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Social Studies Pamphlet Grade 8 & 9
Original Title: SOCIAL STUDIES PAMPHLET GRADE 8 & 9
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IC^V\ T^KTJ^KL CG >4:8 NS
EMGCFJ EJHM^CENM-EC\JG\M VKFMGLJ^S
V[VJG EXKGSJ-X[VJBCAK-VKFMGLJ^S
F@CTK\J-ACEJ VKFMGLJ^S
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JFBGMXAKLHKEKG\V
\`k >4:0 Bctwk lcstrcft pjep`akt rkvckw kxkrfcsk wmual gmt `jvk nkkg jffmepacs`kl wct`mut
t`k cgvmavkekgt, pjrtcfcpjtcmg, jgl fmeectekgt mi ejgy tkjf`krs. Xk wjgt tm t`jgb t`ke jaa.
Emst cepmrtjgtay wk eust t`jgb
Es. Ejhmrcenm Emgcfj]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Ectjgtm skfmgljry sf`mma
Es. Ewkgyj Vusjg ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Xusjbcak skfmgljry sf`mma
Es. F`cpktj Vtkp`kg ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Acej skfmgljry sf`mma
Er. Eusmglj Jakx ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Bjbmam Ejpmsj skfmgljry sf`mma
Es. T`crc Kst`kr ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Ecsks`c skfmgljry sf`mma
Er. Eunjghj @kgry ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] F`cnmtk skfmgljry sf`mma
Es. Bmwj Ecrcje ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] F`jenmac skfmgljry sf`mma
Es. Ewjghm Trcsfcaaj ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Glkbk skfmgljry sf`mma
Es. Eugs`yj Aufy ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Xusjbcak skfmgljry sf`mma
Er. Vjgomenc Bjpjam ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] F`cewkewk skfmgljry sf`mma
Es. Gjepughwk Acaacjg ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Ejf`mgj skfmgljry sf`mma
Es. Enkwk Jhgks ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Gbjgj skfmgljry sf`mma
Icgjaay, wk wcs` tm jfbgmwaklhk mur cglkntklgkss tm t`k Bctwk lcstrcft nmjrl skfrktjry Er. Jaajg
Bjmej
\MTCF :? EJG \@K VMFCJA NKCGH
:. Vtjtk rkjsmgs imr akjrgcgh jnmut t`k pjst
\m uglkrstjgl t`k prkskgt. \`k wjy j pjrtcfuajr hrmup mi pkmpak mr smfckty nk`jvk

lkpkgls mg t`kcr pjst. @cstmry hcvks us j amt mi cgimrejtcmg jnmut `mw pkmpak nk`jvkl
cg t`k pjst jgl `mw smfcktcks wkrk imrekl. Imr kxjepak, cg mrlkr tm uglkrstjgl w`y
>
t`krk cs wjr cg jgy fmugtry, wk `jvk tm ammb jt t`k pjst jgl skk w`jt rkjsmgs akl tm t`k
wjr. \`msk w`m lm gmt akjrg irme `cstmry jrk lmmekl tm rkpkjt ct.
\m prmokft t`k iuturk. \`cs ekjgs t`jt ct cs pmsscnak tm prklcft t`k iuturk uscgh t`k

bgmwaklhk jnmut t`k pjst.
@cstmry prmvclks clkgtcty. @cstmry hcvks kvclkgfk jnmut `mw ijecacks, hrmups mi

pkmpak, cgstctutcmgs, fmeeugctcks jgl fmugtrcks wkrk imrekl jgl `mw t`ky `jvk
lkvkampkl. Ct prmvclks clkgtcty scgfk j pjrtcfuajr hrmup mi pkmpak fjg clkgtciy wct` j
pjrtcfuajr ijecay, fmeeugcty mr fmugtry.
Ct `kaps tm keuajtk hmml emrjas. ^kjlcgh jnmut t`k stmrcks mi prmecgkgt cglcvclujas

w`m up`kal hmml emrjas suf` js Bkggkt` Bjuglj, t`k icrst prksclkgt mi _jencj,
`kaps us tm akjrg jgl prjftcfk t`k emrja vjauks t`jt suf` pkmpak prjftcfkl.
@cstmry cs uskiua cg t`k wmral mi wmrb. Vmek prmiksscmgs suf` js nkcgh jg

jrf`jkmamhcst mr j `cstmrcjg rkqucrk bgmwaklhk jnmut t`k pjst.
Ct `kaps us uglkrstjgl pkmpak jgl t`k smfcktcks. Akjrgcgh jnmut t`k pjst `kaps us

uglkrstjgl w`y j hrmup mi pkmpak, imr kxjepak j trcnk, nk`jvk t`k wjy t`ky lm. Ct
jasm kxpajcgs w`y smfcktcks `jvk fkrtjcg nkackis. X`kg pkmpak irme lciikrkgt fuaturja
njfbhrmugls uglkrstjgl kjf` mt`kr”s fuaturja njfbhrmugl, t`ky jrk jnak tm uglkrstjgl
t`k lciikrkgfks nktwkkg t`ke jgl t`us acvk cg `jremgy.
>. Lcsfuss vjrcmus ekt`mls uskl tm akjrg jnmut t`k pjst
Mrja trjlctcmgs jrk jg cepmrtjgt wjy mi akjrgcgh jnmut t`k pjst. Cg t`k pjst, fustmes,

nkackis, fuaturja prjftcfks jgl clkjs mi j pjrtcfuajr hrmup mi pkmpak wkrk pjsskl mg
irme mgk hkgkrjtcmg tm jgmt`kr t`rmuh` wmrl mi emut`. Vpkkf`ks, smghs, stmrcks,
akhkgls, f`jgts, eyt`s, pmkes jgl prmvkrns wkrk uskl tm pjss lmwg t`k `cstmry mi j
hcvkg pkmpak.
6
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Xrcttkg rkfmrls fmeprcsk jaa rkfmrlkl cgimrejtcmg. \`ky ejy kct`kr nk prcejry mr

