Basic Tamil
Verb Tables
Michael Lockwood
List of 56 Model Verbs and Irregular Verbs
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
(001)
(005)
(037)
(047)
(051)
(101)
(121)
(128)
(134)
(138)
(149)
(156)
(157)
a∂akku (a∂akka, a∂akki) (v.t.), pp. 2-3
2. (002) a∂a≥gu (a∂a≥ga, a∂a≥gi) (v.i.), pp. 4-5
eΩuppu (eΩuppa, eΩuppi) (v.t.), pp. 6-7
4. (006) eΩumbu (eΩumba, eΩumbi) (v.i.), pp. 8-9
äkku (äkka, äkki) (v.t.), pp. 10-11
6. (038) ä(gu) (äga, ägi [äy]) irreg. past thru contract.
ëmä∞∞u (ëmä∞∞a, ëmä∞∞i) (v.t.), pp. 14-15 8. (048) ëmä∞u (ëmä∞a, ëmä∞i) (v.i.), pp. 16-17
ö††u (ö††a, ö††i) (v.t.), pp. 18-19
10. (052) ö∂u (ö∂a, ö∂i) (v.i.), pp. 20-21
pa∂utthu (pa∂uttha, pa∂utthi), pp. 22-23
thö√∞u (thö√∞a, thö√∞i), pp. 24-25
pa∫∫u (pa∫∫a, pa∫∫i), pp. 26-27
‘I’-Family’s one and only conjugation:
eΩuthu (eΩutha, eΩuthi), pp. 28-29
Infixes: -gi∞- (present); -i√- (past); -v- (future)
kaΩuvu (kaΩuva, kaΩuvi), pp. 30-31
pësu (pësa, pësi), pp. 32-33
sol(lu) (solla, solli) irregular past tense thru contraction, pp. 34-35
pö (pöga, pöy) irregular past tense thru contraction, pp. 36-37
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
(164)
(178)
(214)
(206)
(202)
asai (asaikka, asaitthu) (v.t.), pp. 38-39
eri (erikka, eritthu) (v.t.), pp. 42-43
mëy (mëykka, mëytthu) (v.t.), pp. 46-47
sër (sërkka, sërtthu) (v.t.), pp. 50-51
kaviΩ (kaviΩkka, kaviΩtthu) (v.t.), pp. 54-55
________________________________________________________________
29. (222) pa∂u (pa∂ukka, pa∂utthu), pp. 58-59
1. ‘U’-Family, Strong (a): -kki∞-; -tth-; -pp-
20. (165) asai (asaiya, asainthu) (v.i.)
22. (179) eri (eriya, erinthu) (v.i.)
5. Weak ‘U’ (a):
24. (215) mëy (mëya, mëynthu) (v.i.)
-gi∞-; -nth-; -v26. (207) sër (sëra, sërnthu) (v.i.)
(identical twins)
28. (203) kaviΩ (kaviΩa, kaviΩnthu) (v.i.)
.............................................................................................
30. (223) pa∂u (pa∂a, pa††u)
4. Middle ‘U’ (b):
31. (356) i∂u (i∂a, i††u), 62-63
-gi∞-; (-††- & -∞∞-); -v32. (384) pe∞u (pe∞a, pe∞∞u), 64-65
33. (386) sä(gu) (säga, setthu) irregular: root vowel
(pp. 66-67) shortened in the past tense
.............................................................................................
34. (240) o (okka, otthu), pp. 68-69
35. (282) pagu (pagukka, pagutthu), pp. 70-71
36. (295) ma∞u (ma∞ukka, ma∞utthu), pp. 72-73
37. (305) väsi (väsikka, väsitthu), pp. 74-75
38. (289) pär (pärkka, pärtthu), pp. 76-77
39. (314) kë¬ (kë†ka, k놆u) euphonic variant, pp. 78-79
40. (317) kal(lu) (ka∞ka, ka∞∞u) euphonic variant, pp. 80-81
41. (318) vil(lu) (vi∞ka, vi∞∞u) euphonic variant, pp. 82-83
42. (326) a∫ai (anaikka, anaitthu), pp. 84-85
...........................................................................
43. (328) iru (irukka, irunthu), pp. 86-87
44. (335) na∂a (na∂akka, na∂anthu), pp. 88-89
2. Strong ‘U’ (b): -kki∞-; -nth-; -pp45. (341) nil(lu) (ni†ka, ni√∞u) euphonic variant, pp. 90-91
...........................................................................
46. (354) kä∫ (kä∫a, ka∫∂u) irregular: root vowel shortened in the past tense, pp. 92-93
47. (353) u∫(∫u) (u∫∫a, u∫∂u), pp. 94-95
48. (351) e√(√u) (e√√a, e√∞u), pp. 96-97 3. Middle ‘U’ (a): -gi∞-; (-∫∂- & -√∞-); -b...........................................................................
49. (398) viΩu (viΩa, viΩunthu), pp. 98-99
50. (409) u†kär (u†kära, u†kärnthu), pp. 100-101
5. Weak ‘U’ (a), (non-twins):
51. (426) ko¬(¬u) (ko¬¬a, ko∫∂u) euphonic variant (past), pp. 102-103
-gi∞-; -nth-; -v52. (423) sel(lu) (sella, se√∞u) euphonic variant (past), pp. 104-105
53. (400) vä (vara, vanthu) irregular thru contraction & imperative vowel lengthened, pp. 106-107
54. (407) vë(gu) (vëga, venthu) irregular: root vowel shortened in the past tense, pp. 108-109
...........................................................................
55. (436) aΩu (aΩa, aΩuthu), pp. 110-111
56. (437) sey (seyya, seythu), pp. 112-113
6. Weak ‘U’ (b): -gi∞-; -th-; -v-
For the Cover’s spine!:
Basic Tamil Verb Tables * Lockwood
← Print the opposite on the INSIDE of both the Front Cover & Back Cover!
Basic Tamil
Verb Tables
Michael Lockwood
i
Tambaram Research Associates
MCC, Tambaram, Madras 600 059
Second Edition
Copyright © 2007: Michael Lockwood
Typeset by T.R.A. on a Macintosh¨ PB G3
Printed at Sudarsan Graphics, Madras 600 017
ii
PREFACE
Although books of verb tables are commonly available
for European languages, this is not the case with Indian
languages. Therefore, following the direction I took earlier
(1994) in compiling a dictionary of ‘Basic Tamil’, I have
ventured to produce the present work which is devoted to the
task of conjugating some 450+ verbs of a ‘basic’ Tamil
vocabulary. As the Tamil language is very systematic in its
structure, I have selected only 56 of these verbs as model verbs
and irregular verbs to be elaborately conjugated. Each of the
remaining verbs (almost 400 of them) is assigned to one of
the model verbs to illustrate its proper conjugation.
The Tamil vocabulary is given both in the Tamil script
and in transliteration. The method of transliteration used is a
modification of the system used in the Tamil Lexicon
(University of Madras).
The following table gives the letters which are ‘initial’
vowels (i.e., vowels which begin a word):
iii
The Initial Vowels
î = a (the short a, as in ‘among’)
A = ä (the long ä, as in ‘alms’)
i = i (the short i, as in ‘in’)
I = ï (the long ï, as in ‘machine’)
u = u (the short u, as in ‘put’)
U = ü (the long ü, as in ‘ruby’ or ‘Zulu’)
¶ = e (the short e, as in ‘etiquette’)
´ = ë (the long ë, as in ‘étude’)
W = ai (a diphthong, as ai in ‘aisle’)
o = o (the short, clipped o, as in ‘opaque’)
O = ö (the long ö, as in ‘owe’)
o¬ = au (a diphthong, as ou in ‘ouch’)
iv
The consonant letters K, C, D, T, P, and ‰ are pronounced
differently in different positions in a word. At the beginning
of words, the first five of these letters are pronounced roughly
as k in ‘kin’; as s in ‘sin’; as t in ‘tin’; as th in ‘thin’ (but as a
pure plosive, with no air escaping past the tongue at the start
of the word); and as p in ‘pin’. The consonant ‰ (˛) never
begins a word.
When doubled within words, the first five of these
letters, with the exception of Cc (ccha), are pronounced
similarly. The exception, Cc (ccha), as in îCckM
(acchagam), is pronounced approximately as the ch in
‘chum’. As transliterated in this work, ‰® (˛˛a) as in m‰®
(ma˛˛a) is pronounced approximately as tra in the word
‘tradition’ (the ˛ sound is rolled).
v
Intervocalically, that is, with vowels in front and back
of any one of these consonant letters (e.g., K in îkM
[agam]):
- K - is pronounced as a fricative g;
- C - is pronounced as s in ‘sin’;
- D- is pronounced as d in ‘madam’;
- T - is pronounced as the voiced th in ‘mother’;
- P - is pronounced as b in ‘labor’; and
- ‰ - is pronounced with a rolled r sound.
Each of the above six consonant letters has a related
nasal:
K has ı (√) as in ‘sing’;
C has ü (ñ) as in ‘onion’;
D has B (≈), a retroflexive n;
T has N (n), a dental n, as in ‘month’;
P has M (m), as in ‘amber’; and
‰ has ˜ (π), an alveolar n.
vi
When directly preceded by a nasal, these six letters
(k, c, d, t, p, and ®) are voiced. E.g.:
- ık - = - √ga - üc - = - ñja - Bd- = - ≈Ãa - Nt - = - ntha - Mp - = - mba - ˜® - = - π˛a - (the π˛ is pronounced like the ndr in
‘undress’, with the ˛ slightly rolled)
With two exceptions, the rest of the letters (which are
semi-vowels) are relatively straight-forward in their
pronunciation:
Y (y) as in ‘yes’
R (r), a rolled r
L (l) as in ‘level’
V (v) as in ‘very’
The two exceptions are:
Z (∑), a fricative, retroflexive l quite peculiar to
Tamil and some other Dravidian languages
Ò (µ), a retroflexive l
vii
Finally, there are in general usage six letters borrowed
from the Sanskrit Grantha alphabet (whose sounds are fixed
and do not vary according to their position in the words):
J = j as in ‘jar’
Q = ± (a retroflexive sh sound)
S = s as in ‘sin’
H = h as in ‘hug’
X = k± (a conjunct of k and ±)
§ = ≥rï (a conjunct of ≥ and r plus the
medial vowel ï) (≥ as in ‘shame’)
viii
The complete Tamil alphabet, in proper order, together
with the transliterated sounds associated with each letter, is
given as follows:
î a
K k, g
Y y
A ä
ı √
R r
i i
C s, ch, j
L l
I ï
ü ñ
V v
u u
D ª, Ã
B≈
Uü
¶ e
T th (voiced & unvoiced)
´ ë
N n
W ai
P p, b
Z ∑
o o
M m
Ò µ
‰ ˛
O ö
o¬ au
˜ π
Along with each verb, appearing in this dictionary in its
imperative singular form, are given in parentheses its
infinitive and converbial (or ‘adverbial’ participle):
ekaƒ koÃu (ekaƒKk, ekaƒT∆)
ix
x
CONTENTS
Preface
iii
Verb Tables: Model Verbs and Irregular Verbs
1
A New Classification of Tamil Verbs:
Two Families; Identical and Fraternal Twins
114
The Seven Forms of Conjugation
121
Verbs Classified by Family, Twinship, and Conjugation
124
Tamil-English Alphabetical Index of Verbs
136
Impersonal Verb Forms
147
English-Tamil Alphabetical Index of Verbs
148
Tamil Numbers
164
List of Model Verbs and Irregular Verbs
xi
Inside covers, front & back
INSTRUCTIONS
The 56 model verbs and irregular verbs which are conjugated on the following
pages are not arranged in any consistent alphabetical order. They are grouped
there according to seven types of conjugation. A synoptic, one-page list of these
56 model verbs and irregular verbs is given on the insides of the cover, front and
back. Each of these verbs is conjugated on a two page spread (pages 2-113). These
conjugations can be directly located by the page numbers which are listed after
each entry in the synoptic list.
To locate any verb (either in Tamil or in English), consult either the ‘TamilEnglish Alphabetical Index’ (pp. 136-146) or the ‘English-Tamil Alphabetical Index’
(pp. 148-163). If any Tamil verb is not a model verb or irregular verb – and most of
the 450+ basic Tamil verbs are not – it is assigned to one of the model verbs to
illustrate its proper conjugation.
A listing of the different types of conjugation is found in the verb classification
list (pp. 124-135). A detailed discussion of the different types of conjugation is
found in, ‘A New Classification of Tamil Verbs’ (pp. 114-120) and ‘The Seven
Forms of the Conjugation of Tamil Verbs’ (pp. 121-123).
xii
Model Verbs and Irregular Verbs
in
Tamil
ådK¿ a∂akku (v.t.)
control (sth) (you)! (imperative)
ådK¿ıkÒ a∂akku≥ga¬
control (sth) (you)! (imper. pl.)
ådKk a∂akka
to control (sth) (infinitive)
ådKá a∂akki
(having) controlled (sth) (past participle)
2
ådKሠa∂akki√a1 (past adj. p.) ådK¿á® a∂akkugi∞a (pres. adj. p.) ådK¿M a∂akkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) controlled (sth)
(who, which) controls (sth)
(who, which) will control (sth)
Present Tense
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
ådK¿áE®˜ a∂akkugi∞ïë√
I control (sth)
ådK¿á®aY
a∂akkugi∞ïäy
you control (sth)
ådK¿á®a˜ a∂akkugi∞ïä√
he controls (sth)
ådK¿á®aÒ
a∂akkugi∞ïä¬
she controls (sth)
ådK¿á®∆
a∂akkugi∞ïathu it controls (sth)
ådK¿áE®aM a∂akkugi∞ïöm we control (sth)
ådK¿áΩR(kÒ) a∂akkugi∞ïïr(ga¬) you control (sth)
ådK¿á®aR(kÒ) a∂akkugi∞ïär(ga¬) they control (sth)
ådK¿á˜®ˆ a∂akkugi√∞ïa√a they control (sth)
ådKáëÃKáE®˜
ådKáëÃKá®aY
ådKáëÃKá®a˜
ådKáëÃKá®aÒ
ådKáëÃKá®∆
ådKáëÃKáE®aM
ådKáëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
ådKáëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
ådKáëÃKᘮˆ
Past Tense
ådKáEˆ˜
a∂akki√ïë√
ådKáˆaY
a∂akki√ïäy
ådKáˆa˜
a∂akki√ïä√
ådKáˆaÒ
a∂akki√ïä¬
ådKáˆ∆2
a∂akki√ïathu
ådKáEˆaM
a∂akki√ïöm
ådKáæR(kÒ) a∂akki√ïïr(ga¬)
ådKáˆaR(kÒ) a∂akki√ïär(ga¬)
ådKáˆ1
a∂akki√ïa
I controlled (sth)
you controlled (sth)
he controlled (sth)
she controlled (sth)
it controlled (sth)
we controlled (sth)
you controlled (sth)
they controlled (sth)
they controlled (sth)
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
ådKáëÃNEt˜
a∂akkiy’irunthïë√
ådKáëÃNtaY
a∂akkiy’irunthïäy
ådKáëÃNta˜
a∂akkiy’irunthïä√’
ådKáëÃNtaÒ
a∂akkiy’irunthïä¬
ådKáëÃNt∆
a∂akkiy’irunthïathu
ådKáëÃNEtaM
a∂akkiy’irunthïöm
ådKáëÃN≥R(kÒ)
a∂akkiy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
ådKáëÃNtaR(kÒ)
a∂akkiy’irunthïär(ga¬)
ådKáëÃNtˆ
a∂akkiy’irunthïa√a
I had controlled; I was controlling (sth)
you’d controlled; you were controlling (sth)
he’d controlled; he was controlling (sth)
she’d controlled; she was controlling (sth)
it had controlled; it was controlling (sth)
we’d controlled; we were controlling (sth)
you’d controlled; °were controlling (sth)
they’d controlled; °were controlling (sth)
they’d controlled; °were controlling (sth)
I’ll control (sth)
you’ll control (sth)
he’ll control (sth)
she’ll control (sth)
it’ll control (sth)
we’ll control (sth)
you’ll control (sth)
they’ll control (sth)
they’ll control (sth)
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
ådKáëÃPEp˜
a∂akkiy’iruppïë√
ådKáëÃPpaY
a∂akkiy’iruppïäy
ådKáëÃPpa˜
a∂akkiy’iruppïä√
ådKáëÃPpaÒ
a∂akkiy’iruppïä¬
ådKáëÃK¿M
a∂akkiy’irukkïum
ådKáëÃPEpaM
a∂akkiy’iruppïöm
ådKáëÃPµR(kÒ)
a∂akkiy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
ådKáëÃPpaR(kÒ)
a∂akkiy’iruppïär(ga¬)
ådKáëÃK¿M
a∂akkiy’irukkïum
I’ll ’ve controlled; °be controlling (sth)
you’ll ’ve controlled; °be controlling (sth)
he’ll ’ve controlled; °be controlling (sth)
she’ll ’ve controlled; °be controlling (sth)
it’ll have controlled; °be controlling (sth)
we’ll ’ve controlled; °be controlling (sth)
you’ll ’ve controlled; °be controlling (sth)
they’ll ’ve controlled; °be controlling (sth)
they’ll ’ve controlled; °be controlling (sth)
Future Tense
ådK¿Ev˜
a∂akkuvïë√
ådK¿vaY
a∂akkuvïäy
ådK¿va˜
a∂akkuvïä√
ådK¿vaÒ
a∂akkuvïä¬
ådK¿M
a∂akkïum
ådK¿EvaM
a∂akkuvïöm
ådK¿™R(kÒ) a∂akkuvïïr(ga¬)
ådK¿vaR(kÒ) a∂akkuvïär(ga¬)
ådK¿M
a∂akkïum
a∂akkiy’irukki∞ïë√
a∂akkiy’irukki∞ïäy
a∂akkiy’irukki∞ïä√
a∂akkiy’irukki∞ïä¬
a∂akkiy’irukki∞ïathu
a∂akkiy’irukki∞ïöm
a∂akkiy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
a∂akkiy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
a∂akkiy’irukki√∞ïa√a
I’ve controlled; I’m controlling (sth)
you’ve controlled; you are controlling (sth)
he has controlled; he is controlling (sth)
she has controlled; she is controlling (sth)
it has controlled; it is controlling (sth)
we’ve controlled; we are controlling (sth)
you’ve controlled; °are controlling (sth)
they’ve controlled; °are controlling (sth)
they’ve controlled; °are controlling (sth)
ådK¿tL a∂akkuthal
ådK¿wk3 a∂akkugai
ådKkL a∂akkal
ådK¿Œ3 a∂akkuvu
3
controlling (sth) (verbal noun)
controlling (sth) (v. noun)
controlling (sth) (verbal noun)
controlling (sth) (v. noun)
ådKáˆ∆2 a∂akki√’athu
ådK¿á®∆ a∂akkugi∞’athu
ådK¿v∆ a∂akkuv’athu
ådKáˆaL a∂akki√äl
a (past) controlling (sth) (v. noun) a (present) controlling (sth) (v. n.) a (future) controlling (sth) (v. n.) (I-they) control/s (sth)-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
ådKkaEt a∂akkäthë
ådKka≥R(kÒ) a∂akkäthïr(ga¬)
ådKkat a∂akkätha
ådKka∆ a∂akkäthu; ådKkamL a∂akkämal
don’t (you) control (sth)! (imp.)
don’t control (sth)! (imp. pl.)
non-controlling (sth) (neg. adj. part.) without controlling (sth) (neg. participle)
ådKkÉLwl a∂akkavillai
ådKEk˜4 a∂akkë√
ådKkmaDEd˜ a∂akka-m䆆ë√ ådKkawm a∂akkämai; ådKkat∆ a∂akkäthathu
(I-they) didn’t control (sth) (‘past’) I won’t control (sth) (tenseless)
I won’t control (sth) (‘future’)
non-controlling (sth) (neg. verbal nouns)
ådKáˆ∆2 iLwl a∂akki√athu illai ådK¿á®çLwl a∂akkugi∞ath’illai ådK¿v∆ iLwl a∂akkuvathu illai ådKkaÉDdaL a∂akkävi††äl
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) controlled (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) control (I-they) won’t (ever) control
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t control-if (condition.)
ådKkatv˜ a∂akkäth’ava√, a man who did not control, does not control, or will not control (sth) (this and all the following are participial nouns)
ådKáˆv˜5 a∂akki√’ava√, he who controlled; ådK¿á®v˜ a∂akkugi∞’ava√, he who controls; ådK¿pv˜ a∂akkub’ava√, he who will control (sth)
ådKkatvÒ a∂akkäth’ava¬, a woman who did not control, does not control, or will not control (sth)
ådKáˆvÒ a∂akki√’ava¬, she who controlled; ådK¿á®vÒ a∂akkugi∞’ava¬, she who controls; ådK¿pvÒ a∂akkub’ava¬, she who will control (sth)
ådKkat∆ a∂akkäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not control, does not control, or will not control (sth)
ådKáˆ∆ a∂akki√’athu, it which controlled; ådK¿á®∆ a∂akkugi∞’athu, it which controls; ådK¿v∆ a∂akkuv’athu, it which will control (sth)
ådKkatvR(kÒ) a∂akkäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not control, do not control, or will not control (sth)
ådKáˆvR(kÒ) a∂akki√’avar(ga¬), they who controlled; ådK¿á®vR(kÒ) a∂akkugi∞’avar(ga¬),°control; ådK¿pvR(kÒ) a∂akkub’avar(ga¬),°will control
ådKkatwv(kÒ) a∂akkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not control, do not control, or will not control (sth)
ådKáˆwv(kÒ) a∂akki√’avai(ga¬), they who controlled; ådK¿á®wv(kÒ) a∂akkugi∞’avai(ga¬),°control; ådK¿pwv(kÒ) a∂akkub’avai(ga¬),°will control
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ådKka∆ a∂akkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ådKkamL a∂akkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
ådKkaçÃNEt˜
ådKkaçÃKáE®˜
ådKkaçÃPEp˜
ådKkaçÃNtaL
a∂akkäth’irunthë√
a∂akkäth’irukki∞ë√
a∂akkäth’iruppë√
a∂akkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
ådKkamL iÃNEt˜
ådKkamL iÃKáE®˜
ådKkamL iÃPEp˜
ådKkamL iÃNtaL
a∂akkämal irunthë√ (past perf.) a∂akkämal irukki∞ë√ (pres. perf.)3 a∂akkämal iruppë√
(f. perf.)3 a∂akkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t controlled (sth) ↵
I haven’t controlled (sth) ↵
I won’t have controlled (sth) ↵
(I-they) hadn’t controlled (sth)-if
I wasn’t controlling (sth)
I am not controlling (sth)
I won’t be controlling (sth)
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t controlling (sth)-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t control (sth)-if
_______________
2A common alternate form is ådKáy∆ a∂akkiyathu.
3Not in common use today.
common alternate form is ådKáy a∂akkiya.
early times (see Joseph Beschi’s A Grammar of the Common Dialect of the Tamil Language Called ekaƒNtêZ, 1728), these forms of the negative verb
could, according to their surrounding context, express habitual behavior or any tense:
ådKEk˜ a∂akkë√ I didn’t/don’t/won’t control.
ådKkaY a∂akkäy You didn’t/don’t/won’t control.
ådKka˜ a∂akkä√ He didn’t/doesn’t/won’t control. Etc., etc.
1A
4In
5Common
alternate forms are ådKáyv˜ a∂akkiy’ava√, ådKáyvÒ a∂akkiy’ava¬, etc.
ådı¿ a∂a≥gu (v.i.)
obey (you)! (imperative)
ådı¿ıkÒ a∂a≥gu≥ga¬
obey (you)! (imper. pl.)
ådık a∂a≥ga
to obey (infinitive)
ådıá a∂a≥gi
(having) obeyed (past participle)
4
ådıáˆ1 a∂a≥gi√a (past adj. p.) ådı¿á® a∂a≥gugi∞a (pres. adj. p.) ådı¿M a∂a≥gum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) obeyed
(who, which) obeys
(who, which) will obey
Present Tense
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
ådı¿áE®˜ a∂a≥gugi∞ïë√
I obey
ådı¿á®aY
a∂a≥gugi∞ïäy
you obey
ådı¿á®a˜ a∂a≥gugi∞ïä√
he obeys
ådı¿á®aÒ a∂a≥gugi∞ïä¬
she obeys
ådı¿á®∆
a∂a≥gugi∞ïathu it obeys
ådı¿áE®aM a∂a≥gugi∞ïöm we obey
ådı¿áΩR(kÒ) a∂a≥gugi∞ïïr(ga¬) you obey
ådı¿á®aR(kÒ) a∂a≥gugi∞ïär(ga¬) they obey
ådı¿á˜®ˆ a∂a≥gugi√∞ïa√a they obey
ådıáëÃKáE®˜
ådıáëÃKá®aY
ådıáëÃKá®a˜
ådıáëÃKá®aÒ
ådıáëÃKá®∆
ådıáëÃKáE®aM
ådıáëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
ådıáëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
ådıáëÃKᘮˆ
Past Tense
ådıáEˆ˜
a∂a≥gi√ïë√
ådıáˆaY
a∂a≥gi√ïäy
ådıáˆa˜
a∂a≥gi√ïä√
ådıáˆaÒ
a∂a≥gi√ïä¬
ådıáˆ∆2
a∂a≥gi√ïathu
ådıáEˆaM a∂a≥gi√ïöm
ådıáæR(kÒ) a∂a≥gi√ïïr(ga¬)
ådıáˆaR(kÒ) a∂a≥gi√ïär(ga¬)
ådıáˆ1
a∂a≥gi√ïa
I obeyed
you obeyed
he obeyed
she obeyed
it obeyed
we obeyed
you obeyed
they obeyed
they obeyed
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
ådıáëÃNEt˜
a∂a≥giy’irunthïë√
ådıáëÃNtaY
a∂a≥giy’irunthïäy
ådıáëÃNta˜
a∂a≥giy’irunthïä√
ådıáëÃNtaÒ
a∂a≥giy’irunthïä¬
ådıáëÃNt∆
a∂a≥giy’irunthïathu
ådıáëÃNEtaM
a∂a≥giy’irunthïöm
ådıáëÃN≥R(kÒ)
a∂a≥giy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
ådıáëÃNtaR(kÒ)
a∂a≥giy’irunthïär(ga¬)
ådıáëÃNtˆ
a∂a≥giy’irunthïa√a
I had obeyed; I was obeying
you’d obeyed; you were obeying
he’d obeyed; he was obeying
she’d obeyed; she was obeying
it had obeyed; it was obeying
we had obeyed; we were obeying
you’d obeyed; you were obeying
they’d obeyed; they were obeying
they’d obeyed; they were obeying
I’ll obey
you’ll obey
he’ll obey
she’ll obey
it’ll obey
we’ll obey
you’ll obey
they’ll obey
they’ll obey
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
ådıáëÃPEp˜
a∂a≥giy’iruppïë√
ådıáëÃPpaY
a∂a≥giy’iruppïäy
ådıáëÃPpa˜
a∂a≥giy’iruppïä√
ådıáëÃPpaÒ
a∂a≥giy’iruppïä¬
ådıáëÃK¿M
a∂a≥giy’irukkïum
ådıáëÃPEpaM
a∂a≥giy’iruppïöm
ådıáëÃPµR(kÒ)
a∂a≥giy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
ådıáëÃPpaR(kÒ)
a∂a≥giy’iruppïär(ga¬)
ådıáëÃK¿M
a∂a≥giy’irukkïum
I’ll ’ve obeyed; I’ll be obeying
you’ll ’ve obeyed; you’ll be obeying
he’ll ’ve obeyed; he’ll be obeying
she’ll ’ve obeyed; she’ll be obeying
it’ll have obeyed; it’ll be obeying
we’ll ’ve obeyed; we’ll be obeying
you’ll ’ve obeyed; you’ll be obeying
they’ll ’ve obeyed; they’ll be obeying
they’ll ’ve obeyed; they’ll be obeying
Future Tense
ådı¿Ev˜
a∂a≥guvïë√
ådı¿vaY
a∂a≥guvïäy
ådı¿va˜
a∂a≥guvïä√
ådı¿vaÒ
a∂a≥guvïä¬
ådı¿M
a∂a≥gïum
ådı¿EvaM a∂a≥guvïöm
ådı¿™R(kÒ) a∂a≥guvïïr(ga¬)
ådı¿vaR(kÒ) a∂a≥guvïär(ga¬)
ådı¿M
a∂a≥gïum
a∂a≥giy’irukki∞ïë√
a∂a≥giy’irukki∞ïäy
a∂a≥giy’irukki∞ïä√
a∂a≥giy’irukki∞ïä¬
a∂a≥giy’irukki∞ïathu
a∂a≥giy’irukki∞ïöm
a∂a≥giy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
a∂a≥giy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
a∂a≥giy’irukki√∞ïa√a
I’ve obeyed; I am obeying
you’ve obeyed; you are obeying
he has obeyed; he is obeying
she has obeyed; she is obeying
it has obeyed; it is obeying
we’ve obeyed; we are obeying
you’ve obeyed; you are obeying
they’ve obeyed; they are obeying
they’ve obeyed; they are obeying
ådı¿tL a∂a≥guthal
ådı¿wk3 a∂a≥gugai
ådıkL a∂a≥gal
ådı¿Œ3 a∂a≥guvu
5
obeying (verbal noun)
obeying (v. noun)
obeying (verbal noun)
obeying (verbal noun)
ådıáˆ∆2 a∂a≥gi√’athu
ådı¿á®∆ a∂a≥gugi∞’athu
ådı¿v∆ a∂a≥guv’athu
ådıáˆaL a∂a≥gi√äl
a (past) obeying (v. noun)
a (present) obeying (v. noun)
a (future) obeying (v. noun)
(I-they) obey/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
ådıkaEt a∂a≥gäthë
ådıka≥R(kÒ) a∂a≥gäthïr(ga¬)
ådıkat a∂a≥gätha
ådıka∆ a∂a≥gäthu; ådıkamL a∂a≥gämal
don’t (you) obey! (imp.)
don’t obey! (imp. pl.)
non-obeying (neg. adj. part.)
without obeying (neg. participle)
ådıkÉLwl a∂a≥gavillai
ådıEk˜4 a∂a≥gë√
ådıkmaDEd˜ a∂a≥ga-m䆆ë√ ådıkawm a∂a≥gämai; ådıkat∆ a∂a≥gäthathu
(I-they) didn’t obey (‘past’)
I won’t obey (tenseless)
I won’t obey (‘future’)
non-obeying (neg. verbal nouns)
ådıáˆ∆2 iLwl a∂a≥gi√athu illai ådı¿á®çLwl a∂a≥gugi∞ath’illai ådı¿v∆ iLwl a∂a≥guvathu illai ådıkaÉDdaL a∂a≥gävi††äl
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) obeyed
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) obey
(I-they) won’t (ever) obey
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t obey-if (condition.)
ådıkatv˜ a∂a≥gäth’ava√, a man who did not obey, does not obey, or will not obey (this and all the following are participial nouns)
ådıáˆv˜5 a∂a≥gi√’ava√, he who obeyed; ådı¿á®v˜ a∂a≥gugi∞’ava√, he who obeys; ådı¿pv˜ a∂a≥gub’ava√, he who will obey
ådıkatvÒ a∂a≥gäth’ava¬, a woman who did not obey, does not obey, or will not obey
ådıáˆvÒ a∂a≥gi√’ava¬, she who obeyed; ådı¿á®vÒ a∂a≥gugi∞’ava¬, she who obeys; ådı¿pvÒ a∂a≥gub’ava¬, she who will obey
ådıkat∆ a∂a≥gäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not obey, does not obey, or will not obey
ådıáˆ∆ a∂a≥gi√’athu, it which obeyed; ådı¿á®∆ a∂a≥gugi∞’athu, it which obeys; ådı¿v∆ a∂a≥guv’athu, it which will obey
ådıkatvR(kÒ) a∂a≥gäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not obey, do not obey, or will not obey
ådıáˆvR(kÒ) a∂a≥gi√’avar(ga¬), they who obeyed; ådı¿á®vR(kÒ) a∂a≥gugi∞’avar(ga¬),°obey; ådı¿pvR(kÒ) a∂a≥gub’avar(ga¬),°will obey
ådıkatwv(kÒ) a∂a≥gäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not obey, do not obey, or will not obey
ådıáˆwv(kÒ) a∂a≥gi√’avai(ga¬), they who obeyed; ådı¿á®wv(kÒ) a∂a≥gugi∞’avai(ga¬),°obey; ådı¿pwv(kÒ) a∂a≥gub’avai(ga¬),°will obey
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ådıka∆ a∂a≥gäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ådıkamL a∂a≥gämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
ådıkaçÃNEt˜
ådıkaçÃKáE®˜
ådıkaçÃPEp˜
ådıkaçÃNtaL
a∂a≥gäth’irunthë√
a∂a≥gäth’irukki∞ë√
a∂a≥gäth’iruppë√
a∂a≥gäth’irunthäl (conditional)
ådıkamL iÃNEt˜
ådıkamL iÃKáE®˜
ådıkamL iÃPEp˜
ådıkamL iÃNtaL
a∂a≥gämal irunthë√
a∂a≥gämal irukki∞ë√
a∂a≥gämal iruppë√
a∂a≥gämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t obeyed (past perf.)
I haven’t obeyed (pres. perf.)3
I won’t have obeyed (f. perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t obeyed-if
I wasn’t obeying
I am not obeying
I won’t be obeying
(I-they) was/were not obeying-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t obey-if
_______________
1A
common alternate form is ådıáy a∂a≥giya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is ådıáy∆ a∂a≥giyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are ådıáyv˜ a∂a≥giy’ava√, ådıáyvÒ a∂a≥giy’ava¬, etc.
¶¤P» eΩuppu (v.t.)
¶¤P»ıkÒ eΩuppu≥ga¬
awaken (s.o.) (you)! (imperative) awaken (s.o.) (you)! (imper. pl.)
¶¤Pp eΩuppa
to awaken (.s.o.) (infinitive)
¶¤Pè eΩuppi
(having) awakened (s.o.) (past participle)
6
¶¤Pèˆ1 eΩuppi√a (past adj. p.) ¶¤P»á® eΩuppugi∞a (pres. adj. p.) ¶¤P»M eΩuppum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) awakened (s.o.)
(who, which) awakens (s.o.)
(who, which) will awaken (s.o.)
Present Tense
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
eΩuppugi∞ïë√
I awaken (s.o.)
¶¤P»áE®˜
¶¤P»á®aY
eΩuppugi∞ïäy
you awaken (s.o.)
¶¤P»á®a˜
eΩuppugi∞ïä√
he awakens (s.o.)
¶¤P»á®aÒ
eΩuppugi∞ïä¬
she awakens (s.o.)
¶¤P»á®∆
eΩuppugi∞ïathu it awakens (s.o.)
¶¤P»áE®aM eΩuppugi∞ïöm
we awaken (s.o.)
¶¤P»áΩR(kÒ) eΩuppugi∞ïïr(ga¬) you awaken (s.o.)
¶¤P»á®aR(kÒ) eΩuppugi∞ïär(ga¬) they awaken (s.o.)
¶¤P»á˜®ˆ eΩuppugi√∞ïa√a they awaken (s.o.)
¶¤PèëÃKáE®˜
¶¤PèëÃKá®aY
¶¤PèëÃKá®a˜
¶¤PèëÃKá®aÒ
¶¤PèëÃKá®∆
¶¤PèëÃKáE®aM
¶¤PèëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
¶¤PèëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
¶¤PèëÃKᘮˆ
Past Tense
¶¤PèEˆ˜
eΩuppi√ïë√
¶¤PèˆaY
eΩuppi√ïäy
¶¤Pèˆa˜
eΩuppi√ïä√
¶¤PèˆaÒ
eΩuppi√ïä¬
¶¤Pèˆ∆2
eΩuppi√ïathu
¶¤PèEˆaM
eΩuppi√ïöm
¶¤PèæR(kÒ) eΩuppi√ïïr(ga¬)
¶¤PèˆaR(kÒ) eΩuppi√ïär(ga¬)
¶¤Pèˆ1
eΩuppi√ïa
I awakened (s.o.)
you awakened (s.o.)
he awakened (s.o.)
she awakened (s.o.)
it awakened (s.o.)
we awakened (s.o.)
you awakened (s.o.)
they awakened (s.o.)
they awakened (s.o.)
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
¶¤PèëÃNEt˜
eΩuppiy’irunthïë√
¶¤PèëÃNtaY
eΩuppiy’irunthïäy
¶¤PèëÃNta˜
eΩuppiy’irunthïä√
¶¤PèëÃNtaÒ
eΩuppiy’irunthïä¬
¶¤PèëÃNt∆
eΩuppiy’irunthïathu
¶¤PèëÃNEtaM
eΩuppiy’irunthïöm
¶¤PèëÃN≥R(kÒ)
eΩuppiy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
¶¤PèëÃNtaR(kÒ)
eΩuppiy’irunthïär(ga¬)
¶¤PèëÃNtˆ
eΩuppiy’irunthïa√a
I had awakened; I was awakening (s.o.)
you’d awakened; °were awakening (s.o.)
he’d awakened; he was awakening (s.o.)
she’d awakened; she was awakening (s.o.)
it had awakened; it was awakening (s.o.)
we’d awakened; °were awakening (s.o.)
you’d awakened; °were awakening (s.o.)
they’d awakened; °were awakening (s.o.)
they’d awakened; °were awakening (s.o.)
