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Event Operation and Management: A Multidimensional Perspective
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EVENTS
OPERATION &
MANAGEMENT
(A Multidimensional Perspective)
EVENTS OPERATION & MANAGEMENT
A multidimensional Perspective
© 2020 E.C. NWOKORIE
Department of Hospitality Management,
The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro,
Ogun State. Nigeria.
edwin.nwokorie@federalpolyilaro.edu.ng
ISBN: 978-978-984-644-3
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise; without the express permission of the author. This book is
sold subject to the conditions that it shall not by way of trade, or otherwise, be lent,
re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated, without the author's prior consent, in any
form of binding or cover than that which it is published and without a similar
condition including this condition being imposed on the consequent purchaser.
Published by:
Hospitality and Tourism Management Association of Nigeria
Floor 5, Suite 99,
Turaki Ali House NNDC,
3 Kanta Road, Kaduna, Nigeria.
Tel: +2348034072296
nationalsec@hatman2010.org
http://www.hatman2010.org
Typeset in Ilaro, Nigeria by:
Pegassus Computers
Tel:+2348035007831
Printed by:
Divine Edge & Services
3/007 Sam Ewang Estate
Abeokuta, Nigeria.
ii
DEDICATION
To My Students
(past, present and future)
iii
FOREWORD
Events and the event industry have evolved within the past decade following the
emergence of the experience economy. Event as a business has received
unprecedented turnaround, with practitioners from various disciplines claiming
proficiency as event managers. However, research in the event sector has received
minimal attention, causing a deficiency in relevant literature to assist students and
researchers in event management which would, by extension, diminish quality
service delivery by event practitioners.
This textbook 'Event Operation and Management (A Multidimensional
Perspective)' goes a long way to convey relevant fundamental data necessary for
event operation both at the budding and advanced stages. The book will be a
regular guide for students, lecturers and event planners, and others considering to
take up a career in the event industry.
The book is arranged in four parts (A to D) of 16 chapters for an easier grasp of
information by readers. The diction is easy having applied simple English to make for
easy understanding by all category of readers – learners and professionals. The style
of arrangement would assist every reader towards easy understanding of event
concepts while creating avenue for event entrepreneurs to adopt new operational
techniques using diagrammatic and evident pictorial presentations where applicable.
Specifically, Part A takes an overview of the concept of event management,
classification of events, event impacts, and the production of events. Part B
continues with discussions on event programming and quality, programme cycle
and quality, event ethics, and risk management.
Part C explores event planning principles, customer service for events, business
success and growth strategy, as well as event budgeting and event publicity. Part
D sums up, interestingly, with topics on event planning equipment, event food
handling, and various Nigerian events that could be explored by event
entrepreneurs for business purposes.
I sincerely commend the author for the proactive approach of providing literature for
the local event industry. To this end, I strongly recommend the use of this book in
tertiary institutions, and by consultants and entrepreneurs in the event industry.
Prof. H.M. Ijeomah (PhD, FHATMAN, LMFAN, MWIMSON)
University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Literature on event operation and management is scarcely available for the local
industry in Nigeria. This scarcity in literature is one major reason for this publication.
However, this publication is the outcome of numerous debate on the significance of
the event industry to the local economy, which has raised the demand by scholars and
event entrepreneurs for documented literature, to provide requisite direction for
profitability and business sustainability. While anticipated errors in this publication
are the responsibility of the author, the assistance provided by other distinguished
individuals for the book quality is equally recognized.
Specifically, I wish to thank my students, past and present, for creating the
challenge that propelled the publication, and for their patience to this rewarding
point. I sincerely appreciate my mentors and erudite scholars; Dr. J.C Okafor,
Professor C.I.C Okoli, Professor P.A Igbojekwe, Professor E.N Ukabuilu, and Dr.
R.A Oloyo; for their selfless and ceaseless professional advice. I equally
appreciate Professor H.M Ijeomah for his continuous academic advice, and for the
gesture of the foreword of this book.
My family, especially my children (Alexander and Gabriella) played a significant
role through their understanding, particularly when they enjoyed less of my time
due to days of journeys and absence from home, and long hours of desk research.