skfmgljry. Trcejry rkfmrls fmgscst mi rkpmrts fmepcakl irme icrst `jgl kxpkrckgfks
suf` js cgtkrvckws, mnskrvjtcmgs, mrja trjlctcmgs mr jrf`jkmamhy. Vkfmgljry rkfmrls mg
t`k mt`kr `jgl, fmgscst mi lkrcvkl cgimrejtcmg. Xrcttkg rkfmrls jrk t`k emst rkacjnak
ekt`mls mi akjrgcgh jnmut t`k pjst. Kxjepaks mi wrcttkg rkfmrls cgfaulk2 nmmbs,
kgfyfampklcjs, omurgjas, cgsfrcptcmgs, acsts, lcjrcks, jutmncmhrjp`cks, ncmhrjp`cks,
gkwspjpkrs jgl ejhjzcgks.
Jgt`rmpmamhy cs t`k stuly mi `uejg acik jgl fuaturk. Ct kxjecgks suf` tmpcfs js `mw

pkmpak acvk, w`jt t`ky t`cgb, w`jt t`ky prmlufk jgl `mw t`ky cgtkrjft wct` t`kcr
kgvcrmgekgts. Jgt`rmpmamhcsts try tm uglkrstjgl t`k lciikrkgfks jemgh hrmups mi
pkmpak js wkaa js w`jt t`ky `jvk cg fmeemg.
Jrf`jkmamhy cs t`k sfckgtcicf stuly mi rkejcgs mi t`k pjst `uejg fuaturks jgl

nk`jvcmur t`rmuh` t`k kxjecgjtcmg mi ejtkrcja rkejcgs mi prkvcmus `uejg smfcktcks.
\`ksk rkejcgs cgfaulk t`k imsscas, w`cf` jrk prkskrvkl nmgks mi `uejgs, imml
rkejcgs, t`k rucgs mi nucalcghs jgl `uejg jrtcijfts.
Acghucstcfs cs t`k sfckgtcicf stuly mi ajghujhks. Ct jasm skkbs tm jgjayzk t`k

rkajtcmgs`cp nktwkkg vjrcmus ajghujhk hrmups. Acghucstcfs lkjas wct` t`k strufturk
jgl lkvkampekgt mi ajghujhk jgl fjg t`krkimrk nk sjcl tm nk t`k stuly mi ajghujhks
js ct f`jghks cg t`k fmursk mi tcek.
Hkgktcfs rkikrs tm t`k sfckgtcicf stuly mi `krklctjry jgl pjsscgh mg mi f`jrjftkrcstcfs

irme pjrkgts tm mii-sprcghs. Hkgktcfs `kaps `cstmrcjgs tm trjfk t`k mrchcg mi pajgts jgl
jgcejas jgl fjg t`krkimrk nk uskl tm kxpajcg t`k sprkjl mi pajgts jgl jgcejas.
6. Lksfrcnk ekjsurkekgt mi tcek cg `cstmry
<
Nkimrk F`rcst (NF) ‖ t`k ncrt` mi Oksus F`rcst cs uskl js j stjrtcgh pmcgt tm fmugt

ykjrs t`jt fjek nkimrk `k wjs nmrg.
Jggm Lmecgc (JL) cs uskl tm fmugt t`k ykjrs t`jt fjek jitkr Oksus F`rcst wjs nmrg.

Jggm Lmecgc cs j Hrkkb wmrl w`cf` ekjgs ‑t`k ykjr mi mur Amrl― Jggm Lmecgc cs
smektceks rkikrrkl tm js t`k Fmeemg Krj, F`rcstcjg Krj mr Furrkgt Krj
Lkfjlk cs j pkrcml mi tkg ykjrs. \`k wmrl cs lkrcvkl irme j Hrkkb wmrl lkbjs w`cf`

ekjgs tkg. Imr kxjepak t`k pkrcml irme :334 tm >444.
Hkgkrjtcmg cs jg cgtkrvja mi tcek nktwkkg t`k ncrt` mi pjrkgts jgl t`k ncrt` mi t`kcr

miisprcgh. \`cs cs usujaay tjbkg tm nk jnmut 64 ykjrs.
Fkgtury cs j pkrcml mi j `uglrkl ykjrs cg j ljtcgh systke, irme j ykjr guenkrkl : mr

44.
Ecaakggcue cs j pkrcml mi :,444 ykjrs. \`k wmrl ecaakggcue fmeks irme t`k Ajtcg

ecaa w`cf` ekjgs t`musjgls.
@mw tm fjafuajtk j Fkgtury= \`k icrst fkgtury cs irme ykjr 4 tm 33. \`k skfmgl

fkgtury kxtkglkl irme JL :44 tm :33.
Imr kxjepak2 w`jt fkgtury cs >4:0= Akt–s lm ct tmhkt`kr. Smu lcvclk t`k hcvkg

ykjr ny :44 jgl jll : tm t`k jgswkr ymu hkt. \`cs s`mual hcvk ymu t`k fkgtury
imr t`k ykjr uglkr fmgsclkrjtcmg.
st
>4:0 5 >4 + : 5 >: Fkgtury.
:44
Imr t`k kvkgt Nkimrk F`rcst, imr kxjepak, `mw ejgy ykjrs jhm cs NF >:8=
\jbk t`k ykjr gmw? j) >4:0 (>,4:0 ykjrs Jitkr F`rcst)
Skjr t`kg
n) + >:8 (>:8 ykjrs Nkimrk F`rcst)
Jll (j) jgl (n)?
>>6;
\`k jgswkr cs >>6; ykjrs jhm.
Gmw try t`cs jftcvcty
Jftcvcty
X`jt Fkgturcks jrk t`k imaamwcgh ykjrs?
J. >44<
N. :300
F.:><<
L. :430
<. Lksfrcnk lciikrkgt vkrscmgs mi t`k mrchcgs mi ejg
;
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Vfckgtcicf t`kmry mi frkjtcmg stjtks t`jt acik nkhjg cg t`k skj. Ct cs nkackvkl t`jt t`krk

wkrk sejaa mgk-fkaakl mrhjgcses w`cf` imrekl jnmut imur ncaacmg ykjrs jhm.
Vfckgtcsts nkackvk t`jt ejeejas fjek imr rkptcaks jgl t`kg ejg lkvkampkl irme
ejeejas t`rmuh` kvmautcmg. Kvmautcmg cs j prmfkss mi f`jghk ny w`cf` ejg
mrchcgjtkl irme jpk-acbk frkjturks.
Ncnacfja vkrscmg hcvks jg jffmugt mi `mw ejg wjs frkjtkl ny Hml cg t`k nmmb mi

