РЕФЕРАТ
по дисциплине
« SUSTAINABLE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING»
на тему:
Designing A Sustainable Outdoor Space
Оглавление
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.
Principles of sustainable outdoor space design .................................................................................... 4
1.1.
Treat Water as a Valuable Resource ............................................................................................. 4
1.2.
Value Your Soil .............................................................................................................................. 5
1.3.
Choose Native Plants..................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.
Conserve Material and Resources................................................................................................. 7
2.
Elements of designing a sustainable outdoor space ............................................................................. 8
3.
The benefits of sustainable design ......................................................................................................12
3.1.
Commercial benefits of sustainable landscape design: ..............................................................12
3.2.
Environmental benefits of sustainable landscape design: ..........................................................13
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................14
Список литературы ....................................................................................................................................14
2
Introduction
The intent of outdoor and landscape design has always been to create beautiful,
functional spaces for clients and homeowners. However, the industry is seeing a shift
in the mindset of consumers, as more individuals learn about sustainable spaces and
seek a more balanced lifestyle with nature. As the environment is spurring
conversations about sustainable practices, homeowners are looking for ways to make
a positive impact on both their immediate surroundings and the world as a whole.
In addition, individuals are focused on creating spaces that allow them to spend more
time outdoors, which has a positive impact on their lives and overall wellness.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, Americans spend 90 percent of
their time indoors, which equates to less than one hour per day outside, directly
impacting stress, anxiety and mental health. By creating a functional and sustainable
outdoor space, we can improve our own lives, the lives of our family, friends and
our local communities
These eco-friendly and beneficial spaces can be created by considering three key
elements: materials, design and plants.
1-Materials
Materials and products used in a project play a significant role in the overall
sustainability of an outdoor space. Though they might not immediately come to
mind, concrete pavers offer a number of benefits, and should be considered as
landscape architects and designers plan projects. The first benefit to consider is
lifespan; most hardscapes outdoor spaces boasting concrete pavers can last 60 to 80
years, if installed properly. Compared to other materials, such as a wooden deck that
may last 20 years, hardscapes offer longevity and reduce waste. In addition, concrete
pavers are often locally sourced, which reduces transportation costs and
environmental impact.
2-Design
The design of a permeable paver system also lends itself to creating a more
sustainable space. With enhanced techniques, a permeable paver system can be
designed and installed to harvest and recycle rainwater. The collected water can then
be used to water plants, wash cars or for other landscaping maintenance. .
3-Plants
When considering a sustainable design, native plants are always a safe selection for
helping the environment. As they are accustomed to the local environmental
conditions, they require less water, and are easy to maintain. In addition, the local
wildlife benefits from having their native plants available to support the local
ecosystem. Each state’s landscape and nursery associations, and university system
has information readily available on ideal plants for each area of the state. [1]
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1. Principles of sustainable outdoor space design
Creating a sustainable landscape means the designers need to consider aspects in
order to create a pleasant place that is part of an environmental solution rather than
an environmental problem. Development process from beginning until results
gained should be maintained and sustained. Many study and researches have been
conducted; to gain information and alternatives to create a sustainable landscape.
These have been proven by many universities with the goal to provide sustainable
landscape information to the public and to the landscape industry . Sustainable
Urban Landscape Information Series (SULIS) 2006 established by the University of
Minnesota have provides a concepts of sustainable outdoor spaces through and
landscape design. [2] It identifies five considerations in designing a sustainable
landscape as shown in Figure 1
Figure 1 . Five considerations in sustainable landscape design principles
The main goals of sustainable landscape design are to conserve water and energy,
reduce waste and decrease runoff. In order to achieve these goals residential gardens
should use the following principles.
1.1. Treat Water as a Valuable Resource
Water demand was at an all-time high. Our landscapes were losing water faster than
it could be replaced. A sustainable design focuses on proper plant selection , drip
irrigation if necessary and collection points to capture storm water. This new
approach to design keeps water in the proper perspective.