My beloved wife did a lot of job with the typesetting and proofreading, which are
critical aspects of the publication. My younger sister (Linda) equally did her part
by providing sundry materials when the dire need arose.
Seasoned event and hospitality entrepreneurs also provided opportunity for vital
information used in improving the quality of the book. I thank Miss Ozioma Marlene
Emenike (CEO, Mega Treasure Hearts Kitchen and Events), Alhaji Aliyu Badaki,
and Mr. Samson Aturu for their encouragement and support, and for assisting with
digital images and other vital resources from their various events and establishments
which improved the graphic quality of the publication to a large extent.
Much appreciation also goes to the editorial team of Divine Edge and Services for
doing a thorough job with the layout, graphic designs and during the printing process.
The fruitful time spent with Mr Adewale Adeyemi (the Creative Director of the
company) was quite rewarding, so I wish him all the best the future may offer.
Finally, and importantly, worthy of mention are the following respected senior
colleagues for their advice, support and inspiration in ways too special to be ignored;
Engr C.U Okoye, Dr (Mrs) R.T Oyede, Tpl A.L Lasisi, Dr O.P Durojaye, Engr (Mrs)
I.K Ogunfayo, Mr J.O Ogunbi, Mr A.O Enehizena, Mr D.A Durowaiye, Mr O.V
v
Idakwo, Rev S.S Akoja, Mr I.D Ezekiel, Dr M.A Akinde, Dr S.R Mohammed,
Mr O.S Olugbemi, Mr P.O Musa, Dr O.A Jiboku, Dr A.B Oluseye, Mr T.A
Ashaolu, Mr B.J. Odetunde, Barr H.O Dawodu, Engr O.A Aikulola, Engr (Dr)
O.B Soyemi, Dr (Mrs) C.B Iro-Idoro, Barr T.O Ogunseye, Rev Engr (Dr) S.A
Odunlami, and, of course, Arc (Dr) O.O Aluko – the Rector, FPI. Other
distinguished colleagues not mentioned here are humbly appreciated as well, and
will never be forgotten. In all, and above all, TO GOD BE THE GLORY.
E.C Nwokorie, fhatman
vi
CONTENTS
List of Tables
List of Figures
PART A – INTRODUCTION
One.
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.3.7
1.3.8
1.4
1.5
1.6
Overview
Meaning of Events
Features of an Event
Developing the Event Concept
The Event Sector in the Nigerian Economy
Perspectives of Events with Related Disciplines
History and Events
Geography and Events
Cultural Anthropology and Events
Sociology and Events
Psychology and Events
Political Science and Events
Economics and Events
Hospitality Management (hotels, catering and resorts)
Planned Events
Special Events
Event Terminologies
Chapter Review Questions
1
Two.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.5
2.4.6
2.4.7
2.4.8
2.5
Classification of Events
Event Planning
Event Management
Event Managers and Event Planners Work Together
Typology of Planned Events
Cultural Celebrations
Political and State
Art and Entertainment
Business and Trade Events
Educational and Scientific
Sports Competition
Recreational
Private Events
Further Categorization of Events
Chapter Review Questions
17
Three. Events Impact and Event Tourism
3.1
Event Tourism
3.1.1 Event Tourism: The Economic Roles
vii
27
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.2.8
3.2.9
3.2.10
Assessing the Impact of Events
Social and Cultural Impacts
Crowd Management
Ownership and Control of Events by the Community
Physical and Environmental Impacts
Waste Management Recycling and Sustainable Events
Political Impacts
Tourism and Economic Impacts
Business Opportunities
Commercial Activity
Job Creation
Chapter Review Questions
Four.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Event Production
Event Production Process
Organizational Skills in Event Planning
Key Elements for Successful Events
Factors Affecting Successful Event Programmes
Event Venue Selection
Chapter Review Questions
41
PART B – EVENT QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Five.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.3.7
5.3.8
5.3.9
5.3.10
5.3.11
5.3.12
5.3.13
5.3.14
5.3.15
5.3.16
5.3.17
Event Programming and Quality
Setting the Foundation and Event Theme
Participants and Event Planning
Elements of Style
Aesthetic Experience
Escapism
Celebration
Ritual
Protocol
Spectacle
Other Sensory Stimulation
Authenticity
Hospitality
Socializing
Physical Activity
Competition
Games
Education
Commerce
Entertainment
Combining Elements of Style
Chapter Review Question
viii
57
Six.