(Hkgkscs :? :->0) mg t`k scxt` ljy. \`cs jffmugt mi frkjtcmg cs `kal js t`k mrchcg mi
ejg ny F`rcstcjgs, Eusaces jgl t`k Okws.
;. Lcsfuss t`k stjhks cg t`k lkvkampekgt mi ejg
Trmfmgsua Jircfjgus jrk bgmwg js lkgtja jpks nkfjusk t`kcr tkkt` jgl ojw ammb acbk

t`msk mi jpks. \`kcr sbkaktmg `mwkvkr, `js emgbky-acbk ikjturks. \`k emst fmepaktk
Trmfmgsua Jircfjgus sbuaa imugl tm ljtk wjs lcsfmvkrkl ny Ejry Akjbky cg :3<0
^uscghj Csajgl cg Bkgyj. \`cs `mecgmcl spkfcks acvkl emrk t`jg >4 ecaacmg ykjrs jhm
Bkgyjpct`kfus ekjgs Bkgyjg Jpk. Bkgyjpct`kfus acvkl :6 tm >4 ecaacmg ykjrs jhm

jgl `k wjs gjekl ny Lr Amucs Akjbky cg :39:. Bkgyjpct`kfus `jl pmwkriua
f`kwcgh eusfaks jamgh wct` ajrhk emajrs jgl sejaa cgfcsmrs. @k wjs jg `krncvmrk.
Imsscas mi Bkgyjpct`kfus wkrk lcsfmvkrkl cg Bkgyj. Bkgyjpct`kfus spkgt emst mi `cs
tcek cg trkks jgl frjfbkl `jrl skkls jgl guts wct` `cs tkkt` jgl f`kwkl tmuh` stkes
jgl njrb.
9
Justrjampct`kfus ekjgs ‑Vmut`krg Jpk― wjs lcsfmvkrkl ny Amucs Akjbky jt Maluvjc

Hmrhk cg \jgzjgcj cg :3;3. Imssca rkejcgs mi t`cs spkfcks wkrk lcsfmvkrkl jt sctks cg
Vmut` Jircfj cg :039, gmrt` mi t`k Yjja ^cvkr ny Trmi. ^jyemgl J. Ljrt.
Justrjampct`kfus acvkl jnmut 6 ecaacmg ykjrs jhm. @cs f`jrjftkrcstcfs cgfaulkl?

sejaa fjgcgk tkkt`,

ncpkljacse, t`jt cs wjabcgh mg twm akhs,

j amw frjgcue nk`cgl j prmokftcgh ijfk,

j nrjcg sczk mi jg jpk”s nrjcg,

nmly wkch`t rjghcgh irme >8 tm <3bh,

furvkl icghkrs jgl amgh t`uens,

Trmtrulcgh ijfks acbk t`msk mi jpks jgl acttak nmly `jcr. Justrjampct`kfus acvkl cg
lciikrkgt kgvcrmgekgts acbk wmmlajgls, imrksts, hrjssajgls jgl sjvjggj`.
_cgojgt`rmpus wjs lcsfmvkrkl cg :3;3 ny Lr. Amucs Akjbky jgl `cs wcik Ejry cg Kjst

Jircfj jt Maluvjc Hmrhk. _cgojgt`rmpus wjs jasm fjaakl Gutfrjfbkr ejg nkfjusk mi
`cs `uhk tkkt` w`cf` `k uskl tm frjfb guts. Cts nrjcg wjs acbk t`jt mi jg jpk, nut ct
wjabkl uprch`t acbk j `uejg. \`jt cs w`y ct jasm smektceks fjaakl ‑ Jpk Ejg―
@mem- `jncacs kxcstkl cg t`k kjray Vtmgk Jhk pkrcml nktwkkg ;4,444 ‖ <4,444 ykjrs

jhm. @mem cs j Ajtcg wmrl ekjgcgh `uejg mr ejg jgl `jncacs ekjgs `jgly mr
sbcaaiua. \`cs spkfcks cs jasm bgmwg js ‗`jgly ejg” nkfjusk `k uskl stmgk tmmas.
@mem `jncacs imsscas wkrk lcsfmvkrkl jt Maluvjc Hmrhk. T`yscfja f`jrjftkrcstcfs mi
@mem `jncacs cgfaulk `jvcgh j ajrhkr nrjcg t`jg kjrackr jgfkstmrs, ijfk wjs sejaakr,
wjabkl mg twm akhs, jgl wjs t`k icrst mi `uejg jgfkstmrs tm ejbk stmgk tmmas. @mem
`jncacs acvkl cg hrjssajgl kgvcrmgekgt. @mem-`jncacs wjs euf` s`mrtkr jgl `jcrckr
t`jg @mem sjpckgs. @mem sjpckgs rkikr tm t`cgbcgh mr cgtkaachkgt ejg.
8
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9. Lksfrcnk t`k pkrcmls t`rmuh` w`cf` ejg `js acvkl
Vtmgk Jhk cs uskl tm lksfrcnk j pkrcml mi `uejg kvmautcmg w`krk stmgk wjs uskl tm

ejbk tmmas. \`k Kjray Vtmgk Jhk cs t`k nkhcggcgh mi t`k Vtmgk Jhk jgl t`k nkhcggcgh
mi kjray ejg. \`cs pkrcml mi tcek cs fjaakl t`k Kjray Vtmgk Jhk nkfjusk t`k kjray ejg
frkjtkl tmmas ejlk mi stmgk. \`cs pkrcml kxcstkl irme jnmut ;;,444 ‖ <4,444 ykjrs
jhm. @mem `jncacs ejlk stmgk tmmas nkfjusk `k `jl j t`uen jgl icghkrs nchhkr t`jg
t`msk mi jg jpk. Kjray Vtmgk Jhk sctks `jvk nkkg lcsfmvkrkl cg ejgy pjrts mi _jencj
suf` js Bjajenm Ijaas w`krk Trmikssmr Lksemgl Fajrb imugl wmmlkg tmmas jgl
f`jrfmja. \`k Kjray Vtmgk Jhk frkjturks acvkl gkjr rcvkrs jgl wjtkrijaas pjrtcfuajray
t`k Ycftmrcj jgl Bjajenm ijaas imr t`rkk rkjsmgs2
m
t`ky wjgtkl wjtkr imr lrcgbcgh,
m
t`ky wjgtkl tm fjtf` ics`
m
t`ky wjgtkl tm `ugt lmwg t`k jgcejas t`jt fjek tm lrcgb wjtkr
\`k Ecllak Vtmgk Jhk wjs j pkrcml nktwkkg Kjray Vtmgk Jhk jgl Ajtk Vtmgk Jhk.