I’ll awaken (s.o.)
you’ll awaken (s.o.)
he’ll awaken (s.o.)
she’ll awaken (s.o.)
it’ll awaken (s.o.)
we’ll awaken (s.o.)
you’ll awaken (s.o.)
they’ll awaken (s.o.)
they’ll awaken (s.o.)
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
¶¤PèëÃPEp˜
eΩuppiy’iruppïë√
¶¤PèëÃPpaY
eΩuppiy’iruppïäy
¶¤PèëÃPpa˜
eΩuppiy’iruppïä√
¶¤PèëÃPpaÒ
eΩuppiy’iruppïä¬
¶¤PèëÃK¿M
eΩuppiy’irukkïum
¶¤PèëÃPEpaM
eΩuppiy’iruppïöm
¶¤PèëÃPµR(kÒ)
eΩuppiy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
¶¤PèëÃPpaR(kÒ)
eΩuppiy’iruppïär(ga¬)
¶¤PèëÃK¿M
eΩuppiy’irukkïum
I’ll ’ve awakened; I’ll be awakening (s.o.)
you’ll ’ve awakened; °be awakening (s.o.)
he’ll ’ve awakened; °be awakening (s.o.)
she’ll ’ve awakened; °be awakening (s.o.)
it’ll have awakened; °be awakening (s.o.)
we’ll ’ve awakened; °be awakening (s.o.)
you’ll ’ve awakened; °be awakening (s.o.)
they’ll ’ve awakened; °be awakening (s.o.)
they’ll ’ve awakened; °be awakening (s.o.)
Future Tense
¶¤P»Ev˜
¶¤P»vaY
¶¤P»va˜
¶¤P»vaÒ
¶¤P»M
¶¤P»EvaM
¶¤P»™R(kÒ)
¶¤P»vaR(kÒ)
¶¤P»M
eΩuppuvïë√
eΩuppuvïäy
eΩuppuvïä√
eΩuppuvïä¬
eΩuppïum
eΩuppuvïöm
eΩuppuvïïr(ga¬)
eΩuppuvïär(ga¬)
eΩuppïum
eΩuppiy’irukki∞ïë√
eΩuppiy’irukki∞ïäy
eΩuppiy’irukki∞ïä√
eΩuppiy’irukki∞ïä¬
eΩuppiy’irukki∞ïathu
eΩuppiy’irukki∞ïöm
eΩuppiy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
eΩuppiy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
eΩuppiy’irukki√∞ïa√a
I’ve awakened; I’m awakening (s.o.)
you’ve awakened; °are awakening (s.o.)
he has awakened; he is awakening (s.o.)
she has awakened; she is awakening (s.o.)
it has awakened; it is awakening (s.o.)
we’ve awakened; we are awakening (s.o.)
you’ve awakened; °are awakening (s.o.)
they’ve awakened; °are awakening (s.o.)
they’ve awakened; °are awakening (s.o.)
¶¤P»tL eΩupputhal
¶¤P»wk3 eΩuppugai
¶¤PpL eΩuppal
¶¤P»Œ3 eΩuppuvu
7
awakening (s.o.) (verbal noun)
awakening (s.o.) (v. noun)
awakening (s.o.) (verbal noun)
awakening (s.o.) (v. noun)
¶¤Pèˆ∆2 eΩuppi√’athu
¶¤P»á®∆ eΩuppugi∞’athu
¶¤P»v∆ eΩuppuv’athu
¶¤PèˆaL eΩuppi√äl
a (past) awakening (s.o.) (v. noun) a (present) awakening (s.o.) (v. n.) a (future) awakening (s.o.) (v. n.) (I-they) awaken/s (s.o.)-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
¶¤PpaEt eΩuppäthë
¶¤Ppa≥R(kÒ) eΩuppäthïr(ga¬)
¶¤Ppat eΩuppätha
¶¤Ppa∆ eΩuppäthu; ¶¤PpamL eΩuppämal
don’t (you) awaken (s.o.)! (imp.) don’t awaken (s.o.)! (imp. pl.)
non-awaking (s.o.) (neg. adj. part.) without awaking (s.o.) (neg. participle)
¶¤PEp˜4 eΩuppë√
¶¤PpmaDEd˜ eΩuppa-m䆆ë√ ¶¤Ppawm eΩuppämai; ¶¤Ppat∆ eΩuppäthathu
¶¤PpÉLwl eΩuppavillai
(I-they) didn’t awaken (s.o.) (‘past’) I won’t awaken (s.o.) (tenseless) I won’t awaken (s.o.) (‘future’)
non-awakening (s.o.) (neg. verbal nouns)
¶¤Pèˆ∆2 iLwl eΩuppi√athu illai ¶¤P»á®çLwl eΩuppugi∞ath’illai ¶¤P»v∆ iLwl eΩuppuvathu illai ¶¤PpaÉDdaL eΩuppävi††äl
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) awakened (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) awaken (I-they) won’t (ever) awaken (s.o.) (I-they) don’t/doesn’t awaken (s.o.)-if (cond.)
¶¤Ppatv˜ eΩuppäth’ava√, a man who did not awaken, does not awaken, or will not awaken (s.o.) (this and all the following are participial nouns)
¶¤Pèˆv˜5 eΩuppi√’ava√, he who awakened; ¶¤P»á®v˜ eΩuppugi∞’ava√, he who awakens; ¶¤P»pv˜ eΩuppub’ava√, he who will awaken (s.o.)
¶¤PpatvÒ eΩuppäth’ava¬, a woman who did not awaken, does not awaken, or will not awaken (s.o.)
¶¤PèˆvÒ eΩuppi√’ava¬, she who awakened; ¶¤P»á®vÒ eΩuppugi∞’ava¬, she who awakens; ¶¤P»pvÒ eΩuppub’ava¬, she who will awaken (s.o.)
¶¤Ppat∆ eΩuppäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not awaken, does not awaken, or will not awaken (s.o.)
¶¤Pèˆ∆ eΩuppi√’athu, it which awakened; ¶¤P»á®∆ eΩuppugi∞’athu, it which awakens; ¶¤P»v∆ eΩuppuv’athu, it which will awaken (s.o.)
¶¤PpatvR(kÒ) eΩuppäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not awaken, do not awaken, or will not awaken (s.o.)
¶¤PèˆvR(kÒ) eΩuppi√’avar(ga¬), they who awakened; ¶¤P»á®vR(kÒ) eΩuppugi∞’avar(ga¬),°awaken; ¶¤P»pvR(kÒ) eΩuppub’avar(ga¬),°will awaken
¶¤Ppatwv(kÒ) eΩuppäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not awaken, do not awaken, or will not awaken (s.o.)
¶¤Pèˆwv(kÒ) eΩuppi√’avai(ga¬), they who awakened; ¶¤P»á®wv(kÒ) eΩuppugi∞’avai(ga¬),°awaken; ¶¤P»pwv(kÒ) eΩuppub’avai(ga¬),°will awaken
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ¶¤Ppa∆ eΩuppäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ¶¤PpamL eΩuppämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
¶¤PpaçÃNEt˜
¶¤PpaçÃKáE®˜
¶¤PpaçÃPEp˜
¶¤PpaçÃNtaL
eΩuppäth’irunthë√
eΩuppäth’irukki∞ë√
eΩuppäth’iruppë√
eΩuppäth’irunthäl (conditional)
¶¤PpamL iÃKáE®˜
¶¤PpamL iÃPEp˜
¶¤PpamL iÃNtaL
¶¤PpamL iÃNEt˜
eΩuppämal irunthë√ (past perf.) eΩuppämal irukki∞ë√ (pres. perf.)3 eΩuppämal iruppë√
(f. perf.)3 eΩuppämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t awakened (s.o.) ↵
I haven’t awakened (s.o.) ↵
I won’t have awakened (s.o.) ↵
(I-they) hadn’t awakened (s.o.)-if
I wasn’t awakening (s.o.)
I am not awakening (s.o.)
I won’t be awakening (s.o.)
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t awakening (s.o.) -if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t awaken (s.o.)-if
_______________
1A
common alternate form is ¶¤Pèy eΩuppiya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is ¶¤Pèy∆ eΩuppiyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are ¶¤Pèyv˜ eΩuppiy’ava√, ¶¤PèyvÒ eΩuppiy’ava¬, etc.
¶¤M» eΩumbu (v.i.)
awake (you)! (imperative sing.)
¶¤M»ıkÒ eΩumbu≥ga¬
awake (you)! (imperative pl.)
¶¤Mp eΩumba
to awake (infinitive)
¶¤Mè eΩumbi
(having) awoken (past participle)
8
¶¤Mèˆ1 eΩumbi√a (past adj. p.) ¶¤M»á® eΩumbugi∞a (pres. adj. p.) ¶¤M»M eΩumbum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) awoke
(who, which) awakes
(who, which) will awake
Present Tense
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
I awake
¶¤M»áE®˜ eΩumbugi∞ïë√
¶¤M»á®aY
eΩumbugi∞ïäy
you awake
¶¤M»á®a˜
eΩumbugi∞ïä√
he awakes
¶¤M»á®aÒ
eΩumbugi∞ïä¬
she awakes
¶¤M»á®∆
eΩumbugi∞ïathu it awakes
¶¤M»áE®aM eΩumbugi∞ïöm
we awake
¶¤M»áΩR(kÒ) eΩumbugi∞ïïr(ga¬) you awake
¶¤M»á®aR(kÒ) eΩumbugi∞ïär(ga¬) they awake
¶¤M»á˜®ˆ eΩumbugi√∞ïa√a they awake
¶¤MèëÃKáE®˜
¶¤MèëÃKá®aY
¶¤MèëÃKá®a˜
¶¤MèëÃKá®aÒ
¶¤MèëÃKá®∆
¶¤MèëÃKáE®aM
¶¤MèëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
¶¤MèëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
¶¤MèëÃKᘮˆ
Past Tense
¶¤MèEˆ˜
eΩumbi√ïë√
¶¤MèˆaY
eΩumbi√ïäy
¶¤Mèˆa˜
eΩumbi√ïä√
¶¤MèˆaÒ
eΩumbi√ïä¬
¶¤Mèˆ∆2
eΩumbi√ïathu
¶¤MèEˆaM
eΩumbi√ïöm
¶¤MèæR(kÒ) eΩumbi√ïïr(ga¬)
¶¤MèˆaR(kÒ) eΩumbi√ïär(ga¬)
¶¤Mèˆ1
eΩumbi√ïa
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
¶¤MèëÃNEt˜
eΩumbiy’irunthïë√
¶¤MèëÃNtaY
eΩumbiy’irunthïäy
¶¤MèëÃNta˜
eΩumbiy’irunthïä√
¶¤MèëÃNtaÒ
eΩumbiy’irunthïä¬
¶¤MèëÃNt∆
eΩumbiy’irunthïathu
¶¤MèëÃNEtaM
eΩumbiy’irunthïöm
¶¤MèëÃN≥R(kÒ)
eΩumbiy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
¶¤MèëÃNtaR(kÒ)
eΩumbiy’irunthïär(ga¬)
¶¤MèëÃNtˆ
eΩumbiy’irunthïa√a
I had awoken; I was awaking
you’d awoken; you were awaking
he’d awoken; he was awaking
she’d awoken; she was awaking
it had awoken; it was awaking
we’d awoken; we were awaking
you’d awoken; you were awaking
they’d awoken; they were awaking
they’d awoken; they were awaking
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
¶¤MèëÃPEp˜
eΩumbiy’iruppïë√
¶¤MèëÃPpaY
eΩumbiy’iruppïäy
¶¤MèëÃPpa˜
eΩumbiy’iruppïä√
¶¤MèëÃPpaÒ
eΩumbiy’iruppïä¬
¶¤MèëÃK¿M
eΩumbiy’irukkïum
¶¤MèëÃPEpaM
eΩumbiy’iruppïöm
¶¤MèëÃPµR(kÒ)
eΩumbiy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
¶¤MèëÃPpaR(kÒ)
eΩumbiy’iruppïär(ga¬)
¶¤MèëÃK¿M
eΩumbiy’irukkïum
I’ll ’ve awoken; I’ll be awaking
you’ll ’ve awoken; you’ll be awaking
he’ll ’ve awoken; he’ll be awaking
she’ll ’ve awoken; she’ll be awaking
it’ll have awoken; it’ll be awaking
we’ll ’ve awoken; we’ll be awaking
you’ll ’ve awoken; you’ll be awaking
they’ll ’ve awoken; they’ll be awaking
they’ll ’ve awoken; they’ll be awaking
Future Tense
¶¤M»Ev˜
¶¤M»vaY
¶¤M»va˜
¶¤M»vaÒ
¶¤M»M
¶¤M»EvaM
¶¤M»™R(kÒ)
¶¤M»vaR(kÒ)
¶¤M»M
I awoke
you awoke
he awoke
she awoke
it awoke
we awoke
you awoke
they awoke
they awoke
eΩumbuvïë√
I’ll awake
eΩumbuvïäy
you’ll awake
eΩumbuvïä√
he’ll awake
eΩumbuvïä¬
she’ll awake
eΩumbïum
it’ll awake
eΩumbuvïöm
we’ll awake
eΩumbuvïïr(ga¬) you’ll awake
eΩumbuvïär(ga¬) they’ll awake
eΩumbïum
they’ll awake
eΩumbiy’irukki∞ïë√
eΩumbiy’irukki∞ïäy
eΩumbiy’irukki∞ïä√
eΩumbiy’irukki∞ïä¬
eΩumbiy’irukki∞ïathu
eΩumbiy’irukki∞ïöm
eΩumbiy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
eΩumbiy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
eΩumbiy’irukki√∞ïa√a
I’ve awoken; I am awaking
you’ve awoken; you are awaking
he has awoken; he is awaking
she has awoken; she is awaking
it has awoken; it is awaking
we’ve awoken; we are awaking
you’ve awoken; you are awaking
they’ve awoken; they are awaking
they’ve awoken; they are awaking
¶¤M»tL eΩumbuthal
¶¤M»wk3 eΩumbugai
¶¤MpL eΩumbal
¶¤M»Œ eΩumbuvu
9
awaking (verbal noun)
awaking (v. noun)
awaking (verbal noun)
awaking (v. noun)
¶¤Mèˆ∆2 eΩumbi√’athu
¶¤M»á®∆ eΩumbugi∞’athu
¶¤M»v∆ eΩumbuv’athu
¶¤MèˆaL eΩumbi√äl
a (past) awaking (v. noun)
a (present) awaking (v. n.)
a (future) awaking (v. n.)
(I-they) awake/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
¶¤MpaEt eΩumbäthë
¶¤Mpa≥R(kÒ) eΩumbäthïr(ga¬) ¶¤Mpat eΩumbätha
¶¤Mpa∆ eΩumbäthu; ¶¤MpamL eΩumbämal
don’t (you) awake! (imperative) don’t awake! (imp. pl.)
non-awaking (neg. adj. part.)
without awaking (neg. participle)
¶¤MEp˜4 eΩumbë√
¶¤MpmaDEd˜ eΩumba-m䆆ë√ ¶¤Mpawm eΩumbämai; ¶¤Mpat∆ eΩumbäthathu
¶¤MpÉLwl eΩumbavillai
(I-they) didn’t awake (‘past’)
I won’t awake (tenseless)
I won’t awake (‘future’)
non-awakening (s.o.) (neg. verbal nouns)
¶¤Mèˆ∆2iLwl eΩumbi√athu illai ¶¤M»á®çLwl eΩumbugi∞ath’illai ¶¤M»v∆ iLwl eΩumbuvathu illai ¶¤MpaÉDdaL eΩumbävi††äl
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) awoken (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) awake (I-they) won’t (ever) awake
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t awake-if (cond.)
¶¤Mpatv˜ eΩumbäth’ava√, a man who did not awake, does not awake, or will not awake (this and all the following are participial nouns)
¶¤Mèˆv˜5 eΩumbi√’ava√, he who awoke; ¶¤P»á®v˜ eΩumbugi∞’ava√, he who awakes; ¶¤P»pv˜ eΩumbub’ava√, he who will awake
¶¤MpatvÒ eΩumbäth’ava¬, a woman who did not awake, does not awake, or will not awake
¶¤MèˆvÒ eΩumbi√’ava¬, she who awoke; ¶¤P»á®vÒ eΩumbugi∞’ava¬, she who awakes; ¶¤P»pvÒ eΩumbub’ava¬, she who will awake
¶¤Mpat∆ eΩumbäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not awake, does not awake, or will not awake
¶¤Mèˆ∆ eΩumbi√’athu, it which awoke; ¶¤P»á®∆ eΩumbugi∞’athu, it which awakes; ¶¤P»v∆ eΩumbuv’athu, it which will awake
¶¤MpatvR(kÒ) eΩumbäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not awake, do not awake, or will not awake
¶¤MèˆvR(kÒ) eΩumbi√’avar(ga¬), they who awoke; ¶¤P»á®vR(kÒ) eΩumbugi∞’avar(ga¬), °awake; ¶¤P»pvR(kÒ) eΩumbub’avar(ga¬), °will awake
¶¤Mpatwv(kÒ) eΩumbäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not awake, do not awake, or will not awake
¶¤Mèˆwv(kÒ) eΩumbi√’avai(ga¬), they who awoke; ¶¤P»á®wv(kÒ) eΩumbugi∞’avai(ga¬),°awake; ¶¤P»pwv(kÒ) eΩumbub’avai(ga¬),°will awake
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ¶¤Mpa∆ eΩumbäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ¶¤MpamL eΩumbämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
¶¤MpaçÃNEt˜
¶¤MpaçÃKáE®˜
¶¤MpaçÃPEp˜
¶¤MpaçÃNtaL
eΩumbäth’irunthë√
eΩumbäth’irukki∞ë√
eΩumbäth’iruppë√
eΩuppäth’irunthäl (conditional)
¶¤MpamL iÃKáE®˜
¶¤MpamL iÃPEp˜
¶¤MpamL iÃNtaL
¶¤MpamL iÃNEt˜
eΩumbämal irunthë√
eΩumbämal irukki∞ë√
eΩumbämal iruppë√
eΩumbämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t awoken (past perf.)
I haven’t awoken (pres. perf.)3
I won’t have awoke (f. perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t awoken-if
I wasn’t awaking
I am not awaking
I won’t be awaking
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t awaking-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t awake-if
_______________
1A
common alternate form is ¶¤Mèy eΩumbiya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is ¶¤Mèy∆ eΩumbiyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are ¶¤Mèyv˜ eΩumbiy’ava√, ¶¤MèyvÒ eΩumbiy’ava¬, etc.
AK¿ äkku (v.t.)
create (sth) (you)! (imperative)
AKáˆ1 äkki√a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) created (sth)
AK¿ıkÒ äkku≥ga¬
create (sth) (you)! (imper. pl.)
AK¿á® äkkugi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) creates (sth)
Present Tense
AK¿áE®˜
AK¿á®aY
AK¿á®a˜
AK¿á®aÒ
AK¿á®∆
AK¿áE®aM
AK¿áΩR(kÒ)
AK¿á®aR(kÒ)
AK¿á˜®ˆ
AKk äkka
AKá äkki
to create (sth) (infinitive)
(having) created (sth) (past participle)
AK¿M äkkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will create (sth)
10
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
äkkugi∞ïë√
äkkugi∞ïäy
äkkugi∞ïä√
äkkugi∞ïä¬
äkkugi∞ïathu
äkkugi∞ïöm
äkkugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
äkkugi∞ïär(ga¬)
äkkugi√∞ïa√a
I create (sth)
you create (sth)
he creates (sth)
she creates (sth)
it creates (sth)
we create (sth)
you create (sth)
they create (sth)
they create (sth)
AKáëÃKáE®˜
AKáëÃKá®aY
AKáëÃKá®a˜
AKáëÃKá®aÒ
AKáëÃKá®∆
AKáëÃKáE®aM
AKáëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
AKáëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
AKáëÃKᘮˆ
I had created; I was creating (sth)
you’d created; you were creating (sth)
he’d created; he was creating (sth)
she’d created; she was creating (sth)
it had created; it was creating (sth)
we’d created; we were creating (sth)
you’d created; you were creating (sth)
they’d created; they were creating (sth)
they’d created; they were creating (sth)
I’ll ’ve created; I’ll be creating (sth)
you’ll ’ve created; you’ll be creating (sth)
he’ll ’ve created; he’ll be creating (sth)
she’ll ’ve created; she’ll be creating (sth)
it’ll have created; it’ll be creating (sth)
we’ll ’ve created; we’ll be creating (sth)
you’ll ’ve created; you’ll be creating (sth)
they’ll ’ve created; they’ll be creating (sth)
they’ll ’ve created; they’ll be creating (sth)
äkkiy’irukki∞ïë√
äkkiy’irukki∞ïäy
äkkiy’irukki∞ïä√
äkkiy’irukki∞ïä¬
äkkiy’irukki∞ïathu
äkkiy’irukki∞ïöm
äkkiy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
äkkiy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
äkkiy’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
AKáEˆ˜
AKáˆaY
AKáˆa˜
AKáˆaÒ
AKáˆ∆2
AKáEˆaM
AKáæR(kÒ)
AKáˆaR(kÒ)
AKáˆ1
äkki√ïë√
äkki√ïäy
äkki√ïä√
äkki√ïä¬
äkki√ïathu
äkki√ïöm
äkki√ïïr(ga¬)
äkki√ïär(ga¬)
äkki√ïa
I created (sth)
you created (sth)
he created (sth)
she created (sth)
it created (sth)
we created (sth)
you created (sth)
they created (sth)
they created (sth)
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
AKáëÃNEt˜
äkkiy’irunthïë√
AKáëÃNtaY
äkkiy’irunthïäy
AKáëÃNta˜
äkkiy’irunthïä√
AKáëÃNtaÒ
äkkiy’irunthïä¬
AKáëÃNt∆
äkkiy’irunthïathu
AKáëÃNEtaM
äkkiy’irunthïöm
AKáëÃN≥R(kÒ)
äkkiy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
AKáëÃNtaR(kÒ)
äkkiy’irunthïär(ga¬)
AKáëÃNtˆ
äkkiy’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
AK¿Ev˜
AK¿vaY
AK¿va˜
AK¿vaÒ
AK¿M
AK¿EvaM
AK¿™R(kÒ)
AK¿vaR(kÒ)
AK¿M
äkkuvïë√
äkkuvïäy
äkkuvïä√
äkkuvïä¬
äkkïum
äkkuvïöm
äkkuvïïr(ga¬)
äkkuvïär(ga¬)
äkkïum
I’ll create (sth)
you’ll create (sth)
he’ll create (sth)
she’ll create (sth)
it’ll create (sth)
we’ll create (sth)
you’ll create (sth)
they’ll create (sth)
they’ll create (sth)
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
AKáëÃPEp˜
äkkiy’iruppïë√
AKáëÃPpaY
äkkiy’iruppïäy
AKáëÃPpa˜
äkkiy’iruppïä√
AKáëÃPpaÒ
äkkiy’iruppïä¬
AKáëÃK¿M
äkkiy’irukkïum
AKáëÃPEpaM
äkkiy’iruppïöm
AKáëÃPµR(kÒ)
äkkiy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
AKáëÃPpaR(kÒ)
äkkiy’iruppïär(ga¬)
AKáëÃK¿M
äkkiy’irukkïum
I’ve created; I’m creating (sth)
you’ve created; you are creating (sth)
he has created; he is creating (sth)
she has created; she is creating (sth)
it has created; it is creating (sth)
we’ve created; we are creating (sth)
you’ve created; you are creating (sth)
they’ve created; they are creating (sth)
they’ve created; they are creating (sth)
AK¿tL äkkuthal
AK¿wk3 äkkugai
AKkL äkkal
AK¿Œ äkkuvu
11
creating (sth) (verbal noun)
creating (sth) (v. noun)
creating (sth) (verbal noun)
creating (sth) (v. noun)
AKáˆ∆2 äkki√’athu
AK¿á®∆ äkkugi∞’athu
AK¿v∆ äkkuv’athu
AKáˆaL äkki√äl
a (past) creating (sth) (v. noun)
a (present) creating (sth) (v. n.)
a (future) creating (sth) (v. n.)
(I-they) create/s (sth)-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
AKkaEt äkkäthë
AKka≥R(kÒ) äkkäthïr(ga¬)
AKkat äkkätha
don’t (you) create (sth)! (imp.)
don’t create (sth)! (imp. pl.)
non-creating (sth) (neg. adj. part.)
AKkÉLwl äkkavillai
AKEk˜4 äkkë√
AKkmaDEd˜ äkka-m䆆ë√
(I-they) didn’t create (sth) (‘past’) I won’t create (sth) (tenseless)
I won’t create (sth) (‘future’)
AKáˆ∆2 iLwl äkki√athu illai AK¿á®çLwl äkkugi∞ath’illai AK¿v∆ iLwl äkkuvathu illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) created (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) create (I-they) won’t (ever) create (sth)
AKka∆ äkkäthu; AKkamL äkkämal
without creating (sth) (neg. participle)
AKkawm äkkämai; AKkat∆ äkkäthathu
non-creating (sth) (neg. verbal nouns)
AKkaÉDdaL äkkävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t create (sth)-if (condition.)
AKkatv˜ äkkäth’ava√, a man who did not create, does not create, or will not create (sth) (this and all the following are participial nouns)
AKáˆv˜5 äkki√’ava√, he who created; AK¿á®v˜ äkkugi∞’ava√, he who creates; AK¿pv˜ äkkub’ava√, he who will create (sth)
AKkatvÒ äkkäth’ava¬, a woman who did not create, does not create, or will not create (sth)
AKáˆvÒ äkki√’ava¬, she who created; AK¿á®vÒ äkkugi∞’ava¬, she who creates; AK¿pvÒ äkkub’ava¬, she who will create (sth)
AKkat∆ äkkäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not create, does not create, or will not create (sth)
AKáˆ∆ äkki√’athu, it which created; AK¿á®∆ äkkugi∞’athu, it which creates; AK¿v∆ äkkuv’athu, it which will create (sth)
AKkatvR(kÒ) äkkäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not create, do not create, or will not create (sth)
AKáˆvR(kÒ) äkki√’avar(ga¬), they who created; AK¿á®vR(kÒ) äkkugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who create; AK¿pvR(kÒ) äkkub’avar(ga¬), °will create (sth)
AKkatwv(kÒ) äkkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not create, do not create, or will not create (sth)
AKáˆwv(kÒ) äkki√’avai(ga¬), they who created; AK¿á®wv(kÒ) äkkugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who create; AK¿pwv(kÒ) äkkub’avai(ga¬), °will create (sth)
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle AKka∆ äkkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle AKkamL äkkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
AKkaçÃNEt˜
AKkaçÃKáE®˜
AKkaçÃPEp˜
AKkaçÃNtaL
äkkäth’irunthë√
äkkäth’irukki∞ë√
äkkäth’iruppë√
äkkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
AKkamL iÃNEt˜
AKkamL iÃKáE®˜
AKkamL iÃPEp˜
AKkamL iÃNtaL
äkkämal irunthë√
äkkämal irukki∞ë√ (pres. perf.)3 äkkämal iruppë√
(f. perf.)3 äkkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t created (sth) (past perf.) I haven’t created (sth) ↵
I won’t have created (sth) ↵
(I-they) hadn’t created (sth)-if
I wasn’t creating (sth)
I am not creating (sth)
I won’t be creating (sth)
(I-they) was/were not creating (sth)-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t create (sth)-if
_______________
1An
alternate form is AKáy äkkiya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is AKáy∆ äkkiyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are AKáyv˜ äkkiy’ava√, AKáyvÒ äkkiy’ava¬, etc.
A(¿) ä(gu) (v.i.)
become (you)! (imperative)
Aˆ1 ä√a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) became
A¿ıkÒ ägu≥ga¬
become (you)! (imper. pl.)
Aá® ägi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) becomes
Present Tense
AáE®˜
Aá®aY
Aá®a˜
Aá®aÒ
Aá®∆
AáE®aM
AáΩR(kÒ)
Aá®aR(kÒ)
Aᘮˆ
Ak äga
AY äy / Aá ägi
to become (infinitive)
(having) become (past participle)
A¿M ägum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will become
12
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
ägi∞ïë√
ägi∞ïäy
ägi∞ïä√
ägi∞ïä¬
ägi∞ïathu
ägi∞ïöm
ägi∞ïïr(ga¬)
ägi∞ïär(ga¬)
ägi√∞ïa√a
I become
you become
he becomes
she becomes
it becomes
we become
you become
they become
they become
AáëÃKáE®˜
AáëÃKá®aY
AáëÃKá®a˜
AáëÃKá®aÒ
AáëÃKá®∆
AáëÃKáE®aM
AáëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
AáëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
AáëÃKᘮˆ
I had become; I was becoming
you’d become; you were becoming
he’d become; he was becoming
she’d become; she was becoming
it had become; it was becoming
we’d become; we were becoming
you’d become; you were becoming
they’d become; they were becoming
they’d become; they were becoming
I’ll ’ve become; I’ll be becoming
you’ll ’ve become; you’ll be becoming
he’ll ’ve become; he’ll be becoming
she’ll ’ve become; she’ll be becoming
it’ll have become; it’ll be becoming
we’ll ’ve become; we’ll be becoming
you’ll ’ve become; you’ll be becoming
they’ll ’ve become; they’ll be becoming
they’ll ’ve become; they’ll be becoming
ägiy’irukki∞ïë√
ägiy’irukki∞ïäy
ägiy’irukki∞ïä√
ägiy’irukki∞ïä¬
ägiy’irukki∞ïathu
ägiy’irukki∞ïöm
ägiy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
ägiy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
ägiy’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
AEˆ˜
AˆaY
Aˆa˜
AˆaÒ
Aˆ∆2
AEˆaM
AæR(kÒ)
AˆaR(kÒ)
Aˆ1
ä√ïë√
ä√ïäy
ä√ïä√
ä√ïä¬
ä√ïathu
ä√ïöm
ä√ïïr(ga¬)
ä√ïär(ga¬)
ä√ïa
I became
you became
he became
she became
it became
we became
you became
they became
they became
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
AáëÃNEt˜
ägiy’irunthïë√
AáëÃNtaY
ägiy’irunthïäy
AáëÃNta˜
ägiy’irunthïä√
AáëÃNtaÒ
ägiy’irunthïä¬
AáëÃNt∆
ägiy’irunthïathu
AáëÃNEtaM
ägiy’irunthïöm
AáëÃN≥R(kÒ)
ägiy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
AáëÃNtaR(kÒ)
ägiy’irunthïär(ga¬)
AáëÃNtˆ
ägiy’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
AEv˜
AvaY
Ava˜
AvaÒ
A¿M
AEvaM
A™R(kÒ)
AvaR(kÒ)
A¿M
ävïë√
ävïäy
ävïä√
ävïä¬
ägïum
ävïöm
ävïïr(ga¬)
ävïär(ga¬)
ägïum
I’ll become
you’ll become
he’ll become
she’ll become
it’ll become
we’ll become
you’ll become
they’ll become
they’ll become
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
AáëÃPEp˜
ägiy’iruppïë√
AáëÃPpaY
ägiy’iruppïäy
AáëÃPpa˜
ägiy’iruppïä√
AáëÃPpaÒ
ägiy’iruppïä¬
AáëÃK¿M
ägiy’irukkïum
AáëÃPEpaM
ägiy’iruppïöm
AáëÃPµR(kÒ)
ägiy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
AáëÃPpaR(kÒ)
ägiy’iruppïär(ga¬)
AáëÃK¿M
ägiy’irukkïum
I’ve become; I’m becoming
you’ve become; you are becoming
he has become; he is becoming
she has become; she is becoming
it has become; it is becoming
we’ve become; we are becoming
you’ve become; you are becoming
they’ve become; they are becoming
they’ve become; they are becoming
AtL äthal /A¿tL äguthal
Awk ägai
AkL ägal
A¿Œ3 äguvu
13
becoming (verbal noun)
becoming (v. noun)
becoming (verbal noun)
becoming (v. noun)
Aáˆ∆2 ägi√’athu
Aá®∆ ägi∞’athu
Av∆ äv’athu
AˆaL ä√äl / AáL ägil
a (past) becoming (v. noun)
a (present) becoming (v. n.)
a (future) becoming (v. n.)
(I-they) become/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
AkaEt ägäthë
Aka≥R(kÒ) ägäthïr(ga¬)
Akat ägätha
don’t (you) become! (imp.)
don’t become! (imp. pl.)
non-become (neg. adj. part.)
AkÉLwl ägavillai
AEk˜4 ägë√
AkmaDEd˜ äga-m䆆ë√
(I-they) didn’t become (‘past’)
I won’t become (tenseless)
I won’t become (‘future’)
Aˆ∆2 iLwl ä√athu illai
Aá®çLwl ägi∞ath’illai
Av∆ iLwl ävathu illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) become (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) become (I-they) won’t (ever) become
Aka∆ ägäthu; AkamL ägämal
without becoming (neg. participle)
Akawm ägämai; Akat∆ ägäthathu
non-becoming (neg. verbal nouns)
AkaÉDdaL ägävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t become-if (condition.)
Akatv˜ ägäth’ava√, a man who did not become, does not become, or will not become (this and all the following are participial nouns)
Aˆv˜5 ä√’ava√, he who became; Aá®v˜ ägi∞’ava√, he who becomes; Apv˜ äb’ava√, he who will become
AkatvÒ ägäth’ava¬, a woman who did not become, does not become, or will not become
AˆvÒ ä√’ava¬, she who became; Aá®vÒ ägi∞’ava¬, she who becomes; ApvÒ äb’ava¬, she who will become
Akat∆ ägäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not become, does not become, or will not become
Aˆ∆ ä√’athu, it which became; Aá®∆ ägi∞’athu, it which becomes; Av∆ äv’athu, it which will become
AkatvR(kÒ) ägäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not become, do not become, or will not become
AˆvR(kÒ) ä√’avar(ga¬), they who became; Aá®vR(kÒ) ägi∞’avar(ga¬), they who become; ApvR(kÒ) äb’avar(ga¬), they who will become
Akatwv(kÒ) ägäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not become, do not become, or will not become
Aˆwv(kÒ) ä√’avai(ga¬), they who became; Aá®wv(kÒ) ägi∞’avai(ga¬), they who become; Apwv(kÒ) äb’avai(ga¬), they who will become
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle Aka∆ ägäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle AkamL ägämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
AkaçÃNEt˜
AkaçÃKáE®˜
AkaçÃPEp˜
AkaçÃNtaL
ägäth’irunthë√
ägäth’irukki∞ë√
ägäth’iruppë√
ägäth’irunthäl (conditional)
AkamL iÃNEt˜
AkamL iÃKáE®˜
AkamL iÃPEp˜
AkamL iÃNtaL
ägämal irunthë√
ägämal irukki∞ë√
ägämal iruppë√
ägämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t become (past perf.)
I haven’t become (pres. perf.)3
I won’t have become (f. perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t become-if
I wasn’t becoming
I am not becoming
I won’t be becoming
(I-they) was/were not becoming-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t become-if
_______________
1Alternate
3Not
forms are Aáy ägiya and Aëˆ äyi√a.
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is A뉛 äyi∞∞u.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are Aáyv˜ ägiy’ava√, AáyvÒ ägiy’ava¬, etc.
´ma‰› ëmä∞∞u (v.t.)
cheat (you)! (imperative)
´ma‰›ıkÒ ëmä∞∞u≥ga¬
cheat (you)! (imper. pl.)