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
6.1.6
6.1.7
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
Programme Cycle and Quality
Programme Life Cycle
Ideas Generation
Screening, Testing and Refining
Introduction
Growth
Maturity
Decline
Rejuvenation
Event Quality
Programme Quality
Organizational Quality
Service Quality
Impacts and Quality
Quality Management
Quality Management Methods
Service Mapping and Blueprinting
Importance-Performance Measurement
Chapter Review Questions
70
Seven.
7.1
7.1.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.8.1
7.9
7.9.1
7.9.2
7.10
Ethics in Event Management
Ethical Orientation
The Precautionary Principle
Code of Ethics
Understanding Code of Ethics
Compliance-Based Code of Ethics
Value-Based Code of Ethics
Code of Ethics Among Professionals
Developing Code of Ethics
Event Management Code of Ethics – The Human Factor
Obstacles of Ethics
Stratifying Ethics in Event Management
Importance of Ethics in Event Management
Ethical Empowerment
Importance of Ethical Empowerment
Sexual Harassment in the Event Industry
Sexual Harassment as Unethical Behaviour
Curtailing Sexual Harassment
Specific Ethical Provisions for Travel and Event Planners
Chapter Review Questions
83
Eight. Risk Management in Events
8.1
Threats and Hazards Associated with Events
8.2
Risk Management Plan for Events
ix
99
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.3
8.3.1
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.5
8.5.1
8.6
8.6.1
8.7
8.8
8.9
Developing Risk Management Plan for Events
Importance of a Risk Management Plan
Alcohol Risk Management
Stress Management for Events
Strategies for Coping with Stress
Crowd Management
Crowd Control Process
Crowd Profile and Warning Signs
Security Management
Security Plan
Health and Safety Plan
Components of a Health and Safety Plan
Crisis Management
Communications
Emergency Response
Chapter Review Questions
Nine.
9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
9.1.4
9.1.5
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3
9.2.4
9.2.5
9.2.6
9.2.7
9.3
Planning Principles
Event Planning Process
Phase 1: Initiating the Project (Choosing and Deciding)
Phase 2: Planning
Phase 3: Running the Events
Phase 4: Finalizing and Reporting
Phase 5: Lessons Learned
Planning and Management
Intent or Concept to Bid
Feasibility Study
Decision to Cease
Preliminary Plan
Detailed Project Planning
Implementation of the Plan
Producing and Ending the Event
Project Management Team and Organization
Chapter Review Questions
117
Ten.
10.1
10.1.1
10.2
10.3
10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3
Event Customer Service
Meaning of Customer service
Importance of Customer Service in Service Operations
Expectation and Needs of Customers
Customer Satisfaction in Literature
Defining Customer Satisfaction
Purpose of Customer Satisfaction
Measuring Customer Satisfaction
129
PART C – EVENT PLANNING AND GROWTH STRATEGY
x
10.3.4
10.3.5
10.3.6
10.4
10.4.1
10.4.2
Importance of Customer Satisfaction
Increasing Customer Lifetime Value (CLV)
Increasing Revenue Vs Increasing Customer Lifetime Value
Importance of Service Quality and Competitive Advantage
Definition of Competitive Advantage
Structure of Competition in the Event Industry
Chapter Review Questions
Eleven. Business Success and Growth Strategy
11.1
Business Plan
11.1.1 Preparing a Business Plan for an Event Management Company
11.1.2 SWOT Analysis
11.2
The Strategic Plan
11.2.1 Company Goals
11.2.2 Align Company Goals and Event Strategy
11.2.3 Understand Your Resources
11.2.4 Plan Your Calendar of Events
11.2.5 Set Clear Goals
11.2.6 Register the Event Company
11.3
Market Research in Event Planning
11.3.1 Competitors' Analysis
11.4
The 5Ws and 1H Principle of the Event Plan
11.5
Event Marketing
11.5.1 How Print Media can be used for Promotion
