejg RMM.
Ufsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J7-J> (U-_)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
Bmiurg 69.
Irçbmng of jks rfsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J7-J> (U-_)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
776
_gejg RMMM.
Ufsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ`
dfomnmþ` J5-J> (^-_)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
Bmiurg 61.
Irçbmng of jks rfsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J5-J> (^-_)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
772
_gejg MQ.
Ufsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J7-F (U-F)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
Bmiurg 6=.
Irçbmng of jks rfsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J7-F (U-F)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
779
_gejg Q.
Ufsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J5-F (^-F)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
Bmiurg 2<.
Irçbmng of jks rfsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J5-F (^-F)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
771
_gejg QM.
Ufsujtgoks
Ufsujtgo
ks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J>-F (_-F)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
Bmiurg 27.
Irçbmng of jks rfsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J>-F (_-F)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
77=
_gejg QMM.
Ufsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J7J5J>-F (U^_-F)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
Bmiurg 25.
Irçbmng of rfsujtgoks ofj jgzk of dfomnmþ` J7J5J>-F (U^_-F)
Buf`tf8 Kdmnrk` N\N Bmjf Jkgofr. _fdpjgtf vfrsmk` 7.?>.
75<
NK@NJV^MK@F^
7.
Jg prufeg of Rfrmbmngnmþ` of jg Gusf`nmg of Nk`fxmk`fs M`govfrtmogs g
_mfrrg fs u` dítkok prçntmnk, sfiurk y submnmf`tfdf`tf prfnmsk pgrg
vfrmbmngr quf ngog bgsf of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` eghk prufeg fstí jmerf of
nk`fxmk`fs g tmfrrg k nkrtk nmrnumtks f`trf bgsfs.
5.
Nk` jg gpjmngnmþ` of jg pr
prufeg
ufeg of Rfrmbmngnmþ` of jg Nk`tm`umogo of jks
Nk`ountkrfs, prfvmk g f`frimzgr pkr prmdfrg vfz u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`,
sf nkdprufeg quf jks nk`ountkrfs of ngog bgsf `k sf f`nuf`trf`
nkrtgoks k gemfrtks f` gjiø` pu`tk g jk jgrik of tkog jg fxtf`smþ` of jg
jä`fg, gofdçs, tgdemí` sf vfrmbmng quf jg uemngnmþ` bäsmng of jks
nk`ountkrfs of ngog bgsf rfspfntmvg f` ngog tkrrf, fstí nk` egsf k of
gnufrok gj omsf÷k of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ`.
>.
F` jg gntugjmogo, fj nkstk y fsbufrzk pg
pgrg
rg jg dfomnmþ` of jgs mdpfog`nmgs
of u`g jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` fs u`g brgnnmþ` of jk quf skjäg sfr, pkr jk
tg`tk, jg dfomnmþ` of jgs mdpfog`nmgs of jg jä`fg of trg`sdmsmþ` erm`og
nk`bmgemjmogo, sfiurmogo y sfjfntmvmogo of u`g jmefrgnmþ` rçpmog of jgs
bgjjgs f` jgs jä`fgs of trg`sdmsmþ` of u` smstfdg of pktf`nmg.
?.
Nkdk g nugjqumfr fqumpk of u`g suefstgnmþ` k nf`trgj of if`frgnmþ` of
f`friäg fjíntrmng, g jgs jä`fgs of trg`sdmsmþ` tgdemí` ofef` rfgjmzçrsfjfs
prufegs, prfvmk g f`frimzgrjgs pkr prmdfrg vfz.
757
755
UFNKDF@OGNMK@F^
7.
Nk` jg irg` ng`tmogo of prkyfnt
prkyfntks
ks quf sf gvfnm`g` g f
fjj pgäs,
fspfnmgjdf`tf f` fj dgrnk of jg fxpg`smþ` of jg rfo of trg`sdmsmþ`, sfräg
duy ef`fbmnmksk m`stmtumr k fstg`ogrmzgr jg gpjmngnmþ` of prufegs ourg`tf jg
pufstg f` sfrvmnmk g jä`fgs of trg`sdmsmþ` yg quf omnags prufegs tgdemí`
pufof` sfrvmr nkdk pu`tk of rfbfrf`nmg pgrg pkofr rfgjmzgr u` g`çjmsms
nkdpgrgtmvk k fstgoästmnk g jk jgrik ofj tmfdpk.