´ma‰® ëmä∞∞a
to cheat (infinitive)
´ma‰ó ëmä∞∞i
(having) cheated (past participle)
14
´ma‰óˆ1 ëmä∞∞i√a (past adj. p.) ´ma‰›á® ëmä∞∞ugi∞a (pres. adj. p.) ´ma‰›M ëmä∞∞um (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) cheated
(who, which) cheats
(who, which) will cheat
Present Tense
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
´ma‰›áE®˜ ëmä∞∞ugi∞ïë√
I cheat
´ma‰›á®aY ëmä∞∞ugi∞ïäy
you cheat
´ma‰›á®a˜ ëmä∞∞ugi∞ïä√
he cheats
´ma‰›á®aÒ ëmä∞∞ugi∞ïä¬
she cheats
´ma‰›á®∆
ëmä∞∞ugi∞ïathu it cheats
´ma‰›áE®aM ëmä∞∞ugi∞ïöm we cheat
´ma‰›áΩR(kÒ) ëmä∞∞ugi∞ïïr(ga¬) you cheat
´ma‰›á®aR(kÒ) ëmä∞∞ugi∞ïär(ga¬) they cheat
´ma‰›á˜®ˆ ëmä∞∞ugi√∞ïa√a they cheat
´ma‰óëÃKáE®˜
´ma‰óëÃKá®aY
´ma‰óëÃKá®a˜
´ma‰óëÃKá®aÒ
´ma‰óëÃKá®∆
´ma‰óëÃKáE®aM
´ma‰óëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
´ma‰óëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
´ma‰óëÃKᘮˆ
Past Tense
´ma‰óEˆ˜
ëmä∞∞i√ïë√
´ma‰óˆaY
ëmä∞∞i√ïäy
´ma‰óˆa˜
ëmä∞∞i√ïä√
´ma‰óˆaÒ
ëmä∞∞i√ïä¬
´ma‰óˆ∆2
ëmä∞∞i√ïathu
´ma‰óEˆaM ëmä∞∞i√ïöm
´ma‰óæR(kÒ) ëmä∞∞i√ïïr(ga¬)
´ma‰óˆaR(kÒ) ëmä∞∞i√ïär(ga¬)
´ma‰óˆ1
ëmä∞∞i√ïa
I cheated
you cheated
he cheated
she cheated
it cheated
we cheated
you cheated
they cheated
they cheated
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
´ma‰óëÃNEt˜
ëmä∞∞iy’irunthïë√
´ma‰óëÃNtaY
ëmä∞∞iy’irunthïäy
´ma‰óëÃNta˜
ëmä∞∞iy’irunthïä√
´ma‰óëÃNtaÒ
ëmä∞∞iy’irunthïä¬
´ma‰óëÃNt∆
ëmä∞∞iy’irunthïathu
´ma‰óëÃNEtaM
ëmä∞∞iy’irunthïöm
´ma‰óëÃN≥R(kÒ)
ëmä∞∞iy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
´ma‰óëÃNtaR(kÒ)
ëmä∞∞iy’irunthïär(ga¬)
´ma‰óëÃNtˆ
ëmä∞∞iy’irunthïa√a
I had cheated; I was cheating
you’d cheated; you were cheating
he’d cheated; he was cheating
she’d cheated; she was cheating
it had cheated; it was cheating
we’d cheated; we were cheating
you’d cheated; you were cheating
they’d cheated; they were cheating
they’d cheated; they were cheating
I’ll cheat
you’ll cheat
he’ll cheat
she’ll cheat
it’ll cheat
we’ll cheat
you’ll cheat
they’ll cheat
they’ll cheat
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
´ma‰óëÃPEp˜
ëmä∞∞iy’iruppïë√
´ma‰óëÃPpaY
ëmä∞∞iy’iruppïäy
´ma‰óëÃPpa˜
ëmä∞∞iy’iruppïä√
´ma‰óëÃPpaÒ
ëmä∞∞iy’iruppïä¬
´ma‰óëÃK¿M
ëmä∞∞iy’irukkïum
´ma‰óÃPEpaM
ëmä∞∞iy’iruppïöm
´ma‰óëÃPµR(kÒ)
ëmä∞∞iy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
´ma‰óëÃPpaR(kÒ)
ëmä∞∞iy’iruppïär(ga¬)
´ma‰óëÃK¿M
ëmä∞∞iy’irukkïum
I’ll ’ve cheated; I’ll be cheating
you’ll ’ve cheated; you’ll be cheating
he’ll ’ve cheated; he’ll be cheating
she’ll ’ve cheated; she’ll be cheating
it’ll have cheated; it’ll be cheating
we’ll ’ve cheated; we’ll be cheating
you’ll ’ve cheated; you’ll be cheating
they’ll ’ve cheated; they’ll be cheating
they’ll ’ve cheated; they’ll be cheating
Future Tense
´ma‰›Ev˜
ëmä∞∞uvïë√
´ma‰›vaY
ëmä∞∞uvïäy
´ma‰›va˜
ëmä∞∞uvïä√
´ma‰›vaÒ
ëmä∞∞uvïä¬
´ma‰›M
ëmä∞∞ïum
´ma‰›EvaM ëmä∞∞uvïöm
´ma‰›™R(kÒ) ëmä∞∞uvïïr(ga¬)
´ma‰›vaR(kÒ) ëmä∞∞uvïär(ga¬)
´ma‰›M
ëmä∞∞ïum
ëmä∞∞iy’irukki∞ïë√
ëmä∞∞iy’irukki∞ïäy
ëmä∞∞iy’irukki∞ïä√
ëmä∞∞iy’irukki∞ïä¬
ëmä∞∞iy’irukki∞ïathu
ëmä∞∞iy’irukki∞ïöm
ëmä∞∞iy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
ëmä∞∞iy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
ëmä∞∞iy’irukki√∞ïa√a
I’ve cheated; I am cheating
you’ve cheated; you are cheating
he has cheated; he is cheating
she has cheated; she is cheating
it has cheated; it is cheating
we’ve cheated; we are cheating
you’ve cheated; you are cheating
they’ve cheated; they are cheating
they’ve cheated; they are cheating
´ma‰›tL ëmä∞∞uthal
´ma‰›wk3 ëmä∞∞ugai
´ma‰®L ëmä∞∞al
´ma‰›Œ ëmä∞∞uvu
15
cheating (verbal noun)
cheating (v. noun)
cheating (verbal noun)
cheating (v. noun)
´ma‰óˆ∆2 ëmä∞∞i√’athu
´ma‰›á®∆ ëmä∞∞ugi∞’athu
´ma‰›v∆ ëmä∞∞uv’athu
´ma‰óˆaL ëmä∞∞i√äl
a (past) cheating (v. noun)
a (present) cheating (v. n.)
a (future) cheating (v. n.)
(I-they) cheat/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
´ma‰®aEt ëmä∞∞äthë
´ma‰®a≥R(kÒ) ëmä∞∞äthïr(ga¬) ´ma‰®at ëmä∞∞ätha
´ma‰®a∆ ëmä∞∞äthu; ´ma‰®amL ëmä∞∞ämal
don’t (you) cheat! (imp.)
don’t cheat! (imp. pl.)
non-cheating (neg. adj. part.)
without cheating (neg. participle)
´ma‰®ÉLwl ëmä∞∞avillai
´ma‰E®˜4 ëmä∞∞ë√
´ma‰®maDEd˜ ëmä∞∞a-m䆆ë√ ´ma‰®awm ëmä∞∞ämai; ´ma‰®at∆ ëmä∞∞äthathu
(I-they) didn’t cheat (‘past’)
I won’t cheat (tenseless)
I won’t cheat (‘future’)
non-cheating (neg. verbal nouns)
´ma‰óˆ∆2iLwl ëmä∞∞i√athu illai ´ma‰›á®çLwl ëmä∞∞ugi∞ath’illai ´ma‰›v∆ iLwl ëmä∞∞uvathu illai ´ma‰®aÉDdaL ëmä∞∞ävi††äl
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) cheated (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) cheat
(I-they) won’t (ever) cheat
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t cheat-if (condition.)
´ma‰®atv˜ ëmä∞∞äth’ava√, a man who did not cheat, does not cheat, or will not cheat (this and all the following are participial nouns)
´ma‰óˆv˜5 ëmä∞∞i√’ava√, he who cheated; ´ma‰›á®v˜ ëmä∞∞ugi∞’ava√, he who cheats; ´ma‰›pv˜ ëmä∞∞ub’ava√, he who will cheat
´ma‰®atvÒ ëmä∞∞äth’ava¬, a woman who did not cheat, does not cheat, or will not cheat
´ma‰óˆvÒ ëmä∞∞i√’ava¬, she who cheated; ´ma‰›á®vÒ ëmä∞∞ugi∞’ava¬, she who cheats; ´ma‰›pvÒ ëmä∞∞ub’ava¬, she who will cheat
´ma‰®at∆ ëmä∞∞äth’athu, an animal or thing which did not cheat, does not cheat, or will not cheat
´ma‰óˆ∆ ëmä∞∞i√’athu, it which cheated; ´ma‰›á®∆ ëmä∞∞ugi∞’athu, it which cheats; ´ma‰›v∆ ëmä∞∞uv’athu, it which will cheat
´ma‰®atvR(kÒ) ëmä∞∞äth’avar(ga¬), people who did not cheat, do not cheat, or will not cheat
´ma‰óˆvR(kÒ) ëmä∞∞i√’avar(ga¬), they who cheated; ´ma‰›á®vR(kÒ) ëmä∞∞ugi∞’avar(ga¬), °cheat; ´ma‰›pvR(kÒ) ëmä∞∞ub’avar(ga¬), °will cheat
´ma‰®atwv(kÒ) ëmä∞∞äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not cheat, do not cheat, or will not cheat
´ma‰óˆwv(kÒ) ëmä∞∞i√’avai(ga¬), they who cheated; ´ma‰›á®wv(kÒ) ëmä∞∞ugi∞’avai(ga¬), °cheat; ´ma‰›pwv(kÒ) ëmä∞∞ub’avai(ga¬), °will cheat
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ´ma‰®a∆ ëmä∞∞äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ´ma‰®amL ëmä∞∞ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
´ma‰®açÃNEt˜
´ma‰®açÃKáE®˜
´ma‰®açÃPEp˜
´ma‰®açÃNtaL
ëmä∞∞äth’irunthë√
ëmä∞∞äth’irukki∞ë√
ëmä∞∞äth’iruppë√
ëmä∞∞äth’irunthäl (conditional)
´ma‰®amL iÃNEt˜
´ma‰®amL iÃKáE®˜
´ma‰®amL iÃPEp˜
´ma‰®amL iÃNtaL
ëmä∞∞ämal irunthë√
ëmä∞∞ämal irukki∞ë√
ëmä∞∞ämal iruppë√
ëmä∞∞ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t cheated (past perf.)
I haven’t cheated (pres. perf.)3
I won’t have cheated (f. perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t cheated-if
I wasn’t cheating
I am not cheating
I won’t be cheating
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t cheating-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t cheat-if
_______________
1An
alternate form is ´ma‰óy ëmä∞∞iya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is ´ma‰óy∆ ëmä∞∞iyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are ´ma‰óyv˜ ëmä∞∞iy’ava√, ´ma‰óyvÒ ëmä∞∞iy’ava¬, etc.
´ma› ëmä∞u (v.i.)
be cheated (you)! (imperative s.)
´ma›ıkÒ ëmä∞u≥ga¬
´ma® ëmä∞a
´ma‰ó ëmä∞i
be cheated (you)! (imperative pl.) to be cheated (infinitive) (having) been cheated (past participle)
´maóˆ1 ëmä∞i√a (past adj. p.)
´ma›á® ëmä∞ugi∞a (pres. adj. p.) ´ma›M ëmä∞um (future adjectival participle)°
(who, which) was cheated
(who, which) is cheated
16
(who, which) will be cheated
Present Tense
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
´ma›áE®˜
ëmä∞ugi∞ïë√
I’m cheated
´ma›á®aY
ëmä∞ugi∞ïäy
you are cheated
´ma›á®a˜
ëmä∞ugi∞ïä√
he is cheated
´ma›á®aÒ
ëmä∞ugi∞ïä¬
she is cheated
´ma›á®∆
ëmä∞ugi∞ïathu it is cheated
´ma›áE®aM ëmä∞ugi∞ïöm
we are cheated
´ma›áΩR(kÒ) ëmä∞ugi∞ïïr(ga¬) you are cheated
´ma›á®aR(kÒ) ëmä∞ugi∞ïär(ga¬) they are cheated
´ma›á˜®ˆ ëmä∞ugi√∞ïa√a they are cheated
´maóëÃKáE®˜
´maóëÃKá®aY
´maóëÃKá®a˜
´maóëÃKá®aÒ
´maóëÃKá®∆
´maóëÃKáE®aM
´maóëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
´maóëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
´maóëÃKᘮˆ
Past Tense
´maóEˆ˜
´maóˆaY
´maóˆa˜
´maóˆaÒ
´maóˆ∆2
´maóEˆaM
´maóæR(kÒ)
´maóˆaR(kÒ)
´maóˆ1
I was cheated
you were cheated
he was cheated
she was cheated
it was cheated
we were cheated
you were cheated
they were cheated
they were cheated
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
´maóëÃNEt˜
ëmä∞iy’irunthïë√
´maóëÃNtaY
ëmä∞iy’irunthïäy
´maóëÃNta˜
ëmä∞iy’irunthïä√
´maóëÃNtaÒ
ëmä∞iy’irunthïä¬
´maóëÃNt∆
ëmä∞iy’irunthïathu
´maóëÃNEtaM
ëmä∞iy’irunthïöm
´maóëÃN≥R(kÒ)
ëmä∞iy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
´maóëÃNtaR(kÒ)
ëmä∞iy’irunthïär(ga¬)
´maóëÃNtˆ
ëmä∞iy’irunthïa√a
I had been cheated; I was being cheated
you’d been cheated; °were being cheated
he’d been cheated; °was being cheated
she’d been cheated; °was being cheated
it had been cheated; °was being cheated
we’d been cheated; we were being cheated
you’d been cheated; °were being cheated
they’d been cheated; °were being cheated
they’d been cheated; °were being cheated
I’ll be cheated
you’ll be cheated
he’ll be cheated
she’ll be cheated
it’ll be cheated
we’ll be cheated
you’ll be cheated
they’ll be cheated
they’ll be cheated
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
´maóëÃPEp˜
ëmä∞iy’iruppïë√
´maóëÃPpaY
ëmä∞iy’iruppïäy
´maóëÃPpa˜
ëmä∞iy’iruppïä√
´maóëÃPpaÒ
ëmä∞iy’iruppïä¬
´maóëÃK¿M
ëmä∞iy’irukkïum
´maóëÃPEpaM
ëmä∞iy’iruppïöm
´maóëÃPµR(kÒ)
ëmä∞iy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
´maóëÃPpaR(kÒ)
ëmä∞iy’iruppïär(ga¬)
´maóëÃK¿M
ëmä∞iy’irukkïum
I’ll ’ve been cheated; I’ll be being cheated
you’ll ’ve been cheated; °be being cheated
he’ll ’ve been cheated; °be being cheated
she’ll ’ve been cheated; °be being cheated
it’ll have been cheated; °be being cheated
we’ll ’ve been cheated; °be being cheated
you’ll ’ve been cheated; °be being cheated
they’ll ’ve been cheated; °be being cheated
they’ll ’ve been cheated; °be being cheated
Future Tense
´ma›Ev˜
´ma›vaY
´ma›va˜
´ma›vaÒ
´ma›M
´ma›EvaM
´ma›™R(kÒ)
´ma›vaR(kÒ)
´ma›M
ëmä∞i√ïë√
ëmä∞i√ïäy
ëmä∞i√ïä√
ëmä∞i√ïä¬
ëmä∞i√ïathu
ëmä∞i√ïöm
ëmä∞i√ïïr(ga¬)
ëmä∞i√ïär(ga¬)
ëmä∞i√ïa
ëmä∞uvïë√
ëmä∞uvïäy
ëmä∞uvïä√
ëmä∞uvïä¬
ëmä∞ïum
ëmä∞uvïöm
ëmä∞uvïïr(ga¬)
ëmä∞uvïär(ga¬)
ëmä∞ïum
ëmä∞iy’irukki∞ïë√
ëmä∞iy’irukki∞ïäy
ëmä∞iy’irukki∞ïä√
ëmä∞iy’irukki∞ïä¬
ëmä∞iy’irukki∞ïathu
ëmä∞iy’irukki∞ïöm
ëmä∞iy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
ëmä∞iy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
ëmä∞iy’irukki√∞ïa√a
I’ve been cheated; I am being cheated
you’ve been cheated; °are being cheated
he has been cheated; he is being cheated
she has been cheated; she is being cheated
it has been cheated; it is being cheated
we’ve been cheated; we are being cheated
you’ve been cheated; °are being cheated
they’ve been cheated; °are being cheated
they’ve been cheated; °are being cheated
´ma›tL ëmä∞uthal
´ma›wk3 ëmä∞ugai
´ma®L ëmä∞al
´ma›Œ ëmä∞uvu
17
being cheated (verbal noun)
being cheated (v. noun)
being cheated (verbal noun)
being cheated (v. noun)
´maóˆ∆2 ëmä∞i√’athu
´ma›á®∆ ëmä∞ugi∞’athu
´ma›v∆ ëmä∞uv’athu
´maóˆaL ëmä∞i√äl
a (past) being cheated (v. noun)
a (present) being cheated (v. n.) a (future) being cheated (v. n.)
(I-they) am/are cheated-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
´ma®aEt ëmä∞äthë
´ma®a≥R(kÒ) ëmä∞äthïr(ga¬)
´ma®at ëmä∞ätha
´ma®a∆ ëmä∞äthu; ´ma®amL ëmä∞ämal
don’t (you) be cheated! (imper. s.) don’t (you) be cheated! (imp. pl.) non-being cheated (neg. adj. part.) without being cheated (neg. participle)
´ma®ÉLwl ëmä∞avillai
´maE®˜4 ëmä∞ë√
´ma®maDEd˜ ëmä∞a-m䆆ë√
´ma®awm ëmä∞ämai; ´ma®at∆ ëmä∞äthathu
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t cheated
I won’t be cheated (tenseless)
I won’t be cheated (‘future’)
non-being-cheated (neg. verbal nouns)
2
´maóˆ∆ iLwl ëmä∞i√athu illai ´ma›á®çLwl ëmä∞ugi∞ath’illai ´ma›v∆ iLwl ëmä∞uvathu illai ´ma®aÉDdaL ëmä∞ävi††äl
(I-they) was/were never cheated
(I-they) am/are/is never cheated
(I-they) won’t (ever) be cheated
(I-they) am/are/is not cheated-if (condition.)
´ma®atv˜ ëmä∞äth’ava√, a man who wasn’t cheated, isn’t cheated, or won’t be cheated (this and all the following are participial nouns)
´maóˆv˜5 ëmä∞i√’ava√, he who was cheated; ´ma›á®v˜ ëmä∞ugi∞’ava√, he who is cheated; ´ma›pv˜ ëmä∞ub’ava√, he who will be cheated
´ma®atvÒ ëmä∞äth’ava¬, a woman who wasn’t cheated, isn’t cheated, or won’t be cheated
´maóˆvÒ ëmä∞i√’ava¬, she who was cheated; ´ma›á®vÒ ëmä∞ugi∞’ava¬, she who is cheated; ´ma›pvÒ ëmä∞ub’ava¬, she who will be cheated
´ma®at∆ ëmä∞äth’athu, an animal or thing which wasn’t cheated, isn’t cheated, or won’t be cheated
´maóˆ∆ ëmä∞i√’athu, it which was cheated; ´ma›á®∆ ëmä∞ugi∞’athu, it which is cheated; ´ma›v∆ ëmä∞uv’athu, it which will be cheated
´ma®atvR(kÒ) ëmä∞äth’avar(ga¬), people who weren’t cheated, aren’t cheated, or won’t be cheated
´maóˆvR(kÒ) ëmä∞i√’avar(ga¬), they who were cheated; ´ma›á®vR(kÒ) ëmä∞ugi∞’avar(ga¬), °are cheated: ´ma›pvR(kÒ) ëmä∞ub’avar(ga¬), °will be
´ma®atwv(kÒ) ëmä∞äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which weren’t cheated, aren’t cheated, or won’t be cheated
´maóˆwv(kÒ) ëmä∞i√’avai(ga¬), they who were cheated; ´ma›á®wv(kÒ) ëmä∞ugi∞’avai(ga¬), °are cheated; ´ma›pwv(kÒ) ëmä∞ub’avai(ga¬), °will be
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ´ma®a∆ ëmä∞äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ´ma®amL ëmä∞ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
´ma®açÃNEt˜
´ma®açÃKáE®˜
´ma®açÃPEp˜
´ma®açÃNtaL
ëmä∞äth’irunthë√
ëmä∞äth’irukki∞ë√
ëmä∞äth’iruppë√
ëmä∞äth’irunthäl (conditional)
´ma®amL iÃNEt˜
´ma®amL iÃKáE®˜
´ma®amL iÃPEp˜
´ma®amL iÃNtaL
ëmä∞ämal irunthë√
ëmä∞ämal irukki∞ë√ (pres. perf.)3 ëmä∞ämal iruppë√
(f. perf.)3 ëmä∞ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t been cheated (past perf.) I haven’t been cheated ↵
I won’t have been cheated ↵
(I-they) hadn’t been cheated-if
I wasn’t being cheated
I am not being cheated
I won’t be being cheated
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t being cheated-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) am not/aren’t cheated-if
_______________
2A common alternate form is ´maóy∆ ëmä∞iyathu.
alternate form is ´maóy ëmä∞iya.
3Not in common use today.
4See footnote 4 on page 3..
5Common alternate forms are ´maóyv˜ ëmä∞iy’ava√, ´maóyvÒ ëmä∞iy’ava¬, etc.
1An
ODƒ ö††u (v.t.)
drive (you)! (imperative)
ODãˆ1 ö††i√a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) drove
ODƒıkÒ ö††u≥ga¬
drive (you)! (imper. pl.)
ODƒá® ö††ugi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) drives
Present Tense
ODƒáE®˜
ODƒá®aY
ODƒá®a˜
ODƒá®aÒ
ODƒá®∆
ODƒáE®aM
ODƒáΩR(kÒ)
ODƒá®aR(kÒ)
ODƒá˜®ˆ
ODd ö††a
ODã ö††i
to drive (infinitive)
(having) driven (past participle)
ODƒM ö††um (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will drive
18
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
ö††ugi∞ïë√
ö††ugi∞ïäy
ö††ugi∞ïä√
ö††ugi∞ïä¬
ö††ugi∞ïathu
ö††ugi∞ïöm
ö††ugirïïr(ga¬)
ö††ugi∞ïär(ga¬)
ö††ugi√∞ïa√a
I drive
you drive
he drives
she drives
it drives
we drive
you drive
they drive
they drive
ODãëÃKáE®˜
ODãëÃKá®aY
ODãëÃKá®a˜
ODãëÃKá®aÒ
ODãëÃKá®∆
ODãëÃKáE®aM
ODãëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
ODãëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
ODãëÃKᘮˆ
I had driven; I was driving
you had driven; you were driving
he had driven; he was driving
she had driven; she was driving
it had driven; it was driving
we had driven; we were driving
you had driven; you were driving
they had driven; they were driving
they had driven; they were driving
I’ll have driven; I’ll be driving
you’ll have driven; you’ll be driving
he’ll have driven; he’ll be driving
she’ll have driven; she’ll be driving
it’ll have driven; it’ll be driving
we’ll have driven; we’ll be driving
you’ll have driven; you’ll be driving
they’ll have driven; they’ll be driving
they’ll have driven; they’ll be driving
ö††iy’irukki∞ïë√
ö††iy’irukki∞ïäy
ö††iy’irukki∞ïä√
ö††iy’irukki∞ïä¬
ö††iy’irukki∞ïathu
ö††iy’irukki∞ïöm
ö††iy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
ö††iy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
ö††iy’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
ODãEˆ˜
ODãˆaY
ODãˆa˜
ODãˆaÒ
ODãˆ∆2
ODãEˆaM
ODãæR(kÒ)
ODãˆaR(kÒ)
ODãˆ1
ö††i√ïë√
ö††i√ïäy
ö††i√ïä√
ö††i√ïä¬
ö††i√ïathu
ö††i√ïöm
ö††i√ïïr(ga¬)
ö††i√ïär(ga¬)
ö††i√ïa
I drove
you drove
he drove
she drove
it drove
we drove
you drove
they drove
they drove
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
ODãëÃNEt˜
ö††iy’irunthïë√
ODãëÃNtaY
ö††iy’irunthïäy
ODãëÃNta˜
ö††iy’irunthïä√
ODãëÃNtaÒ
ö††iy’irunthïä¬
ODãëÃNt∆
ö††iy’irunthïathu
ODãëÃNEtaM
ö††iy’irunthïöm
ODãëÃN≥R(kÒ)
ö††iy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
ODãëÃNtaR(kÒ)
ö††iy’irunthïär(ga¬)
ODãëÃNtˆ
ö††iy’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
ODƒEv˜
ODƒvaY
ODƒva˜
ODƒvaÒ
ODƒM
ODƒEvaM
ODƒ™R(kÒ)
ODƒvaR(kÒ)
ODƒM
ö††uvïë√
ö††uvïäy
ö††uvïä√
ö††uvïä¬
ö††ïum
ö††uvïöm
ö††uvïïr(ga¬)
ö††uvïär(ga¬)
ö††ïum
I’ll drive
you’ll drive
he’ll drive
she’ll drive
it’ll drive
we’ll drive
you’ll drive
they’ll drive
they’ll drive
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
ODãëÃPEp˜
ö††iy’iruppïë√
ODãëÃPpaY
ö††iy’iruppïäy
ODãëÃPpa˜
ö††iy’iruppïä√
ODãëÃPpaÒ
ö††iy’iruppïä¬
ODãëÃK¿M
ö††iy’irukkïum
ODãëÃPEpaM
ö††iy’iruppïöm
ODãëÃPµR(kÒ)
ö††iy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
ODãëÃPpaR(kÒ)
ö††iy’iruppïär(ga¬)
ODãëÃK¿M
ö††iy’irukkïum
I have driven; I am driving
you have driven; you are driving
he has driven; he is driving
she has driven; she is driving
it has driven; it is driving
we have driven; we are driving
you have driven; you are driving
they have driven; they are driving
they have driven; they are driving
ODƒtL ö††uthal
ODƒwk3 ö††ugai
ODdL ö††al
ODƒŒ ö††uvu
19
driving (verbal noun)
driving (v. noun)
driving (verbal noun)
driving (v. noun)
ODãˆ∆2 ö††i√’athu
ODƒá®∆ ö††ugi∞’athu
ODƒv∆ ö††uv’athu
ODãˆaL ö††i√äl
a (past) driving (v. noun)
a (present) driving (v. n.)
a (future) driving (v. n.)
(I-they) drive/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
ODdaEt ö††äthë
ODda≥R(kÒ) ö††äthïr(ga¬)
ODdat ö††ätha
ODda∆ ö††äthu; ODdamL ö††ämal
don’t (you) drive! (imperative s.) don’t (you) drive! (imp. pl.)
non-driving (neg. adj. part.)
without driveing (neg. participle)
ODdÉLwl ö††avillai
ODEd˜4 ö††ë√
ODdmaDEd˜ ö††a-m䆆ë√
ODdawm ö††ämai; ODdat∆ ö††äthathu
(I-they) didn’t drive (‘past’)
I won’t drive (tenseless)
I won’t drive (‘future’)
non-driving (neg. verbal nouns)
ODãˆ∆2 iLwl ö††i√athu illai
ODƒá®çLwl ö††ugi∞ath’illai
ODƒv∆ iLwl ö††uvathu illai ODdaÉDdaL ö††ävi††äl
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) driven (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) drive (I-they) won’t (ever) drive
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t drive-if (conditional)
ODdatv˜ ö††äth’ava√, a man who did not drive, does not drive, or will not drive (this and all the following are participial nouns)
ODãˆv˜5 ö††i√’ava√, he who drove; ODƒá®v˜ ö††ugi∞’ava√, he who drives; ODƒpv˜ ö††ub’ava√, he who will drive
ODdatvÒ ö††äth’ava¬, a woman who did not drive, does not drive, or will not drive
ODãˆvÒ ö††i√’ava¬, she who drove; ODƒá®vÒ ö††ugi∞’ava¬, she who drives; ODƒpvÒ ö††ub’ava¬, she who will drive
ODdat∆ ö††äth’athu, an animal or thing which did not drive, does not drive, or will not drive
ODãˆ∆ ö††i√’athu, it which drove; ODƒá®∆ ö††ugi∞’athu, it which drives; ODƒv∆ ö††uv’athu, it which will drive
ODdatvR(kÒ) ö††äth’avar(ga¬), people who did not drive, do not drive, or will not drive
ODãˆvR(kÒ) ö††i√’avar(ga¬), they who drove; ODƒá®vR(kÒ) ö††ugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who drive; ODƒpvR(kÒ) ö††ub’avar(ga¬), they who’ll drive
ODdatwv(kÒ) ö††äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not drive, do not drive, or will not drive
ODãˆwv(kÒ) ö††i√’avai(ga¬), they who drove; ODƒá®wv(kÒ) ö††ugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who drive; ODƒpwv(kÒ) ö††ub’avai(ga¬), they who’ll drive
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ODda∆ ö††äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ODdamL ö††ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
ODdaçÃNEt˜
ODdaçÃKáE®˜
ODdaçÃPEp˜
ODdaçÃNtaL
ö††äth’irunthë√
ö††äth’irukki∞ë√
ö††äth’iruppë√
ö††äth’irunthäl (conditional)
ODdamL iÃNEt˜
ODdamL iÃKáE®˜
ODdamL iÃPEp˜
ODdamL iÃNtaL
ö††ämal irunthë√
ö††ämal irukki∞ë√
ö††ämal iruppë√
ö††ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t driven (past perf.)
I haven’t driven (pres. perf.)3
I won’t have driven (f. perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t driven-if
I wasn’t driving
I am not driving
I won’t be driving
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t driving-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t drive-if
_______________
1A
common alternate form is ODãy ö††iya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is ODãy∆ ö††iyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are ODãyv˜ ö††iy’ava√, ODãyvÒ ö††iy’ava¬, etc.
Oƒ ö∂u (v.i.)
run (you)! (imperative)
Oãˆ1 ö∂i√a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) ran
OƒıkÒ ö∂u≥ga¬
run (you)! (imper. pl.)
Oƒá® ö∂ugi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) runs
Present Tense
OƒáE®˜
Oƒá®aY
Oƒá®a˜
Oƒá®aÒ
Oƒá®∆
OƒáE®aM
OƒáΩR(kÒ)
Oƒá®aR(kÒ)
Oƒá˜®ˆ
Od ö∂a
Oã ö∂i
to run (infinitive)
(having) run (past participle)
OƒM ö∂um (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will run
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
ö∂ugi∞ïë√
ö∂ugi∞ïäy
ö∂ugi∞ïä√
ö∂ugi∞ïä¬
ö∂ugi∞ïathu
ö∂ugi∞ïöm
ö∂ugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
ö∂ugi∞ïär(ga¬)
ö∂ugi√∞ïa√a
I run
you run
he runs
she runs
it runs
we run
you run
they run
they run
OãëÃKáE®˜
OãëÃKá®aY
OãëÃKá®a˜
OãëÃKá®aÒ
OãëÃKá®∆
OãëÃKáE®aM
OãëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
OãëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
OãëÃKᘮˆ
I had run; I was running
you had run; you were running
he had run; he was running
she had run; she was running
it had run; it was running
we had run; we were running
you had run; you were running
they had run; they were running
they had run; they were running
I’ll have run; I’ll be running
you’ll have run; you’ll be running
he’ll have run; he’ll be running
she’ll have run; she’ll be running
it’ll have run; it’ll be running
we’ll have run; we’ll be running
you’ll have run; you’ll be running
they’ll have run; they’ll be running
they’ll have run; they’ll be running
ö∂iy’irukki∞ïë√
ö∂iy’irukki∞ïäy
ö∂iy’irukki∞ïä√
ö∂iy’irukki∞ïä¬
ö∂iy’irukki∞ïathu
ö∂iy’irukki∞ïöm
ö∂iy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
ö∂iy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
ö∂iy’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
OãEˆ˜
OãˆaY
Oãˆa˜
OãˆaÒ
Oãˆ∆2
OãEˆaM
OãæR(kÒ)
OãˆaR(kÒ)
Oãˆ1
ö∂i√ïë√
ö∂i√ïäy
ö∂i√ïä√
ö∂i√ïä¬
ö∂i√ïathu
ö∂i√ïöm
ö∂i√ïïr(ga¬)
ö∂i√ïär(ga¬)
ö∂i√ïa
I ran
you ran
he ran
she ran
it ran
we ran
you ran
they ran
they ran
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
OãëÃNEt˜
ö∂iy’irunthïë√
OãëÃNtaY
ö∂iy’irunthïäy
OãëÃNta˜
ö∂iy’irunthïä√
OãëÃNtaÒ
ö∂iy’irunthïä¬
OãëÃNt∆
ö∂iy’irunthïathu
OãëÃNEtaM
ö∂iy’irunthïöm
OãëÃN≥R(kÒ)
ö∂iy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
OãëÃNtaR(kÒ)
ö∂iy’irunthïär(ga¬)
OãëÃNtˆ
ö∂iy’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
OƒEv˜
OƒvaY
Oƒva˜
OƒvaÒ
OƒM
OƒEvaM
Oƒ™R(kÒ)
OƒvaR(kÒ)
OƒM
ö∂uvïë√
ö∂uvïäy
ö∂uvïä√
ö∂uvïä¬
ö∂ïum
ö∂uvïöm
ö∂uvïïr(ga¬)
ö∂uvïär(ga¬)
ö∂ïum
I’ll run
you’ll run
he’ll run
she’ll run
it’ll run
we’ll run
you’ll run
they’ll run
they’ll run
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
OãëÃPEp˜
ö∂iy’iruppïë√
OãëÃPpaY
ö∂iy’iruppïäy
OãëÃPpa˜
ö∂iy’iruppïä√
OãëÃPpaÒ
ö∂iy’iruppïä¬
OãëÃK¿M
ö∂iy’irukkïum
OãëÃPEpaM
ö∂iy’iruppïöm
OãëÃPµR(kÒ)
ö∂iy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
OãëÃPpaR(kÒ)
ö∂iy’iruppïär(ga¬)
OãëÃK¿M
ö∂iy’irukkïum
I have run; I am running
you have run; you are running
he has run; he is running
she has run; she is running
it has run; it is running
we have run; we are running
you have run; you are running
they have run; they are running
they have run; they are running
20
OƒtL ö∂uthal
Oƒwk3 ödugai
OdL ö∂al
OƒŒ3 ö∂uvu
21
running (verbal noun)
running (verbal noun)
running (verbal noun)
running (verbal noun)
Oãˆ∆2 ö∂i√’athu
Oƒá®∆ ö∂ugi∞’athu
Oƒv∆ ö∂uv’athu
OãˆaL ö∂i√äl
a (past) running (v. noun)
a (present) running (v. n.)
a (future) running (v. n.)
(I-they) run/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
OdaEt ö∂äthë
Oda≥R(kÒ) ö∂äthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) run! (imperative s.)
don’t (you) run! (imp. pl.)
OdÉLwl ö∂avillai
OEd˜4 ö∂ë√
(I-they) didn’t run (‘past’)
I won’t run (tenseless)
Oãˆ∆2 iLwl ö∂i√athu illai Oƒá®çLwl ö∂ugi∞ath’illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) run (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) run
Odat ö∂ätha
non-running (neg. adj. part.)
OdmaDEd˜ ö∂a-m䆆ë√
I won’t run (‘future’)
Oƒv∆ iLwl ö∂uvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) run
Oda∆ ö∂äthu; OdamL ö∂ämal
without running (neg. participle)
Odawm ö∂ämai; Odat∆ ö∂äthathu
non-running (neg. verbal nouns)
OdaÉDdaL ö∂ävi††ä¬
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t run-if (condition.)
Odatv˜ ö∂äth’ava√, a man who did not run, does not run, or will not run (this and all the following are participial nouns)
Oãˆv˜5 ö∂i√’ava√, he who ran; Oƒá®v˜ ö∂ugi∞’ava√, he who runs; Oƒpv˜ ö∂ub’ava√, he who will run
OdatvÒ ö∂äth’ava¬, a woman who did not run, does not run, or will not run
OãˆvÒ ö∂i√’ava¬, she who ran; Oƒá®vÒ ö∂ugi∞’ava¬, she who runs; OƒpvÒ ö∂ub’ava¬, she who will run
Odat∆ ö∂äth’athu, an animal or thing which did not run, does not run, or will not run
Oãˆ∆ ö∂i√’athu, it which ran; Oƒá®∆ ö∂ugi∞’athu, it which runs; Oƒv∆ ö∂uv’athu, it which will run
OdatvR(kÒ) ö∂äth’avar(ga¬), people who did not run, do not run, or will not run
OãˆvR(kÒ) ö∂i√’avar(ga¬), they who ran; Oƒá®vR(kÒ) ö∂ugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who run; OƒpvR(kÒ) ö∂ub’avar(ga¬), they who will run
Odatwv(kÒ) ö∂äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not run, do not run, or will not run
Oãˆwv(kÒ) ö∂i√’avai(ga¬), they who ran; Oƒá®wv(kÒ) ö∂ugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who run; Oƒpwv(kÒ) ö∂ub’avai(ga¬), they who will run
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle Oda∆ ö∂äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle OdamL ö∂ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
OdaçÃNEt˜
OdaçÃKáE®˜
OdaçÃPEp˜
OdaçÃNtaL
ö∂äth’irunthë√
ö∂äth’irukki∞ë√
ö∂äth’iruppë√
ö∂äth’irunthäl (conditional)
OdamL iÃNEt˜
OdamL iÃKáE®˜
OdamL iÃPEp˜
OdamL iÃNtaL
ö∂ämal irunthë√
ö∂ämal irukki∞ë√
ö∂ämal iruppë√
ö∂ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t run (past perf.)