Lurcgh t`cs pkrcml t`k kjray ejg lmekstcfjtkl pajgts jgl jgcejas. Lmhs wkrk t`k icrst
wcal jgcejas tm nk lmekstcfjtkl tm jsscst ejg cg `ugtcgh. Tmttkry jgl t`k usk mi t`k
0
nmw wkrk stjrtkl lurcgh t`cs pkrcml. \`k emst ijemus sctk w`krk t`k rkejcgs mi t`k
Ecllak Vtmgk Jhk ejg wkrk imugl cg _jencj wjs Bjnwk. \`ksk rkejcgs wkrk
lcsfmvkrkl cg :3>:. \`ky wkrk t`k rkejcgs mi @mem Vjpckgs ^`mlkgscs mr Nrmbkg
@caa Ejg. Mt`kr Ecllak Vtmgk Jhk sctks cg _jencj jrk Bjajenm Ijaas, Ycftmrcj Ijaas
jgl \wcg ^cvkrs gkjr Bjiuk ^cvkr.
Jitkr t`k Ecllak Vtmgk Jhk, t`k Ajtk Vtmgk Jhk w`cf` cs jasm fjaakl Gkmact`cf Vtjhk

imaamwkl. \`cs wjs jnmut <; 444 ykjrs jhm. \`k Ajtk Vtmgk Jhk ejg wjs t`k Vjg mr
Nus`ejg. \`k pkmpak `krk gmejlcf `ugtkrs. \`k imaamwcgh jrk smek mi t`k sctks
lcsfmvkrkl cg _jencj bciunwj jgl Bcvubu gkjr Vmawkzc, Gjf`cbuiu fjvk gkjr Epcbj,
Epuaughu gkjr Ajbk \jghjgycbj, Vjeiyj mg t`k s`mrks mi Ajbk Njghwkuau,
Euenwj fjvk cg Fkgtrja Trmvcgfk, Gsjau fjvk gkjr Vkrkgok jgl Hwcs`m @mt Vprcghs.
-\`k kjrackst tmma tm nk ejlk ny ekg mi t`k Kjray Vtmgk Jhk wjs pknnak w`cf` wmual
`jvk nkkg uskl imr frus`cgh rmmts jgl pmuglcgh.
-\`cs tmma wjs imaamwkl ny `jgl jxk t`kg j fakjvkr. @jgl jxk wjs s`jrpkgkl jamgh
t`k klhk. Ct wjs uskl imr lchhcgh jgl futtcgh jgcejas t`jt t`ky bcaakl. J fakjvkr wjs
uskl imr f`mppcgh jgl sbcggcgh jgcejas.
\`k Ajtk Vtmgk Jhk pkmpak jasm lcl pjcgtcghs mg rmfbs. \`k typks mi pjcgtcghs wkrk

Gjturjacstcf pjcgtcghs w`cf` s`mwkl gjturja t`cghs suf` js t`k lmekstcf jgcejas
w`cf` t`ky bkpt jgl t`msk t`ky `ugtkl. Gjturjacstcf pjcgtcghs jrk imugl jt Gjf`cbuiu.
Vf`kejtcf pjcgtcghs wkrk jnstrjft s`mwcgh s`jpks, fmamur jgl tkxturk. Ct wjs jasm
lurcgh t`cs pkrcml t`jt ejg cgvkgtkl t`k nmw jgl jrrmw. \`cs ceprmvkl `cs `ugtcgh
3
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sbcaas jgl lurcgh t`cs pkrcml, pkmpak nkhjg tm acvk cg fjvks jgl rmfb s`katkrs tm s`ckal
t`keskavks irme t`k kiikfts mi t`k wkjt`kr.
\`k Crmg Jhk cs t`k pkrcml f`jrjftkrczkl ny usk mi crmg tm ejbk tmmas jgl wkjpmgs.

\`cs nrmuh`t jnmut f`jghks cg smfckty, w`cf` cgfaulkl ceprmvkl jhrcfuaturja
prjftcfks, rkachcmus nkackis jgl jrtcstcf styaks. Najfbsect`cgh lkvkampkl wct`
cepakekgts jgl wkjpmgs nkcgh `jeekrkl cgtm s`jpk. \`k cgtrmluftcmg mi t`k
jap`jnkt jgl t`k lkvkampekgt mi wrcttkg ajghujhk lurcgh t`k Crmg Jhk kgjnakl ejg
t`
tm wrctk nmmbs jgl bkkp `cstmrcf rkfmrl. Ny t`k <
t`
mr ;
fkgtury JL, Crmg Jhk
ijrekrs `jl skttakl t`rmuh`mut euf` mi Vmut`krg Jircfj. \`k kjrackst `ugtkr-hjt`krkrs
wkrk samway lcspajfkl mr jnsmrnkl ny Crmg Jhk Gkhrmcl pmpuajtcmgs nktwkkg 644 JL
jgl <44 JL. \`ksk pkmpak nrmuh`t wct` t`ke ektja wmrbcgh, sajs` jgl nurg
jhrcfuaturk, w`cf` stcaa kxcsts cg smek pjrts mi _jencj, fuatcvjtcgh smrh`ue, nkjgs,
njgjgjs jgl yjes, rkjrcgh mi fjttak jgl hmjts, pmttkry jgl lwkaacghs ejlk irme
nmjrls jgl pajstkr. Vkttakekgts wkrk sejaa jgl ajrhkay skai-suiicfckgt.
\MTCF >? NJVCF EJT ^KJLCGH \KF@GCZ[KV
8. Kxpajcg t`k lciikrkgfk nktwkkg j ejp jgl lcjhrje.
j) J ejp rkprkskgts t`k hkmhrjp`cfja ikjturks jgl rkajtcvk pmsctcmg mi pajfks w`cak j
lcjhrje cs scepay j pcftmrcja hrjp`cf, guekrcfja mr wrcttkg ejtkrcja w`cf` prkskgts j fakjr
vcsujacskl sueejry.
n) J ejp `js j hrcl rkikrkgfk systke tm cglcfjtk t`k amfjtcmg mi smekt`cgh mg t`k kjrt`
w`cak wct` j lcjhrje, t`cs cs gmt gkfkssjry.
f) J ejp rkvkjas lcstjgfk jgl fjepus lcrkftcmg nktwkkg pajfks jgl pmcgts mg t`k kjrt`”s
surijfk w`cak imr j lcjhrje, t`ksk jrk gmt cepmrtjgt.
l) J ejp cglcfjtks kakvjtcmg jgl sampk w`cak j lcjhrje lmks gmt.
k) J ejp usks syenmas w`cak lcjhrje t`cs cs gmt jawjys gkfkssjry.
0. Vtjtk f`jrjftkrcstcfs mi j ejp.
\`k ejcg f`jrjftkrcstcfs mi j ejp cgfaulk?
\C\AK? J ejp s`mual `jvk j tctak w`cf` cs t`k `kjlcgh mi t`k jrkj rkprkskgtkl ny t`k