Water is a very valuable resource, sustaining human life, pro-duction processes, and
ecosystems; thus, particular attention should be paid to the management of water
resources. Water crisis has threatened human health and eco-nomic development.
*To insure the sustainable management of water resources should be used these
strategies:
-Making water conservation the main priority and controlling water demand;
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-Controlling water pollution rigorously and reducing the pol-lution created by
sources;
-Using wastewater as water, energy and fertilizer resources;
-Preventing flooding and water-logging disasters, while using rainwater as a water
resource. [3]
1.2. Value Your Soil
Like water, soil is a finite resource. There are choices we can make to improve our
soil and to reduce runoff and soil erosion in our landscape . A sustainable design
uses deep rooted perennials and grasses to hold the soil. These plants can be
combined in appealing combinations. Beautiful blooms, textures and forms serve
functional purposes in the design.
There are many things you can do to improve soil health and increase productivity
and profitability.
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-Manage More by Disturbing Soil Less:
Eliminating or reducing tillage minimizes the loss of organic matter, reduces the
impact of compaction, and protects the soil surface with plant residue.
-More Crop Diversity
Increasing the diversity of a crop rotation and cover crops increases soil health and
soil function, reduces input costs, and increases profitability
-Keep a Living Root Growing Throughout the Year
Cover crops keep living roots throughout the year and provide a food source for soil
microbes, which helps them cycle nutrients.
-Keep the Soil Covered as Much as Possible
Residue management and cover crops provide a variety of benefits including erosion
control, weed suppression, supplemental forage, reducing compaction, as well as
fertility and other soil health benefits. [4]
1.3. Choose Native Plants
The best first choice in a landscape should always be native plants. A sustainable
design matches appropriate plants to the site. A sustainable landscaping approach
would be to assess the existing plant material and preserve native plants. Invasive,
non-native plants should be removed and replaced with a more appropriate choice.
Right plant, right place is a popular saying that should guide your plant selection.
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1.4. Conserve Material and Resources
A sustainable design evaluates every aspect of the landscape with the goal to reduce
your negative environmental impact . A sustainable landscaping approach would be
to reduce yard waste by selecting appropriately sized plants and reusing and
recycling construction waste. Furthermore, building materials should be carefully
selected, using locally sourced materials whenever possible.
Environmental damage caused by the extraction and exploitation of resources, the
associated emissions and the disposal of waste, all lead directly to environmental
problems, and as a result, also to social and economic problems. Other factors, such
as the insecurity of supplies, the scarcity of resources, the resulting international
conflicts, and high and/or volatile raw materials prices, can also lead to strong
economic and social dislocation in every country on Earth. Competitive
disadvantages arising from the inefficient use of resources endanger the
development of businesses and jobs. Increasing resource efficiency is also more and
more frequently becoming a key issue in national and international politics, the more
so as consistent strategies and approaches for a successful resource efficiency policy
are still missing. [5]
Resource conservation management is a coordinated effort to manage the resources
used and waste generated to reduce operating costs, increase efficiency, and promote
environmentally friendly operations. This involves tracking resources and
improving operational efficiency while enhancing overall cost-effectiveness.
Sometimes conservation is used synonymously with “protection.” It, however, refers
to the protection of sustainable uses of resources. Renewable resources such as steel,
iron, and even energy may be reused in foundries, by reducing the amount of the
resource that must be newly acquired to maintain the future of the organization.