I haven’t run (present perf.)3
I won’t have run (future perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t run-if
I wasn’t running
I am not running
I won’t be running
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t running-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t run-if
_______________
1A
common alternate form is Oãy ö∂iya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is Oãy∆ ö∂iyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are Oãyv˜ ö∂iy’ava√, OãyvÒ ö∂iy’ava¬, etc.
pƒT∆ pa∂utthu (v.t.) pƒT∆ıkÒ pa∂utthu≥ga¬
pƒTt pa∂uttha
pƒTç pa∂utthi
*cause ‘x’!
cause ‘x’! (imperative pl.)
to cause ‘x’ (infinitive)
(having) caused ‘x’ (past participle)
1
pƒTçˆ pa∂utthi√a (past adj. p.) pƒT∆á® pa∂utthugi∞a (pres. adj. p.) pƒT∆M pa∂utthum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) caused ‘x’
(who, which) causes ‘x’
(who, which) will cause ‘x’
Present Tense
22
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
pƒT∆áE®˜
pa∂utthugi∞ïë√
pƒT∆á®aY
pa∂utthugi∞ïäy
pƒT∆á®a˜
pa∂utthugi∞ïä√
pƒT∆á®aÒ
pa∂utthugi∞ïä¬
pƒT∆á®∆
pa∂utthugi∞ïathu
pƒT∆áE®aM pa∂utthugi∞ïöm
pƒT∆áΩR(kÒ) pa∂utthugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
pƒT∆á®aR(kÒ) pa∂utthugi∞ïär(ga¬)
pƒT∆ᘮˆ pa∂utthugi√∞ïa√a
I cause ‘x’
you cause ‘x’
he causes ‘x’
she causes‘x’
it causes ‘x’
we cause ‘x’
you cause ‘x’
they cause ‘x’
they cause ‘x’
pƒTçëÃKáE®˜
pƒTçëÃKá®aY
pƒTçëÃKá®a˜
pƒTçëÃKá®aÒ
pƒTçëÃKá®∆
pƒTçëÃKáE®aM
pƒTçëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
pƒTçëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
pƒTçëÃKᘮˆ
I had caused; I was causing ‘x’
you’d caused; you were causing ‘x’
he’d caused; he was causing ‘x’
she’d caused; she was causing ‘x’
it had caused; it was causing ‘x’
we’d caused; we were causing ‘x’
you’d caused; you were causing ‘x’
they’d caused; they were causing ‘x’
they’d caused; they were causing ‘x’
I’ll ’ve caused; I’ll be causing ‘x’
you’ll ’ve caused; you’ll be causing ‘x’
he’ll ’ve caused; he’ll be causing ‘x’
she’ll ’ve caused; she’ll be causing ‘x’
it’ll have caused; it’ll be causing ‘x’
we’ll ’ve caused; we’ll be causing ‘x’
you’ll ’ve caused; you’ll be causing ‘x’
they’ll ’ve caused; they’ll be causing ‘x’
they’ll ’ve caused; they’ll be causing ‘x’
pa∂utthiy’irukki∞ïë√
pa∂utthiy’irukki∞ïäy
pa∂utthiy’irukki∞ïä√
pa∂utthiy’irukki∞ïä¬
pa∂utthiy’irukki∞ïathu
pa∂utthiy’irukki∞ïöm
pa∂utthiy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
pa∂utthiy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
pa∂utthiy’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
pƒTçEˆ˜
pƒTçˆaY
pƒTçˆa˜
pƒTçˆaÒ
pƒTçˆ∆2
pƒTçEˆaM
pƒTçæR(kÒ)
pƒTçˆaR(kÒ)
pƒTçˆ1
pa∂utthi√ïë√
pa∂utthi√ïäy
pa∂utthi√ïä√
pa∂utthi√ïä¬
pa∂utthi√ïathu
pa∂utthi√ïöm
pa∂utthi√ïïr(ga¬)
pa∂utthi√ïär(ga¬)
pa∂utthi√ïa
I caused ‘x’
you caused ‘x’
he caused ‘x’
she caused ‘x’
it caused ‘x’
we caused ‘x’
you caused ‘x’
they caused ‘x’
they caused ‘x’
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
pƒTçëÃNEt˜
pa∂utthiy’irunthïë√
pƒTçëÃNtaY
pa∂utthiy’irunthïäy
pƒTçëÃNta˜
pa∂utthiy’irunthïä√
pƒTçëÃNtaÒ
pa∂utthiy’irunthïä¬
pƒTçëÃNt∆
pa∂utthiy’irunthïathu
pƒTçëÃNEtaM
pa∂utthiy’irunthïöm
pƒTçëÃN≥R(kÒ)
pa∂utthiy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
pƒTçëÃNtaR(kÒ)
pa∂utthiy’irunthïär(ga¬)
pƒTçëÃNtˆ
pa∂utthiy’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
pƒT∆Ev˜
pƒT∆vaY
pƒT∆va˜
pƒT∆vaÒ
pƒT∆M
pƒT∆EvaM
pƒT∆R(kÒ)
pƒT∆vaR(kÒ)
pƒT∆M
pa∂utthuvïë√
pa∂utthuvïäy
pa∂utthuvïä√
pa∂utthuvïä¬
pa∂utthïum
pa∂utthuvïöm
pa∂utthuvïïr(ga¬)
pa∂utthuvïär(ga¬)
pa∂utthïum
I’ll cause ‘x’
you’ll cause ‘x’
he’ll cause ‘x’
she’ll cause ‘x’
it’ll cause ‘x’
we’ll cause ‘x’
you’ll cause ‘x’
they’ll cause ‘x’
they’ll cause ‘x’
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
pƒTçëÃPEp˜
pa∂utthiy’iruppïë√
pƒTçëÃPpaY
pa∂utthiy’iruppïäy
pƒTçëÃPpa˜
pa∂utthiy’iruppïä√
pƒTçëÃPpaÒ
pa∂utthiy’iruppïä¬
pƒTçëÃK¿M
pa∂utthiy’irukkïum
pƒTçëÃPEpaM
pa∂utthiy’iruppïöm
pƒTçëÃPµR(kÒ)
pa∂utthiy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
pƒTçëÃPpaR(kÒ)
pa∂utthiy’iruppïär(ga¬)
pƒTçëÃK¿M
pa∂utthiy’irukkïum
I’ve caused; I am causing ‘x’
you’ve caused; you are causing ‘x’
he has caused; he is causing ‘x’
she has caused; she is causing ‘x’
it has caused; it is causing ‘x’
we’ve caused; we are causing ‘x’
you’ve caused; you are causing ‘x’
they’ve caused; they are causing ‘x’
they’ve caused; they are causing ‘x’
pƒT∆tL pa∂utthuthal
pƒT∆wk3 pa∂utthugai
pƒTtL pa∂utthal
pƒT∆Œ3 pa∂utthuvu
23
causing ‘x’ (verbal noun)
causing ‘x’ (v. noun)
causing ‘x’ (verbal noun)
causing ‘x’ (v. noun)
pƒTçˆ∆2 pa∂utthi√’athu
pƒT∆á®∆ pa∂utthugi∞’athu
pƒT∆v∆ pa∂utthuv’athu
pƒTçˆaL pa∂utthi√äl
a (past) causing ‘x’ (v. noun)
a (present) causing ‘x’ (v. n.)
a (future) causing ‘x’ (v. n.)
(I-they) cause/s ‘x’-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
pƒTtaEt pa∂utthäthë
pƒTta≥R(kÒ) pa∂utthäthïr(ga¬) pƒTtat pa∂utthätha
pƒTta∆ pa∂utthäthu; pƒTtamL pa∂utthämal
don’t cause ‘x’! (imperative s.)
don’t cause ‘x’! (imperative pl.)
not-caused ‘x’ (neg. adj. part.)
without causing ‘x’ (neg. participle)
pƒTtÉLwl pa∂utthavillai
pƒTEt˜4 pa∂utthë√
pƒTtmaDEd˜ pa∂uttha-m䆆ë√ pƒTtawm pa∂utthämai; pƒTtat∆ pa∂utthäthathu
(I-they) didn’t cause ‘x’! (‘past’) I won’t cause ‘x’! (tenseless)
I won’t cause ‘x’! (‘future’)
non-causing ‘x’ (neg. verbal nouns)
pƒTçˆ∆2iLwl pa∂utthi√athu illai pƒT∆á®çLwl pa∂utthugi∞ath’illai pƒT∆v∆ iLwl pa∂utthuvathu illai pƒTtaÉDdaL pa∂utthävi††äl
(I-they) have/has never caused ‘x’
(I-they) never cause/s ‘x’
(I-they) never cause ‘x’
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t cause ‘x’-if (condition.)
pƒTtatv˜ pa∂utthäth’ava√, a man who has not caused, does not cause, or will not cause ‘x’ (this and all the following are participial nouns)
pƒTçˆv˜5 pa∂utthi√’ava√, he who caused; pƒT∆á®v˜ pa∂utthugi∞’ava√, he who causes; pƒT∆pv˜ pa∂utthub’ava√, he who will cause ‘x’
pƒTtatvÒ pa∂utthäth’ava¬, a woman who has not caused, does not cause, or will not cause ’x’
pƒTçˆvÒ pa∂utthi√’ava¬, she who caused; pƒT∆á®vÒ pa∂utthugi∞’ava¬, she who causes; pƒT∆pvÒ pa∂utthub’ava¬, she who will cause ‘x’
pƒTtat∆ pa∂utthäth’athu, an animal or thing which has not caused, does not cause, or will not cause ‘x’
pƒTçˆ∆ pa∂utthi√’athu, it which caused; pƒT∆á®∆ pa∂utthugi∞’athu, it which causes; pƒT∆v∆ pa∂utthuv’athu, it which will cause ‘x’
pƒTtatvR(kÒ) pa∂utthäth’avar(ga¬), people who have not caused, do not cause, or will not cause ‘x’
pƒTçˆvR(kÒ) pa∂utthi√’avar(ga¬), they who caused; pƒT∆á®vR(kÒ) pa∂utthugi∞’avar(ga¬), °cause; pƒT∆pvR(kÒ) pa∂utthub’avar(ga¬), °will cause ‘x’
pƒTtatwv(kÒ) pa∂utthäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which have not caused, do not cause, or will not cause ‘x’
pƒTçˆwv(kÒ) pa∂utthi√’avai(ga¬), they who caused; pƒT∆á®wv(kÒ) pa∂utthugi∞’avai(ga¬), °cause; pƒT∆pwv(kÒ) pa∂utthub’avai(ga¬), °will cause ‘x’
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle pƒTta∆ pa∂utthäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle pƒTtamL pa∂utthämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
pƒTtaçÃNEt˜
pƒTtaçÃKáE®˜
pƒTtaçÃPEp˜
pƒTtaçÃNtaL
pa∂utthäth’irunthë√
pa∂utthäth’irukki∞ë√
pa∂utthäth’iruppë√
pa∂utthäth’irunthäl (conditional)
pƒTtamL iÃNEt˜
pƒTtamL iÃKáE®˜
pƒTtamL iÃPEp˜
pƒTtamL iÃNtaL
pa∂utthämal irunthë√
pa∂utthämal irukki∞ë√
pa∂utthämal iruppë√
pa∂utthämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t caused ‘x’ (past perf.)
I haven’t caused ‘x’ (pres. perf.)3 I won’t have caused ‘x’ (f. perf.)3 (I-they) hadn’t caused ‘x’-if
I wasn’t causing ‘x’
I am not causing ‘x’
I won’t be causing ‘x’
(I-they) was/were not causing ‘x’-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t causing ‘x’-if
_______________
*To cause ‘x’, where ‘x’ = (cause) someone to experience some feeling. This verb is then added to nouns of feeling to form such causal verbs
as cNEtaqPpƒT∆ santhöshappa∂utthu = cause to experience happiness (noun: cNEtaqM happiness + pƒT∆) and pyPpƒT∆ payappa∂utthu = cause
to experience fear (noun: pyM fear + pƒT∆), etc.
1A
common alternate form is pƒTçy pa∂utthiya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is pƒTçy∆ pa∂utthiyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are pƒTçyv˜ pa∂utthiy’ava√, pƒTçyvÒ pa∂utthiy’ava¬, etc.
Eta˜› thö√∞u (v.i.)
appear (you)! (imperative s.)
Eta˜›ıkÒ thö√∞u≥ga¬
appear (you)! (imperative pl.)
Eta˜® thö√∞a
to appear (infinitive)
Eta˜ó thö√∞i
(having) appeared (past participle)
24
Eta˜óˆ1 thö√∞i√a (past adj. p.) Eta˜›á® thö√∞ugi∞a (pres. adj. p.) Eta˜›M thö√∞um (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) appeared
(who, which) appears
(who, which) will appear
Present Tense
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
Eta˜›áE®˜ thö√∞ugi∞ïë√
I appear
Eta˜›á®aY thö√∞ugi∞ïäy
you appear
Eta˜›á®a˜ thö√∞ugi∞ïä√
he appears
Eta˜›á®aÒ thö√∞ugi∞ïä¬
she appears
Eta˜›á®∆
thö√∞ugi∞ïathu it appears
Eta˜›áE®aM thö√∞ugi∞ïöm
we appear
Eta˜›áΩR(kÒ) thö√∞ugi∞ïïr(ga¬) you appear
Eta˜›á®aR(kÒ) thö√∞ugi∞ïär(ga¬) they appear
Eta˜›á˜®ˆ thö√∞ugi√∞ïa√a they appear
Eta˜óëÃKáE®˜
Eta˜óëÃKá®aY
Eta˜óëÃKá®a˜
Eta˜óëÃKá®aÒ
Eta˜óëÃKá®∆
Eta˜óëÃKáE®aM
Eta˜óëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
Eta˜óëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
Eta˜óëÃKᘮˆ
Past Tense
Eta˜óEˆ˜
thö√∞i√ïë√
Eta˜óˆaY
thö√∞i√ïäy
Eta˜óˆa˜
thö√∞i√ïä√
Eta˜óˆaÒ
thö√∞i√ïä¬
Eta˜óˆ∆2
thö√∞i√ïathu
Eta˜óEˆaM thö√∞i√ïöm
Eta˜óæR(kÒ) thö√∞i√ïïr(ga¬)
Eta˜óˆaR(kÒ) thö√∞i√ïär(ga¬)
Eta˜óˆ1
thö√∞i√ïa
I appeared
you appeared
he appeared
she appeared
it appeared
we appeared
you appeared
they appeared
they appeared
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
Eta˜óëÃNEt˜
thö√∞iy’irunthïë√
Eta˜óëÃNtaY
thö√∞iy’irunthïäy
Eta˜óëÃNta˜
thö√∞iy’irunthïä√
Eta˜óëÃNtaÒ
thö√∞iy’irunthïä¬
Eta˜óëÃNt∆
thö√∞iy’irunthïathu
Eta˜óëÃNEtaM
thö√∞iy’irunthïöm
Eta˜óëÃN≥R(kÒ)
thö√∞iy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
Eta˜óëÃNtaR(kÒ)
thö√∞iy’irunthïär(ga¬)
Eta˜óëÃNtˆ
thö√∞iy’irunthïa√a
I had appeared; I was appearing
you had appeared; you were appearing
he had appeared; he was appearing
she had appeared; she was appearing
it had appeared; it was appearing
we had appeared; we were appearing
you had appeared; you were appearing
they had appeared; they were appearing
they had appeared; they were appearing
I’ll appear
you’ll appear
he’ll appear
she’ll appear
it’ll appear
we’ll appear
you’ll appear
they’ll appear
they’ll appear
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
Eta˜óëÃPEp˜
thö√∞iy’iruppïë√
Eta˜óëÃPpaY
thö√∞iy’iruppïäy
Eta˜óëÃPpa˜
thö√∞iy’iruppïä√
Eta˜óëÃPpaÒ
thö√∞iy’iruppïä¬
Eta˜óëÃK¿M
thö√∞iy’irukkïum
Eta˜óëÃPEpaM
thö√∞iy’iruppïöm
Eta˜óëÃPµR(kÒ)
thö√∞iy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
Eta˜óëÃPpaR(kÒ)
thö√∞iy’iruppïär(ga¬)
Eta˜óëÃK¿M
thö√∞iy’irukkïum
I’ll have appeared; I’ll be appearing
you’ll have appeared; you’ll be appearing
he’ll have appeared; he’ll be appearing
she’ll have appeared; she’ll be appearing
it’ll have appeared; it’ll be appearing
we’ll have appeared; we’ll be appearing
you’ll have appeared; you’ll be appearing
they’ll ’ve appeared; they’ll be appearing
they’ll ’ve appeared; they’ll be appearing
Future Tense
Eta˜›Ev˜
thö√∞uvïë√
Eta˜›vaY
thö√∞uvïäy
Eta˜›va˜
thö√∞uvïä√
Eta˜›vaÒ
thö√∞uvïä¬
Eta˜›M
thö√∞ïum
Eta˜›EvaM thö√∞uvïöm
Eta˜›™R(kÒ) thö√∞uvïïr(ga¬)
Eta˜›vaR(kÒ) thö√∞uvïär(ga¬)
Eta˜›M
thö√∞ïum
thö√∞iy’irukki∞ïë√
thö√∞iy’irukki∞ïäy
thö√∞iy’irukki∞ïä√
thö√∞iy’irukki∞ïä¬
thö√∞iy’irukki∞ïathu
thö√∞iy’irukki∞ïöm
thö√∞iy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
thö√∞iy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
thö√∞iy’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have appeared; I am appearing
you have appeared; you are appearing
he has appeared; he is appearing
she has appeared; she is appearing
it has appeared; it is appearing
we have appeared; we are appearing
you have appeared; you are appearing
they have appeared; they are appearing
they have appeared; they are appearing
Eta˜›tL thö√∞uthal
Eta˜›wk3 thö√∞ugai
Eta˜®L thö√∞al
Eta˜›Œ thö√∞uvu
25
appearing (verbal noun)
appearing (v. noun)
appearing (verbal noun)
appearing (v. noun)
Eta˜óˆ∆2 thö√∞i√’athu
Eta˜›á®∆ thö√∞ugi∞’athu
Eta˜›v∆ thö√∞uv’athu
Eta˜óˆaL thö√∞i√äl
a (past) appearing (v. noun)
a (present) appearing (v. n.)
a (future) appearing (v. n.)
(I-they) appear/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
Eta˜®aEt thö√∞äthë
Eta˜®a≥R(kÒ) thö√∞äthïr(ga¬) Eta˜®at thö√∞ätha
Eta˜®a∆ thö√∞äthu; Eta˜®amL thö√∞ämal
don’t (you) appear! (imper. s.)
don’t (you) appear! (imp. pl.)
non-appearing (neg. adj. part.)
without appearing (neg. participle)
Eta˜®ÉLwl thö√∞avillai
Eta˜E®˜4 thö√∞ë√
Eta˜®maDEd˜ thö√∞a-m䆆ë√ Eta˜®awm thö√∞ämai; Eta˜®at∆ thö√∞äthathu
(I-they) didn’t appear
I won’t appear (tenseless)
I won’t appear (‘future’)
non-appearing (neg. verbal nouns)
Eta˜óˆ∆2iLwl thö√∞i√athu illai Eta˜›á®çLwl thö√∞ugi∞ath’illai Eta˜›v∆ iLwl thö√∞uvathu illai Eta˜®aÉDdaL thö√∞ävi††äl
(I-they) didn’t (ever) appear
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) appear
(I-they) won’t (ever) appear
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t appear-if (condition.)
Eta˜®atv˜ thö√∞äth’ava√, a man who hasn’t appeared, doesn’t appear, or won’t appear (this and all the following are participial nouns)
Eta˜óˆv˜5 thö√∞i√’ava√, he who appeared; Eta˜›á®v˜ thö√∞ugi∞’ava√, he who appears; Eta˜›pv˜ thö√∞ub’ava√, he who will appear
Eta˜®atvÒ thö√∞äth’ava¬, a woman who hasn’t appeared, doesn’t appear, or won’t appear
Eta˜óˆvÒ thö√∞i√’ava¬, she who appeared; Eta˜›á®vÒ thö√∞ugi∞’ava¬, she who appears; Eta˜›pvÒ thö√∞ub’ava¬, she who will appear
Eta˜®at∆ thö√∞äth’athu, an animal or thing which hasn’t appeared, doesn’t appear, or won’t appear
Eta˜óˆ∆ thö√∞i√’athu, it which appeared; Eta˜›á®∆ thö√∞ugi∞’athu, it which appears; Eta˜›v∆ thö√∞uv’athu, it which will appear
Eta˜®atvR(kÒ) thö√∞äth’avar(ga¬), people who haven’t appeared, don’t appear, or won’t appear
Eta˜óˆvR(kÒ) thö√∞i√’avar(ga¬), they who appeared; Eta˜›á®vR(kÒ) thö√∞ugi∞’avar(ga¬), °appear; Eta˜›pvR(kÒ) thö√∞ub’avar(ga¬), °will app.
Eta˜®atwv(kÒ) thö√∞äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which haven’t appeared, don’t appear, or won’t appear
Eta˜óˆwv(kÒ) thö√∞i√’avai(ga¬), they who appeared; Eta˜›á®wv(kÒ) thö√∞ugi∞’avai(ga¬), °appear; Eta˜›pwv(kÒ) thö√∞ub’avai(ga¬), °will app.
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle Eta˜®a∆ thö√∞äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle Eta˜®amL thö√∞ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
Eta˜®açÃNEt˜
Eta˜®açÃKáE®˜
Eta˜®açÃPEp˜
Eta˜®açÃNtaL
thö√∞äth’irunthë√
thö√∞äth’irukki∞ë√
thö√∞äth’iruppë√
thö√∞äth’irunthäl (conditional)
Eta˜®amL iÃNEt˜
Eta˜®amL iÃKáE®˜
Eta˜®amL iÃPEp˜
Eta˜®amL iÃNtaL
thö√∞ämal irunthë√
thö√∞ämal irukki∞ë√
thö√∞ämal iruppë√
thö√∞ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t appeared (past perf.)
I haven’t appeared (pres. perf.)3 I won’t have appeared (f. perf.)3 (I-they) hadn’t appeared-if
I wasn’t appearing
I am not appearing
I won’t be appearing
(I-they) was/were not appearing-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t appear-if
_______________
1A
common alternate form is Eta˜óy thö√∞iya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is Eta˜óy∆ thö√∞iyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are Eta˜óyv˜ thö√∞iy’ava√, Eta˜óyvÒ thö√∞iy’ava¬, etc.
pB≈ pa∫∫u (v.t.)
make (you)! (imperative s.)
pB≈ıkÒ pa∫∫u≥ga¬
make (you)! (imperative pl.)
pBb pa∫∫a
to make (infinitive)
pBõ pa∫∫i
(having) made (past participle)
pBõˆ1 pa∫∫i√a (past adj. p.)
pB≈á® pa∫∫ugi∞a (pres. adj. p.) pB≈M pa∫∫um (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) made
(who, which) makes
(who, which) will make
Present Tense
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
pB≈áE®˜ pa∫∫ugi∞ïë√
I make
pB≈á®aY
pa∫∫ugi∞ïäy
you make
pB≈á®a˜
pa∫∫ugi∞ïä√
he makes
pB≈á®aÒ
pa∫∫ugi∞ïä¬
she makes
pB≈á®∆
pa∫∫ugi∞ïathu it makes
pB≈áE®aM pa∫∫ugi∞ïöm
we make
pB≈áΩR(kÒ) pa∫∫ugi∞ïïr(ga¬) you make
pB≈á®aR(kÒ) pa∫∫ugi∞ïär(ga¬) they make
pB≈ᘮˆ pa∫∫ugi√∞ïa√a they make
pBõëÃKáE®˜
pBõëÃKá®aY
pBõëÃKá®a˜
pBõëÃKá®aÒ
pBõëÃKá®∆
pBõëÃKáE®aM
pBõëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
pBõëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
pBõëÃKᘮˆ
Past Tense
pBõEˆ˜
pa∫∫i√ïë√
pBõˆaY
pa∫∫i√ïäy
pBõˆa˜
pa∫∫i√ïä√
pBõˆaÒ
pa∫∫i√ïä¬
pBõˆ∆2
pa∫∫i√ïathu
pBõEˆaM
pa∫∫i√ïöm
pBõæR(kÒ) pa∫∫i√ïïr(ga¬)
pBõˆaR(kÒ) pa∫∫i√ïär(ga¬)
pBõˆ1
pa∫∫i√ïa
I made
you made
he made
she made
it made
we made
you made
they made
they made
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
pBõëÃNEt˜
pa∫∫iy’irunthïë√
pBõëÃNtaY
pa∫∫iy’irunthïäy
pBõëÃNta˜
pa∫∫iy’irunthïä√
pBõëÃNtaÒ
pa∫∫iy’irunthïä¬
pBõëÃNt∆
pa∫∫iy’irunthïathu
pBõëÃNEtaM
pa∫∫iy’irunthïöm
pBõëÃN≥R(kÒ)
pa∫∫iy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
pBõëÃNtaR(kÒ)
pa∫∫iy’irunthïär(ga¬)
pBõëÃNtˆ
pa∫∫iy’irunthïa√a
I had made; I was making
you’d made; you were making
he’d made; he was making
she’d made; she was making
it had made; it was making
we’d made; we were making
you’d made; you were making
they’d made; they were making
they’d made; they were making
I’ll make
you’ll make
he’ll make
she’ll make
it’ll make
we’ll make
you’ll make
they’ll make
they’ll make
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
pBõëÃPEp˜
pa∫∫iy’iruppïë√
pBõëÃPpaY
pa∫∫iy’iruppïäy
pBõëÃPpa˜
pa∫∫iy’iruppïä√
pBõëÃPpaÒ
pa∫∫iy’iruppïä¬
pBõëÃK¿M
pa∫∫iy’irukkïum
pBõëÃPEpaM
pa∫∫iy’iruppïöm
pBõëÃPµR(kÒ)
pa∫∫iy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
pBõëÃPpaR(kÒ)
pa∫∫iy’iruppïär(ga¬)
pBõëÃK¿M
pa∫∫iy’irukkïum
I’ll ’ve made; I’ll be making
you’ll ’ve made; you’ll be making
he’ll ’ve made; he’ll be making
she’ll ’ve made; she’ll be making
it’ll have made; it’ll be making
we’ll ’ve made; we’ll be making
you’ll ’ve made; you’ll be making
they’ll ’ve made; they’ll be making
they’ll ’ve made; they’ll be making
Future Tense
pB≈Ev˜
pB≈vaY
pB≈va˜
pB≈vaÒ
pB≈M
pB≈EvaM
pB≈™R(kÒ)
pB≈vaR(kÒ)
pB≈M
pa∫∫uvïë√
pa∫∫uvïäy
pa∫∫uvïä√
pa∫∫uvïä¬
pa∫∫ïum
pa∫∫uvïöm
pa∫∫uvïïr(ga¬)
pa∫∫uvïär(ga¬)
pa∫∫ïum
pa∫∫iy’irukki∞ïë√
pa∫∫iy’irukki∞ïäy
pa∫∫iy’irukki∞ïä√
pa∫∫iy’irukki∞ïä¬
pa∫∫iy’irukki∞ïathu
pa∫∫iy’irukki∞ïöm
pa∫∫iy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
pa∫∫iy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
pa∫∫iy’irukki√∞ïa√a
I’ve made; I am making
you’ve made; you are making
he has made; he is making
she has made; she is making
it has made; it is making
we’ve made; we are making
you’ve made; you are making
they’ve made; they are making
they’ve made; they are making
26
pB≈tL pa∫∫uthal
pB≈wk3 pa∫∫ugai
pBbL pa∫∫al
pB≈Œ3 pa∫∫uvu
27
making (verbal noun)
making (v. noun)
making (verbal noun)
making (v. noun)
pBõˆ∆2 pa∫∫i√’athu
pB≈á®∆ pa∫∫ugi∞’athu
pB≈v∆ pa∫∫uv’athu
pBõˆaL pa∫∫i√äl
a (past) making (v. noun)
a (present) making (v. n.)
a (future) making (v. n.)
(I-they) make/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
pBbaEt pa∫∫äthë
pBba≥R(kÒ) pa∫∫äthïr(ga¬)
pBbat pa∫∫ätha
pBba∆ pa∫∫äthu; pBbamL pa∫∫ämal
don’t (you) make! (imper. s.)
don’t (you) make! (imp. pl.)
non-making (neg. adj. part.)
without making (neg. participle)
pBbÉLwl pa∫∫avillai
pBEb˜4 pa∫∫ë√
pBbmaDEd˜ pa∫∫a-m䆆ë√ pBbawm pa∫∫ämai; pBbat∆ pa∫∫äthathu
(I-they) didn’t make
I won’t make (tenseless)
I won’t make (‘future’)
non-making (neg. verbal nouns)
pBõˆ∆2iLwl pa∫∫i√athu illai pB≈á®çLwl pa∫∫ugi∞ath’illai pB≈v∆ iLwl pa∫∫uvathu illai pBbaÉDdaL pa∫∫ävi††äl
(I-they) didn’t (ever) make(I-they)
don’t/doesn’t (ever) make
(I-they) won’t (ever) make
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t make-if (condition.)
pBbatv˜ pa∫∫äth’ava√, a man who didn’t make, doesn’t make, or won’t make (this and all the following are participial nouns)
pBõˆv˜5 pa∫∫i√’ava√, he who made; pB≈á®v˜ pa∫∫ugi∞’ava√, he who makes; pB≈pv˜ pa∫∫ub’ava√, he who will make
pBbatvÒ pa∫∫äth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t make, doesn’t make, or won’t make
pBõˆvÒ pa∫∫i√’ava¬, she who made; pB≈á®vÒ pa∫∫ugi∞’ava¬, she who makes; pB≈pvÒ pa∫∫ub’ava¬, she who will make
pBbat∆ pa∫∫äth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t make, doesn’t make, or won’t make
pBõˆ∆ pa∫∫i√’athu, it which made; pB≈á®∆ pa∫∫ugi∞’athu, it which makes; pB≈v∆ pa∫∫uv’athu, it which will make
pBbatvR(kÒ) pa∫∫äth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t make, don’t make, or won’t make
pBõˆvR(kÒ) pa∫∫i√’avar(ga¬), they who made; pB≈á®vR(kÒ) pa∫∫ugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who make; pB≈pvR(kÒ) pa∫∫uub’avar(ga¬), °will make
pBbatwv(kÒ) pa∫∫äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t make, don’t make, or won’t make
pBõˆwv(kÒ) pa∫∫i√’avai(ga¬), they who made; pB≈á®wv(kÒ) pa∫∫ugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who make; pB≈pwv(kÒ) pa∫∫ub’avai(ga¬), °will make
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle pBba∆ pa∫∫äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle pBbamL pa∫∫ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
pBbaçÃNEt˜
pBbaçÃKáE®˜
pBbaçÃPEp˜
pBbaçÃNtaL
pa∫∫äth’irunthë√
pa∫∫äth’irukki∞ë√
pa∫∫äth’iruppë√
pa∫∫äth’irunthäl (conditional)
pBbamL iÃNEt˜
pBbamL iÃKáE®˜
pBbamL iÃPEp˜
pBbamL iÃNtaL
pa∫∫ämal irunthë√
pa∫∫ämal irukki∞ë√
pa∫∫ämal iruppë√
pa∫∫ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t made (past perf.)
I haven’t made (pres. perf.)3
I won’t have made (f. perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t made-if
I wasn’t making
I am not making
I won’t be making
(I-they) was/were not making-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t make-if
_______________
1A
common alternate form is pBõy pa∫∫iya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is pBõy∆ pa∫∫iyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are pBõyv˜ pa∫∫iy’ava√, pBõyvÒ pa∫∫iy’ava¬, etc.
¶¤∆ eΩuthu (v.t.)
write (you)! (imperative)
¶¤çˆ1 eΩuthi√a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) wrote
¶¤∆ıkÒ eΩuthu≥ga¬
write (you)! (imper. pl.)
¶¤∆á® eΩuthugi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) writes
Present Tense
¶¤∆áE®˜
¶¤∆á®aY
¶¤∆á®a˜
¶¤∆á®aÒ
¶¤∆á®∆
¶¤∆áE®aM
¶¤∆áΩR(kÒ)
¶¤∆á®aR(kÒ)
¶¤∆ᘮˆ
¶¤t eΩutha
¶¤ç eΩuthi
to write (infinitive)
(having) written (past participle)
¶¤∆M eΩuthum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will write
28
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
eΩuthugi∞ïë√
I write
eΩuthugi∞ïäy
you write
eΩuthugi∞ïä√
he writes
eΩuthugi∞ïä¬
she writes
eΩuthugi∞ïathu it writes
eΩuthugi∞ïöm
we write
eΩuthugi∞ïïr(ga¬) you write
eΩuthugi∞ïär(ga¬) they write
eΩuthugi√∞ïa√a they write
Past Tense
¶¤çEˆ˜
¶¤çˆaY
¶¤çˆa˜
¶¤çˆaÒ
¶¤çˆ∆2
¶¤çEˆaM
¶¤çæR(kÒ)
¶¤çˆaR(kÒ)
¶¤çˆ1
eΩuthi√ïë√
eΩuthi√ïäy
eΩuthi√ïä√
eΩuthi√ïä¬
eΩuthi√ïathu
eΩuthi√ïöm
eΩuthi√ïïr(ga¬)
eΩuthi√ïär(ga¬)
eΩuthi√ïa
Future Tense
¶¤∆Ev˜
¶¤∆vaY
¶¤∆va˜
¶¤∆vaÒ
¶¤∆M
¶¤∆EvaM
¶¤∆™R(kÒ)
¶¤∆vaR(kÒ)
¶¤∆M
eΩuthuvïë√
eΩuthuvïäy
eΩuthuvïä√
eΩuthuvïä¬
eΩuthïum
eΩuthuvïöm
eΩuthuvïïr(ga¬)
eΩuthuvïär(ga¬)
eΩuthïum
¶¤çëÃKáE®˜
¶¤çëÃKá®aY
¶¤çëÃKá®a˜
¶¤çëÃKá®aÒ
¶¤çëÃKá®∆
¶¤çëÃKáE®aM
¶¤çëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
¶¤çëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
¶¤çëÃKᘮˆ
eΩuthiy’irukki∞ïë√
eΩuthiy’irukki∞ïäy
eΩuthiy’irukki∞ïä√
eΩuthiy’irukki∞ïä¬
eΩuthiy’irukki∞ïathu
eΩuthiy’irukki∞ïöm
eΩuthiy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
eΩuthiy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
eΩuthiy’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have written; I am writing
you’ve written; you are writing
he has written; he is writing
she has written; she is writing
it has written; it is writing
we’ve written; we are writing
you’ve written; you are writing
they’ve written; they are writing
they’ve written; they are writing
I wrote
you wrote
he wrote
she wrote
it wrote
we wrote
you wrote
they wrote
they wrote
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
¶¤çëÃNEt˜
eΩuthiy’irunthïë√
¶¤çëÃNtaY
eΩuthiy’irunthïäy
¶¤çëÃNta˜
eΩuthiy’irunthïä√
¶¤çëÃNtaÒ
eΩuthiy’irunthïä¬
¶¤çëÃNt∆
eΩuthiy’irunthïathu
¶¤çëÃNEtaM
eΩuthiy’irunthïöm
¶¤çëÃN≥R(kÒ)
eΩuthiy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
¶¤çëÃNtaR(kÒ)
eΩuthiy’irunthïär(ga¬)
¶¤çëÃNtˆ
eΩuthiy’irunthïa√a
I had written; I was writing
you’d written; you were writing
he’d written; he was writing
she’d written; she was writing
it had written; it was writing
we’d written; we were writing
you’d written; you were writing
they’d written; they were writing
they’d written; they were writing
I’ll write
you’ll write
he’ll write
she’ll write
it’ll write
we’ll write
you’ll write
they’ll write
they’ll write
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
¶¤çëÃPEp˜
eΩuthiy’iruppïë√
¶¤çëÃPpaY
eΩuthiy’iruppïäy
¶¤çëÃPpa˜
eΩuthiy’iruppïä√
¶¤çëÃPpaÒ
eΩuthiy’iruppïä¬
¶¤çëÃK¿M
eΩuthiy’irukkïum
¶¤çëÃPEpaM
eΩuthiy’iruppïöm
¶¤çëÃPµR(kÒ)
eΩuthiy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
¶¤çëÃPpaR(kÒ)
eΩuthiy’iruppïär(ga¬)
¶¤çëÃK¿M
eΩuthiy’irukkïum
I’ll ’ve written; I’ll be writing
you’ll ’ve written; you’ll be writing
he’ll ’ve written; he’ll be writing
she’ll ’ve written; she’ll be writing
it’ll have written; it’ll be writing
we’ll ’ve written; we’ll be writing
you’ll ’ve written; you’ll be writing
they’ll ’ve written; they’ll be writing
they’ll ’ve written; they’ll be writing
¶¤∆tL eΩuthuthal
¶¤∆wk3 eΩuthugai
¶¤tL eΩuthal
¶¤∆Œ eΩuthuvu
29
writing (verbal noun)
writing (v. noun)
writing (verbal noun)
writing (v. noun)
¶¤çˆ∆2 eΩuthi√’athu
¶¤∆á®∆ eΩuthugi∞’athu
¶¤∆v∆ eΩuthuv’athu
¶¤çˆaL eΩuthi√äl
a (past) writing (v. noun)
a (present) writing (v. n.)
a (future) writing (v. n.)