ejp jgl t`k cgimrejtcmg ct nkjrs.
:4
BKS/AKHKGL? J ejp s`mual `jvk Bky jasm bgmwg js j Akhkgl s`mwcgh j

fmencgjtcmg mi syenmas, schgs, acgks jgl akttkrs tm s`mw lciikrkgt t`cghs. \`k Bky tm
s`mw t`k gjek imr t`k acst mi syenmas jgl t`k lksfrcptcmg mi w`jt kjf` syenma ekjgs.
FMETJVV LC^KF\CMG ? t`k ejp s`mual `jvk j fmepjss tm cglcfjtk pmsctcmg mi j

pajfk cg rkajtcmg tm jgmt`kr,
H^CL VSV\KEV? J ejp s`mual `jvk j hrcl lksfrcnk t`k pmsctcmg mi jgy pmcgt

wct`cg t`k hrcl pjttkrg. \`k ejp gkkls tm `jvk fmmrlcgjtks cg imre mi ajtctulks jgl
amghctulks.
VFJAK? \`k Vfjak tm s`mw t`k rkajtcmgs`cp nktwkkg lcstjgfks mg t`k ejp jgl t`k

jftuja kjrt` surijfk. \`krk jrk t`rkk typks mi sfjaks gjekay?

Vtjtkekgt sfjak- hcvkg cg wmrls mr ichurks k.h. :fe rkprkskgt : be mg t`k
hrmugl

Acgkjr sfjak- j `mrczmgtja acgk lcvclkl hkmektrcfjaay cgtm j guenkr mi kquja
pjrts

w`cf`
rkprkskgt
jg
kquja
guenkr
mi
bcamektkrs
^kprkskgtjtcvk irjftcmg mr rjtcm sfjak- kxprksskl cg imre mi j rjtcm mr
irjftcmg k.h. :? ;4,444. ekjgcgh t`jt :fe mg t`k ejp cs kquja tm ;4,444fe mg
t`k hrmugl.
I^JEK? t`cs cs j nmrlkracgk mr ejrhcgja acgk w`cf` kgfamsks j ejp. Ct s`mws t`k

jrkj rkprkskgtkl ny t`k ejp jgl ejbks t`k ejp gkjt, nkjutciua jgl fmepaktk
3. Lksfrcnk t`k amfjtcmg mi j pajfk mr pmcgt mg j ejp.
[scgh imur jgl scx ichurk hrcl rkikrkgfk systke

<;
<6 GM^\@CGHV
<>
<:

:0
:3
>4
>:
>>
>6 ><
KJV\CGHV
::
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
\`k lmt mg t`k hrcl jnmvk cs clkgtcickl ny kjstcgh :3 jgl gmrt`cgh <:

\`k imur hrcl rkikrkgfk cs :3<:
Jaa pajfks mg kjrt` jrk amfjtkl jt spkfcicf lkhrkks mi ajtctulk gmrt` mr smut` mi t`k kqujtmr,
spkfcicf lkhrkks wkst mr kjst mi t`k Hrkkgwcf` Ekrclcjg
:4. Clkgtciy lcrkftcmgs mi pajfks mg j ejp.
Ajtctulks- t`ksk jrk cejhcgjry acgks ruggcgh irme kjst tm wkst. \`ky ekjsurk t`k

lcstjgfk mi j pajfk gmrt` mr smut` mi t`k kqujtmr. \`ky omcg pmcgts mg t`k kjrt`”s
surijfk t`jt jrk mi kquja lcstjgfk Gmrt` mr Vmut` mi t`k kqujtmr. \`ky jrk ekjsurkl cg
lkhrkks irme t`k kqujtmr jgl cgfrkjsk cg vjauk js mgk emvks iurt`kr tm t`k Gmrt` mr
Vmut` mi t`k kqujtmr. Ajtctulks rug irme 4 jt t`k kqujtmr tm 34 nmt` Gmrt` jgl Vmut`
t`krk jrk :04 ajtctulks cg tmtja. \`k kqujtmr cs t`k amghkst ajtctulk jgl lcvclks Jircfj
cgtm twm kquja `javks? t`k gmrt`krg jgl smut`krg `kecsp`krk.
Amghctulk- t`ksk jrk cejhcgjry acgks t`jt rug irme t`k Gmrt` tm Vmut` mg j ejp.

\`ky jrk rkikrrkl tm js jghuajr lcstjgfk Kjst jgl Xkst mi t`k prcek ekrclcjg. \`ky
jrk ekjsurkl irme 4 tmwjrls t`k kjst jgl m tmwjrls t`k wkst. \`ky jrk jasm bgmwg js
ekrclcjgs jgl rug gmrt` tm smut`, irme t`k Gmrt` Tmak tm Vmut` Tmak.
:>
Fmepjss-cs jg cgstruekgt uskl tm lktkrecgk lcrkftcmg. Ct `js j ejhgktcf gkklak

w`cf` rkspmgls tm t`k kjrt`”s ejhgktcf imrfk. \`k gkklak jawjys pmcgt gmrt`wjrls. Ct
`js imur ejcg pmcgts w`cf` jrk bgmwg js prcejry mr fjrlcgja pmcgts w`cf` jrk? Gmrt`,
Vmut`, Kjst jgl Xkst. Mt`kr pmcgts jrk fjaakl sunsclcjry pmcgts w`cf` jrk? Gmrt`-kjst,
Vmut`-kjst, Vmut`-wkst jgl Gmrt`-wkst.
Nkjrcgh- lcrkftcmg irme mgk pajfk tm jgmt`kr mg j ejp fjg nk hcvkg emrk jffurjtkay