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2. Elements of designing a sustainable outdoor space
1. Water Conservation:
Water is a valuable resource and must be treated as such. Consider installing a
rain water tank as a catchment for water that can be used for watering the garden
and washing your car. The ultimate goal of water conservation effort can be
focused to reduce unnecessary water intake and to alter the flow to the places
where physical and chemical properties of the water are encouraging to reuse. In
addition, water conservation plans can be implemented by new planning,
management, technology, regulatory and enforcement in water supplying
systems and re-habilitate in water usage habit to individuals. The key point in
water conservation plans is monitoring the water sources and reservoirs of stream
flows, surface water resources and ground water levels. First, securing the
drinking water from the water scarcity, over consumption, degradation, natural
damage (e.g. drought, flood damage, waste of rainwater), prolonged
unsustainable management and pollution sources should be delineated and
avoided. During drought watch and drought warning emergency situations, water
supply should be reduced by 5 to 15%, respectively to the individuals. During
emergency situations prohibition should be implied for watering for a landscape,
golf course, lawns, gardens, nurseries, driveways, garage, parking areas, streets,
sidewalks, crematories and paved ways. Besides, ban or restriction should impose
to artificial waterfalls, fountains, filling of swimming pools, washing vehicles
and large water usage areas such as hotels and restaurants. Water pricing and
metering, water efficiency, integrated and general water supply and land use
planning programs, water use regulation, assured supply law, water utility
measures (e.g. water pressure management, water use audits, water accounting
and loss control, information and teaching to public, replacement and
promotions, recycling municipal effluent) water market, are additional source of
water conservation plans. [6]
2. Planting:
Selection of plants is an important aspect of designing a sustainable outdoor
space. Natives and drought resistant plants are great because they help to reduce
the use of water. They can help with climate, topography, positioning, and plant
care. Plants can also act as windbreakers, saving on heating costs in winter, along
with being able to shed the home in summer.
Sustainable farming meets economic, environmental, and social objectives
simultaneously; because these three objectives always overlap, they are managed
together. Economic sustainability requires selecting profitable enterprises and
doing comprehensive financial planning. Social sustainability involves keeping
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money circulating in the local economy, and maintaining or enhancing the quality
of life of the farm family. Environmental sustainability involves keeping the four
ecosystem processes (effective energy flow, water and mineral cycles, and viable
ecosystem dynamics) in good condition. Managing economics, society, and
environment simultaneously depends on clear goal-setting, effective decision
making, and monitoring to stay on track toward the goal. Wise decisions allow
us to extract our living from the land as the interest, while preserving the social,
water, and soil capital. As a result, the capability of the landscape and community
resources will not be compromised over time by our activities. Some specific
land-use strategies to achieve sustainability include: keeping the soil covered
throughout the year; avoiding moldboard plowing; increasing biodiversity
wherever possible through crop rotation, intercropping, use of sod or cover crops,
farmscaping, and integrated pest management; applying animal manures or
compost; diversifying enterprises and planning for profit; integrating crop and
animal enterprises; minimizing tillage, commercial fertilizer, and pesticides;
buying supplies locally; employing local people e; and including quality of life
in your goals. [7]
3. Composting:
Composting is an important element of sustainable waste management as it
offers a way of processing biodegradable waste fractions. Composting, as
sustainable transformation of potential organic wastes, tunes up with sustainable
waste management must be optimized and encouraged. However, the benefit of
composts are little known due to an inadequate awareness, knowledge on how,
how much, when to use and not are not widely pursued by the many educational
institutions and researchers. Therefore, identifying the challenges and advantages
of compost production in the education sector will improve awareness for its use
and benefits in waste management and sustainability of agricultural soils.
Compost is produced for the following reasons (among others):







To improve soil structure, create a better plant root environment
To supply significant quantities of organic matter
To improve drainage of soil and reduce erosion
To improve moisture holding capacity of soils
To improve and stabilize soil pH
To supply a variety of nutrients
To supply soil with beneficial microorganisms
Consequently, the benefits of compost are little known or appreciated, and when
compost is made from organic waste, it is often stigmatized. Despite these
circumstances, producing compost remains an important waste management
approach. The act of using compost, a natural fertilizer agent, is a great way to
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add nutrients and restore a healthy ecosystem to the soil. Composting can play
an important role in reducing environmental threats linked with improper organic
waste management in rural and peri-urban situations. [8]
4. Recycling Materials:
Reusing old bricks is a great way to create a new feature without adding to
Landfill. Concrete besser blocks are made of recycled materials and are not prone
to white ants or rotting, which means they won’t need to be replaced and will last
a lifetime. Luckily more people are atoned to the beauty and benefits of recycling
and your garden is no different.