(I-they) write/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
¶¤taEt eΩuthäthë
¶¤ta≥R(kÒ) eΩuthäthïr(ga¬)
¶¤tat eΩuthätha
¶¤ta∆ eΩuthäthu; ¶¤tamL eΩuthämal
don’t (you) write! (imp.)
don’t write! (imp. pl.)
non-writing (neg. adj. part.)
without writing (neg. participle)
¶¤Et˜4 eΩuthë√
¶¤tmaDEd˜ eΩutha-m䆆ë√
¶¤tawm eΩuthämai; ¶¤tat∆ eΩuthäthathu
¶¤tÉLwl eΩuthavillai
(I-they) didn’t write! (‘past’)
I won’t write! (tenseless)
I won’t write! (‘future’)
non-writing (neg. verbal nouns)
¶¤çˆ∆2iLwl eΩuthi√athu illai ¶¤∆á®çLwl eΩuthugi∞ath’illai ¶¤∆v∆ iLwl eΩuthuvathu illai ¶¤taÉDdaL eΩuthävi††äl
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) written (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) write (I-they) won’t (ever) write
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t write-if (condition.)
¶¤tatv˜ eΩuthäth’ava√, a man who did not write, does not write, or will not write (this and all the following are participial nouns)
¶¤çˆv˜5 eΩuthi√’ava√, he who wrote; ¶¤∆á®v˜ eΩuthugi∞’ava√, he who writes; ¶¤∆pv˜ eΩuthub’ava√, he who will write
¶¤tatvÒ eΩuthäth’ava¬, a woman who did not write, does not write, or will not write
¶¤çˆvÒ eΩuthi√’ava¬, she who wrote; ¶¤∆á®vÒ eΩuthugi∞’ava¬, she who writes; ¶¤∆pvÒ eΩuthub’ava¬, she who will write
¶¤tat∆ eΩuthäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not write, does not write, or will not write
¶¤çˆ∆ eΩuthi√’athu, it which wrote; ¶¤∆á®∆ eΩuthugi∞’athu, it which writes; ¶¤∆v∆ eΩuthuv’athu, it which will write
¶¤tatvR(kÒ) eΩuthäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not write, do not write, or will not write
¶¤çˆvR(kÒ) eΩuthi√’avar(ga¬), they who wrote; ¶¤∆á®vR(kÒ) eΩuthugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who write; ¶¤∆pvR(kÒ) eΩuthub’avar(ga¬), °will write
¶¤tatwv(kÒ) eΩuthäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not write, do not write, or will not write
¶¤çˆwv(kÒ) eΩuthi√’avai(ga¬), they who wrote; ¶¤∆á®wv(kÒ) eΩuthugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who write; ¶¤∆pwv(kÒ) eΩuthub’avai(ga¬), °will write
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ¶¤ta∆ eΩuthäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ¶¤tamL eΩuthämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
¶¤taçÃNEt˜
¶¤taçÃKáE®˜
¶¤taçÃPEp˜
¶¤taçÃNtaL
eΩuthäth’irunthë√
eΩuthäth’irukki∞ë√
eΩuthäth’iruppë√
eΩuthäth’irunthäl (conditional)
¶¤tamL iÃKáE®˜
¶¤tamL iÃPEp˜
¶¤tamL iÃNtaL
¶¤tamL iÃNEt˜
eΩuthämal irunthë√
eΩuthämal irukki∞ë√
eΩuthämal iruppë√
eΩuthämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t written (past perf.)
I haven’t written (pres. perf.)3
I won’t have written (f. perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t written-if
I wasn’t writing
I am not writing
I won’t be writing
(I-they) was/were not writing-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t write-if
_______________
1A
common alternate form is ¶¤çy eΩuthiya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is ¶¤çy∆ eΩuthiyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are ¶¤çyv˜ eΩuthiy’ava√, ¶¤çyvÒ eΩuthiy’ava¬, etc.
k¤Œ kaΩuvu
(v.t.)
wash (you)! (imperative s.)
k¤Éˆ1 kaΩuvi√a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) washed
k¤ŒıkÒ kaΩuvu≥ga¬
Present Tense
k¤ŒáE®˜
k¤Œá®aY
k¤Œá®a˜
k¤Œá®aÒ
k¤Œá®∆
k¤ŒáE®aM
k¤ŒáΩR(kÒ)
k¤Œá®aR(kÒ)
k¤Œá˜®ˆ
kaΩuvugi∞ïë√
I wash
kaΩuvugi∞ïäy
you wash
kaΩuvugi∞ïä√
he washes
kaΩuvugi∞ïä¬
she washes
kaΩuvugi∞ïathu it washes
kaΩuvugi∞ïöm
we wash
kaΩuvugi∞ïïr(ga¬) you wash
kaΩuvugi∞ïär(ga¬) they wash
kaΩuvugi√∞ïa√a they wash
Past Tense
k¤ÉEˆ˜
k¤ÉˆaY
k¤Éˆa˜
k¤ÉˆaÒ
k¤Éˆ∆2
k¤ÉEˆaM
k¤ÉæR(kÒ)
k¤ÉˆaR(kÒ)
k¤Éˆ1
kaΩuvi√ïë√
kaΩuvi√ïäy
kaΩuvi√ïä√
kaΩuvi√ïä¬
kaΩuvi√ïathu
kaΩuvi√ïöm
kaΩuvi√ïïr(ga¬)
kaΩuvi√ïär(ga¬)
kaΩuvi√ïa
Future Tense
k¤ŒEv˜
k¤ŒvaY
k¤Œva˜
k¤ŒvaÒ
k¤ŒM
k¤ŒEvaM
k¤Œ™R(kÒ)
k¤ŒvaR(kÒ)
k¤ŒM
kaΩuvuvïë√
kaΩuvuvïäy
kaΩuvuvïä√
kaΩuvuvïä¬
kaΩuvïum
kaΩuvuvïöm
kaΩuvuvïïr(ga¬)
kaΩuvuvïär(ga¬)
kaΩuvïum
k¤v kaΩuva
k¤É kaΩuvi
30
wash (you)! (imperative pl.)
to wash (infinitive)
(having) washed (past participle)
k¤Œá® kaΩuvugi∞a (pres. adj. p.) k¤ŒM kaΩuvum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) washes
(who, which) will wash
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
k¤ÉëÃKáE®˜
kaΩuviy’irukki∞ïë√
k¤ÉëÃKá®aY
kaΩuviy’irukki∞ïäy
k¤ÉëÃKá®a˜
kaΩuviy’irukki∞ïä√
k¤ÉëÃKá®aÒ
kaΩuviy’irukki∞ïä¬
k¤ÉëÃKá®∆
kaΩuviy’irukki∞ïathu
k¤ÉëÃKáE®aM
kaΩuviy’irukki∞ïöm
k¤ÉëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
kaΩuviy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
k¤ÉëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
kaΩuviy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
k¤ÉëÃKᘮˆ
kaΩuviy’irukki√∞ïa√a
I’ve washed; I am washing
you’ve washed; you are washing
he has washed; he is washing
she has washed; she is washing
it has washed; it is washing
we’ve washed; we are washing
you’ve washed; you are washing
they’ve washed; they are washing
they’ve washed; they are washing
I washed
you washed
he washed
she washed
it washed
we washed
you washed
they washed
they washed
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
k¤ÉëÃNEt˜
kaΩuviy’irunthïë√
k¤ÉëÃNtaY
kaΩuviy’irunthïäy
k¤ÉëÃNta˜
kaΩuviy’irunthïä√
k¤ÉëÃNtaÒ
kaΩuviy’irunthïä¬
k¤ÉëÃNt∆
kaΩuviy’irunthïathu
k¤ÉëÃNEtaM
kaΩuviy’irunthïöm
k¤ÉëÃN≥R(kÒ)
kaΩuviy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
k¤ÉëÃNtaR(kÒ)
kaΩuviy’irunthïär(ga¬)
k¤ÉëÃNtˆ
kaΩuviy’irunthïa√a
I had washed; I was washing
you’d washed; you were washing
he’d washed; he was washing
she’d washed; she was washing
it had washed; it was washing
we’d washed; we were washing
you’d washed; you were washing
they’d washed; they were washing
they’d washed; they were washing
I’ll wash
you’ll wash
he’ll wash
she’ll wash
it’ll wash
we’ll wash
you’ll wash
they’ll wash
they’ll drive
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
k¤ÉëÃPEp˜
kaΩuviy’iruppïë√
k¤ÉëÃPpaY
kaΩuviy’iruppïäy
k¤ÉëÃPpa˜
kaΩuviy’iruppïä√
k¤ÉëÃPpaÒ
kaΩuviy’iruppïä¬
k¤ÉëÃK¿M
kaΩuviy’irukkïum
k¤ÉëÃPEpaM
kaΩuviy’iruppïöm
k¤ÉëÃPµR(kÒ)
kaΩuviy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
k¤ÉëÃPpaR(kÒ)
kaΩuviy’iruppïär(ga¬)
k¤ÉëÃK¿M
kaΩuviy’irukkïum
I’ll ’ve washed; I’ll be washing
you’ll ’ve washed; you’ll be washing
he’ll ’ve washed; he’ll be washing
she’ll ’ve washed; she’ll be washing
it’ll have washed; it’ll be washing
we’ll ’ve washed; we’ll be washing
you’ll ’ve washed; you’ll be washing
they’ll ’ve washed; they’ll be washing
they’ll ’ve washed; they’ll be washing
k¤ŒtL kaΩuvuthal
k¤Œwk3 kaΩuvugai
k¤vL kaΩuval
k¤ŒŒ3 kaΩuvuvu
31
washing (verbal noun)
washing (verbal noun)
washing (verbal noun)
washing (verbal noun)
k¤Éˆ∆2 kaΩuvi√’athu
k¤Œá®∆ kaΩuvugi∞’athu
k¤Œv∆ kaΩuvuv’athu
k¤ÉˆaL kaΩuvi√äl
a (past) washing (v. noun)
a (present) washing (v. n.)
a (future) washing (v. n.)
(I-they) wash/es-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
k¤vaEt kaΩuväthë
k¤va≥R(kÒ) kaΩuväthïr(ga¬)
l¤vat kaΩuvätha
k¤va∆ kaΩuväthu; k¤vamL kaΩuvämal
don’t (you) wash! (imperative s.) don’t (you) wash! (imp. pl.)
non-washing (neg. adj. part.)
without washing (neg. participle)
k¤Ev˜4 kaΩuvë√
k¤vmaDEd˜ kaΩuva-m䆆ë√
k¤vawm kaΩuvämai; k¤vat∆ kaΩuväthathu
k¤vÉLwl kaΩuvavillai
(I-they) didn’t wash (‘past’)
I won’t wash (tenseless)
I won’t wash (‘future’)
non-washing (neg. verbal nouns)
k¤Éˆ∆2iLwl kaΩuvi√athu illai k¤Œá®çLwl kaΩuvugi∞ath’illai k¤vv∆ iLwl kaΩuvuvathu illai k¤vaÉDdaL kaΩuvävi††äl
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t washed
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) wash (I-they) won’t (ever) wash
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t wash-if (conditional)
k¤vatv˜ kaΩuväth’ava√, a man who did not wash, does not wash, or will not wash (this and all the following are participial nouns)
k¤Éˆv˜5 kaΩuvi√’ava√, he who washed; k¤Œá®v˜ kaΩuvugi∞’ava√, he who washes; k¤Œpv˜ kaΩuvub’ava√, he who will wash
k¤vatvÒ kaΩuväth’ava¬, a woman who did not wash, does not wash, or will not wash
k¤ÉˆvÒ kaΩuvi√’ava¬, she who washed; k¤Œá®vÒ kaΩuvugi∞’ava¬, she who washes; k¤ŒpvÒ kaΩuvub’ava¬, she who will wash
k¤vat∆ kaΩuväth’athu, an animal or thing which did not wash, does not wash, or will not wash
k¤Éˆ∆ kaΩuvi√’athu, it which washed; k¤Œá®∆ kaΩuvugi∞’athu, it which washes; k¤Œv∆ kaΩuvuv’athu, it which will wash
k¤vatvR(kÒ) kaΩuväth’avar(ga¬), people who did not wash, do not wash, or will not wash
k¤ÉˆvR(kÒ) kaΩuvi√’avar(ga¬), they who washed; k¤Œá®vR(kÒ) kaΩuvugi∞’avar(ga¬), °who wash; k¤ŒpvR(kÒ) kaΩuvub’avar(ga¬), °who’ll wash
k¤vatwv(kÒ) kaΩuväth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not wash, do not wash, or will not wash
k¤Éˆwv(kÒ) kaΩuvi√’avai(ga¬), they who washed; k¤Œá®wv(kÒ) kaΩuvugi∞’avai(ga¬), °who wash; k¤Œpwv(kÒ) kaΩuvub’avai(ga¬), °who’ll wash
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle k¤va∆ kaΩuväthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle k¤vamL kaΩuvämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
k¤vaçÃNEt˜
k¤vaçÃKáE®˜
k¤vaçÃPEp˜
k¤vaçÃNtaL
kaΩuväth’irunthë√
kaΩuväth’irukki∞ë√
kaΩuväth’iruppë√
kaΩuväth’irunthäl (conditional)
k¤vamL iÃKáE®˜
k¤vamL iÃPEp˜
k¤vamL iÃNtaL
k¤vamL iÃNEt˜
kaΩuvämal irunthë√
kaΩuvämal irukki∞ë√
kaΩuvämal iruppë√
kaΩuvämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t washed (past perf.)
I haven’t washed (pres. perf.)3
I won’t have washed (f. perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t washed-if
I wasn’t washing
I am not washing
I won’t be washing
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t washing-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t wash-if
_______________
1An
alternate form is k¤Éy kaΩuviya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is k¤Éy∆ kaΩuviyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are k¤Éyv˜ kaΩuviy’ava√, k¤ÉyvÒ kaΩuviy’ava¬, etc.
Ep◊ pësu (v.i.)
talk (you)! (imperative)
Epâˆ1 pësi√a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) talked
Ep◊ıkÒ pësu≥ga¬
talk (you)! (imper. pl.)
Ep◊á® pësugi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) talks
Present Tense
Ep◊áE®˜
Ep◊á®aY
Ep◊á®a˜
Ep◊á®aÒ
Ep◊á®∆
Ep◊áE®aM
Ep◊áΩR(kÒ)
Ep◊á®aR(kÒ)
Ep◊ᘮˆ
Epc pësa
Epâ pësi
to talk (infinitive)
(having) talked (past participle)
Ep◊M pësum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will talk
32
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
pësugi∞ïë√
pësugi∞ïäy
pësugi∞ïä√
pësugi∞ïä¬
pësugi∞ïathu
pësugi∞ïöm
pësugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
pësugi∞ïär(ga¬)
pësugi√∞ïa√a
I talk
you talk
he talks
she talks
it talks
we talk
you talk
they talk
they talk
EpâëÃKáE®˜
EpâëÃKá®aY
EpâëÃKá®a˜
EpâëÃKá®aÒ
EpâëÃKá®∆
EpâëÃKáE®aM
EpâëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
EpâëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
EpâëÃKᘮˆ
I had talked; I was talking
you had talked; you were talking
he had talked; he was talking
she had talked; she was talking
it had talked; it was talking
we had talked; we were talking
you had talked; you were talking
they had talked; they were talking
they had talked; they were talking
I’ll have talked; I’ll be talking
you’ll have talked; you’ll be talking
he’ll have talked; he’ll be talking
she’ll have talked; she’ll be talking
it’ll have talked; it’ll be talking
we’ll have talked; we’ll be talking
you’ll have talked; you’ll be talking
they’ll have talked; they’ll be talking
they’ll have talked; they’ll be talking
pësiy’irukki∞ïë√
pësiy’irukki∞ïäy
pësiy’irukki∞ïä√
pësiy’irukki∞ïä¬
pësiy’irukki∞ïathu
pësiy’irukki∞ïöm
pësiy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
pësiy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
pësiy’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
EpâEˆ˜
EpâˆaY
Epâˆa˜
EpâˆaÒ
Epâˆ∆2
EpâEˆaM
EpâæR(kÒ)
EpâˆaR(kÒ)
Epâˆ1
pësi√ïë√
pësi√ïäy
pësi√ïä√
pësi√ïä¬
pësi√ïathu
pësi√ïöm
pësi√ïïr(ga¬)
pësi√ïär(ga¬)
pësi√ïa
I talked
you talked
he talked
she talked
it talked
we talked
you talked
they talked
they talked
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
EpâëÃNEt˜
pësiy’irunthïë√
EpâëÃNtaY
pësiy’irunthïäy
EpâëÃNta˜
pësiy’irunthïä√
EpâëÃNtaÒ
pësiy’irunthïä¬
EpâëÃNt∆
pësiy’irunthïathu
EpâëÃNEtaM
pësiy’irunthïöm
EpâëÃN≥R(kÒ)
pësiy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
EpâëÃNtaR(kÒ)
pësiy’irunthïär(ga¬)
EpâëÃNtˆ
pësiy’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
Ep◊Ev˜
Ep◊vaY
Ep◊va˜
Ep◊vaÒ
Ep◊M
Ep◊EvaM
Ep◊™R(kÒ)
Ep◊vaR(kÒ)
Ep◊M
pësuvïë√
pësuvïäy
pësuvïä√
pësuvïä¬
pësïum
pësuvïöm
pësuvïïr(ga¬)
pësuvïär(ga¬)
pësïum
I’ll talk
you’ll talk
he’ll talk
she’ll talk
it’ll talk
we’ll talk
you’ll talk
they’ll talk
they’ll talk
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
EpâëÃPEp˜
pësiy’iruppïë√
EpâëÃPpaY
pësiy’iruppïäy
EpâëÃPpa˜
pësiy’iruppïä√
EpâëÃPpaÒ
pësiy’iruppïä¬
EpâëÃK¿M
pësiy’irukkïum
EpâëÃPEpaM
pësiy’iruppïöm
EpâëÃPµR(kÒ)
pësiy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
EpâëÃPpaR(kÒ)
pësiy’iruppïär(ga¬)
EpâëÃK¿M
pësiy’irukkïum
I have talked; I am talking
you have talked; you are talking
he has talked; he is talking
she has talked; she is talking
it has talked; it is talking
we have talked; we are talking
you have talked; you are talking
they have talked; they are talking
they have talked; they are talking
Ep◊tL pësuthal
Ep◊wk3 pësugai
EpcL pësal
Ep◊Œ3 pësuvu
33
talking (verbal noun)
talking (verbal noun)
talking (verbal noun)
talking (verbal noun)
Epâˆ∆2 pësi√’athu
Ep◊á®∆ pësugi∞’athu
Ep◊v∆ pësuv’athu
EpâˆaL pësi√äl
a (past) talking (v. noun)
a (present) talking (v. n.)
a (future) talking (v. n.)
(I-they) talk/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
EpcaEt pësäthë
Epca≥R(kÒ) pësäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) talk! (imperative s.)
don’t (you) talk! (imp. pl.)
EpcÉLwl pësavillai
EpEc˜4 pësë√
(I-they) didn’t talk (‘past’)
I won’t talk (tenseless)
Epâˆ∆2 iLwl pësi√athu illai Ep◊á®çLwl pësugi∞ath’illai
(I-they) didn’t (ever) talk
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) talk
Epcat pësätha
non-talking (past adj. part.)
EpcmaDEd˜ pësa-m䆆ë√
I won’t talk (‘future’)
Ep◊v∆ iLwl pësuvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) talk
Epca∆ pësäthu; EpcamL pësämal
without talking (neg. participle)
Epcawm pësämai; Epcat∆ pësäthathu
non-talking (neg. verbal nouns)
EpcaÉDdaL pësävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t talk-if (condition.)
Epcatv˜ pësäth’ava√, a man who did not talk, does not talk, or will not talk (this and all the following are participial nouns)
Epâˆv˜5 pësi√’ava√, he who talked; Ep◊á®v˜ pësugi∞’ava√, he who talks; Ep◊pv˜ pësub’ava√, he who will talk
EpcatvÒ pësäth’ava¬, a woman who did not talk, does not talk, or will not talk
EpâˆvÒ pësi√’ava¬, she who talked; Ep◊á®vÒ pësugi∞’ava¬, she who talks; Ep◊pvÒ pësub’ava¬, she who will talk
Epcat∆ pësäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not talk, does not talk, or will not talk
Epâˆ∆ pësi√’athu, it which talked; Ep◊á®∆ pësugi∞’athu, it which talks; Ep◊v∆ pësuv’athu, it which will talk
EpcatvR(kÒ) pësäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not talk, do not talk, or will not talk
EpâˆvR(kÒ) pësi√’avar(ga¬), they who talked; Ep◊á®vR(kÒ) pësugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who talk; Ep◊pvR(kÒ) pësub’avar(ga¬), they who will talk
Epcatwv(kÒ) pësäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not talk, do not talk, or will not talk
Epâˆwv(kÒ) pësi√’avai(ga¬), they who talked; Ep◊á®wv(kÒ) pësugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who talk; Ep◊pwv(kÒ) pësub’avai(ga¬), they who will talk
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle Epca∆ pësäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle EpcamL pësämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
EpcaçÃNEt˜
EpcaçÃKáE®˜
EpcaçÃPEp˜
EpcaçÃNtaL
pësäth’irunthë√
pësäth’irukki∞ë√
pësäth’iruppë√
pësäth’irunthäl (conditional)
EpcamL iÃNEt˜
EpcamL iÃKáE®˜
EpcamL iÃPEp˜
EpcamL iÃNtaL
pësämal irunthë√
pësämal irukki∞ë√
pësämal l iruppë√
pësämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t talked (past perf.)
I haven’t talked (pres. perf.)3
I won’t have talked (f. perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t talked-if
I wasn’t talking
I am not talking
I won’t be talking
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t talking -if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t talk-if
_______________
1An
alternate form is Epây pësiya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is Epây∆ pësiyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are Epâyv˜ pësiy’ava√, EpâyvÒ pësiy’ava¬, etc.
ecaL(Õ) sol(lu) (v.i.)
say (you)! (imperative s.)
eca˜ˆ1 so√√a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) said
ecaLÕıkÒ sollu≥ga¬
ecaLl solla
ecaLì solli
say (you)! (imperative pl.)
to say (infinitive)
(having) said (past participle)
ecaLÕá® sollugi∞a (pres. adj. p.) ecaLÕM sollum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) says
(who, which) will say
Present Tense
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
ecaLÕáE®˜
sollugi∞ïë√
ecaLÕá®aY
sollugi싄y
ecaLÕá®a˜
sollugi∞ïä√
ecaLÕá®aÒ
sollugi∞ïä¬
ecaLÕá®∆
sollugi∞ïathu
ecaLÕáE®aM
sollugi싔m
ecaLÕáΩR(kÒ) sollugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
ecaLÕá®aR(kÒ) sollugi∞ïär(ga¬)
ecaLÕᘮˆ sollugi√∞ïa√a
I say
you say
he says
she says
it says
we say
you say
they say
they say
ecaLìëÃKáE®˜
ecaLìëÃKá®aY
ecaLìëÃKá®a˜
ecaLìëÃKá®aÒ
ecaLìëÃKá®∆
ecaLìëÃKáE®aM
ecaLìëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
ecaLìëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
ecaLìëÃKᘮˆ
I had said; I was saying
you had said; you were saying
he had said; he was saying
she had said; she was saying
it had said; it was saying
we had said; we were saying
you had said; you were saying
they had said; they were saying
they had said; they were saying
I’ll have said; I’ll be saying
you’ll have said; you’ll be saying
he’ll have said; he’ll be saying
she’ll have said; she’ll be saying
it’ll have said; it’ll be saying
we’ll have said; we’ll be saying
you’ll have said; you’ll be saying
they’ll have said; they’ll be saying
they’ll have said; they’ll be saying
solliy’irukki∞ïë√
solliy’irukki∞ïäy
solliy’irukki∞ïä√
solliy’irukki∞ïä¬
solliy’irukki∞ïathu
solliy’irukki∞ïöm
solliy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
solliy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
solliy’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
eca˜Eˆ˜
eca˜ˆaY
eca˜ˆa˜
eca˜ˆaÒ
eca˜ˆ∆2
eca˜EˆaM
eca˜æR(kÒ)
eca˜ˆaR(kÒ)
ecaLìˆ1
so√√ïë√
so√√ïäy
so√√ïä√
so√√ïä¬
so√√ïathu
so√√ïöm
so√√ïïr(ga¬)
so√√ïär(ga¬)
solliÕa
I said
you said
he said
she said
it said
we said
you said
they said
they said
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
ecaLìëÃNEt˜
solliy’irunthïë√
EcaLìëÃNtaY
solliy’irunthïäy
ecaLìëÃNta˜
solliy’irunthïä√
ecaLìëÃNtaÒ
solliy’irunthïä¬
ecaLìëÃNt∆
solliy’irunthïathu
ecaLìëÃNEtaM
solliy’irunthïöm
ecaLìëÃN≥R(kÒ)
solliy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
ecaLìëÃNtaR(kÒ)
solliy’irunthïär(ga¬)
ecaLìëÃNtˆ
solliy’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
ecaLÕEv˜
ecaLÕvaY
ecaLÕva˜
ecaLÕvaÒ
ecaLÕM
ecaLÕEvaM
ecaLÕ™R(kÒ)
ecaLÕvaR(kÒ)
ecaLÕM
solluvïë√
solluvïäy
solluvïä√
solluvïä¬
sollïum
solluvïöm
solluvïïr(ga¬)
solluvïär(ga¬)
sollïum
I’ll say
you’ll say
he’ll say
she’ll say
it’ll say
we’ll say
you’ll say
they’ll say
they’ll say
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
ecaLìëÃPEp˜
solliy’iruppïë√
ecaLìëÃPpaY
solliy’iruppïäy
EpâëÃPpa˜
solliy’iruppïä√
ecaLìëÃPpaÒ
solliy’iruppïä¬
ecaLìëÃK¿M
solliy’irukkïum
ecaLìëÃPEpaM
solliy’iruppïöm
ecaLìÃPµR(kÒ)
solliy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
ecaLìëÃPpaR(kÒ)
solliy’iruppïär(ga¬)
ecaLìëÃK¿M
solliy’irukkïum
I have said; I am saying
you have said; you are saying
he has said; he is saying
she has said; she is saying
it has said; it is saying
we have said; we are saying
you have said; you are saying
they have said; they are saying
they have said; they are saying
34
ecaLÕtL solluthal
ecaLÕwk3 sollugai
ecaLlL sollal
ecaLՌ3 solluvu
35
saying (verbal noun)
saying (verbal noun)
saying (verbal noun)
saying (verbal noun)
eca˜ˆ∆2 so√√’athu
ecaLÕá®∆ sollugi∞’athu
ecaLÕv∆ solluv’athu
eca˜ˆaL so√√äl
a (past) saying (v. noun)
a (present) saying (v. n.)
a (future) saying (v. n.)
(I-they) say/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
ecaLlaEt solläthë
ecaLla≥R(kÒ) solläthïr(ga¬)
ecaLlat sollätha
ecaLla∆ solläthu; ecaLlamL sollämal
don’t (you) say! (imperative s.)
don’t (you) say! (imp. pl.)
non-saying (neg. adj. part.)
without saying (neg. participle)
ecaLlÉLwl sollavillai
ecaLEl˜4 sollë√
ecaLlmaDEd˜ solla-m䆆ë√
ecaLlawm sollämai; ecaLlat∆ solläthathu
(I-they) didn’t say (‘past’)
I won’t say (tenseless)
I won’t say (‘future’)
non-saying (neg. verbal nouns)
eca˜ˆ∆2iLwl so√√athu illai ecaLÕá®çLwl sollugi∞ath’illai ecaLÕv∆ iLwl solluvathu illai ecaLlaÉDdaL sollävi††äl
(I-they) didn’t (ever) say
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) say
(I-they) won’t (ever) say
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t say-if (condition.)
ecaLlatv˜ solläth’ava√, a man who did not say, does not say, or will not say (this and all the following are participial nouns)
eca˜ˆv˜5 so√√’ava√, he who said; ecaLÕá®v˜ sollugi∞’ava√, he who says; ecaLÕpv˜ sollub’ava√, he who will say
ecaLlatvÒ solläth’ava¬, a woman who did not say, does not say, or will not say
eca˜ˆvÒ so√√’ava¬, she who said; ecaLÕá®vÒ sollugi∞’ava¬, she who says; ecaLÕpvÒ sollub’ava¬, she who will say
ecaLlat∆ solläth’athu, an animal or thing which did not say, does not say, or will not say
eca˜ˆ∆ so√√’athu, it which said; ecaLÕá®∆ sollugi∞’athu, it which says; ecaLÕv∆ solluv’athu, it which will say
ecaLlatvR(kÒ) solläth’avar(ga¬), people who did not say, do not say, or will not say
eca˜ˆvR(kÒ) so√√’avar(ga¬), they who said; ecaLÕá®vR(kÒ) sollugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who say; ecaLÕpvR(kÒ) sollub’avar(ga¬), they who’ll say
ecaLlatwv(kÒ) solläth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not say, do not say, or will not say
eca˜ˆwv(kÒ) so√√’avai(ga¬), they who said; ecaLÕá®wv(kÒ) sollugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who say; ecaLÕpwv(kÒ) sollub’avai(ga¬), they who’ll say
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ecaLla∆ solläthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ecaLlamL sollämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
ecaLlaçÃNEt˜
ecaLlaçÃKáE®˜
ecaLlaçÃPEp˜
ecaLlaçÃNtaL
solläth’irunthë√
solläth’irukki∞ë√
solläth’iruppë√
solläth’irunthäl (conditional)
ecaLlamL iÃNEt˜
ecaLlamL iÃKáE®˜
ecaLlamL iÃPEp˜
ecaLlamL iÃNtaL
sollämal irunthë√
sollämal irukki∞ë√
sollämal iruppë√
sollämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t said (past perf.)
I haven’t said (pres. perf.)3
I won’t have said (f. perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t said-if
I wasn’t saying
I am not saying
I won’t be saying
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t saying-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t say-if
_______________
1An
alternate form is ecaLìy solliya.
3Not
in common use today.
5Common
4See
2A
common alternate form is ecaLìy∆ solliyathu.
footnote 4 on page 3.
alternate forms are ecaLìyv˜ solliy’ava√, ecaLìyvÒ solliy’ava¬, etc.
Epa pö (v.i.)
go (you)! (imperative)
Epaˆ pö√a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) went
EpaıkÒ pö≥ga¬
go (you)! (imper. pl.)
Epaá® pögi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) goes
Present Tense
EpaáE®˜
Epaá®aY
Epaá®a˜
Epaá®aÒ
Epaá®∆
EpaáE®aM
EpaáΩR(kÒ)
Epaá®aR(kÒ)
Epaᘮˆ
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
pögi∞ïë√
pögi∞ïäy
pögi∞ïä√
pögi∞ïä¬
pögi∞ïathu
pögi∞ïöm
pögi∞ïïr(ga¬)
pögi∞ïär(ga¬)
pögi√∞ïa√a
I go
you go
he goes
she goes
it goes
we go
you go
they go
they go
Past Tense
EpaEˆ˜
EpaˆaY
Epaˆa˜
EpaˆaÒ
Epaˆ∆1
EpaEˆaM
EpaæR(kÒ)
EpaˆaR(kÒ)
Epaëˆ
Future Tense
EpaEv˜
EpavaY
Epava˜
EpavaÒ
Epa¿M
EpaEvaM
Epa™R(kÒ)
EpavaR(kÒ)
Epa¿M
Epak pöga
EpaY pöy
to go (infinitive)
(having) gone (past participle)
Epa¿M pögum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will go
EpaëÃKáE®˜
EpaëÃKá®aY
EpaëÃKá®a˜
EpaëÃKá®aÒ
EpaëÃKá®∆
EpaëÃKáE®aM
EpaëÃKáΩR(kÒ)
EpaëÃKá®aR(kÒ)
EpaëÃKᘮˆ
pöy’irukki∞ïë√
pöy’irukki∞ïäy
pöy’irukki∞ïä√
pöy’irukki∞ïä¬
pöy’irukki∞ïathu
pöy’irukki∞ïöm
pöy’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
pöy’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
pöy’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have gone; I am going
youhave gone; you are going
he has gone; he is going
she has gone; she is going
it has gone; it is going
we have gone; we are going
you have gone; you are going
they have gone; they are going
they have gone; they are going
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
pö√ïë√
pö√ïäy
pö√ïä√
pö√ïä¬
pö√ïathu
pö√ïöm
pö√ïïr(ga¬)
pö√ïär(ga¬)
pöyi√ïa
pövïë√
pövïäy
pövïä√
pövïä¬
pögïum
pövïöm
pövïïr(ga¬)
pövïär(ga¬)
pögïum
I went
you went
he went
she went
it went
we went
you went
they went
they went
EpaëÃNEt˜
EpaëÃNtaY
EpaëÃNta˜
EpaëÃNtaÒ
EpaëÃNt∆
EpaëÃNEtaM
EpaëÃN≥R(kÒ)
EpaëÃNtaR(kÒ)
EpaëÃNtˆ
I’ll go
you’ll go
he’ll go
she’ll go
it’ll go
we’ll go
you’ll go
they’ll go
they’ll go
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
EpaëÃPEp˜
pöy’iruppïë√
EpaëÃPpaY
pöy’iruppïäy
EpaëÃPpa˜
pöy’iruppïä√
EpaëÃPpaÒ
pöy’iruppïä¬
EpaëÃK¿M
pöy’irukkïum
EpaëÃPEpaM
pöy’iruppïöm
EpaëÃPµR(kÒ)
pöy’iruppïïr(ga¬)
EpaëÃPpaR(kÒ)
pöy’iruppïär(ga¬)
EpaëÃK¿M
pöy’irukkïum
pöy’irunthïë√
pöy’irunthïäy
pöy’irunthïä√
pöy’irunthïä¬
pöy’irunthïathu
pöy’irunthïöm
pöy’irunthïïr(ga¬)
pöy’irunthïär(ga¬)
pöy’irunthïa√a
I had gone; I was going
you had gone; you were going
he had gone; he was going
she had gone; she was going
it had gone; it was going
we had gone; we were going
you had gone; you were going
they had gone; they were going
they had gone; they were going
I’ll ’ve gone; I’ll be going
you’ll ’ve gone; you’ll be going
he’ll ’ve gone; he’ll be going
she’ll ’ve gone; she’ll be going
it’ll have gone; it’ll be going
we’ll ’ve gone; we’ll be going
you’ll ’ve gone; you’ll be going
they’ll ’ve gone; they’ll be going
they’ll ’ve gone; they’ll be going
36
EpatL pöthal
Epawk pögai
EpakL pögal
–
37
going (verbal noun)
going (v. noun)
going (verbal noun)
going (verbal noun)
Epaˆ∆1 pö√’athu
Epaá®∆ pögi∞’athu
Epav∆ pöv’athu
EpaˆaL pö√äl
a (past) going (v. noun)
a (present) going (v. noun)
a (future) going (v. noun)
(I-they) going-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
EpakaEt pögäthë
Epaka≥R(kÒ) pögäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) go! (imp.)
don’t go! (imp. pl.)
EpakÉLwl pögavillai
EpaEk˜2 pögë√
(I-they) didn’t go (‘past’)
I won’t go (tenseless)
Epaˆ∆1 iLwl pö√athu illai
Epaá®çLwl pögi∞ath’illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) gone (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) go
Epakat pögätha
non-going (neg. adj. part.)
EpakmaDEd˜ pöga-m䆆ë√
I won’t go (‘future’)
Epav∆ iLwl pövathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) go
Epaka∆ pögäthu; EpakamL pögämal
without going (neg. participle)
Epakawm pögämai; Epakat∆ pögäthathu
non-going (neg. verbal nouns)
EpakaÉDdaL pögävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t go-if (condition.)