ny uscgh nkjrcgh. \m icgl nkjrcgh, twm pmcgts jrk omcgkl uscgh j strjch`t acgk. \`kg
lrjw jg jrrmw s`mwcgh lcrkftcmg mi t`k truk gmrt` t`rmuh` J-t`k icrst pmcgt irme
w`cf` t`k nkjrcgh mi jgmt`kr pajfk N cs nkcgh fmgsclkrkl. [scgh j prmtrjftmr, ekjsurk
t`k jghak nktwkkg t`k Gmrt` jgl t`k acgk w`cf` omcgs t`k twm pajfks. \`k jghak ymu
hkt cs t`k nkjrcgh.
::. Ekjsurk lcstjgfks mg j ejp.
Lcstjgfk cs t`k jemugt mi spjfk nktwkkg twm pmcgts. \m ekjsurk lcstjgfk mg t`k ejp t`k
imaamwcgh ekt`mls jrk uskl?
Vtrjch`t acgk Ekt`ml- uscgh j pjpkr wct` strjch`t klhk. \`k pjpkr cs ejrbkl jt t`k

klhk jgl pajfk t`k ejrb jhjcgst t`k stjrtcgh pmcgt mi t`k lcstjgfk mgk cs ekjsurcgh.
Ejrb t`k kgl pmcgt mi t`k lcstjgfk jgl pajfk t`cs jhjcgst t`k ejp sfjak.
Vkhekgt ekt`ml- mg ikjturks t`jt jrk gmt strjch`t, mgk fjg usk j skhekgt ekt`ml

w`krk kspkfcjaay ci mgk `js tm ekjsurk t`k lcstjgfk mi j rcvkr. Mgk gkkl tm
skhekgt/lcvclk t`k rcvkr jgl ekjsurk kjf` mi t`k skhekgts cglkpkglkgtay. \`kg jll
jaa t`k lcstjgfks tm hkt t`k tmtja lcstjgfk. J strjch`t pjpkr wct` strjch`t klhk ejy jasm
nk uskl tm rkfmrl t`k akght` mi t`k skhekgts ny ejbcgh j ejrb mg t`k pjpkr jgl t`kg
:6
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pajfk t`k ejrb jhjcgst t`k stjrt pmcgt. \`kg ejrb jaa t`k skhekgts. Ajtkr pajfk ct
jhjcgst t`k Ejp sfjak. \`k sfjak tm t`k akit mi zkrm kgjnaks us tm rkjl mii sejaakr
ekjsurkekgts mi t`k ejcg ugct.
Caaustrjtcmg mi t`k prmfkss mi ekjsurcgh furvkl acgk lcstjgfk
Ekjsurcgh furvkl lcstjgfk mg j acgkjr sfjak uscgh j pjpkr
\`k strcgh ekt`ml- t`k strcgh cs uskl tm imaamw t`k nkgls mi kct`kr t`k rmjl mr rcvkr

tm nk ekjsurkl. \`k strcgh cs t`kg strktf`kl jhjcgst t`k ejp sfjak tm fjafuajtk
lcstjgfk.
:>.
Cgtkrprkt rkacki ikjturks.
Fmgtmur acgks

Fmgtmur acgks jrk acgks lrjwg mg j ejp fmggkftcgh pmcgts mi kquja kakvjtcmg. Ejp
ejrbkrs usk fmgtmur acgks tm s`mw `kch`t mg ejps. Fmgtmur acgks jrk t`krkimrk vkry uskiua
nkfjusk t`ky jaamw us tm s`mw t`k s`jpk mi t`k ajgl surijfk (tmpmhrjp`y) mg j ejp.
Kxjepaks rkacki jrk s`mwg nkamw
:<
Vpur.
\`ksk `jvk j Y
s`jpk lmwgwjrls.
Ammb
jt
t`k
fmgtmurs jt n, t`k
v
pmcgts
lmwgwjrls.
Vjllak.
\`k amw-aycgh
jrkj nktwkkg
twm
emugtjcg
pkjbs cs fjaakl j
sjllak. Vkk t`k
jrrmw.
Yjaakys
`jvk j Y s`jpk
[p`caa. j jgl
n s`mws t`k vjaakys.
Fmgcfja `caa
\`k
sampks
jrk
cg
jaa
sclks
jrk
scecajr
lcrkftcmgs.
\`k
usujaay stkkp wct` j
sejaa pmcgtkl tmp.
Vpmrt `kch`ts
:;
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\`ky jrk pmcgts mg mrlcgjgfk survky ejps w`msk `kch`ts `jvk nkkg ekjsurkl ny ajgl
survkymrs. Vpmrt `kch`ts jrk ejrbkl ny j lmt wct` t`k `kch`t cg ektrks wrcttkg nksclk
t`k lmt js s`mwg nkamw.
\rchmgmektrcfja stjtcmg

\`ksk jrk stjtcmgs jrk pajfks, usujaay mg `caa sueects, w`msk jatctulk, ajtctulk jgl
amghctulk `jvk nkkg ekjsurkl jgl prmvclk kxtrj cgimrejtcmg mg `kch`t. \`k syenma
nkamw cs uskl.
:6.
Clkgtciy lrjcgjhk pjttkrgs.
Lkglrctcf pjttkrgs


Ct ammbs acbk trkk wct` ejgy nrjgf`ks

Lkpkgls ajrhkay mg t`k

\rcnutjrcks omcg t`k ejcg rcvkr jt jfutk jghak (akss t`jg 34).
\rkaacs pjttkrg


Ct cs imrekl cg jrkjs w`krk t`k rmfbs frjfb tm imre j hrcl pjttkrg

Ct cs fmeemg mvkr fkrtjcg typks mi rmfbs suf` js hrjgctk,

Ct `js ejgy rch`t (34 ) jghaks jgl ammbs acbk irjekwmrb mi frmsskl skjes
4
jatkrgjtk.
:9
^jlcja pjttkrg

:<.

Mffur mg fmgk-s`jpkl emugtjcgs suf` js vmafjgmks

Xjtkr iamws jwjy irme t`k `ch` pmcgt kqujaay cg jaa lcrkftcmgs.