Though the idea of recycling was initially targeted at reducing the need to
regularly extract more resources from the environment, it offers more than that
alone. Today, recycling is used as a method of keeping the environment clean for
people and wildlife, reducing waste sent to landfills, reducing energy usage and
minimising the environmental impact of producing new products by
incorporating existing materials that can be reused and repurposed.
Recycling has also become an important facet in technology development as new
systems are discovered to help recycle almost everything including metal, plastic,
and water among other materials.
The ability to recycle waste helps to define cities, communities, and countries. A
city with a well designed and effective recycling system is held in higher regard
than one that pollutes its surroundings. [9]
5. Permeable Paving:
Permeable Pavement is a good choice if your driveway runs down to your
house. Pave is an ideal solution for creating a sustainable driveway and is low
maintenance as the pavers expand and contract within the seasons, so they’re less
likely to crack. Environmentally friendly eco-permeable paving allows surface
water to runoff through the pavement surface to a sub-base below where it can
be harvested and controlled back into the natural water table.
Building parking lots, driveways and roads using permeable pavement helps to
restore natural infiltration functions to the landscape and reduce impacts to
watercourses by allowing rainwater to slowly infiltrate into the
ground. Contaminants are removed from the stormwater as it infiltrates slowly
through the gravel sub-base and into the native soil.
A variety of different types of permeable pavements are available. These are
typically categorized into three main types;
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
Modular Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement consists of impervious
concrete blocks that allow water to infiltrate into a reservoir through interblock or intra-block voids. These voids may be filled with gravel or soil and
grass. Gravel is the most common filler as it is less susceptible to clogging.

Porous Asphalt or Porous Concrete consists of standard asphalt or concrete
mixes from which the finer aggregates have been removed. Removal of these
fine materials results in a pavement with a matrix of pores that allows water
to permeate through the surface.

Plastic Grid Systems consist of plastic interlocking units with virtually no
impervious surface area. Grid spaces may be planted with grass or left
unplanted and filled with gravel. The grids provide structural stability and
prevent settling while allowing a large amount of void space for infiltration of
stormwater.
The main environmental benefits of permeable pavements are:



reduction of runoff, which reduces flood risk, stream erosion and damage to
downstream infrastructure;
removal of contaminants from infiltrated stormwater; and
reduction in heat flux from the pavement surface to the atmosphere, which
helps to mitigate against the urban heat island.
While the runoff reduction benefits of permeable pavements have been widely
acknowledged, the heat island mitigation benefits require further study, and
are strongly dependent on the type of permeable pavement installed. In general,
permeable pavements with a greater vegetated surface area allow for more
evapotranspiration and, as a result, a cooler pavement surface.
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3. The benefits of sustainable design
3.1. Commercial benefits of sustainable landscape design:
Green landscaping is a trend some business owners may think will pass, but the
movement isn’t ending anytime soon. Sustainable landscape design makes sense
both financially and environmentally.
Here are some reasons why smart business owners can benefit from having their
landscape overhauled for improved sustainability.
1. Lower Expenses
Sustainable landscape architecture saves money, which is perhaps the deciding
factor for many business owners. Installing region-appropriate plants and
implementing some basic techniques can result in a massive reduction in the costs
of fertilization, maintenance, re-planting, and watering. Numbers vary depending on
the size of the property, specific sustainable landscape design, and strategy
employed, but most business owners can save hundreds, or even thousands, of
dollars per year with the right system in place.
2. Reduced Maintenance
Reducing the amount of maintenance required for commercial landscaping doesn’t
just reduce costs. By cutting back on the number of visits from landscaping crews,
a business owner also frees up more of their budget to handle other important issues.