11.5.2 How Electronic Media can be used for Promotion
11.5.3 How Outdoor Media can be used for Promotion
11.5.4 How Transit Media can be used for Promotion
11.6
Steps Involved in Producing an Event and Event Calendar
11.7
Managing the Event Team
Chapter Review Questions
145
Twelve. Event Budgeting
12.1
Defining Event Budget
12.2
Types of Event Budget
12.3
Event Budget Preparation
12.4
Importance of Financial Control of an Event
12.5
Continual Adjustment of the Event Budget
12.6
Basic Event Budgeting Rules
12.7
Event Income and Expenditure
12.8
Event Costing
12.8.1 Guidelines on Reducing Costs
12.9
Event Revenue
12.9.1 Guidelines for Increasing Projected Income
Chapter Review Questions
160
xi
Thirteen. Event Publicity
175
13.1
Importance of the Media in Event Planning
13.2
Various Media for Event Publicity
13.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Various Event Advertising Media
13.3
Social Media and Event Publicity
13.3.1 Promoting an Event on Social Media
13.3.2 Understanding the Overall Importance of Social Media in Event Marketing
13.4
Promoting an Event Through Whatsapp
Chapter Review Questions
PART D – EQUIPMENT, FOOD HANDLING AND FESTIVALS
Fourteen. Event Planning Equipment
14.1
Categories of Equipment
14.1.1 Sound Equipment
14.1.2 Video Equipment
14.1.3 Production Equipment
14.1.4 Registration and Check-in Equipment
14.2
DJ Equipment for Event Planning
14.3
DJ Sound for Event Planning
14.4
Types of Microphones
14.5
DJ Lighting for Event Planning
14.6
Pyrotechnics for Event Planning
14.6.1 Types of Pyrotechnics
14.6.2 Pyro Music (Firework Music)
14.7
Special Effects in Events
14.8
Promotional Materials for Events
14.9
Types of Hoardings
Chapter Review Questions
185
Fifteen. Event Food Handling
15.1
Foodborne Diseases
15.2
Food Safety
15.2.1 HACCP
15.3
Food Hygiene
15.4
Promoting Safe Food Handling
15.5
Steps for Maintaining Food Safety
15.6
Guide for Food Handling and Hygiene
15.7
Personal Hygiene of Food handlers
15.8
Hand Washing Practices
15.9
Kitchen Hygiene
15.10 Equipment Hygiene
15.11 Specific Foodborne Diseases
197
xii
Sixteen. Various Nigerian Festivals
16.1
Northern Nigeria Festivals
16.1.1 Sharo/Shadi Festivals
16.1.2 Afan Festival
16.1.3 Argungu Fishing Festival
16.1.4 Durbar Festival
16.2
Southern Nigeria Festivals
16.2.1 Calabar Carnival
16.2.2 Eyo Festival
16.2.3 Ndi Igbo New Yam Festival
16.2.4 Osun Osogbo Festival
16.2.5 Iwa Akwa Festival
16.3
Family and Personal Events
16.3.1 Wedding Ceremonies
16.3.2 Birthday Ceremony
16.3.3 Naming Ceremony
16.3.4 Matriculation and Graduation Ceremonies
Chapter Review Questions
Bibliography
Index
xiii
209
List of Tables
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Meaning of Event (cultural perspective)
Factors that make Events Special
Event Management vs Event Planning
Impacts of Events
List of Figures
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Structure of the Event Industry
Typology of Planned Events
Tourism and Economic Roles of Event
Eight-stage process for waste reduction and recycling
Element of style (combining elements for a heritage event
Programme Life Cycle
Interactions shaping event quality
Project Planning Process
Michael Porter's Five Forces Model for Analyzing Competition
Formulating an event strategy (plan)
Conference financial plan.
Standard budget – level one
Generic budget – level two
Generic budget – level three
The event budget process
CHAPTER ONE
OVERVIEW
Planning and managing events can be a challenging yet very rewarding process,
which can lead to a whole range of positive outcomes for the individuals and
organizations who host them and for the venues and locations in which they take
place. However events do not simply just happen, they require careful and
considered planning from start to finish.