Epakatv˜ pögäth’ava√, a man who did not go, does not go, or will not go (this and all the following are participial nouns)
Epaˆv˜ pö√’ava√, he who went; Epaá®v˜ pögi∞’ava√, he who goes; Epapv˜ pöb’ava√, he who will go
EpakatvÒ pögäth’ava¬, a woman who did not go, does not go, or will not go
EpaˆvÒ pö√’ava¬, she who went; Epaá®vÒ pögi∞’ava¬, she who goes; EpapvÒ pöb’ava¬, she who will go
Epakat∆ pögäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not go, does not go, or will not go
Epaˆ∆ pö√’athu, it which went; Epaá®∆ pögi∞’athu, it which goes; Epav∆ pöv’athu, it which will go
EpakatvR(kÒ) pögäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not go, do not go, or will not go
EpaˆvR(kÒ) pö√’avar(ga¬), they who went; Epaá®vR(kÒ) pögi∞’avar(ga¬), they who go; EpapvR(kÒ) pöb’avar(ga¬), they who will go
Epakatwv(kÒ) pögäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not go, do not go, or will not go
Epaˆwv(kÒ) pö√’avai(ga¬), they who went; Epaá®wv(kÒ) pögi∞’avai(ga¬), they who go; Epapwv(kÒ) pöb’avai(ga¬), they who will go
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle Epaka∆ pögäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle EpakamL pögämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
EpakaçÃNEt˜
EpakaçÃKáE®˜
EpakaçÃPEp˜
EpakaçÃNtaL
pögäth’irunthë√
pögäth’irukki∞ë√
pögäth’iruppë√
pögäth’irunthäl (conditional)
EpakamL iÃNEt˜
EpakamL iÃKáE®˜
EpakamL iÃPEp˜
EpakamL iÃNtaL
pögämal irunthë√
pögämal irukki∞ë√
pögämal iruppë√
pögämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t gone (past perf.)
I haven’t gone (pres. perf.)3
I won’t have gone (f. perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t gone-if
I wasn’t going
I am not going
I won’t be going
(I-they) was/were not going-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t go-if
_______________
1An
alternate form is Epa뉛 pöyi∞∞u.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
3Not
in common use today.
åwc asai (v.t.)
move (sth) (you)! (imperative s.)
åwcÀıkÒ asaiyu≥ga¬
åwcKk asaikka
move (sth) (you)! (imper. plural) to move (sth) (infinitive)
åwcT∆ asaitthu
(having) moved (sth) (past participle)
åwcTt asaittha (past adj. p.)
åwcKá® asaikki∞a (pres. adj. p.) åwcK¿M asaikkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) moved (sth)
(who, which) moves (sth)
Present Tense
38
(who, which) will move (sth)
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
åwcKáE®˜ asaikki∞ïë√
åwcKá®aY
asaikki싄y
åwcKá®a˜
asaikki∞ïä√
åwcKá®aÒ
asaikki∞ïä¬
åwcKá®∆
asaikki∞ïathu
åwcKáE®aM asaikki∞ïöm
åwcKáΩR(kÒ) asaikki∞ïïr(ga¬)
åwcKá®aR(kÒ) asaikki∞ïär(ga¬)
åwcKᘮˆ asaikki√∞ïa√a
I move (sth)
you move (sth)
he moves (sth)
she moves (sth)
it moves (sth)
we move (sth)
you move (sth)
they move (sth)
they move (sth)
åwcTçÃKáE®˜
åwcTçÃKá®aY
åwcTçÃKá®a˜
åwcTçÃKá®aÒ
åwcTçÃKá®∆
åwcTçÃKáE®aM
åwcTçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
åwcTçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
åwcTçÃKᘮˆ
Past Tense
åwcTEt˜
åwcTtaY
åwcTta˜
åwcTtaÒ
åwcTt∆
åwcTEtaM
åwcT≥R(kÒ)
åwcTtaR(kÒ)
åwcTtˆ
I moved (sth)
you moved (sth)
he moved (sth)
she moved (sth)
it moved (sth)
we moved (sth)
you moved (sth)
they moved (sth)
they moved (sth)
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
åwcTçÃNEt˜
asaitth’irunthïë√
åwcTçÃNtaY
asaitth’irunthïäy
åwcTçÃNta˜
asaitth’irunthïä√
åwcTçÃNtaÒ
asaitth’irunthïä¬
åwcTçÃNt∆
asaitth’irunthïathu
åwcTçÃNEtaM
asaitth’irunthïöm
åwcTçÃN≥(kÒ)
asaitth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
åwcTçÃNtaR(kÒ)
asaitth’irunthïär(ga¬)
åwcTçÃNtˆ
asaitth’irunthïa√a
I had moved; I was moving (sth)
you had moved; you were moving (sth)
he had moved; he was moving (sth)
she had moved; she was moving (sth)
it had moved; it was moving (sth)
we had moved; we were moving (sth)
you had moved; you were moving (sth)
they had moved; they were moving (sth)
they had moved; they were moving (sth)
I’ll move (sth)
you’ll move (sth)
he’ll move (sth)
she’ll move (sth)
it’ll move (sth)
we’ll move (sth)
you’ll move (sth)
they’ll move (sth)
they’ll move (sth)
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
åwcTçÃPEp˜
asaitth’iruppïë√
åwcTçÃPpaY
asaitth’iruppïäy
åwcTçÃPpa˜
asaitth’iruppïä√
åwcTçÃPpaÒ
asaitth’iruppïä¬
åwcTçÃK¿M
asaitth’irukkïum
åwcTçÃPEpaM
asaitth’iruppïöm
åwcTçÃPµR(kÒ)
asaitth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
åwcTçÃPpaR(kÒ)
asaitth’iruppïär(ga¬)
åwcTçÃK¿M
asaitth’irukkïum
I’ll have moved; I’ll be moving (sth)
you’ll have moved; you’ll be moving (sth)
he’ll have moved; he’ll be moving (sth)
she’ll have moved; she’ll be moving (sth)
it’ll have moved; it’ll be moving (sth)
we’ll have moved; we’ll be moving (sth)
you’ll have moved; you’ll be moving (sth)
they’ll have moved; they’ll be moving (sth)
they’ll have moved; they’ll be moving (sth)
Future Tense
åwcPEp˜
åwcPpaY
åwcPpa˜
åwcPpaÒ
åwcK¿M
åwcPEpaM
åwcPµR(kÒ)
åwcPpaR(kÒ)
åwcK¿M
asaitthïë√
asaitthïäy
asaitthïä√
asaitthïä¬
asaitthïathu
asaitthïöm
asaitthïïr(ga¬)
asaitthïär(ga¬)
asaitthïa√a
asaippïë√
asaippïäy
asaippïä√
asaippïä¬
asaikkïum
asaippïöm
asaippïïr(ga¬)
asaippïär(ga¬)
asaikkïum
asaitth’irukki∞ïë√
asaitth’irukki∞ïäy
asaitth’irukki∞ïä√
asaitth’irukki∞ïä¬
asaitth’irukki∞ïathu
asaitth’irukki∞ïöm
asaitth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
asaitth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
asaitth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have moved; I am moving (sth)
you have moved; you are moving (sth)
he has moved; he is moving (sth)
she has moved; she is moving (sth)
it has moved; it is moving (sth)
we have moved; we are moving (sth)
you have moved; you are moving (sth)
they have moved; they are moving (sth)
they have moved; they are moving (sth)
åwcTtL asaitthal
åwcKwk1 asaikkai
åwcKkL asaikkal
åwcP» asaippu
39
moving (sth) (verbal noun)
moving (sth) (action) (v. noun)
moving (sth) (verbal noun)
moving (sth) (verbal noun)
åwcTt∆ asaitth’athu
åwcKá®∆ asaikki∞’athu
åwcPp∆ asaipp’athu
åwcTtaL asaitthäl
a (past) moving (sth) (v. noun)
a (present) moving (sth) (v. noun) a (future) moving (sth) (v. noun) (I-they) move/moves (sth)-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
åwcKkaEt asaikkäthë
åwcKka≥R(kÒ) asaikkäthïr(ga¬) åwcKkat asaikkätha
åwcKka∆ asaikkäthu; åwcKkamL asaikkämal
don’t (you) move (sth)! (imp.)
don’t (you) move (sth)! (imp. pl.) non-moving (sth) (neg. adj. part.) non-moving (sth) (neg. participle)
åwcKkÉLwl asaikkavillai
åwcEy˜2 asaiyë√
åwcKkmaDEd˜ asaikka-m䆆ë√ åwcKkawm asaikkämai; °Kkat∆ °kkäthathu
(I-they) didn’t move (sth) (‘past’) I won’t move (sth) (tenseless)
I won’t move (sth) (‘future’)
non-moving (sth) (neg. verbal nouns)
åwcTt∆ iLwl asaitthathu illai åwcKá®çLwl asaikki∞ath’illai åwcPp∆ iLwl asaippathu illai åwcKkaÉDdaL asaikkävi††äl
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) moved (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) move (I-they) won’t (ever) move
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t move-if (conditional)
åwcKkatv˜ asaikkäth’ava√, a man who did not move, does not move, or will not move (sth) (this and all the following are participial nouns)
åwcTtv˜ asaitth’ava√, he who moved; åwcKá®v˜ asaikki∞’ava√, he who moves; åwcPpv˜ asaipp’ava√, he who will move (sth)
åwcKkatvÒ asaikkäth’ava¬, a woman who did not move, does not move, or will not move (sth)
åwcTtvÒ asaitth’ava¬, she who moved; åwcKá®vÒ asaikki∞’ava¬, she who moves; åwcPpvÒ asaipp’ava¬, she who will move (sth)
åwcKkat∆ asaikkäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not move, does not move, or will not move (sth)
åwcTt∆ asaitth’athu, it which moved; åwcKá®∆ asaikki∞’athu, it which moves; åwcPp∆ asaipp’athu, it which will move (sth)
åwcKkatvR(kÒ) asaikkäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not move, do not move, or will not move (sth)
åwcTtvR(kÒ) asaitth’avar(ga¬), they who moved; åwcKá®vR(kÒ) asaikki∞’avar(ga¬), °who move; åwcPpvR(kÒ) asaipp’avar(ga¬), °who’ll move (sth)
åwcKkatwv(kÒ) asaikkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not move, do not move, or will not move (sth)
åwcTtwv(kÒ) asaitth’avai(ga¬), they who moved; åwcKá®wv(kÒ) asaikki∞’avai(ga¬), °who move; åwcPpwv(kÒ) asaipp’avai(ga¬), °who’ll move (sth)
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle åwcKka∆ asaikkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle åwcKkamL asaikkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
åwcKkaçÃNEt˜
åwcKkaçÃKáE®˜
åwcKkaçÃPEp˜
åwcKkaçÃNtaL
asaikkäth’irunthë√
asaikkäth’irukki∞ë√
asaikkäth’iruppë√
asaikkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
åwcKkamL iÃNEt˜
åwcKkamL iÃKáE®˜
åwcKkamL iÃPEp˜
åwcKkamL iÃNtaL
asaikkämal irunthë√
asaikkämal irukki∞ë√
asaikkämal iruppë√
(f. perf.)1 asaikkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t moved (sth) (past perf.) I haven’t moved (sth) (pres. perf.)1 I won’t have moved (sth) ↵
(I-they) hadn’t moved (sth)-if
I wasn’t moving (sth)
I am not moving (sth)
I won’t be moving (sth)
(I-they) was/were not moving (sth)-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t move (sth)-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
åwc asai (v.i.)
move (you)! (imperative sing.)
åwcNt asaintha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) moved
åwcÀıkÒ asaiyu≥ga¬
move (you)! (imperative plural)
åwcá® asaigi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) moves
Present Tense
åwcáE®˜
åwcá®aY
åwcá®a˜
åwcá®aÒ
åwcá®∆
åwcáE®aM
åwcáΩR(kÒ)
åwcá®aR(kÒ)
åwcᘮˆ
Past Tense
åwcNEt˜
åwcNtaY
åwcNta˜
åwcNtaÒ
åwcNt∆
åwcNEtaM
åwcN≥R(kÒ)
åwcNtaR(kÒ)
åwcNtˆ
Future Tense
åwcEv˜
åwcvaY
åwcva˜
åwcvaÒ
åwcÀM
åwcEvaM
åwc™R(kÒ)
åwcvaR(kÒ)
åwcÀM
åwcy asaiya
åwcN∆ asainthu
to move (infinitive)
(having) moved (past participle)
åwcÀM asaiyum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will move
40
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
asaigi∞ïë√
asaigi싄y
asaigi∞ïä√
asaigi∞ïä¬
asaigi∞ïathu
asaigi싔m
asaigi∞ïïr(ga¬)
asaigi∞ïär(ga¬)
asaigi√∞ïa√a
asainthïë√
asainthïäy
asainthïä√
asainthïä¬
asainthïathu
asainthïöm
asainthïïr(ga¬)
asainthïär(ga¬)
asainthïa√a
asaivïë√
asaivïäy
asaivïä√
asaivïä¬
asaiyïum
asaivïöm
asaivïïr(ga¬)
asaivïär(ga¬)
asaiyïum
I move
you move
he moves
she moves
it moves
we move
you move
they move
they move
åwcNçÃKáE®˜
åwcNçÃKá®aY
åwcNçÃKá®a˜
åwcNçÃKá®aÒ
åwcNçÃKá®∆
åwcNçÃKáE®aM
åwcNçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
åwcNçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
åwcNçÃKᘮˆ
I moved
you moved
he moved
she moved
it moved
we moved
you moved
they moved
they moved
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
åwcNçÃNEt˜
asainth’irunthïë√
åwcNçÃNtaY
asainth’irunthïäy
åwcNçÃNta˜
asainth’irunthïä√
åwcNçÃNtaÒ
asainth’irunthïä¬
åwcNçÃNt∆
asainth’irunthïathu
åwcNçÃNEtaM
asainth’irunthïöm
åwcNçÃN≥(kÒ)
asainth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
åwcNçÃNtaR(kÒ)
asainth’irunthïär(ga¬)
åwcNçÃNtˆ
asainth’irunthïa√a
I had moved; I was moving
you had moved; you were moving
he had moved; he was moving
she had moved; she was moving
it had moved; it was moving
we had moved; we were moving
you had moved; you were moving
they had moved; they were moving
they had moved; they were moving
I’ll move
you’ll move
he’ll move
she’ll move
it’ll move
we’ll move
you’ll move
they’ll move
they’ll move
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
åwcNçÃPEp˜
asainth’iruppïë√
åwcNçÃPpaY
asainth’iruppïäy
åwcNçÃPpa˜
asainth’iruppïä√
åwcNçÃPpaÒ
asainth’iruppïä¬
åwcNçÃK¿M
asainth’irukkïum
åwcNçÃPEpaM
asainth’iruppïöm
åwcNçÃPµR(kÒ)
asainth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
åwcNçÃPpaR(kÒ)
asainth’iruppïär(ga¬)
åwcNçÃK¿M
asainth’irukkïum
I’ll have moved; I’ll be moving
you’ll have moved; you’ll be moving
he’ll have moved; he’ll be moving
she’ll have moved; she’ll be moving
it’ll have moved; it’ll be moving
we’ll have moved; we’ll be moving
you’ll have moved; you’ll be moving
they’ll have moved; they’ll be moving
they’ll have moved; they’ll be moving
asainth’irukki∞ïë√
asainth’irukki∞ïäy
asainth’irukki∞ïä√
asainth’irukki∞ïä¬
asainth’irukki∞ïathu
asainth’irukki∞ïöm
asainth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
asainth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
asainth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have moved; I am moving
you have moved; you are moving
he has moved; he is moving
she has moved; she is moving
it has moved; it is moving
we have moved; we are moving
you have moved; you are moving
they have moved; they are moving
they have moved; they are moving
åwctL asaithal
åwcwk1 asaigai
åwcyL asaiyal
åwcŒ asaivu
41
moving (verbal noun)
moving (action) (v. noun)
moving (verbal noun)
moving (verbal noun)
åwcNt∆ asainth’athu
åwcá®∆ asaigi∞’athu
åwcv∆ asaiv’athu
åwcNtaL asainthäl
a (past) moving (v. noun)
a (present) moving (v. noun)
a (future) moving (v. noun)
(I-they) move/moves-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
åwcyaEt asaiyäthë
åwcya≥R(kÒ) asaiyäthïr(ga¬)
åwcyat asaiyätha
don’t (you) move! (imp.)
don’t (you) move! (imp. pl.)
non-moving (neg. adj. part.)
åwcyÉLwl asaiyavillai
åwcEy˜2 asaiyë√
åwcymaDEd˜ asaiya-m䆆ë√
(I-they) didn’t move (‘past’)
I won’t move (tenseless)
I won’t move (‘future’)
åwcNt∆ iLwl asainthathu illai åwcá®çLwl asaigi∞ath’illai
åwcv∆ iLwl asaivathu illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) moved (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) move (I-they) won’t (ever) move
åwcya∆ asaiyäthu; åwcyamL asaiyämal
without moving (neg. participle)
åwcyawm asaiyämai; åwcyat∆ asaiyäthathu
non-moving (neg. verbal nouns)
åwcyaÉDdaL asaiyävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t move-if (conditional)
åwcyatv˜ asaiyäth’ava√, a man who did not move, does not move, or will not move (this and all the following are participial nouns)
åwcNtv˜ asainth’ava√, he who moved; åwcá®v˜ asaigi∞’ava√, he who moves; åwcpv˜ asaib’ava√, he who will move
åwcyatvÒ asaiyäth’ava¬, a woman who did not move, does not move, or will not move
åwcNtvÒ asainth’ava¬, she who moved; åwcá®vÒ asaigi∞’ava¬, she who moves; åwcpvÒ asaib’ava¬, she who will move
åwcyat∆ asaiyäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not move, does not move, or will not move
åwcNt∆ asainth’athu, it which moved; åwcá®∆ asaigi∞’athu, it which moves; åwcv∆ asaiv’athu, it which will move
åwcyatvR(kÒ) asaiyäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not move, do not move, or will not move
åwcNtvR(kÒ) asainth’avar(ga¬), they who moved; åwcá®vR(kÒ) asaigi∞’avar(ga¬), they who move; åwcpvR(kÒ) asaib’avar(ga¬), they who’ll move
åwcyatwv(kÒ) asaiyäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not move, do not move, or will not move
åwcNtwv(kÒ) asainth’avai(ga¬), they who moved; åwcá®wv(kÒ) asaigi∞’avai(ga¬), they who move; åwcpwv(kÒ) asaib’avai(ga¬), they who’ll move
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle åwcya∆ asaiyäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle åwcyamL asaiyämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
åwcyaçÃNEt˜
åwcyaçÃKáE®˜
åwcyaçÃPEp˜
åwcyaçÃNtaL
asaiyäth’irunthë√
asaiyäth’irukki∞ë√
asaiyäth’iruppë√
asaiyäth’irunthäl (conditional)
åwcyamL iÃNEt˜
åwcyamL iÃKáE®˜
åwcyamL iÃPEp˜
åwcyamL iÃNtaL
asaiyämal irunthë√
asaiyämal irukki∞ë√
asaiyämal iruppë√
asaiyämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t moved (past perf.)
I haven’t moved (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have moved (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t moved-if
I wasn’t moving
I am not moving
I won’t be moving
(I-they) was/were not moving-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t move-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
¶í eri (v.t.)
burn (sth) (you)! (imperative s.)
¶íTt erittha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) burned (sth)
¶íÀıkÒ eriyu≥ga¬
burn (sth) (you)! (imper. plural)
¶íKá® erikki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) burns (sth)
Present Tense
¶íKáE®˜
¶íKá®aY
¶íKá®a˜
¶íKá®aÒ
¶íKá®∆
¶íKáE®aM
¶íKáΩR(kÒ)
¶íKá®aR(kÒ)
¶íKᘮˆ
¶íKk erikka
¶íT∆ eritthu
to burn (sth) (infinitive)
(having) burned (sth) (past participle)
¶íK¿M erikkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will burn (sth)
42
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
erikki∞ïë√
erikki싄y
erikki∞ïä√
erikki∞ïä¬
erikki∞ïathu
erikki싔m
erikki∞ïïr(ga¬)
erikki∞ïär(ga¬)
erikki√∞ïa√a
I burn (sth)
you burn (sth)
he burns (sth)
she burns (sth)
it burns (sth)
we burn (sth)
you burn (sth)
they burn (sth)
they burn (sth)
¶íTçÃKáE®˜
¶íTçÃKá®aY
¶íTçÃKá®a˜
¶íTçÃKá®aÒ
¶íTçÃKá®∆
¶íTçÃKáE®aM
¶íTçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
¶íTçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
¶íTçÃKᘮˆ
I had burned; I was burning (sth)
you had burned; you were burning (sth)
he had burned; he was burning (sth)
she had burned; she was burning (sth)
it had burned; it was burning (sth)
we had burned; we were burning (sth)
you had burned; you were burning (sth)
they had burned; they were burning (sth)
they had burned; they were burning (sth)
I’ll have burned; I’ll be burning (sth)
you’ll have burned; you’ll be burning (sth)
he’ll have burned; he’ll be burning (sth)
she’ll have burned; she’ll be burning (sth)
it’ll have burned; it’ll be burning (sth)
we’ll have burned; we’ll be burning (sth)
you’ll have burned; you’ll be burning (sth)
they’ll have burned; they’ll be burning (sth)
they’ll have burned; they’ll be burning (sth)
eritth’irukki∞ïë√
eritth’irukki∞ïäy
eritth’irukki∞ïä√
eritth’irukki∞ïä¬
eritth’irukki∞ïathu
eritth’irukki∞ïöm
eritth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
eritth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
eritth’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
¶íTEt˜
¶íTtaY
¶íTta˜
¶íTtaÒ
¶íTt∆
¶íTEtaM
¶íT≥R(kÒ)
¶íTtaR(kÒ)
¶íTtˆ
eritthïë√
eritthïäy
eritthïä√
eritthïä¬
eritthïathu
eritthïöm
eritthïïr(ga¬)
eritthïär(ga¬)
eritthïa√a
I burned (sth)
you burned (sth)
he burned (sth)
she burned (sth)
it burned (sth)
we burned (sth)
you burned (sth)
they burned (sth)
they burned (sth)
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
¶íTçÃNEt˜
eritth’irunthïë√
¶íTçÃNtaY
eritth’irunthïäy
¶íTçÃNta˜
eritth’irunthïä√
¶íTçÃNtaÒ
eritth’irunthïä¬
¶íTçÃNt∆
eritth’irunthïathu
¶íTçÃNEtaM
eritth’irunthïöm
¶íTçÃN≥(kÒ)
eritth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
¶íTçÃNtaR(kÒ)
eritth’irunthïär(ga¬)
¶íTçÃNtˆ
eritth’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
¶íPEp˜
¶íPpaY
¶íPpa˜
¶íPpaÒ
¶íK¿M
¶íPEpaM
¶íPµR(kÒ)
¶íPpaR(kÒ)
¶íK¿M
erippïë√
erippïäy
erippïä√
erippïä¬
erikkïum
erippïöm
erippïïr(ga¬)
erippïär(ga¬)
erikkïum
I’ll burn (sth)
you’ll burn (sth)
he’ll burn (sth)
she’ll burn (sth)
it’ll burn (sth)
we’ll burn (sth)
you’ll burn (sth)
they’ll burn (sth)
they’ll burn (sth)
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
¶íTçÃPEp˜
eritth’iruppïë√
¶íTçÃPpaY
eritth’iruppïäy
¶íTçÃPpa˜
eritth’iruppïä√
¶íTçÃPpaÒ
eritth’iruppïä¬
¶íTçÃK¿M
eritth’irukkïum
¶íTçÃPEpaM
eritth’iruppïöm
¶íTçÃPµR(kÒ)
eritth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
¶íTçÃPpaR(kÒ)
eritth’iruppïär(ga¬)
¶íTçÃK¿M
eritth’irukkïum
I have burned; I am burning (sth)
you have burned; you are burning (sth)
he has burned; he is burning (sth)
she has burned; she is burning (sth)
it has burned; it is burning (sth)
we have burned; we are burning (sth)
you have burned; you are burning (sth)
they have burned; they are burning (sth)
they have burned; they are burning (sth)
¶íTtL eritthal
¶íKwk erikkai
¶íKkL erikkal
¶íP» erippu
43
burning (sth) (verbal noun)
burning (sth) (action) (v. noun)
burning (sth) (verbal noun)
burning (sth) (verbal noun)
¶íTt∆ eritth’athu
¶íKá®∆ erikki∞’athu
¶íPp∆ eripp’athu
¶íTtaL eritthäl
a (past) burning (sth) (v. noun)
a (present) burning (sth) (v. noun) a (future) burning (sth) (v. noun) (I-they) burn/burned (sth)-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
¶íKkaEt erikkäthë
don’t (you) burn (sth)! (imp.)
¶íKkÉLwl erikkavillai
(I-they) didn’t burn (sth) (‘past’)
¶íTt∆ iLwl eritthathu illai
(I-they) never burned (sth)
¶íKka≥R(kÒ) erikkäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) burn (sth)! (imp. pl.)
¶íEy˜1 eriyë√
I won’t burn (sth) (tenseless)
¶íKá®çLwl erikki∞ath’illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) burn
¶íKkat erikkätha
non-burning (sth) (neg. adj. part.)
¶íKkmaDEd˜ erikka-m䆆ë√
I won’t burn (sth) (‘future’)
¶íPp∆ iLwl erippathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) burn (sth)
¶íKka∆ erikkäthu; ¶íKkamL erikkämal
without burning (sth) (neg. participle)
¶íKkawm erikkämai; ¶íKkat∆ erikkäthathu
non-burning (sth) (neg. verbal nouns)
¶íKkaÉDdaL erikkävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t burn-if (conditional)
¶íKkatv˜ erikkäth’ava√, a man who did not burn, does not burn, or will not burn (sth) (this and all the following are participial nouns)
¶íTtv˜ eritth’ava√, he who burned; ¶íKá®v˜ erikki∞’ava√, he who burns; ¶íPpv˜ eripp’ava√, he who will burn (sth)
¶íKkatvÒ erikkäth’ava¬, a woman who did not burn, does not burn, or will not burn (sth)
¶íTtvÒ eritth’ava¬, she who burned; ¶íKá®vÒ erikki∞’ava¬, she who burns; ¶íPpvÒ eripp’ava¬, she who will burn (sth)
¶íKkat∆ erikkäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not burn, does not burn, or will not burn (sth)
¶íTt∆ eritth’athu, it which burned; ¶íKá®∆ erikki∞’athu, it which burns; ¶íPp∆ eripp’athu, it which will burn (sth)
¶íKkatvR(kÒ) erikkäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not burn, do not burn, or will not burn (sth)
¶íTtvR(kÒ) eritth’avar(ga¬), they who burned; ¶íKá®vR(kÒ) erikki∞’avar(ga¬), they who burn; ¶íPpvR(kÒ) eripp’avar(ga¬), they who’ll burn (sth)
¶íKkatwv(kÒ) erikkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not burn, do not burn, or will not burn (sth)
¶íTtwv(kÒ) eritth’avai(ga¬), they who burned; ¶íKá®wv(kÒ) erikki∞’avai(ga¬), they who burn; ¶íPpwv(kÒ) eripp’avai(ga¬), they who’ll burn (sth)
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ¶íKka∆ erikkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ¶íKkamL erikkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
¶íKkaçÃNEt˜
¶íKkaçÃKáE®˜
¶íKkaçÃPEp˜
¶íKkaçÃNtaL
erikkäth’irunthë√
erikkäth’irukki∞ë√
erikkäth’iruppë√
erikkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
¶íKkamL iÃNEt˜
¶íKkamL iÃKáE®˜
¶íKkamL iÃPEp˜
¶íKkamL iÃNtaL
erikkämal irunthë√
erikkämal irukki∞ë√
erikkämal iruppë√
(f. perf.)2 erikkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t burned (sth) (past perf.) I haven’t burned (sth) (pres. perf.)2 I won’t have burned (sth) ↵
(I-they) hadn’t burned (sth)-if
I wasn’t burning (sth)
I am not burning (sth)
I won’t be burning (sth)
(I-they) was/were not burning (sth)-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t burn (sth)-if
_______________
1See
footnote 4 on page 3.
2Not
in common use today.
¶í eri (v.i.)
burn (you)! (imperative sing.)
¶íNt erintha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) burned
¶íÀıkÒ eriyu≥ga¬
burn (you)! (imperative plural)
¶íá® erigi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) burns
Present Tense
¶íáE®˜
¶íá®aY
¶íá®a˜
¶íá®aÒ
¶íá®∆
¶íáE®aM
¶íáΩR(kÒ)
¶íá®aR(kÒ)
¶íᘮˆ
Past Tense
¶íNEt˜
¶íNtaY
¶íNta˜
¶íNtaÒ
¶íNt∆
¶íNEtaM
¶íN≥R(kÒ)
¶íNtaR(kÒ)
¶íNtˆ
Future Tense
¶íEv˜
¶ívaY
¶íva˜
¶ívaÒ
¶íÀM
¶íEvaM
¶í™R(kÒ)
¶ívaR(kÒ)
¶íÀM
¶íy eriya
¶íN∆ erinthu
to burn (infinitive)
(having) burned (past participle)
¶íÀM eriyum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will burn
44
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
erigi∞ïë√
erigi싄y
erigi∞ïä√
erigi∞ïä¬
erigi∞ïathu
erigi싔m
erigi∞ïïr(ga¬)
erigi∞ïär(ga¬)
erigi√∞ïa√a
erinthïë√
erinthïäy
erinthïä√
erinthïä¬
erinthïathu
erinthïöm
erinthïïr(ga¬)
erinthïär(ga¬)
erinthïa√a
erivïë√
erivïäy
erivïä√
erivïä¬
eriyïum
erivïöm
erivïïr(ga¬)
erivïär(ga¬)
eriyïum
I burn
you burn
he burns
she burns
it burns
we burn
you burn
they burn
they burn
¶íNçÃKáE®˜
¶íNçÃKá®aY
¶íNçÃKá®a˜
¶íNçÃKá®aÒ
¶íNçÃKá®∆
¶íNçÃKáE®aM
¶íNçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
¶íNçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
¶íNçÃKᘮˆ
I burned
you burned
he burned
she burned
it burned
we burned
you burned
they burned
they burned
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
¶íNçÃNEt˜
erinth’irunthïë√
¶íNçÃNtaY
erinth’irunthïäy
¶íNçÃNta˜
erinth’irunthïä√
¶íNçÃNtaÒ
erinth’irunthïä¬
¶íNçÃNt∆
erinth’irunthïathu
¶íNçÃNEtaM
erinth’irunthïöm
¶íNçÃN≥(kÒ)
erinth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
¶íNçÃNtaR(kÒ)
erinth’irunthïär(ga¬)
¶íNçÃNtˆ
erinth’irunthïa√a
I had burned; I was burning
you had burned; you were burning
he had burned; he was burning
she had burned; she was burning
it had burned; it was burning
we had burned; we were burning
you had burned; you were burning
they had burned; they were burning
they had burned; they were burning
I’ll burn
you’ll burn
he’ll burn
she’ll burn
it’ll burn
we’ll burn
you’ll burn
they’ll burn
they’ll burn
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
¶íNçÃPEp˜
erinth’iruppïë√
¶íNçÃPpaY
erinth’iruppïäy
¶íNçÃPpa˜
erinth’iruppïä√
¶íNçÃPpaÒ
erinth’iruppïä¬
¶íNçÃK¿M
erinth’irukkïum
¶íNçÃPEpaM
erinth’iruppïöm
¶íNçÃPµR(kÒ)
erinth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
¶íNçÃPpaR(kÒ)
erinth’iruppïär(ga¬)
¶íNçÃK¿M
erinth’irukkïum
I’ll have burned; I’ll be burning
you’ll have burned; you’ll be burning
he’ll have burned; he’ll be burning
she’ll have burned; she’ll be burning
it’ll have burned; it’ll be burning
we’ll have burned; we’ll be burning
you’ll have burned; you’ll be burning
they’ll have burned; they’ll be burning
they’ll have burned; they’ll be burning
erinth’irukki∞ïë√
erinth’irukki∞ïäy
erinth’irukki∞ïä√
erinth’irukki∞ïä¬
erinth’irukki∞ïathu
erinth’irukki∞ïöm
erinth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
erinth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
erinth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have burned; I am burning
you have burned; you are burning
he has burned; he is burning
she has burned; she is burning
it has burned; it is burning
we have burned; we are burning
you have burned; you are burning
they have burned; they are burning
they have burned; they are burning
¶ítL erithal
¶íwk erigai
¶íyL eriyal
¶íŒ erivu
45
burning (verbal noun)
burning (action) (v. noun)
burning (verbal noun)
burning (verbal noun)
¶íNt∆ erinth’athu
¶íá®∆ erigi∞’athu
¶ív∆ eriv’athu
¶íNtaL erinthäl
a (past) burning (v. noun)
a (present) burning (v. noun)
a (future) burning (v. noun)
(I-they) burn/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
¶íyaEt eriyäthë
¶íya≥R(kÒ) eriyäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) burn! (imp.)
don’t (you) burn! (imp. pl.)
¶íyÉLwl eriyavillai
¶íEy˜1 eriyë√
(I-they) didn’t burn (‘past’)
I won’t burn (tenseless)
¶íNt∆ iLwl erinthathu illai
¶íá®çLwl erigi∞ath’illai
(I-they) didn’t (ever) burn (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) burn
¶íyat eriyätha
non-burning (neg. adj. part.)
¶íymaDEd˜ eriya-m䆆ë√
I won’t burn (‘future’)
¶ív∆ iLwl erivathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) burn
¶íya∆ eriyäthu; ¶íyamL eriyämal
without burning (neg. participle)
¶íyawm eriyämai; ¶íyat∆ eriyäthathu
non-burning (neg. verbal nouns)
¶íyaÉDdaL eriyävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t burn-if (conditional)
¶íyatv˜ eriyäth’ava√, a man who did not burn, does not burn, or will not burn (this and all the following are participial nouns)
¶íNtv˜ erinth’ava√, he who burned; ¶íá®v˜ erigi∞’ava√, he who burns; ¶ípv˜ erib’ava√, he who will burn
¶íyatvÒ eriyäth’ava¬, a woman who did not burn, does not burn, or will not burn
¶íNtvÒ erinth’ava¬, she who burned; ¶íá®vÒ erigi∞’ava¬, she who burns; ¶ípvÒ erib’ava¬, she who will burn
¶íyat∆ eriyäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not burn, does not burn, or will not burn
¶íNt∆ erinth’athu, it which burned; ¶íá®∆ erigi∞’athu, it which burns; ¶ív∆ eriv’athu, it which will burn
¶íyatvR(kÒ) eriyäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not burn, do not burn, or will not burn
¶íNtvR(kÒ) erinth’avar(ga¬), they who burned; ¶íá®vR(kÒ) erigi∞’avar(ga¬), they who burn; ¶ípvR(kÒ) erib’avar(ga¬), they who’ll burn
¶íyatwv(kÒ) eriyäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not burn, do not burn, or will not burn
¶íNtwv(kÒ) erinth’avai(ga¬), they who burned; ¶íá®wv(kÒ) erigi∞’avai(ga¬), they who burn; ¶ípwv(kÒ) erib’avai(ga¬), they who’ll burn
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ¶íya∆ eriyäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ¶íyamL eriyämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
¶íyaçÃNEt˜
¶íyaçÃKáE®˜
¶íyaçÃPEp˜
¶íyaçÃNtaL
eriyäth’irunthë√
eriyäth’irukki∞ë√
eriyäth’iruppë√
eriyäth’irunthäl (conditional)
¶íyamL iÃNEt˜
¶íyamL iÃKáE®˜
¶íyamL iÃPEp˜
¶íyamL iÃNtaL
eriyämal irunthë√
eriyämal irukki∞ë√
eriyämal iruppë√
eriyämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t burned (past perf.)
I haven’t burned (pres. perf.)2
I won’t have burned (f. perf.)2
(I-they) haven’t burned-if
I wasn’t burning
I am not burning
I won’t be burning
(I-they) was/were not burning-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t burn-if
_______________
1See
footnote 4 on page 3.
2Not
in common use today.
EmY mëy (v.t.)
(you) graze (cattle)! (imp. s.)
EmYTt mëyttha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) grazed (cattle)
EmÀıkÒ mëyu≥ga¬
(you) graze (cattle)! (imper. pl.)