Regaining a few more dollars to spend on revenue-driving tasks will be worth the
cost and effort of transitioning to a green landscape in the long-term.
3. Healthier Environment
The choices businesses make have a daily impact on the Earth. For example,
irrigating decorative turf lawns and lush flower beds uses great quantities water that
might be better utilized by farms or even as drinking water. The harsh chemicals
found in many of the fertilizers and pesticides used to maintain conventional
landscapes often run off into local water sources, harming fish and other wildlife.
When businesses make Earth-conscious decisions, it reduces the frequency of
instances like those mentioned above. Transitioning to a sustainable landscape is just
one way businesses can do their part to contribute to a healthier environment.
4. Increased Partnerships and Patronage
Businesses that make a commitment to sustainable operations are often respected by
the Earth-conscious community for their efforts. When “going green” is a genuine
effort to reduce waste and preserve nature’s resources, rather than a trendy marketing
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angle, the effort is sure to gain positive attention from potential new clients and
customers. Shoppers and fellow business owners alike are looking for partners who
value the environment just as much as they do. Having sustainable landscapes on
their properties is a great way for businesses to prove their commitment to those
shared values. [10]
3.2. Environmental benefits of sustainable landscape design:
1. Protecting the environment:
Sustainable building practices reduce the negative effects of construction on the
environment by protecting existing ecosystems and biodiversity, and by reducing
CO2 emissions. Architects and builders need to take a 360 approach to
environmental considerations throughout the design and construction process to
order to best maximize these benefits.
2. Reducing waste and energy use:
Another benefit of sustainable design lies in limiting energy use and reducing
waste. Examples of this include introducing solar energy sources, centralizing
water and heating distribution systems, and using renewable materials.
3. Improving the health and wellbeing of a building's inhabitants:
Adopting sustainable building practices can also improve the health and
happiness of residents. It turns out that healthy buildings promote healthy lives.
Occupants of eco-friendly buildings typically experience better overall health due
to improved air and water quality. And the benefits of being around sustainable,
natural materials such as FSC certified timbertiber have been shown to increase
feelings of wellbeing.
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Conclusion
This review indicates that to successfully design the conducive residential
outdoor environment, the most significant part is to facilitate the professionals
and design practitioners with the knowledge and understanding on sustainable
landscape design elements. Designing and creating the sustainable culture in
residential area is not simple but not impossible. Planning and designing for
sustainable future should consider measures on current needs and changes in
technology in order to accomplish the sustainable landscape principles.
Список литературы
[1] J. Raboine, «landscape-business,» 1 FEBRUARY 2019. [В Интернете]. Available: https://landscapebusiness.com/designing-a-sustainable-outdoor-space/.
[2] N. H. N. M. S. K. S. Siti Norjihan Jamaludin*, «Designing Conducive Residential Outdoor
Environment for,» ELSEVIER, p. 372, October 2014.
[3] Y. Qian, «Sustainable Management of Water Resources,» ELSEVIER, p. 3, 2016.
[4] N. R. C. Service, «Value of Soil Health,» IOWA.
[5] K. K. /. P. Hennicke, «Final Report on the Material Efficiency,» Material Efficiency and Resource
Conservation (MaRess), December 2010.
[6] S. K. Kurunthachalam, «Water Conservation and Sustainability: An Utmost Importance,»
Hydrology, p. 2, 2 5 2014.
[7] P. Sullivan, «APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE FARMING,» FUNDAMENTALS OF
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, p. 15, May 2003.
[8] a. T. I. Tolulase Michael Ishola, «Composting and Sustainable Development,» SpringerLink, 2019.
[9] «How can Recycling Materials lead to Environmental Sustainability?,» в National Cleantech
Conference and Exhibition, Brisbane, 2019.
[10] plantpro, «plantprofessionals,» 27 October 2016. [В Интернете]. Available:
https://www.plantprofessionals.com/commercial-benefits-sustainable-landscape-design/.
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