Events require the assembly of teams of people with a range of skills, applicable to
the type and scale of the event being planned, with clear lines of authority, decision
making and control. In addition to team planning and managing the event, it is also
necessary to identify and work with other stakeholders and interested parties to
ensure the successful delivery and on-going sustainability of events. Without this
external support many events will struggle to achieve their potential.
From the outset there must be clear aims and a purpose to an event which should
be ideally quantify into more specific objectives, which will facilitate later
performance monitoring and evaluation. It must also be clear what the event is
and who it is for. Understanding the target audience and other stakeholder's needs
is critical to effective event design and long term success, which can only be
achieved through building events around all their needs.
A good number of establishments have been hosting and organizing event on a
regular basis, ranging from small scale private events to large scale international
events. Obviously, large scale events are rare, but the output in terms of returns is
always far beyond expectation. Though in the past, there have been events that have
also resulted in losses to both the host and the event organizers for various reasons.
All the same, event management is about organization and effective execution, that is
precisely where the money lies. Event managers are paid for these services.
There are a number of people, trained and untrained, who have ventured into the field
of event management because they realize the potential of the market in comparison
to its demand and supply. Ironically, the most profitable aspect of the field is the need
for creativity. This is what makes the difference between event planners and
managers. There are people who are in this profession as individuals, and others as a
company having pulled lots of human and material resources together.
1
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208
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
VARIOUS NIGERIAN FESTIVALS
Occasions, festivals and events are daily activities in many localities in Nigeria. With
the unique cultural diversity and rich cultural heritage, there is hardly any locality in
Nigeria that does not have an occasion or festival they are identified with.
Additionally, local communities have adopted a number of western events which are
fused into existing local occasions and events as part of the local culture. Chiefly
among them are western weddings and birthday celebrations which already have their
derivation from the local culture but with a blend of modern day activities that make
the occasions generally acceptable by the new generation of celebrants.
Events have actually become a way of life in contemporary Nigeria. On daily
basis people celebrate. The celebrations are not just in the form of throwing
flowers in the air, but in the form of organized programmes in which classes of
personalities are invited and treated with series of activities that make the entire
arrangement colourful and memorable. The series of activities may include but
not limited to music, lectures, entertainment, broadcast, advert placements,
transport, logistics, catering and hospitality, and many more. To this end, various
occasions and events are peculiar to the Nigerian culture, even though a few of
them are adopted from the western philosophy and integrated into the local values
of various Nigerian communities.
16.1 NORTHERN NIGERIA FESTIVALS
The northern part of Nigeria can boast of many festivals and events that can be
traced back to the precolonial history. These events has formed part of the unique
identity of the northern people of Nigeria.
16.1.1 Sharo/Shadi Festival
The Sharo or Shadi flogging competition is a traditional rite of passage for Jafun
Fulani men. The youths, escorted by girls, are led into the ring of spectators bare
chested and armed with whips. As the noise of singing, drumming and cheering rises
to a crescendo, each young man must stoically endure a flogging to demonstrate his
manhood. The young man only qualifies to marry if he passes the test, which is
administered by another youth of about the same age and size. The sharo is generally
staged at the time of the dry-season guinea corn harvest, and again during the festival
of Id-el-Kabir. The young Fulani boys test their strength and endurance by getting
flogged. Shocking as it may be, it is a festival that is quite cherished and celebrated
by the Fulanis. Usually it lasts for a week and is held in a marketplace.