Ct ammbs acbk spmbks mi j ncfyfak w`kka.
Clkgtciy fuaturja ikjturks.
Vkttakekgts

\`ksk jrk syenmas cglcfjtcgh w`krk pkrejgkgt nucalcghs `jvk nkkg nucat k.h. vcaajhks,
tmwgs.
\rjgspmrt gktwmrbs

Emlk mi emvkekgt mi hmmls jgl skrvcfk irme mgk pajfk tm jgmt`kr k.h. rmjls,
rjcawjy, jcrpmrt
:8
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ajgl-usk

\`k utcaczjtcmg mi ajgl t`rmuh` jhrcfuaturk, ecgcgh jgl fmgskrvjtcmg
fmeeugcfjtcmg gktwmrbs

Acgbs nktwkkg skttakekgts k.h. Fkaz, E\G, jgl Jcrtka
:;. Lksfrcnk ^kacki akvkas mi _jencj.
^kacki cs t`k hkgkrja jppkjrjgfk mi t`k ajgl surijfk. \`k ajgl surijfk fjg nk iajt, stkkp, `ch`
mr amw. Ct fjg jasm nk t`k lciikrkgfk cg kakvjtcmg mr `kch`t nktwkkg pjrts mi t`k kjrt`”s
surijfk. Ct fjg t`krkimrk nk fajsscickl cgtm t`rkk akvkas gjekay?
Ajgl nkamw 344e jnmvk skj akvka

\`cs rkacki akvka cs fjaakl amw vkal. Ct cs t`k amwkst rkacki akvka fmgscstcgh mi rcvkr vjaakys
acbk Aujghwj, _jenkzc vjaakys jgl Ajbk \jghjgycbj njscg.
Ajgl nktwkkg 344e jgl :>44e jnmvk skj akvka

\`cs rkacki akvka cs fjaakl ecllak vkal. Ct fmgscsts mi j hkgtay ugluajtcgh pajtkju suf` js
Njghwkuau, Aubjghj, Nusjghm, Ewkru-wj-gtcpj swjeps, Bjiuk, Aukgj iajts, ktf
ajgl jnmvk :>44e jnmvk skj akvka

\`cs rkacki akvka cs fjaakl `ch` vkal. \`cs rkhcmg cgfaulks `ch`ajgls suf` js Enjaj,
Ejbutu-ajbk Ejajwc wjtkrs`kls
:9. Amfjtk t`k ejomr lrjcgjhk ikjturks mi _jencj.
Lrjcgjhk rkikrs tm rcvkrs, strkjes jgl wjtkr nmlcks suf` js Ajbks jgl swjeps.


Ejomr rcvkrs jrk? t`k _jenkzc, F`jenks`c- Aujpuaj, Bjiuk jgl Aujghwj

Ajbks cgfaulk Bjrcnj, \jghjgycbj, Ajbk Ewkru, jgl Ajbk Njghwkuau.

Vwjeps jgl wktajgls cg _jencj jrk? Njghwkuau swjeps, Nusjghj
swjeps
jgl Aubjghj swjeps
:0
:8. Vtjtk t`k fuaturja ikjturks mi _jencj.
^mjl jgl rjcawjy gktwmrb,

_jencj `js twm prcgfcpak acgks mi rjca, t`k _jencj ^jcawjys (_^) jgl t`k \jgzjgcj_jencj ^jcawjys (\J_J^J)
^mjls cg _jencj jrk? \`k Ausjbj ‖Fmppkrnkat ^mjl, \`k Glmaj-Bctwk luja fjrrcjhk
wjys. \`k hrkjt Kjst ^mjl, Ausjbj- Emghu ^mjl, Vmawkzc-Ewcgcaughj ^mjl
Vkttakekgts Tjttkrg

Euf` mi pmpuajtcmg cs fmgfkgtrjtkl jamgh t`k rjcawjy acgk, acgbcgh t`k Fmppkrnkat wct`
Ausjbj, t`k fjpctja, jgl wct` t`k nmrlkr tmwg mi Acvcghstmgk. Vkttakekgt pjttkrg vjry
rkhcmgjaay lkpkglcgh mg lciikrkgfks cg kfmgmey, jgl rmutks mi fmeeugcfjtcmg jgl mg t`k
lcstrcnutcmg mi gjturja rksmurfks jgl trjlcgh fkgtrks. Vkttakekgt fjg nk fjtkhmrczkl cg twm
wjys? rurja jgl urnjg skttakekgt. \`krk jrk t`rkk typks mi urnjg skttakekgts?

\rjlctcmgja prk-fmamgcja tmwg- nucat mi amgh-ajstcgh ejtkrcjas mffupckl ny pkmpak
kghjhkl cg frjit prmluftcmg jgl fmeekrfk

\`msk kstjnacs`kl ny fmamgcja pmwkrs - gkw cglustrcja fkgtrks amfjtkl cg jrkjs mi
amw pmpuajtcmg lkgscty

\`k ejcg sejaa tmwgs`cps- kstjnacs`kl js amfja jlecgcstrjtcvk jgl trjlcgh fkgtrks
lurcgh t`k fmamgcja pkrcml. \`ky acgb rurja jrkjs jgl emlkrg fctcks.
Nrclhks?

\`k Ycftmrcj Ijaas Nrclhk, Ewjgjwjsj Nrclhk, Vcmej Nrclhk, F`cruglu Nrclhk jgl
Bjtcej-Euacam Nrclhk
\MTCF 6? T^K-FMAMGCJA VMFCK\CKV CG _JENCJ
:0. Lksfrcnk t`k mrchcgs jgl emvkekgts mi t`k Njgtu spkjbcgh pkmpak.
\`k Njgtu spkjbkrs fjek irme Xkst Jircfj jrmugl t`k Fjekrmmg @ch`ajgls. \`k Gchkr

njscg cs t`k pmsscnak mrchcgja ajgl mi t`k Njgtu pkmpak. \`k twm ejcg hrmups mi t`k Njgtu
spkjbcgh pkmpak jrk t`k Kjstkrg jgl Xkstkrg Njgtu. \`k mrchcgja mi Kjstkrg Njgtu wkrk2
t`k icrst hrmup t`jt emvkl kjstwjrls up tm Ajbk Ycftmrcj cg Kjst Jircfj. X`cak t`k
Xkstkrg Njgtu emvkl smut`wjrls jamgh t`k Jircfjg fmjst mi Hjnmg, Lkemfrjtcf
:3
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^kpunacf mi Fmghm jgl Jghmaj, mr cgajgl jamgh t`k ejgy tm gmrt` imaamwcgh rcvkrs mi
Fmghm systke. \`k kxpjgscmg kvkgtujaay rkjf`kl Vmut` Jircfj jt jrmugl 644 J.L.
\`k Njgtu echrjtkl irme t`kcr mrchcgja `mekajgl luk tm t`k imaamwcgh rkjsmgs ?
\`ky `jl jfqucrkl crmg-wmrbcgh bgmwaklhk jgl `jl ejlk strmgh ijre cepakekgts w`cf`