5.
@krdgjdf`tf, jgs mdpfog`nmgs of jgs jä`fgs of trg`sdmsmþ` sf ketmf`f` g
trgvís ofj nçjnujk of jks pgrçdftrks of jgs jä`fgs pkr dfomk of gjiø`
skbtwgrf pgrg fstg gpjmngnmþ`, sm` fdegrik, pkoräg sfr duy sustg`nmgj
rfgjmzgr jg dfomnmþ` of jgs mdpfog`nmgs of jg jä`fg prfvmk g pk`frjg f`
sfrvmnmk, pgrg pkofr rfgjmzgr u`g nkdpgrgnmþ` nk` jks vgjkrfs ngjnujgoks,
fspfnmgjdf`tf pgrg jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg nfrk, yg quf fstg
mdpfog`nmg, ketf`mog dfomg`tf nçjnujks, tmf`of g tf`fr u`g nk`smofrgejf
ofsvmgnmþ` f` bu`nmþ` of jks vgjkrfs dfomoks.
>.
V` pu`tk m`tfrfsg`tf of fstuomk, pkoräg sfr, jg nug`tmbmngnmþ` of jg
ombfrf`nmg of jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg nfrk dfomog g u`g jä`fg of
trg`sdmsmþ` f` ípkng jjuvmksg y f` ípkng sfng. Ofspuís of rfgjmzgok fsf
fstuomk, y sm sf hustmbmng, pkoräg smdujgrsf y fxpfrmdf`tgrsf fj ngdemk of
ghustfs of jg mdpfog`nmg of sfnuf`nmg nfrk y fj bgntkr of nkdpf`sgnmþ`
rfsmougj g jks rfjfvgokrfs of prktfnnmþ` of omstg`nmg pgrg ngog fstgnmþ`
ofj g÷k, jjuvmksg k sfng.
75>
75?
EMEJMKIUGBÄG
7.
G@OFU^K@, D. \guj. G`gjysms kb Bgujtfo \kwfr ^ystfds. G` MFFF
\rfss njgssmn rfmssuf. V`mtfo ^tgtfs kb Gdfrmng8 Hka` Ymjfy & ^k`s,
7==6. 67> p. M^E@8 <-91<>-77?6-<.
5.
EG]JM^^, Nkjm`. _rg`sdmssmk` g`o Omstrmeutmk` Fjfntrmngj F`im`ffrm`i. 5g
fo. Irfgt Ermtgm`8 Fjsfvmfr, 7===. =91 p. M^E@8 <-96<2-?<6=-2.
>.
EJGNCEVU@, H. Jfwms. ^yddftrmngj Nkdpk`f`ts bkr \kwfr ^ystfds
F`im`ffrm`i. @fw ]krc8 Dgrnfj Ofccfr, 7==>. ?59 p. M^E@8 <-15?9-
1929-2.
?.
Nk`nfptk
of
trg`sdmsmþ`
of
f`friäg
fjíntrmng.
Sf`
jä`fgT.
:attp8//www.dk`kirgbmgs.nkd/trgeghks15/usk-f`frimg/uskf`frimg.satdj0. SNk`sujtg8 ? of dgyk of 5<75T.
6.
OG^, Ofegprmyg. Fjfntrmngj \kwfr ^ystfds. @fw Ofjam8 @fw Gif
M`tfr`gtmk`gj, 5<<2. 7?< p. M^E@8 =91-17-55?-5676-?.
2.