EmYKá® mëykki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) grazes (cattle)
Present Tense
EmYKk mëykka
EmYT∆ mëytthu
to graze (cattle) (infinitive)
(having) grazed (cattle) (past participle)
EcRK¿M mëykkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will graze (cattle)
46
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
EmYKáE®˜
mëykki∞ïë√
EmYKá®aY
mëykki∞ïäy
EmYKá®a˜
mëykki∞ïä√
EmYKá®aÒ
mëykki∞ïä¬
EmYKá®∆
mëykki∞ïathu
EmYKáE®aM
mëykki∞ïöm
EmYKáΩR(kÒ) mëykki∞ïïr(ga¬)
EmYKá®aR(kÒ) mëykki∞ïär(ga¬)
EmYKᘮˆ
mëykki√∞ïa√a
I graze (cattle)
you graze (cattle)
he grazes (cattle)
she grazes (cattle)
it grazes (cattle)
we graze (cattle)
you graze (cattle)
they graze (cattle)
they graze (cattle)
EmYTçÃKáE®˜
EmYTçÃKá®aY
EmYTçÃKá®a˜
EmYTçÃKá®aÒ
EmYTçÃKá®∆
EmYTçÃKáE®aM
EmYTçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
EmYTçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
EmYTçÃKᘮˆ
I had grazed; I was grazing (cattle)
you had grazed; you were grazing (cattle)
he had grazed; he was grazing (cattle)
she had grazed; she was grazing (cattle)
it had grazed; it was grazing (cattle)
we had grazed; we were grazing (cattle)
you had grazed; you were grazing (cattle)
they had grazed; they were grazing (cattle)
they had grazed; they were grazing (cattle)
I’ll have grazed; I’ll be grazing (cattle)
you’ll ’ve grazed; you’ll be grazing (cattle)
he’ll ‘ve grazed; he’ll be grazing (cattle)
she’ll ’ve grazed; she’ll be grazing (cattle)
it’ll have grazed; it’ll be grazing (cattle)
we’ll have grazed; we’ll be grazing (cattle)
you’ll ’ve grazed; you’ll be grazing (cattle)
they’ll ’ve grazed; they’ll be grazing (cattle)
they’ll ’ve grazed; they’ll be grazing (cattle)
mëytth’irukki∞ïë√
mëytth’irukki∞ïäy
mëytth’irukki∞ïä√
mëytth’irukki∞ïä¬
mëytth’irukki∞ïathu
mëytth’irukki∞ïöm
mëytth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
mëytth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
mëytth’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
EmYTEt˜
EmYTtaY
EmYTta˜
EmYTtaÒ
EmYTt∆
EmYTEtaM
EmYT≥R(kÒ)
EmYTtaR(kÒ)
EmYTtˆ
mëytthïë√
mëytthïäy
mëytthïä√
mëytthïä¬
mëytthïathu
mëytthïöm
mëytthïïr(ga¬)
mëytthïär(ga¬)
mëytthïa√a
I grazed (cattle)
you grazed (cattle)
he grazed (cattle)
she grazed (cattle)
it grazed (cattle)
we grazed (cattle)
you grazed (cattle)
they grazed (cattle)
they grazed (cattle)
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
EmYTçÃNEt˜
mëytth’irunthïë√
EmYTçÃNtaY
mëytth’irunthïäy
EmYTçÃNta˜
mëytth’irunthïä√
EmYTçÃNtaÒ
mëytth’irunthïä¬
EmYTçÃNt∆
mëytth’irunthïathu
EmYTçÃNEtaM
mëytth’irunthïöm
EmYTçÃN≥(kÒ)
mëytth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
EmYTçÃNtaR(kÒ)
mëytth’irunthïär(ga¬)
EmYTçÃNtˆ
mëytth’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
EmYPEp˜
EmYPpaY
EmYPpa˜
EmYPpaÒ
EmYK¿M
EmYPEpaM
EmYPµR(kÒ)
EmYPpaR(kÒ)
EmYK¿M
mëyppïë√
mëyppïäy
mëyppïä√
mëyppïä¬
mëykkïum
mëyppïöm
mëyppïïr(ga¬)
mëyppïär(ga¬)
mëykkïum
I’ll graze (cattle)
you’ll graze (cattle)
he’ll graze (cattle)
she’ll graze (cattle)
it’ll graze (cattle)
we’ll graze (cattle)
you’ll graze (cattle)
they’ll graze (cattle)
they’ll graze (cattle)
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
EmYTçÃPEp˜
mëytth’iruppïë√
EmYTçÃPpaY
mëytth’iruppïäy
EmYTçÃPpa˜
mëytth’iruppïä√
EmYTçÃPpaÒ
mëytth’iruppïä¬
EmYTçÃK¿M
mëytth’irukkïum
EmYTçÃPEpaM
mëytth’iruppïöm
EmYTçÃPµR(kÒ)
mëytth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
EmYTçÃPpaR(kÒ)
mëytth’iruppïär(ga¬)
EmYTçÃK¿M
mëytth’irukkïum
I have grazed; I am grazing (cattle)
you have grazed; you are grazing (cattle)
he has grazed; he is grazing (cattle)
she has grazed; she is grazing (cattle)
it has grazed; it is grazing (cattle)
we have grazed; we are grazing (cattle)
you have grazed; you are grazing (cattle)
they have grazed; they are grazing (cattle)
they have grazed; they are grazing (cattle)
EmYTtL mëytthal
EmYKwk1 mëykkai
EmYKkL mëykkal
EmYP» mëyppu
47
grazing (cattle) (v. noun)
grazing (cattle) (v. noun)
grazing (cattle) (v. noun)
grazing (cattle) (verbal noun)
EmYTt∆ mëytth’athu
EmYKá®∆ mëykki∞’athu
EmYPp∆ mëypp’athu
EmYTtaL mëytthäl
a (past) grazing (of cattle)
a (present) grazing (verbal noun) a (future) grazing (verbal noun)
(I-they) graze/s (cattle)-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
EmYKkaEt mëykkäthë
don’t (you) graze! (imperative s.)
EmYKkÉLwl mëykkavillai
(I-they) didn’t graze (cattle) (past)
EmYTt∆ iLwl mëytthathu illai
(I-they) never grazed (cattle,)
EmYKka≥R(kÒ) mëykkäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) graze! (imperative pl.)
EmEy˜2 mëyë√
I won’t graze (cattle) (tenseless)
EmYKá®çLwl mëykki∞ath’illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t graze
EmYKkat mëykkätha
EmYKka∆ mëykkäthu; EmYKkamL mëykkämal
non-grazing (cattle) (neg. adj. part.) without grazing (cattle) (neg. particple)
EmYKkmaDEd˜ mëykka-m䆆ë√ EmYKkawm mëykkämai;°Kkat∆ °kkäthathu
I won’t graze (cattle) (future)
non-grazing (of cattle) (neg. verbal nouns)
EmYPp∆ iLwl mëyppathu illai EmYKkaÉDdaL˜ mëykkävi††äl
(I-they) won’t graze (cattle)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t graze (cattle)-if (condit.)
EmYKkatv˜ mëykkäth’ava√, a man who didn’t graze, doesn’t graze, or won’t graze (cattle) (this and all the following are participial nouns)
EmYTtv˜ mëytth’ava√, he who grazed; EmYKá®v˜ mëyrkki∞’ava√, he who grazes; EmYPpv˜ mëypp’ava√, he who will graze (cattle)
EmYKkatvÒ mëykkäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t graze, doesn’t graze, or won’t graze (cattle)
EmYTtvÒ mëytth’ava¬, she who grazed; EmYKá®vÒ mëykki∞’ava¬, she who grazes; EmYPpvÒ mëypp’ava¬; she who will graze (cattle)
EmYKkat∆ mëykkäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t graze, doesn’t graze, or won’t graze (cattle)
EmYTt∆ mëyth’athu, it which grazed; EmYKá®∆ mëykki∞’athu, it which grazes; EmYPp∆ mëypp’athu, it which will graze (cattle)
EmYKkatvR(kÒ) mëykkäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t graze, don’t graze, or won’t graze (cattle)
EmYTtvR(kÒ) mëytth’avar(ga¬), they who grazed; EmYKá®vR(kÒ) mëykki∞’avar(ga¬), °who graze; EmYPpvR(kÒ) mëypp’avar(ga¬), °will graze (cattle)
EmYKkatwv(kÒ) mëykkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t graze, don’t graze, or won’t graze (cattle)
EmYTtwv(kÒ) mëytth’avai(ga¬), they who grazed; EmYKá®wv(kÒ) mëykki∞’avai(ga¬), °who graze; EmYPpwv(kÒ) mëypp’avai(ga¬), °will graze (cattle)
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle EmYKka∆ mëykkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle EmYKkamL mëykkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
EmYKkaçÃNEt˜
EmYKkaçÃKáE®˜
EmYKkaçÃPEp˜
EmYKkaçÃNtaL
mëykkäth’irunthë√
mëykkäth’irukki∞ë√
mëykkäth’iruppë√
mëykkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
EmYKkamL iÃNEt˜
EmYKkamL iÃKáE®˜
EmYKkamL iÃPEp˜
EmYKkamL iÃNtaL
mëykkämal irunthë√
mëykkämal irukki∞ë√
mëykkämal iruppë√
mëykkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t grazed (cattle) (p. perf.) I haven’t grazed (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have grazed (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t grazed (cattle)-if
I wasn’t grazing (cattle)
I am not grazing (cattle)
I won’t be grazing (cattle)
(I-they) was/were not grazing (cattle)-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t graze (cattle)-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
EmY mëy (v.i.)
graze (you)! (imperative s.)
EmYNt mëyntha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) grazed
EmÀıkÒ mëyu≥ga¬
graze (you)! (imperative pl.)
EmYá® mëygi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) grazes
Present Tense
EmYáE®˜
EmYá®aY
EmYá®a˜
EmYá®aÒ
EmYá®∆
EmYáE®aM
EmYáΩR(kÒ)
EmYá®aR(kÒ)
EmYᘮˆ
Past Tense
EmYNEt˜
EmYNtaY
EmYNta˜
EmYNtaÒ
EmYNNt∆
EmYNEtaM
EmYN≥R(kÒ)
EmYNtaR(kÒ)
EmYNtˆ
Future Tense
EmYEv˜
EmYvaY
EmYva˜
EmYvaÒ
EmÀM
EmYEvaM
EmY™R(kÒ)
EmYvaR(kÒ)
EmÀM
Emy mëya
EmYN∆ mëynthu
to graze (infinitive)
(having) grazed (past participle)
EmÀM mëyum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will graze
48
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
mëygi∞ïë√
mëygi∞ïäy
mëygi∞ïä√
mëygi∞ïä¬
mëygi∞ïathu
mëygi∞ïöm
mëygi∞ïïr(ga¬)
mëygi∞ïär(ga¬)
mëygi√∞ïa√a
mëynthïë√
mëynthïäy
mëynthïä√
mëynthïä¬
mëynthïathu
mëynthïöm
mëynthïïr(ga¬)
mëynthïär(ga¬)
mëynthïa√a
mëyvïë√
mëyvïäy
mëyvïä√
mëyvïä¬
mëyïum
mëyvïöm
mëyvïïr(ga¬)
mëyvïär(ga¬)
mëyïum
I graze
you graze
he grazes
she grazes
it grazes
we graze
you graze
they graze
they graze
EmYNçÃKáE®˜
EmYNçÃKá®aY
EmYNçÃKá®a˜
EmYNçÃKá®aÒ
EmYNçÃKá®∆
EmYNçÃKáE®aM
EmYNçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
EmYNçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
EmYNçÃKᘮˆ
I grazed
you grazed
he grazed
she grazed
it grazed
we grazed
you grazed
they grazed
they grazed
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
EmYNçÃNEt˜
mëynth’irunthïë√
EmYNçÃNtaY
mëynth’irunthïäy
EmYNçÃNta˜
mëynth’irunthïä√
EmYNçÃNtaÒ
mëynth’irunthïä¬
EmYNçÃNt∆
mëynth’irunthïathu
EmYNçÃNEtaM
mëynth’irunthïöm
EmYNçÃN≥(kÒ)
mëynth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
EmYNçÃNtaR(kÒ)
mëynth’irunthïär(ga¬)
EmYNçÃNtˆ
mëynth’irunthïa√a
I had grazed; I was grazing
you had grazed; you were grazing
he had grazed; he was grazing
she had grazed; she was grazing
it had grazed; it was grazing
we had grazed; we were grazing
you had grazed; you were grazing
they had grazed; they were grazing
they had grazed; they were grazing
I’ll graze
you’ll graze
he’ll graze
she’ll graze
it’ll graze
we’ll graze
you’ll graze
they’ll graze
they’ll graze
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
EmYNçÃPEp˜
mëynth’iruppïë√
EmYNçÃPpaY
mëynth’iruppïäy
EmYNçÃPpa˜
mëynth’iruppïä√
EmYNçÃPpaÒ
mëynth’iruppïä¬
EmYNçÃK¿M
mëynth’irukkïum
EmYNçÃPEpaM
mëynth’iruppïöm
EmYNçÃPµR(kÒ)
mëynth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
EmYNçÃPpaR(kÒ)
mëynth’iruppïär(ga¬)
EmYNçÃK¿M
mëynth’irukkïum
I’ll have grazed; I’ll be grazing
you’ll have grazed; you’ll be grazing
he’ll have grazed; he’ll be grazing
she’ll have grazed; she’ll be grazing
it’ll have grazed; it’ll be grazing
we’ll have grazed; we’ll be grazing
you’ll have grazed; you’ll be grazing
they’ll have grazed; they’ll be grazing
they’ll have grazed; they’ll be grazing
mëynth’irukki∞ïë√
mëynth’irukki∞ïäy
mëynth’irukki∞ïä√
mëynth’irukki∞ïä¬
mëynth’irukki∞ïathu
mëynth’irukki∞ïöm
mëynth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
mëynth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
mëynth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have grazed; I am grazing
you have grazed; you are grazing
he has grazed; he is grazing
she has grazed; she is grazing
it has grazed; it is grazing
we have grazed; we are grazing
you have grazed; you are grazing
they have grazed; they are grazing
they have grazed; they are grazing
EmYtL mëythal
EmYwk1 mëygai
EmyL mëyal
EmYŒ mëyvu
49
grazing (verbal noun)
grazing (v. noun)
grazing (verbal noun)
grazing (verbal noun)
EmYNt∆ mëynth’athu
EmYá®∆ mëygi∞’athu
EmYv∆ mëyv’athu
EmYNtaL mëynthäl
a (past) grazing (v. noun)
a (present) grazing (v. noun)
a (future) grazing (v. noun)
(I-they) graze/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
EmyaEt mëyäthë
Emya≥R(kÒ) mëyäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) graze! (imperative s.) don’t (you) graze! (imp. pl.)
EmyÉLwl mëyavillai
EmEy˜2 mëyë√
(I-they) didn’t graze (‘past’)
I won’t graze (tenseless)
EmYNt∆ iLwl mëynthathu illai EmYá®çLwl mëygi∞ath’illai
(I-they) didn’t (ever) graze
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t graze
Emyat mëyätha
non-grazing (neg. adj. part.)
EmymaDEd˜ mëya-m䆆ë√
I won’t graze (‘future’)
EmYv∆ iLwl mëyvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) graze
Emya∆ mëyäthu; EmyamL mëyämal
without grazing (neg. participle)
Emyawm mëyämai; Emyat∆ mëyäthathu
non-grazing (neg. verbal nouns)
EmyaÉDdaL mëyävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t graze-if (conditional)
Emyatv˜ mëyäth’ava√, a man who didn’t graze, doesn’t graze, or won’t graze (this and all the following are participial nouns)
EmYNtv˜ mëynth’ava√, he who grazed; EmYá®v˜ mëygi∞’ava√, he who grazes; EmYpv˜ mëyb’ava√, he who will graze
EmyatvÒ mëyäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t graze, doesn’t graze, or won’t graze
EmYNtvÒ mëynth’ava¬, she who grazed; EmYá®vÒ mëygi∞’ava¬, she who grazes; EmYpvÒ mëyb’ava¬, she who will graze
Emyat∆ mëyäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t graze, doesn’t graze, or won’t graze
EmYNt∆ mëynth’athu, it which grazed; EmYá®∆ mëygi∞’athu, it which grazes; EmYv∆ mëyv’athu, it which will graze
EmyatvR(kÒ) mëyäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t graze, don’t graze, or won’t graze
EmYNtvR(kÒ) mëynth’avar(ga¬), they who grazed; EmYá®vR(kÒ) mëygi∞’avar(ga¬), they who graze; EmYpvR(kÒ) mëyb’avar(ga¬), they who’ll graze
Emyatwv(kÒ) mëyäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t graze, don’t graze, or won’t graze
EmYNtwv(kÒ) mëynth’avai(ga¬), they who grazed; EmYá®wv(kÒ) mëygi∞’avai(ga¬), they who graze; EmYpwv(kÒ) mëyb’avai(ga¬), they who’ll graze
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle Emya∆ mëyäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle EmyamL mëyämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
EmyaçÃNEt˜
EmyaçÃKáE®˜
EmyaçÃPEp˜
EmyaçÃNtaL
mëyäth’irunthë√
mëyäth’irukki∞ë√
mëyäth’iruppë√
mëyäth’irunthäl (conditional)
EmyamL iÃNEt˜
EmyamL iÃKáE®˜
EmyamL iÃPEp˜
EmyamL iÃNtaL
mëyämal irunthë√
mëyämal irukki∞ë√
mëyämal iruppë√
mëyämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t grazed (past perf.)
I haven’t grazed (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have grazed (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t grazed-if
I wasn’t grazing
I am not grazing
I won’t be grazing
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t grazing-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t graze-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
EcR sër (v.t.)
gather (you)! (imp. s.)
EcRTt sërttha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) gathered
EcÃıkÒ sëru≥ga¬
gather (you)! (imper. pl.)
EcRKá® sërkki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) gathers
Present Tense
EcRKáE®˜
EcRKá®aY
EcRKá®a˜
EcRKá®aÒ
EcRKá®∆
EcRKáE®aM
EcRKáΩR(kÒ)
EcRKá®aR(kÒ)
EcRKᘮˆ
EcRKk sërkka
EcRT∆ sërtthu
to gather (infinitive)
(having) gathered (past participle)
EcRK¿M sërkkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will gather
50
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
sërkki∞ïë√
sërkki∞ïäy
sërkki∞ïä√
sërkki∞ïä¬
sërkki∞ïathu
sërkki∞ïöm
sërkki∞ïïr(ga¬)
sërkki∞ïär(ga¬)
sërkki√∞ïa√a
I gather
you gather
he gathers
she gathers
it gathers
we gather
you gather
they gather
they gather
EcRTçÃKáE®˜
EcRTçÃKá®aY
EcRTçÃKá®a˜
EcRTçÃKá®aÒ
EcRTçÃKá®∆
EcRTçÃKáE®aM
EcRTçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
EcRTçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
EcRTçÃKᘮˆ
I had gathered; I was gathering
you had gathered; you were gathering
he had gathered; he was gathering
she had gathered; she was gathering
it had gathered; it was gathering
we had gathered; we were gathering
you had gathered; you were gathering
they had gathered; they were gathering
they had gathered; they were gathering
I’ll have gathered; I’ll be gathering
you’ll have gathered; you’ll be gathering
he’ll have gathered; he’ll be gathering
she’ll have gathered; she’ll be gathering
it’ll have gathered; it’ll be gathering
we’ll have gathered; we’ll be gathering
you’ll have gathered; you’ll be gathering
they’ll have gathered; they’ll be gathering
they’ll have gathered; they’ll be gathering
sërtth’irukki∞ïë√
sërtth’irukki∞ïäy
sërtth’irukki∞ïä√
sërtth’irukki∞ïä¬
sërtth’irukki∞ïathu
sërtth’irukki∞ïöm
sërtth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
sërtth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
sërtth’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
EcRTEt˜
EcRTtaY
EcRTta˜
EcRTtaÒ
EcRTt∆
EcRTEtaM
EcRT≥R(kÒ)
EcRTtaR(kÒ)
EcRTtˆ
sërtthïë√
sërtthïäy
sërtthïä√
sërtthïä¬
sërtthïathu
sërtthïöm
sërtthïïr(ga¬)
sërtthïär(ga¬)
sërtthïa√a
I gathered
you gathered
he gathered
she gathered
it gathered
we gathered
you gathered
they gathered
they gathered
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
EcRTçÃNEt˜
sërtth’irunthïë√
EcRTçÃNtaY
sërtth’irunthïäy
EcRTçÃNta˜
sërtth’irunthïä√
EcRTçÃNtaÒ
sërtth’irunthïä¬
EcRTçÃNt∆
sërtth’irunthïathu
EcRTçÃNEtaM
sërtth’irunthïöm
EcRTçÃN≥(kÒ)
sërtth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
EcRTçÃNtaR(kÒ)
sërtth’irunthïär(ga¬)
EcRTçÃNtˆ
sërtth’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
EcRPEp˜
EcRPpaY
EcRPpa˜
EcRPpaÒ
EcRK¿M
EcRPEpaM
EcRPµR(kÒ)
EcRPpaR(kÒ)
EcRK¿M
sërppïë√
sërppïäy
sërppïä√
sërppïä¬
serkkïum
sërppïöm
sërppïïr(ga¬)
sërppïär(ga¬)
sërkkïum
I’ll gather
you’ll gather
he’ll gather
she’ll gather
it’ll gather
we’ll gather
you’ll gather
they’ll gather
they’ll gather
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
EcRTçÃPEp˜
sërtth’iruppïë√
EcRTçÃPpaY
sërtth’iruppïäy
EcRTçÃPpa˜
sërtth’iruppïä√
EcRTçÃPpaÒ
sërtth’iruppïä¬
EcRTçÃK¿M
sërtth’irukkïum
EcRTçÃPEpaM
sërtth’iruppïöm
EcRTçÃPµR(kÒ)
sërtth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
EcRTçÃPpaR(kÒ)
sërtth’iruppïär(ga¬)
EcRTçÃK¿M
sërtth’irukkïum
I have gathered; I am gathering
you have gathered; you are gathering
he has gathered; he is gathering
she has gathered; she is gathering
it has gathered; it is gathering
we have gathered; we are gathering
you have gathered; you are gathering
they have gathered; they are gathering
they have gathered; they are gathering
EcRTtL sërtthal
EcRKwk sërkkai
EcRKkL sërkkal
EcRP» sërppu
51
gathering (verbal noun)
gathering (v. noun)
gathering (verbal noun)
gathering (verbal noun)
EcRTt∆ sërtth’athu
EcRKá®∆ sërkki∞’athu
EcRPp∆ sërpp’athu
EcRTtaL sërtthäl
a (past) gathering (v. noun)
a (present) gathering (v. noun)
a (future) gathering (v. noun)
(I-they) gather/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
EcRKkaEt sërkkäthë
don’t (you) gather! (imperative s.)
EcRKkÉLwl sërkkavillai
(I-they) didn’t gather (‘past’)
EcRTt∆ iLwl sërtthathu illai
(I-they) never gathered
EcRKka≥R(kÒ) sërkkäthïr(ga¬)
EcRKkat sërkkätha
don’t (you) gather! (imperative pl.) non-gathering (neg. adj. part.)
EcEr˜1 sërë√
EcRKkmaDEd˜ sërkka-m䆆ë√
I won’t gather (tenseless)
I won’t gather (‘future’)
EcRKá®çLwl sërkki∞ath’illai
EcRPp∆ iLwl sërppathu illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t gather
(I-they) won’t gather
EcRKka∆ sërkkäthu; EcRKkamL sërkkämal
without gathering (neg. participle)
EcRKkawm sërkkämai; EcRKkat∆ sërkkäthathu
non-gathering (neg. verbal nouns)
EcRKkaÉDdaL sërkkävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t gather-if (conditional)
EcRKkatv˜ sërkkäth’ava√, a man who didn’t gather, doesn’t gather, or won’t gather (this and all the following are participial nouns)
EcRTtv˜ sërtth’ava√, he who gathered; EcRKá®v˜ sërkki∞’ava√, he who gathers; EcRPpv˜ sërpp’ava√, he who will gather
EcRKkatvÒ sërkkäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t gather, doesn’t gather, or won’t gather
EcRTtvÒ sërtth’ava¬, she who gathered; EcRKá®vÒ sërkki∞’ava¬, she who gathers; EcRPpvÒ sërpp’ava¬; she who will gather
EcRKkat∆ sërkkäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t gather, doesn’t gather, or won’t gather
EcRTt∆ sërtth’athu, it which gathered; EcRKá®∆ sërkki∞’athu, it which gathers; EcRPp∆ sërpp’athu, it which will gather
EcRKkatvR(kÒ) sërkkäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t gather, don’t gather, or won’t gather
EcRTtvR(kÒ) sërtth’avar(ga¬), they who gathered; EcRKá®vR(kÒ) sërkki∞’avar(ga¬), they who gather; EcRPpvR(kÒ) sërpp’avar(ga¬), they who’ll gather
EcRKkatwv(kÒ) sërkkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t gather, do not gather, or will not gather
EcRTtwv(kÒ) sërtth’avai(ga¬), they who gathered; EcRKá®wv(kÒ) sërkki∞’avai(ga¬), they who gather; EcRPpwv(kÒ) sërpp’avai(ga¬), they who’ll gather
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle EcRKka∆ sërkkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle EcRKkamL sërkkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
EcRKkaçÃNEt˜
EcRKkaçÃKáE®˜
EcRKkaçÃPEp˜
EcRKkaçÃNtaL
sërkkäth’irunthë√
sërkkäth’irukki∞ë√
sërkkäth’iruppë√
sërkkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
EcRKkamL iÃNEt˜
EcRKkamL iÃKáE®˜
EcRKkamL iÃPEp˜
EcRKkamL iÃNtaL
sërkkämal irunthë√
sërkkämal irukki∞ë√
sërkkämal iruppë√
sërkkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t gathered (past perf.)
I haven’t gathered (pres. perf.)2 I won’t have gathered (f. perf.)2 (I-they) hadn’t gathered-if
I wasn’t gathering
I am not gathering
I won’t be gathering
(I-they) was/were not gathering-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t gather-if
_______________
1See
footnote 4 on page 3.
2Not
in common use today.
EcR sër (v.i.)
reach (you)! (imperative s.)
EcRNt sërntha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) reached
EcÃıkÒ sëru≥ga¬
reach (you)! (imperative pl.)
EcRá® sërgi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) reaches
Present Tense
EcRáE®˜
EcRá®aY
EcRá®a˜
EcRá®aÒ
EcRá®∆
EcRáE®aM
EcRáΩR(kÒ)
EcRá®aR(kÒ)
EcRᘮˆ
Past Tense
EcRNEt˜
EcRNtaY
EcRNta˜
EcRNtaÒ
EcRNNt∆
EcRNEtaM
EcRN≥R(kÒ)
EcRNtaR(kÒ)
EcRNtˆ
Future Tense
EcREv˜
EcRvaY
EcRva˜
EcRvaÒ
EcÃM
EcREvaM
EcR™R(kÒ)
EcRvaR(kÒ)
EcÃM
Ecr sëra
EcRN∆ sërnthu
to reach (infinitive)
(having) reached (past participle)
EcÃM sërum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will reach
52
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
sërgi∞ïë√
sërgi∞ïäy
sërgi∞ïä√
sërgi∞ïä¬
sërgi∞ïathu
sërgi∞ïöm
sërgi∞ïïr(ga¬)
sërgi∞ïär(ga¬)
sërgi√∞ïa√a
sërnthïë√
sërnthïäy
sërnthïä√
sërnthïä¬
sërnthïathu
sërnthïöm
sërnthïïr(ga¬)
sërnthïär(ga¬)
sërnthïa√a
sërvïë√
sërvïäy
sërvïä√
sërvïä¬
sërïum
sërvïöm
sërvïïr(ga¬)
sërvïär(ga¬)
sërïum
I reach
you reach
he reaches
she reaches
it reaches
we reach
you reach
they reach
they reach
EcRNçÃKáE®˜
EcRNçÃKá®aY
EcRNçÃKá®a˜
EcRNçÃKá®aÒ
EcRNçÃKá®∆
EcRNçÃKáE®aM
EcRNçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
EcRNçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
EcRNçÃKᘮˆ
I reached
you reached
he reached
she reached
it reached
we reached
you reached
they reached
they reached
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
EcRNçÃNEt˜
sërnth’irunthïë√
EcRNçÃNtaY
sërnth’irunthïäy
EcRNçÃNta˜
sërnth’irunthïä√
EcRNçÃNtaÒ
sërnth’irunthïä¬
EcRNçÃNt∆
sërnth’irunthïathu
EcRNçÃNEtaM
sërnth’irunthïöm
EcRNçÃN≥(kÒ)
sërnth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
EcRNçÃNtaR(kÒ)
sërnth’irunthïär(ga¬)
EcRNçÃNtˆ
sërnth’irunthïa√a
I had reached; I was reaching
you had reached; you were reaching
he had reached; he was reaching
she had reached; she was reaching
it had reached; it was reaching
we had reached; we were reaching
you had reached; you were reaching
they had reached; they were reaching
they had reached; they were reaching
I’ll reach
you’ll reach
he’ll reach
she’ll reach
it’ll reach
we’ll reach
you’ll reach
they’ll reach
they’ll reach
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
EcRNçÃPEp˜
sërnth’iruppïë√
EcRNçÃPpaY
sërnth’iruppïäy
EcRNçÃPpa˜
sërnth’iruppïä√
EcRNçÃPpaÒ
sërnth’iruppïä¬
EcRNçÃK¿M
sërnth’irukkïum
EcRNçÃPEpaM
sërnth’iruppïöm
EcRNçÃPµR(kÒ)
sërnth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
EcRNçÃPpaR(kÒ)
sërnth’iruppïär(ga¬)
EcRNçÃK¿M
sërnth’irukkïum
I’ll have reached; I’ll be reaching
you’ll have reached; you’ll be reaching
he’ll have reached; he’ll be reaching
she’ll have reached; she’ll be reaching
it’ll have reached; it’ll be reaching
we’ll have reached; we’ll be reaching
you’ll have reached; you’ll be reaching
they’ll have reached; they’ll be reaching
they’ll have reached; they’ll be reaching
sërnth’irukki∞ïë√
sërnth’irukki∞ïäy
sërnth’irukki∞ïä√
sërnth’irukki∞ïä¬
sërnth’irukki∞ïathu
sërnth’irukki∞ïöm
sërnth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
sërnth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
sërnth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have reached; I am reaching
you have reached; you are reaching
he has reached; he is reaching
she has reached; she is reaching
it has reached; it is reaching
we have reached; we are reaching
you have reached; you are reaching
they have reached; they are reaching
they have reached; they are reaching
EcRtL sërthal
EcRwk sërgai
EcrL sëral
EcRŒ sërvu
53
reaching (verbal noun)
reaching (v. noun)
reaching (verbal noun)
reaching (verbal noun)
EcRNt∆ sërnth’athu
EcRá®∆ sërgi∞’athu
EcRv∆ sërv’athu
EcRNtaL sërnthäl
a (past) reaching (v. noun)
a (present) reaching (v. noun)
a (future) reaching (v. noun)
(I-they) reach/es-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
EcraEt sëräthë
Ecra≥R(kÒ) sëräthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) reach! (imperative s.) don’t (you) reach! (imp. pl.)
EcrÉLwl sëravillai
EcEr˜1 sërë√
(I-they) didn’t reach (‘past’)
I won’t reach (tenseless)
EcRNt∆ iLwl sërnthathu illai EcRá®çLwl sërgi∞ath’illai
(I-they) didn’t (ever) reach
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t reach
Ecrat sërätha
non-reaching (neg. adj. part.)
EcrmaDEd˜ sëra-m䆆ë√
I won’t reach (‘future’)
EcRv∆ iLwl sërvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) reach (I-they)
Ecra∆ sëräthu; EcramL sërämal
without reaching (neg. participle)
Ecrawm sërämai; Ecrat∆ sëräthathu
non-reaching (neg. verbal nouns)
EcraÉDdaL sërävi††äl
don’t/doesn’t reach-if (conditional)
Ecratv˜ sëräth’ava√, a man who didn’t reach, doesn’t reach, or won’t reach (this and all the following are participial nouns)
EcRNtv˜ sërnth’ava√, he who reached; EcRá®v˜ sërgi∞’ava√, he who reaches; EcRpv˜ sërb’ava√, he who will reach
EcratvÒ sëräth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t reach, doesn’t reach, or won’t reach
EcRNtvÒ sërnth’ava¬, she who reached; EcRá®vÒ sërgi∞’ava¬, she who reaches; EcRpvÒ sërb’ava¬, she who will reach
Ecrat∆ sëräth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t reach, doesn’t reach, or won’t reach
EcRNt∆ sërnth’athu, it which reached; EcRá®∆ sërgi∞’athu, it which reaches; EcRv∆ sërv’athu, it which will reach
EcratvR(kÒ) sëräth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t reach, don’t reach, or won’t reach
EcRNtvR(kÒ) sërnth’avar(ga¬), they who reached; EcRá®vR(kÒ) sërgi∞’avar(ga¬), they who reach; EcRpvR(kÒ) sërb’avar(ga¬), they who’ll reach
Ecratwv(kÒ) sëräth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t reach, don’t reach, or won’t reach
EcRNtwv(kÒ) sërnth’avai(ga¬), they who reached; EcRá®wv(kÒ) sërgi∞’avai(ga¬), they who reach; EcRpwv(kÒ) sërb’avai(ga¬), they who’ll reach
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle Ecra∆ sëräthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle EcramL sërämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
EcraçÃNEt˜
EcraçÃKáE®˜
EcraçÃPEp˜
EcraçÃNtaL
sëräth’irunthë√
sëräth’irukki∞ë√
sëräth’iruppë√
sëräth’irunthäl (conditional)
EcramL iÃNEt˜
EcramL iÃKáE®˜
EcramL iÃPEp˜
EcramL iÃNtaL
sërämal irunthë√
sërämal irukki∞ë√
sërämal iruppë√
sërämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t reached (past perf.)
I haven’t reached (pres. perf.)2
I won’t have reached (f. perf.)2
(I-they) hadn’t reached-if
I wasn’t reaching
I am not reaching
I won’t be reaching
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t reaching-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t reach-if
_______________
1See
footnote 4 on page 3.