The festival starts up with various forms of performances from tricksters and maiden
dancers, however, the central focus of the festival begins with the arrival of bare209
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223
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INDEX
A
Abuja Carnival 22
Accessibility 44, 78, 79, 114, 124
Accident(s) 3, 22, 100, 101, 107
Accommodation 35, 39, 42, 121, 124, 131, 162, 168,
Amenities 11, 29
Animal(s) 37, 38, 101, 152, 199
Argungu 25, 34, 58, 212
Attraction(s) 27, 28, 29, 39, 65, 70, 212, 218
Authenticity 13, 33, 63, 67, 77
Authority 111, 114
B
Banquet Event Order 15
Brand
entertainers 65
equity 141
loyalty 137
the event 44
C
Calabar Carnival 22, 213, 214
Calendar(s) 22, 43, 49, 126
branded 182
of celebrations 9
of events 45, 150
of festivals 8
Cancellation 43, 52, 55, 147
Carnival(s) 7, 9, 20, 21, 22, 58, 59, 60, 65, 103,
217 Abuja 22
Calabar 22, 213, 214
in Brazil 215
Celebration 4, 9, 13, 22, 23, 24, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63,
67, 68, 76, 175, 193, 217, 221, 222
and revelry 100
of Independence Day 22
Child(ren) 52, 58, 62, 68, 71, 107, 145, 164, 216,
222 Christmas 22, 214
Communication 35, 48, 57, 79, 113, 114, 115, 119,
120, 163, 164
channels 138
media 130
modes of 54
theory 66
Community events 31, 58, 103, 172
Competition 3, 4, 8, 24, 64, 68, 76, 123, 143, 167,
168, 222
fishing 213
flogging 209
global 60
horizontal 140
perfect 140
pure 140
rites of 61
sports 20, 23
structure of 139
supplier 143
vertical 140
Competitive Advantage 124, 130, 139,
143 definition of 139
Conference 14, 15, 16, 35, 64, 109, 117, 121, 122,
154, 163, 182
Rio 84
financial plan 152
HATMAN National 152
Convention 4, 15, 17, 31,47, 117
center(s) 7, 29, 30
Crisis 108, 114
economic 147
management 114
Crowd(s) 65, 100, 101, 109, 110, 111, 115,
116 and traffic management 112
behaviour 10, 34, 100, 104
control 108, 111
management 34, 108, 113
movement 35
profile and warning signs 109
Cultural Celebration 20, 21
Culture 2, 8, 9, 13, 20, 21, 63, 64, 72, 79, 90, 100,
209 and heritage 37
yam 215
Customer:
expectation(s) 13, 63, 132, 135
satisfaction 79, 80, 93, 101, 130, 131, 132, 133,
134, 135, 136
service 13, 48, 86, 129, 131, 135, 137, 138
D
Data 46, 80, 101, 102, 133, 134, 148, 150, 151, 154,
168, 195
Décor 5, 42, 47, 55, 134
Delegate(s) 109
Destination(s) 9, 13, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34,
39, 79, 149, 177, 194, 213
images 13
marketing 2
profiles 27
Dinner 4, 44, 47, 55, 214, 220
Diversity 13, 23, 58, 209
DJ(s) 42, 47, 111, 118, 152, 153, 187, 188, 189, 191
Durbar Festival 212, 213
E
Emergency:
action plan 115
broadcast 114
contingency plan 18
duct tape 48
escape routes 54
evacuation 115
exit plan 110
lighting 115
local 104
management plan 104
medical 100, 102, 110
officials 114, 115
procedures 112, 126
response 113, 115
routes 114
services 114
systems 115
telephone numbers 115
Enugu 220
Environmental Damage 33
Environmental Impact(s) 34, 35, 37, 79
Equipment:
and services 121
and suppliers 170
audio-video 185
categories of 185-187
DJ 187-188
event planning 185
failure 110
fire fighting 114
hire 169
hygiene 206
Escapism 59
Ethics:
code of 84-90, 93, 96
importance of 92
obstacles of 90-91
Event(s):
as attractions 29
budget 42, 154, 160, 161, 166, 167,
202 calendar(s) 43, 157, 182 cultural