akl tm cgfrkjskl imml prmluftcmg. Js j rksuat t`krk wjs cgfrkjskl pmpuajtcmg w`cf` imrfkl
t`ke tm echrjtk.
Lrycgh up mi t`k Vj`jrj hrjssajgls, scgfk t`k Njgtu spkjbcgh pkmpak wkrk ijrekrs, t`k

kgvcrmgekgt imrfkl t`ke tm echrjtk tm ammb imr gkw ikrtcak ajgls imr ijrecgh jgl wjtkr js
Vj`jrj turgkl cgtm j lkskrt.
\`ky `jl lkvkampkl nkttkr wkjpmgs t`rmuh` crmg-wmrbcgh jgl t`krkimrk, imugl ct kjsckr

tm icgl mt`kr hrmups cg jrkjs t`ky echrjtkl tm.
>4
\`ky kxpkrckgfkl cgtkrgja lcsputks t`jt wkrk nrmuh`t jnmut ny ijecay jgl fajg qujrrkas.

\`ksk ejlk smek hrmups mi pkmpak tm nrkjb mii irme t`kcr ijecacks jgl fajgs jgl echrjtk
tm mt`kr jrkjs.

\`ky kgfmugtkrkl fjajectcks suf` js ijecgk, lrmuh`t jgl lcskjsks.

\`ky wkrk frmp ijrekrs jgl t`us wkrk ammbcgh imr ikrtcak ajgls t`jt t`ky fmual fuatcvjtk.

\`ky wkrk cgvjlkl ny `mstcak gkch`nmurs.

Ikjr2 smek fmgvcftkl pkmpak echrjtkl tm mt`kr lcstjgt jrkjs tm ksfjpk pugcs`ekgt mr
lkjt`. \`ky mitkg tmmb famsk rkajtcvks mr fajg ekenkrs wct` t`ke tm skttak cg gkw jrkjs.
Jlvkgturk2 smek hrmups emvkl tm gkw jrkj tm kxpamrk.

Jitkr ejgy ykjrs, t`k Kjstkrg Njgtu ekt t`k Xkstkrg Njgtu cg w`jt cs tmljy bgmwg js
Jghmaj, Vmut`krg Lkemfrjtcf ^kpunacf mi Fmghm jgl pjrt mi Xkstkrg _jencj. @krk t`ky
ejlk mgk mi t`k kjrackst crmg-wmrbcgh hrmups cg Fkgtrja Jircfj. \`cs wjs t`k nkhcggcgh mi
t`k Aunj ‖ Auglj Kepcrk jgl irme t`k Aunj-Auglj Kepcrk2 vjrcmus Njgtu trcnja hrmups
echrjtkl cgtm Fkgtrja Jircfj (_jencj jgl Ejajwc).
:3. Clkgtciy t`k @cstmrcfja amfjtcmgs mi lciikrkgt Njgtu kt`gcf hrmups cg _jencj.

Gmrt`krg? Nkenj, Ejenwk

Euf`cghj? Gjewjghj, Ncsj

Aujpuaj ? Auglj

Gmrt`-Xkstkrg? Auvjak, Auglj, Bjmglk

Xkstkrg? Jauyc

Fkgtrja? Akgok, Vwjbj

Ausjbj ? Vmac

Fmppkrnkat ? Ajenj

Vmut`krg? \mghj, aaj, \mbj-Akyj

Kjstkrg? F`kwj, Gskghj, \uenubj
>:
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>4. Lksfrcnk t`k sprkjl mi Ijrecgh jgl crmg-wmrbcgh mi ijrecgh.
Irme Ikrtcak Frksfkgt cg t`k Ecllak Kjst, ijrecgh sprkjl tm mt`kr pjrts mi t`k wmral. Ct

rkjf`kl Khypt jrmugl 9;4 NF. @krk ct wjs stjrtkl cg t`k Gcak ^cvkr Yjaaky, jamgh t`k
njgbs mi t`k rcvkr Gcak. \`k ijrekrs akjrgt tm bkkp jgcejas suf` js hmjts, fjttak, lmgbkys
jgl s`kkp. Imr crrchjtcmg t`ky cgvkgtkl j guenkr mi ekt`mls. Jemgh t`k kjray lkvcfks
imr acitcgh wjtkr irme strkjes jgl wjtkr f`jggkas wjs t`k Khyptcjg V`jlmmi. \`k
V`jlmmi cs j nufbkt skt mg mgk kgl mi j wkch`tkl pmak. \`k pmak rksts mg j akvkr jgl cs
uskl tm acit wjtkr ejgujaay tm `ch`kr aycgh ickals. Irme Khypt, fcvcaczjtcmg jgl ijrecgh
sprkjl tm Kt`cmpcj (Jxue) jgl Vuljg (Bus`). C Bus`, jg crmg fkgtrk wjs kstjnacs`kl jt
Ekrmk. Irme Bus` jgl Jxue, t`k sprkjl mi ijrecgh smut`wjrls cgtm Fkgtrja Jircfj wjs
samw nkfjusk mi t`cfb imrksts jgl oughaks jamgh t`k kqujtmr, rcvkrs jgl ljghkrmus jgcejas
js wkaa js njl facejtk.
Cg _jencj, t`k emst wkaa -bgmwg Crmg Jhk pkmpak acvkl cg t`k prkskgt Vmut`krg Trmvcgfk

cg jg jrkj t`jt kxtkglkl irme Hwkenk Yjaaky, t`rmuh` Bjamem. \`k rkejcgs mi t`kcr
wjy mi acik `jvk nkkg imugl cg t`k imaamwcgh sctks w`cf` jrk amfjtkl jrmugl mr gkjr
Bjamem2 Glmglk, Bjauglu, Csjeu Tjtc jgl Huglu. \`k Bjamem pkmpak jrk t`k kjrackst
Njgtu skttakrs jgl ijrekrs cg _jencj. \`ky skttakl cg Bjamem nkfjusk2
m
\`k ajgl wjs ikrtcak
m
\`krk wjs kgmuh` pjsturk imr jgcejas
m
\`krk wjs kgmuh` rjcgijaa
>>
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