OMFUC^, G.3 _UK^CMF, A.3 CUÚIFU, D. ‚Gnnurgtf Ngjnujgtmk` g`o
\aysmngj Dfgsurfdf`t kb _rg`sdmssmk` Jm`f \grgdftfrs tk Mdprkvf
Mdpfog`nf Ufjgy \frbkrdg`nf—. F`8 M`guiurgj MFFF \F^ 5<<6
Nk`bfrf`nf g`o Fxpksmtmk` m` Gbrmng (Oureg`, ^kuta Gbrmng 77-76 of
hujmk of 5<<6).
756
9.
IK@XGJFX-JK@IG__,
_rg`sdmsmþ`
Brg`nmsnk
D.
Fjfdf`tks
Gírfgs.
of
Jä`fgs
Sf`
of
jä`fgT.
attp8//www.bijk`igtt.kri.vf/Grnamvks/Grnamvks/J_[7/Ngp7J_75<<9.pob. SNk`sujtg8 1 of dgyk of 5<75T.
1.
IUGM@IFU, H. Hka`3 ^_FRF@^K@, O. Ymjjmgd. G`çjmsms of ^mstfdgs of
\ktf`nmg. Díxmnk8 DnIrgw-Amjj, 5<<7. 627
62 7 p. M^E@8 =9<-7<-<=<1-1.
=.
IUMI^E], J. Jfk`gro. _af Fjfntrmn \kwfr F`im`ffrm`i Ag`oekkc. 5g fo.
Bjkrmog, V^G8 NUN \rfss JJN, 5<<7. =6< p. M^E@8 <-1?=>-1691-?.
7<.
AG^F, ]ksamamof. Ag`oekkc kb \kwfr ^ystfds F`im`ffrm`i . F`ijg`o8
Hka` Ymjfy & ^k`s, 5<<9. 6?1 p. M^E@8 =91-<-?9<-<59?5-?.
77.
CJG\\FU, V.3 CUÚIFU, D.3 YVUXFU Y. ‚Dfgsurfdf`t kb Jm`f
Mdpfog`nfs g`o Dutugj Nkupjm`i kb \grgjjfj Jm`fs—. F`8
Ufjgy
\rktfntmk` ^uestgtmk` Gutkdgtmk` kb Dkofr` FAR \kwfr ^ystfds ,
(Dksnkw-Nafekcsgry, 7<-75 of sfptmfderf of 5<<9). Kdmnrk`
Fjfntrk`mns IdeA.
75.
Jä`fgs
of
suetrg`sdmsmþ`
of
gjtk
vkjtghf .
Sf`
jä`fgT.
:attp8//omdf`smk`sm`bk.nkd/wp-nk`tf`t/upjkgos/5<77/<5/\kwfrJm`fs-Omdf`smk`s.hpi0. SNk`sujtg8 1 of dgyk of 5<75T.
7>.
DFIIFU. M`struntmk` Dg`ugj bkr taf ON Omfjfntrmn _fst ^fts. Ufv. 5,
Dfiifr Dgy 5<7<.
752
7?.
DFA_G, Ukamt3 DFA_G, R.C. \rm`nmpjfs kb \kwfr ^ystfd. ?g fo. M`omg8 ^.
Nag`o, 5<<2. 2<1 p. M^E@8 1757=5?=2<.
76.
D]FK@I-U]FGJ,
Hfk`3
^FM-MJJ,
Ka.
‚G`gjysms
kb
Dfgsurfo
_rg`sdmssmk` Jm`f Nk`stg`ts—. Fjfntrmn \kwfr Ufsfgrna M`stmtutf kb
Ckrfg. \rktfntmk` Gutkdgtmk` g`o Nk`trkj Dgigzm`f. Ym`tfr 5<<1,
p. >2->=.
72.
N\ NV7 Erknaurf. Rfrsmk` J<25, Kdmnrk` fjfntrk`mns 5<<9.
79.
N\ NV7 Ufbfrf`nf Dg`ugj. Rfrsmk` N\NV7.GF.6, Kdmnrk` fjfntrk`mns
5<7<.
71.
N\N 7<< Vsfr Dg`ugj. Rfrsmk` N\N7<<JM_F.GF.9, Kdmnrk` fjfntrk`mns
5<7<.
759