34
hallmark 25, 34
managers 1, 11, 17, 19, 20, 24, 27, 31, 35, 36, 47,
48, 71, 76, 78, 79, 81, 83, 90, 91, 105, 108, 114,
149, 160, 167, 168, 170
planned 12,42
planners 1, 17, 19, 57, 62, 64, 65, 67, 86, 96, 97,
100, 103, 104, 115, 117, 176, 179, 180, 184,
186, 222, 223
production 41, 55, 101, 157
private 1, 20, 24
public 2, 19, 124
quality 76, 77, 79
religious 20, 21, 22
special 4, 10, 14, 23, 24, 29, 60, 61, 62, 71, 148,
168, 173
sports 23, 24, 27, 31, 61, 123, 172,
173 traditional 9
venue(s) 5, 36, 41, 51, 52, 59, 73, 92, 110, 112,
115, 126, 155
Eyo Masquerade 215
F
Fairs 20, 22, 23, 58, 59, 61, 64, 66
Festival(s):
Afan 210, 211
and events 7, 80, 171, 209
Argungu (Fishing) 25, 34, 58, 212
art 22, 23
authenticity of 63
Children's 68
cultural 171
Durbar 212, 213
Ekpe masquerade 213
events and 26
food (and beverage) 58, 61, 70
folk 59
Iwa Akwa 25, 219, 220
New Yam 58, 215, 216, 217
Northern Nigeria 209
Oronna 58
Osun Osogbo 58, 217, 218
religious 22, 59
Sharo/Shadi 209, 211
Southern Nigeria 213
Fire:
accidental 102
alarm(s) 54, 110
ball 192
body 193
extinguishers, 110, 115, 186
hazard 113
lanes 113
officers 115
starting 109
service 110
truck 186
Fireworks 55, 62, 101, 186, 191
Food and Beverage(s) 52, 53, 57, 59, 62, 102, 112, 130,
169, 197
facilities 5
festival 61
menu 153
G
General Manager 127
Guest(s):
houses 7
of honour 153, 182
profile 153
registration 186
security of 54
size 53
speakers 18, 183
with disabilities 191
H
HACCP 198
HATMAN 64
Mr & Miss 153, 162, 163
National Conference 64, 162
Hausaland 213
Hazard 99, 101, 104, 112, 113, 198, 199
Hospitality:
essence of 13
feeding and 163
management 11
sub-sector, 7
Hygiene:
equipment 206
factors, 78
food 198, 203
kitchen 205
lack of 202
personal 54, 198, 202, 203
I
Igbo 215 – 217
Illness 100, 111, 197, 198
Iwa Akwa 25, 219, 220
J
Job:
creation 33, 39, 40
security 158
K
Keys:
car 105
to safer food 199
P
Party 24, 41, 47, 61, 73, 102, 109, 117, 154, 171, 173,
181, 194, 213, 214
Protocol 61, 67
Publicity 23, 29, 30, 42, 44, 45, 46, 62, 79, 156, 170,
171, 174, 175, 179, 183, 184
Pyrotechnics 191
Q
Qualifications 152
Quality Circles 81
Quality control 59, 80, 128
L
Lagos 25, 34, 215, 217
Lighting 5, 54, 55, 56, 109, 115, 168, 185, 187, 189,
190, 191, 198
R
Location 16, 18, 19, 43, 49, 54, 57, 88, 96, 97, 151, 185, Recreation 6, 65, 167, 168
190, 202
Ritual 4, 14, 60, 61, 62, 63, 216
Logistics 43, 154, 163, 209
S
Sexual Harassment 94, 95, 101
M
Market
SWOT 140, 147, 148
Marketing
T
Menu 15, 152, 153
Tourist
food and beverage 153
attraction 28, 30, 101, 213, 215
planning the 18
Tourism:
programme (and food) 152, 154
sub-sector 7
Meeting(s)
Transport 5, 31, 33, 35, 52, 119, 120, 121, 122, 126,
and conventions 12
162, 209
Michael Porter 139, 140
Travel 8, 11, 13, 14, 27, 29, 30, 36, 39, 42, 52, 59,
Music 9, 21, 23, 55, 60, 62, 68, 73, 100, 154, 155,
96, 97, 101, 119, 168, 169
177, 178, 186, 187, 188, 190, 193, 209, 212, 213
N
NAFDAC 198
New Yam 58, 215, 216, 217
O
Oronna:
day 22, 30, 35, 156
festival 58
Osun Osogbo 58, 217, 218
U
Urban 13, 28, 30, 31, 217
V
Violence 34
W
Waiters 95, 104
Waste Management 35, 36, 198
Wedding 6, 11, 20, 24, 41, 209
X
Xmas (Christmas) 22, 214
Y
Yoruba 215, 217, 218
Young People 109
Z
Zeal 217
Zero 36, 141
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