2Not
in common use today.
kÉZ kaviΩ (v.t.)
turn over (sth) (you)! (imp. s.)
kÉZTt kaviΩttha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) turned over (sth)
kɤıkÒ kaviΩu≥ga¬
kÉZKk kaviΩkka
kÉZT∆ kaviΩtthu
54
turn over (sth) (you)! (imper. pl.) to turn over (sth) (infinitive)
(having) turned over (sth) (past participle)
kÉZKá® kaviΩkki∞a (pres. adj. p.) kÉZK¿M kaviΩkkum (future adjectival participle)°
(who, which) turns over (sth)
(who, which) will turn over (sth)
Present Tense
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
kÉZKáE®˜
kaviΩkki∞ïë√
I turn over (sth)
kÉZKá®aY
kaviΩkki∞ïäy
you turn over (sth)
kÉZKá®a˜
kaviΩkki∞ïä√
he turns over (sth)
kÉZKá®aÒ
kaviΩkki∞ïä¬
she turns over (sth)
kÉZKá®∆
kaviΩkki∞ïathu it turns over (sth)
kÉZKáE®aM kaviΩkki∞ïöm
we turn over (sth)
kÉZKáΩR(kÒ) kaviΩkki∞ïïr(ga¬) you turn over (sth)
kÉZKá®aR(kÒ) kaviΩkki∞ïär(ga¬) they turn over (sth)
kÉZKᘮˆ kaviΩkki√∞ïa√a they turn over (sth)
kÉZTçÃKáE®˜
kÉZTçÃKá®aY
kÉZTçÃKá®a˜
kÉZTçÃKá®aÒ
kÉZTçÃKá®∆
kÉZTçÃKáE®aM
kÉZTçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
kÉZTçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
kÉZTçÃKᘮˆ
Past Tense
kÉZTEt˜
kÉZTtaY
kÉZTta˜
kÉZTtaÒ
kÉZTt∆
kÉZTEtaM
kÉZT≥R(kÒ)
kÉZTtaR(kÒ)
kÉZTtˆ
kaviΩtthïë√
kaviΩtthïäy
kaviΩtthïä√
kaviΩtthïä¬
kaviΩtthïathu
kaviΩtthïöm
kaviΩtthïïr(ga¬)
kaviΩtthïär(ga¬)
kaviΩtthïa√a
I turned over (sth)
you turned over (sth)
he turned over (sth)
she turned over (sth)
it turned over (sth)
we turned over (sth)
you turned over (sth)
they turned over (sth)
they turned over (sth)
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
kÉZTçÃNEt˜
kaviΩtth’irunthïë√
kÉZTçÃNtaY
kaviΩtth’irunthïäy
kÉZTçÃNta˜
kaviΩtth’irunthïä√
kÉZTçÃNtaÒ
kaviΩtth’irunthïä¬
kÉZTçÃNt∆
kaviΩtth’irunthïathu
kÉZTçÃNEtaM
kaviΩtth’irunthïöm
kÉZTçÃN≥(kÒ)
kaviΩtth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
kÉZTçÃNtaR(kÒ)
kaviΩtth’irunthïär(ga¬)
kÉZTçÃNtˆ
kaviΩtth’irunthïa√a
I had turned over; °was turning over (sth)
you‘d turned over; °were turning over (sth)
he’d turned over; °was turning over (sth)
she’d turned over; °was turning over (sth)
it had turned over; °was turning over (sth)
we’d turned over; °were turning over (sth)
you’d turned over; °were turning over (sth)
they’d turned over; °were turning over (sth)
they’d turned over; °were turning over (sth)
Future Tense
kÉZPEp˜
kÉZPpaY
kÉZPpa˜
kÉZPpaÒ
kÉZK¿M
kÉZPEpaM
kÉZPµR(kÒ)
kÉZPpaR(kÒ)
kÉZK¿M
kaviΩppïë√
kaviΩppïäy
kaviΩppïä√
kaviΩppïä¬
kaviΩkkïum
kaviΩppïöm
kaviΩppïïr(ga¬)
kaviΩppïär(ga¬)
kaviΩkkïum
I’ll turn over (sth)
you’ll turn over (sth)
he’ll turn over (sth)
she’ll turn over (sth)
it’ll turn over (sth)
we’ll turn over (sth)
you’ll turn over (sth)
they’ll turn over (sth)
they’ll turn over (sth)
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
kÉZTçÃPEp˜
kaviΩtth’iruppïë√
kÉZTçÃPpaY
kaviΩtth’iruppïäy
kÉZTçÃPpa˜
kaviΩtth’iruppïä√
kÉZTçÃPpaÒ
kaviΩtth’iruppïä¬
kÉZTçÃK¿M
kaviΩtth’irukkïum
kÉZTçÃPEpaM
kaviΩtth’iruppïöm
kÉZTçÃPµR(kÒ)
kaviΩtth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
kÉZTçÃPpaR(kÒ)
kaviΩtth’iruppïär(ga¬)
kÉZTçÃK¿M
kaviΩtth’irukkïum
I’ll have turned over; °be turning over (sth)
you’ll ’ve turned over; °be turning over (sth)
he’ll ‘ve turned over; °be turning over (sth)
she’ll ’ve turned over; °be turning over (sth)
it’ll ’ve turned over; °be turning over (sth)
we’ll ‘ve turned over; °be turning over (sth)
you’ll ’ve turned over; °be turning over (sth)
they’ll ’ve turned over; °be turning over (sth)
they’ll ’ve turned over; °be turning over (sth)
kaviΩtth’irukki∞ïë√
kaviΩtth’irukki∞ïäy
kaviΩtth’irukki∞ïä√
kaviΩtth’irukki∞ïä¬
kaviΩtth’irukki∞ïathu
kaviΩtth’irukki∞ïöm
kaviΩtth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
kaviΩtth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
kaviΩtth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have turned over; I am turning over (sth)
you’ve turned over; °are turning over (sth)
he has turned over; he is turning over (sth)
she has turned over; she is turning over (sth)
it has turned over; it is turning over (sth)
we have turned over; °are turning over (sth)
you ‘ve turned over; °are turning over (sth)
they’ve turned over; °are turning over (sth)
they’ve turned over; °are turning over (sth)
kÉZTtL kaviΩtthal
kÉZKwk kaviΩkkai
kÉZKkL kaviΩkkal
kÉZP»1 kaviΩppu
55
turning (sth) over (verbal noun) turning (sth) over (v. noun)
turning (sth) over (verbal noun) turning (sth) over (verbal noun)
kÉZTt∆ kaviΩtth’athu
kÉZKá®∆ kaviΩkki∞’athu
kÉZPp∆ kaviΩpp’athu
kÉZTtaL kaviΩtthäl
a (past) turning (sth) over (v. noun) a (present) turning over (v. noun) a (future) turning over (v. noun) (I-they) turn/s (sth) over-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
kÉZKkaEt kaviΩkkäthë kÉZKka≥R(kÒ) kaviΩkkäthïr(ga¬) kÉZKkat kaviΩkkätha
kÉZKka∆ kaviΩkkäthu; kÉZKkamL kaviΩkkämal
don’t (you) turn (sth) over! (imp.) don’t (you) turn (sth) over! (imp.) non-turning (sth) (neg. adj. part.) without turning (sth) over (neg. participle)
kÉZKkÉLwl kaviΩkkavillai
kÉEz˜2 kaviΩë√
kÉZKkmaDEd˜ kaviΩkka-m䆆ë√ kÉZKkawm kaviΩkkämai; °Kkat∆ °kkäthathu
(I-they) didn’t turn (sth) (‘past’)
I won’t turn (sth) (tenseless)
I won’t turn (sth) (‘future’)
non-turning over (sth) (neg. verbal nouns)
kÉZTt∆ iLwl kaviΩtthathu illai kÉZKá®çLwl kaviΩkki∞ath’illai kÉZPp∆ iLwl kaviΩppathu illai kÉZKkaÉDdaL kaviΩkkävi††äl
(I-they) never turned (sth) over
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t turn (sth) over (I-they) won’t turn (sth) over
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t turn over-if (condit.)
kÉZKkatv˜ kaviΩkkäth’ava√, a man who didn’t turn over, doesn’t turn over, or won’t turn over (sth) (this and all the following are participial nouns)
kÉZTtv˜ kaviΩtth’ava√, he who turned over; kÉZKá®v˜ kaviΩkki∞’ava√, who turns over; kÉZPpv˜ kaviΩpp’ava√, who will turn over (sth)
kÉZKkatvÒ kaviΩkkäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t turn over, doesn’t turn over, or won’t turn over (sth)
kÉZTtvÒ kaviΩtth’ava¬, she who turned over; kÉZKá®vÒ kaviΩkki∞’ava¬, who turns over; kÉZPpvÒ kaviΩpp’ava¬; who will turn over (sth)
kÉZKkat∆ kaviΩkkäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t turn over, doesn’t turn over, or won’t turn over (sth)
kÉZTt∆ kaviΩtth’athu, it which turned over; kÉZKá®∆ kaviΩkki∞’athu, it which turns over; kÉZPp∆ kaviΩpp’athu, it which will turn over (sth)
kÉZKkatvR(kÒ) kaviΩkkäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t turn over, do not turn over, or will not turn over (sth)
kÉZTtvR(kÒ) kaviΩtth’avar(ga¬), they who turned over; kÉZKá®vR(kÒ) kaviΩkki∞’avar(ga¬), °turn over; kÉZPpvR(kÒ kaviΩpp’avar(ga¬), °will turn o.
kÉZKkatwv(kÒ) kaviΩkkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t turn over, do not turn over, or will not turn over (sth)
kÉZTtwv(kÒ) kaviΩtth’avai(ga¬), they who turned over; kÉZKá®wv(kÒ) kaviΩkki∞’avai(ga¬), °turn over; kÉZPpwv(kÒ) kaviΩpp’avai(ga¬), °will turn o.
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle kÉZKka∆ kaviΩkkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle kÉZKkamL kaviΩkkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
kÉZKkaçÃNEt˜
kÉZKkaçÃKáE®˜
kÉZKkaçÃPEp˜
kÉZKkaçÃNtaL
kaviΩkkäth’irunthë√
kaviΩkkäth’irukki∞ë√
kaviΩkkäth’iruppë√
kaviΩkkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
kÉZKkamL iÃNEt˜
kÉZKkamL iÃKáE®˜
kÉZKkamL iÃPEp˜
kÉZKkamL iÃNtaL
kaviΩkkämal irunthë√
kaviΩkkämal irukki∞ë√
kaviΩkkämal iruppë√ (f. perf.)1 kaviΩkkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t turned over (sth) (p. perf.) I haven’t turned over (pres. perf.)1 I won’t have turned over ↵
(I-they) hadn’t turned over (sth)-if
I wasn’t turning over (sth)
I am not turning over (sth)
I won’t be turning over (sth)
(I-they) was/were not turning over (sth)-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t turn over (sth)-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
kÉZ kaviΩ (v.i.)
turn over (you)! (imperative s.)
kÉZNt kaviΩntha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) turned over
kɤıkÒ kaviΩu≥ga¬
turn over (you)! (imperative pl.)
kÉZá® kaviΩgi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) turns over
Present Tense
kÉZáE®˜
kÉZá®aY
kÉZá®a˜
kÉZá®aÒ
kÉZá®∆
kÉZáE®aM
káZáΩR(kÒ)
kÉZá®aR(kÒ)
kÉZᘮˆ
Past Tense
kÉZNEt˜
kÉZNtaY
kÉZNta˜
kÉZNtaÒ
kÉZNt∆
kÉZNEtaM
kÉZN≥R(kÒ)
kÉZNtaR(kÒ)
kÉZNtˆ
Future Tense
kÉZEv˜
kÉZvaY
kÉZva˜
kÉZvaÒ
kɤM
kÉZEvaM
kÉZ™R(kÒ)
kÉZvaR(kÒ)
kɤM
kÉz kaviΩa
kÉZN∆ kaviΩnthu
to turn over (infinitive)
(having) turned over (past participle)
kɤM kaviΩum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will turn over
56
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
kaviΩgi∞ïë√
kaviΩgi∞ïäy
kaviΩgi∞ïä√
kaviΩgi∞ïä¬
kaviΩgi∞ïathu
kaviΩgi∞ïöm
kaviΩgi∞ïïr(ga¬)
kaviΩgi∞ïär(ga¬)
kaviΩgi√∞ïa√a
kaviΩnthïë√
kaviΩnthïäy
kaviΩnthïä√
kaviΩnthïä¬
kaviΩnthïathu
kaviΩnthïöm
kaviΩnthïïr(ga¬)
kaviΩnthïär(ga¬)
kaviΩnthïa√a
kaviΩvïë√
kaviΩvïäy
kaviΩvïä√
kaviΩvïä¬
kaviΩïum
kaviΩvïöm
kaviΩvïïr(ga¬)
kaviΩvïär(ga¬)
kaviΩïum
I turn over
you turn over
he turns over
she turns over
it turns over
we turn over
you turn over
they turn over
they turn over
kÉZNçÃKáE®˜
kÉZNçÃKá®aY
kÉZNçÃKá®a˜
kÉZNçÃKá®aÒ
kÉZNçÃKá®∆
kÉZNçÃKáE®aM
kÉZNçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
kÉZNçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
kÉZNçÃKᘮˆ
I turned over
you turned over
he turned over
she turned over
it turned over
we turned over
you turned over
they turned over
they turned over
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
kÉZNçÃNEt˜
kaviΩnth’irunthïë√
kÉZNçÃNtaY
kaviΩnth’irunthïäy
kÉZNçÃNta˜
kaviΩnth’irunthïä√
kÉZNçÃNtaÒ
kaviΩnth’irunthïä¬
kÉZNçÃNt∆
kaviΩnth’irunthïathu
kÉZNçÃNEtaM
kaviΩnth’irunthïöm
kÉZNçÃN≥(kÒ)
kaviΩnth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
kÉZNçÃNtaR(kÒ)
kaviΩnth’irunthïär(ga¬)
kÉZNçÃNtˆ
kaviΩnth’irunthïa√a
I had turned over; I was turning over
you’d turned over; you were turning over
he had turned over; he was turning over
she had turned over; she was turning over
it had turned over; it was turning over
we’d turned over; we were turning over
you’d turned over; you were turning over
they’d turned over; they were turning over
they’d turned over; they were turning over
I’ll turn over
you’ll turn over
he’ll turn over
she’ll turn over
it’ll turn over
we’ll turn over
you’ll turn over
they’ll turn over
they’ll turn over
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
kÉZNçÃPEp˜
kaviΩnth’iruppïë√
kÉZNçÃPpaY
kaviΩnth’iruppïäy
kÉZNçÃPpa˜
kaviΩnth’iruppïä√
kÉZNçÃPpaÒ
kaviΩnth’iruppïä¬
kÉZNçÃK¿M
kaviΩnth’irukkïum
kÉZNçÃPEpaM
kaviΩnth’iruppïöm
kÉZNçÃPµR(kÒ)
kaviΩnth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
kÉZNçÃPpaR(kÒ)
kaviΩnth’iruppïär(ga¬)
kÉZNçÃK¿M
kaviΩnth’irukkïum
I’ll have turned over; I’ll be turning over
you’ll ’ve turned over; you’ll be turning o.
he’ll ’ve turned over; he’ll be turning over
she’ll ’ve turned over; she’ll be turning o.
it’ll have turned over; it’ll be turning over
we’ll ’ve turned over; we’ll be tutned over
you’ll ’ve turned over; you’ll be turning o.
they’ll ’ve turned over; they’ll be turning o.
they’ll ’ve turned over; they’ll be turning o.
kaviΩnth’irukki∞ïë√
kaviΩnth’irukki∞ïäy
kaviΩnth’irukki∞ïä√
kaviΩnth’irukki∞ïä¬
kaviΩnth’irukki∞ïathu
kaviΩnth’irukki∞ïöm
kaviΩnth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
kaviΩnth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
kaviΩnth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have turned over; I am turning over
you’ve turned over; you’re turning over
he has turned over; he is turning over
she has turned over; she is turning over
it has turned over; it is turning over
we have turned over; we are turning over
you’ve turned over; you’re turning over
they’ve turned over; they’re turning over
they’ve turned over; they ’re turning over
kÉZtL kaviΩthal
kÉZwk kaviΩgai
kÉzL kaviΩal
kÉZŒtL kaviΩvuthal
57
turning over (verbal noun)
turning over (v. noun)
turning over (verbal noun)
turning over (verbal noun)
kÉZNt∆ kaviΩnth’athu
kÉZá®∆ kaviΩgi∞’athu
kÉZv∆ kaviΩv’athu
kÉZNtaL kaviΩnthäl
a (past) turning over (v. noun)
a (present) turning over (v. noun) a (future) turning over (v. noun) (I-they) turn/s over-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
kÉzaEt kaviΩäthë
kÉza≥R(kÒ) kaviΩäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) turn over! (imp.)
don’t (you) turn over! (imp. pl.)
kÉzÉLwl kaviΩavillai
kÉEz˜1 kaviΩë√
(I-they) didn’t turn over (‘past’)
I won’t turn over (tenseless)
kÉZNt∆ iLwl kaviΩnthathu illai kÉZá®çLwl kaviΩgi∞ath’illai
(I-they) didn’t (ever) turn over
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t turn over
kÉzat kaviΩätha
non-turning over (neg. adj. part.)
kÉzmaDEd˜ kaviΩa-m䆆ë√
I won’t turn over (‘future’)
kÉZv∆ iLwl kaviΩvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) turn over
kÉza∆ kaviΩäthu; kÉzamL kaviΩämal
without turning over (neg. participle)
kÉzawm kaviΩämai; kÉzat∆ kaviΩäthathu
non-turning over (neg. verbal nouns)
kÉzaÉDdaL kaviΩävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t turn over-if (conditional)
kÉzatv˜ kaviΩäth’ava√, a man who didn’t turn over, doesn’t turn over, or won’t turn over (this and all the following are participial nouns)
kÉZNtv˜ kaviΩnth’ava√, he who turned over; kÉZá®v˜ kaviΩgi∞’ava√, he who turns over; kÉZpv˜ kaviΩb’ava√, he who will turn over
kÉzatvÒ kaviΩäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t turn over, doesn’t turn over, or won’t turn over
kÉZNtvÒ kaviΩnth’ava¬, she who turned over; kÉZá®vÒ kaviΩgi∞’ava¬, she who turns over; kÉZpvÒ kaviΩb’ava¬, she who will turn over
kÉzat∆ kaviΩäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t turn over, doesn’t turn over, or won’t turn over
kÉZNt∆ kaviΩnth’athu, it which turned over; kÉZá®∆ kaviΩgi∞’athu, it which turns over; kÉZv∆ kaviΩv’athu, it which will turn over
kÉzatvR(kÒ) kaviΩäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t turn over, don’t turn over, or won’t turn over
kÉZNtvR(kÒ) kaviΩnth’avar(ga¬), they who turned over; kÉZá®vR(kÒ) kaviΩgi∞’avar(ga¬), °turn over; kÉZpvR(kÒ) kaviΩb’avar(ga¬), °will turn over
kÉzatwv(kÒ) kaviΩäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t turn over, don’t turn over, or won’t turn over
kÉZNtwv(kÒ) kaviΩnth’avai(ga¬), they who turned over; kÉZá®wv(kÒ) kaviΩgi∞’avai(ga¬), °turn over; kÉZpwv(kÒ) kaviΩb’avai(ga¬), °will turn over
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle kÉza∆ kaviΩäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle kÉzamL kaviΩämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
kÉzaçÃNEt˜
kÉzaçÃKáE®˜
kÉzaçÃPEp˜
kÉzaçÃNtaL
kaviΩäth’irunthë√
kaviΩäth’irukki∞ë√
kaviΩäth’iruppë√
kaviΩäth’irunthäl (conditional)
kÉzamL iÃNEt˜
kÉzamL iÃKáE®˜
kÉzamL iÃPEp˜
kÉzamL iÃNtaL
kaviΩämal irunthë√
kaviΩämal irukki∞ë√
kaviΩämal iruppë√
kaviΩämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t turned over (past perf.) I haven’t turned over (pres. perf.)2 I won’t have turned over (f. perf.)2 (I-they) hadn’t turned over-if
I wasn’t turning over
I am not turning over
I won’t be turning over
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t turning over-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t turn over-if
_______________
1See
footnote 4 on page 3.
2Not
in common use today.
pƒ pa∂u (v.t.)
(you) lie down! (imp. s.)
pƒTt pa∂uttha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) lay down
pƒıkÒ pa∂u≥ga¬
(you) lie down! (imper. pl.)
pƒKá® pa∂ukki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) lies down
Present Tense
pƒKáE®˜
pƒKá®aY
pƒKá®a˜
pƒKá®aÒ
pƒKá®∆
pƒKáE®aM
pƒKáΩR(kÒ)
pƒKá®aR(kÒ)
pƒKᘮˆ
pƒKk pa∂ukka
pƒT∆ pa∂utthu
to lie down (infinitive)
(having) lain down (past participle)
pƒK¿M pa∂ukkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will lie down
58
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
pa∂ukki∞ïë√
I lie down
pa∂ukki∞ïäy
you lie down
pa∂ukki∞ïä√
he lies down
pa∂ukki∞ïä¬
she lies down
pa∂ukki∞ïathu it lies down
pa∂ukki∞ïöm
we lie down
pa∂ukki∞ïïr(ga¬) you lie down
pa∂ukki∞ïär(ga¬) they lie down
pa∂ukki√∞ïa√a they lie down
Past Tense
pƒTEt˜
pƒTtaY
pƒTta˜
pƒTtaÒ
pƒTt∆
pƒTEtaM
pƒT≥R(kÒ)
pƒTtaR(kÒ)
pƒTtˆ
pa∂utthïë√
pa∂utthïäy
pa∂utthïä√
pa∂utthïä¬
pa∂utthïathu
pa∂utthïöm
pa∂utthïïr(ga¬)
pa∂utthïär(ga¬)
pa∂utthïa√a
Future Tense
pƒPEp˜
pƒPpaY
pƒPpa˜
pƒPpaÒ
pƒK¿M
pƒPEpaM
pƒPµR(kÒ)
pƒPpaR(kÒ)
pƒK¿M
pa∂uppïë√
pa∂uppïäy
pa∂uppïä√
pa∂uppïä¬
pa∂ukkïum
pa∂uppïöm
pa∂uppïïr(ga¬)
pa∂uppïär(ga¬)
pa∂ukkïum
pƒTçÃKáE®˜
pƒTçÃKá®aY
pƒTçÃKá®a˜
pƒTçÃKá®aÒ
pƒTçÃKá®∆
pƒTçÃKáE®aM
pƒTçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
pƒTçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
pƒTçÃKᘮˆ
pa∂utth’irukki∞ïë√
pa∂utth’irukki∞ïäy
pa∂utth’irukki∞ïä√
pa∂utth’irukki∞ïä¬
pa∂utth’irukki∞ïathu
pa∂utth’irukki∞ïöm
pa∂utth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
pa∂utth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
pa∂utth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have lain down; I am lying down
you have lain down; you are lying down
he has lain down; he is lying down
she has lain down; she is lying down
it has lain down; it is lying down
we have lain down; we are lying down
you have lain down; you are lying down
they have lain down; they are lying down
they have lain down; they are lying down
I lay down
you lay down
he lay down
she lay down
it lay down
we lay down
you lay down
they lay down
they lay down
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
pƒTçÃNEt˜
pa∂utth’irunthïë√
pƒTçÃNtaY
pa∂utth’irunthïäy
pƒTçÃNta˜
pa∂utth’irunthïä√
pƒTçÃNtaÒ
pa∂utth’irunthïä¬
pƒTçÃNt∆
pa∂utth’irunthïathu
pƒTçÃNEtaM
pa∂utth’irunthïöm
pƒTçÃN≥(kÒ)
pa∂utth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
pƒTçÃNtaR(kÒ)
pa∂utth’irunthïär(ga¬)
pƒTçÃNtˆ
pa∂utth’irunthïa√a
I had lain down; I was lying down
you had lain down; you were lying down
he had lain down; he was lying down
she had lain down; she was lying down
it had lain down; it was lying down
we had lain down; we were lying down
you had lain down; you were lying down
they had lain down; they were lying down
they had lain down; they were lying down
I’ll lie down
you’ll lie down
he’ll lie down
she’ll lie down
it’ll lie down
we’ll lie down
you’ll lie down
they’ll lie down
they’ll lie down
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
pƒTçÃPEp˜
pa∂utth’iruppïë√
pƒTçÃPpaY
pa∂utth’iruppïäy
pƒTçÃPpa˜
pa∂utth’iruppïä√
pƒTçÃPpaÒ
pa∂utth’iruppïä¬
pƒTçÃK¿M
pa∂utth’irukkïum
pƒTçÃPEpaM
pa∂utth’iruppïöm
pƒTçÃPµR(kÒ)
pa∂utth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
pƒTçÃPpaR(kÒ)
pa∂utth’iruppïär(ga¬)
pƒTçÃK¿M
pa∂utth’irukkïum
I’ll have lain down; I’ll be lying down
you’ll ’ve lain down; you’ll be lying down
he’ll ‘ve lain down; he’ll be lying down
she’ll ’ve lain down; she’ll be lying down
it’ll have lain down; it’ll be lying down
we’ll ‘ve lain down; we’ll be lying down
you’ll ’ve lain down; you’ll be lying down
they’ll ’ve lain down; they’ll be lying down
they’ll ’ve lain down; they’ll be lying down
pƒTtL pa∂utthal
pƒKwk1 pa∂ukkai
pƒKkL pa∂ukkal
pƒP» pa∂uppu
59
lying down (verbal noun)
lying down (v. noun)
lying down (verbal noun)
lying down (verbal noun)
pƒTt∆ pa∂utth’athu
pƒKá®∆ pa∂ukki∞’athu
pƒPp∆ pa∂upp’athu
pƒTtaL pa∂utthäl
a (past) lying down (v. noun)
a (present) lying down (v. noun) a (future) lying down (v. noun)
(I-they) lie/s down-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
pƒKkaEt pa∂ukkäthë
pƒKka≥R(kÒ) pa∂ukkäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) lie down! (imper. s.) don’t (you) lie down! (imper. pl.)
pƒKkÉLwl pa∂ukkavillai
pEd˜2 pa∂ë√
(I-they) didn’t lie down (‘past’) I won’t lie down (tenseless)
pƒTt∆ iLwl pa∂utthathu illai pƒKá®çLwl pa∂ukki∞ath’illai
(I-they) never lay down
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t lie down
pƒKkat pa∂ukkätha
non-lying down (neg. adj. part.)
pƒKkmaDEd˜ pa∂ukka-m䆆ë√
I won’t lie down (‘future’)
pƒPp∆ iLwl pa∂uppathu illai
(I-they) won’t lie down
pƒKka∆ pa∂ukkäthu; pƒKkamL pa∂ukkämal
without lying down (neg. participle)
pƒKkawm pa∂ukkämai; °Kkat∆ °kkäthathu
non-lying down (neg. verbal nouns)
pƒKkaÉDdaL pa∂ukkävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t lie down-if (condit.)
pƒKkatv˜ pa∂ukkäth’ava√, a man who didn’t lie down, doesn’t lie down, or won’t lie down (this and all the following are participial nouns)
pƒTtv˜ pa∂utth’ava√, he who lay down; pƒKá®v˜ pa∂ukki∞’ava√, he who lies down; pƒPpv˜ pa∂upp’ava√, he who will lie down
pƒKkatvÒ pa∂ukkäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t lie down, doesn’t lie down, or won’t lie down
pƒTtvÒ pa∂utth’ava¬, she who lay down; pƒKá®vÒ pa∂ukki∞’ava¬, she who lies down; pƒPpvÒ pa∂upp’ava¬, she who will lie down
pƒKkat∆ pa∂ukkäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t lie down, doesn’t lie down, or won’t lie down
pƒTt∆ pa∂utth’athu, it which lay down; pƒKá®∆ pa∂ukki∞’athu, it which lies down; pƒPp∆ pa∂upp’athu, it which will lie down
pƒKkatvR(kÒ) pa∂ukkäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t lie down, don’t lie down, or won’t lie down
pƒTtvR(kÒ) pa∂utth’avar(ga¬), they who lay down; pƒKá®vR(kÒ) pa∂ukki∞’avar(ga¬), °who lie down; pƒPpvR(kÒ) pa∂upp’avar(ga¬), °will lie down
pƒKkatwv(kÒ) pa∂ukkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t lie down, don’t lie down, or won’t lie down
pƒTtwv(kÒ) pa∂utth’avai(ga¬), they who lay down; pƒKá®wv(kÒ) pa∂ukki∞’avai(ga¬), °who lie down; pƒPpwv(kÒ) pa∂upp’avai(ga¬), °will lie down
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle pƒKka∆ pa∂ukkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle pƒKkamL pa∂ukkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
pƒKkaçÃNEt˜
pƒKkaçÃKáE®˜
pƒKkaçÃPEp˜
pƒKkaçÃNtaL
pa∂ukkäth’irunthë√
pa∂ukkäth’irukki∞ë√
pa∂ukkäth’iruppë√
pa∂ukkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
pƒkamL iÃNEt˜
pƒKkamL iÃKáE®˜
pƒKkamL iÃPEp˜
pƒKkamL iÃNtaL
pa∂ukkämal irunthë√
pa∂ukkämal irukki∞ë√
pa∂ukkämal iruppë√
pa∂ukkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t lain down (past perf.)
I haven’t lain down (pres. perf.)1 I won’t have lain dow (f. perf.)1 (I-they) hadn’t lain down-if
I wasn’t lying down
I am not lying down
I won’t be lying down
(I-they) was/were not lying down-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t lie down-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
pƒ pa∂u (v.i.)
feel (you)! (imperative s.)
pDd pa††a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) felt
pƒıkÒ pa∂u≥ga¬
feel (you)! (imper. plural)
pƒá® pa∂ugi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) feels
Present Tense
pƒáE®˜
pƒá®aY
pƒá®a˜
pƒá®aÒ
pƒá®∆
pƒáE®aM
pƒáΩR(kÒ)
pƒá®aR(kÒ)
pƒá˜®ˆ
pd pa∂a
pDƒ pa††u
to feel (infinitive)
(having) felt (past participle)
pƒM pa∂um (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will feel
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
pa∂ugi∞ïë√
pa∂ugi∞ïäy
pa∂ugi∞ïä√
pa∂ugi∞ïä¬
pa∂ugi∞ïathu
pa∂ugi∞ïöm
pa∂ugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
pa∂ugi∞ïär(ga¬)
pa∂ugi√∞ïa√a
I feel
you feel
he feels
she feels
it feels
we feel
you feel
they feel
they feel
pDãÃKáE®˜
pDãÃKá®aY
pDãÃKá®a˜
pDãÃKá®aÒ
pDãÃKá®∆
pDãÃKáE®aM
pDãÃKáΩR(kÒ)
pDãÃKá®aR(kÒ)
pDãÃKᘮˆ
I had felt; I was feeling
you had felt; you were feeling
he had felt; he was feeling
she had felt; she was feeling
it had felt; it was feeling
we had felt; we were feeling
you had felt; you were feeling
they had felt; they were feeling
they had felt; they were feeling
I’ll have felt; I’ll be feeling
you’ll have felt; you’ll be feeling
he’ll have felt; he’ll be feeling
she’ll have felt; she’ll be feeling
it’ll have felt; it’ll be feeling
we’ll have felt; we’ll be feeling
you’ll have felt; you’ll be feeling
they’ll have felt; they’ll be feeling
they’ll have felt; they’ll be feeling
pa††’irukki∞ïë√
pa††’irukki∞ïäy
pa††’irukki∞ïä√
pa††’irukki∞ïä¬
pa††’irukki∞ïathu
pa††’irukki∞ïöm
pa††’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
pa††’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
pa††’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
pDEd˜
pDdaY
pDda˜
pDdaÒ
pDd∆
pDEdaM
pD±R(kÒ)
pDdaR(kÒ)
pDdˆ
pa††ïë√
pa††ïäy
pa††ïä√
pa††ïä¬
pa††ïathu
pa††ïöm
pa††ïïr(ga¬)
pa††ïär(ga¬)
pa††ïa√a
I felt
you felt
he felt
she felt
it felt
we felt
you felt
they felt
they felt
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
pDãÃNEt˜
pa††’irunthïë√
pDãÃNtaY
pa††’irunthïäy
pDãÃNta˜
pa††’irunthïä√
pDãÃNtaÒ
pa††’irunthïä¬
pDãÃNt∆
pa††’irunthïathu
pDãÃNEtaM
pa††’irunthïöm
pDãÃN≥(kÒ)
pa††’irunthïïr(ga¬)
pDãÃNtaR(kÒ)
pa††’irunthïär(ga¬)
pDãÃNtˆ
pa††’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
pƒEv˜
pƒvaY
pƒva˜
pƒvaÒ
pƒM
pƒEvaM
pƒ™R(kÒ)
pƒvaR(kÒ)
pƒM
pa∂uvïë√
pa∂uvïäy
pa∂uvïä√
pa∂uvïä¬
pa∂ïum
pa∂uvïöm
pa∂uvïïr(ga¬)
pa∂uvïär(ga¬)
pa∂ïum
I’ll feel
you’ll feel
he’ll feel
she’ll feel
it’ll feel
we’ll feel
you’ll feel
they’ll feel
they’ll feel
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
pDãÃPEp˜
pa††’iruppïë√
pDãÃPpaY
pa††’iruppïäy
pDãÃPpa˜
pa††’iruppïä√
pDãÃPpaÒ
pa††’iruppïä¬
pDãÃK¿M
pa††’irukkïum
pDãÃPEpaM
pa††’iruppïöm
pDãÃPµR(kÒ)
pa††’iruppïïr(ga¬)
pDãÃPpaR(kÒ)
pa††’iruppïär(ga¬)
pDãÃK¿M
pa††’irukkïum
I have felt; I am feeling
you have felt; you are feeling
he has felt; he is feeling
she has felt; she is feeling
it has felt; it is feeling
we have felt; we are feeling
you have felt; you are feeling
they have felt; they are feeling
they have felt; they are feeling
60
pƒtL pa∂uthal
pƒwk pa∂ugai
pdL pa∂al
pƒŒ1 pa∂uvu
61
feeling (verbal noun)
feeling (action) (v. noun)
feeling (verbal noun)
feeling (verbal noun)
pDd∆ pa††’athu
pƒá®∆ pa∂ugi∞’athu
pƒv∆ pa∂uv’athu
pDdaL pa††äl
a (past) feeling (v. noun)
a (present) feeling (v. noun)
a (future) feeling (v. noun)
(I-they) feel/feels-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
pdaEt pa∂äthë
don’t (you) feel! (imperative s.)
pdÉLwl pa∂avillai
(I-they) didn’t feel (‘past’)
pDd∆ iLwl pa††athu illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) felt
pda≥R(kÒ) pa∂äthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) feel! (imp. pl.)
pEd˜2 pa∂ë√
I won’t feel (tenseless)
pƒá®çLwl pa∂ugi∞ath’illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) feel
pdat pa∂ätha
non-feeling (neg. adj. part.)
pdmaDEd˜ pa∂a-m䆆ë√
I won’t feel (‘future’)
pƒŒ∆ iLwl pa∂uvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) feel
pda∆ pa∂äthu; pdamL pa∂ämal
without feeling (neg. participle)
pdawm pa∂ämai; pdat∆ pa∂äthathu
non-feeling (neg. verbal nouns)
pdaÉDdaL pa∂ävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t feel-if (conditional)
pdatv˜ pa∂äth’ava√, a man who did not feel, does not feel, or will not feel (this and all the following are participial nouns)
pDdv˜ pa††’ava√, he who felt; pƒá®v˜ pa∂ugi∞’ava√, he who feels; pƒpv˜ pa∂ub’ava√, he who will feel
pdatvÒ pa∂äth’ava¬, a woman who did not feel, does not feel, or will not feel
pDdvÒ pa††’ava¬, she who felt; pƒá®vÒ pa∂ugi∞’ava¬, she who feels; pƒpvÒ pa∂ub’ava¬, she who will feel
pdat∆ pa∂äth’athu, an animal or thing which did not feel, does not feel, or will not feel
pDd∆ pa††’athu, it which felt; pƒá®∆ pa∂ugi∞’athu, it which feels; pƒv∆ pa∂uv’athu, it which will feel
pdatvR(kÒ) pa∂äth’avar(ga¬), people who did not feel, do not feel, or will not feel
pDdvR(kÒ) pa††’avar(ga¬), they who felt; pƒá®vR(kÒ) pa∂ugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who feel; pƒpvR(kÒ) pa∂ub’avar(ga¬), they who’ll feel
pdatwv(kÒ) pa∂äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not feel, do not feel, or will not feel
pDdwv(kÒ) pa††’avai(ga¬), they who felt; pƒá®wv(kÒ) pa∂ugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who feel; pƒpwv(kÒ) pa∂ub’avai(ga¬), they who’ll feel
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle pda∆ pa∂äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle pdamL pa∂ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
pdaçÃNEt˜
pdaçÃKáE®˜
pdaçÃPEp˜
pdaçÃNtaL
pa∂äth’irunthë√
pa∂äth’irukki∞ë√
pa∂äth’iruppë√
pa∂äth’irunthäl (conditional)
pdamL iÃNEt˜
pdamL iÃKáE®˜
pdamL iÃPEp˜
pdamL iÃNtaL
pa∂ämal irunthë√
pa∂ämal irukki∞ë√
pa∂ämal iruppë√
pa∂ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t felt (past perf.)
I haven’t felt (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have felt (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t felt-if
I wasn’t feeling
I am not feeling
I won’t be feeling
(I-they) was/were not feeling-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t feel-if
_______________
1Not
in use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
iƒ i∂u (v.i.)
put (you)! (imperative s.)
iDd i††a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) put
iƒıkÒ i∂u≥ga¬
put (you)! (imper. plural)
iƒá® i∂ugi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) puts
Present Tense
iƒáE®˜
iƒá®aY
iƒá®a˜
iƒá®aÒ
iƒá®∆
iƒáE®aM
iƒáΩR(kÒ)
iƒá®aR(kÒ)
iƒá˜®ˆ
id i∂a
iDƒ i††u
to put (infinitive)
(having) put (past participle)
iƒM i∂um (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will put
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
i∂ugi∞ïë√
i∂ugi∞ïäy
i∂ugi∞ïä√
i∂ugi∞ïä¬
i∂ugi∞ïathu
i∂ugi∞ïöm
i∂ugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
i∂ugi∞ïär(ga¬)
i∂ugi√∞ïa√a
I put
you put
he puts
she puts
it puts
we put
you put
they put
they put
iDãÃKáE®˜
iDãÃKá®aY
iDãÃKá®a˜
iDãÃKá®aÒ
iDãÃKá®∆
iDãÃKáE®aM
iDãÃKáΩR(kÒ)
iDãÃKá®aR(kÒ)
iDãÃKᘮˆ
I had put; I was putting
you had put; you were putting
he had put; he was putting
she had put; she was putting
it had put; it was putting
we had put; we were putting
you had put; you were putting
they had put; they were putting
they had put; they were putting
I’ll have put; I’ll be putting
you’ll have put; you’ll be putting
he’ll have put; he’ll be putting
she’ll have put; she’ll be putting
it’ll have put; it’ll be putting
we’ll have put; we’ll be putting
you’ll have put; you’ll be putting
they’ll have put; they’ll be putting
they’ll have put; they’ll be putting
i††’irukki∞ïë√
i††’irukki∞ïäy
i††’irukki∞ïä√
i††’irukki∞ïä¬
i††’irukki∞ïathu
i††’irukki∞ïöm
i††’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
i††’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
i††’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
iDEd˜
iDdaY
iDda˜
iDdaÒ
iDd∆
iDEdaM
iD±R(kÒ)
iDdaR(kÒ)
iDdˆ
i††ïë√
i††ïäy
i††ïä√
i††ïä¬
i††ïathu
i††ïöm
i††ïïr(ga¬)
i††ïär(ga¬)
i††ïa√a
I put
you put
he put
she put
it put
we put
you put
they put
they put
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
iDãÃNEt˜
i††’irunthïë√
iDãÃNtaY
i††’irunthïäy
iDãÃNta˜
i††’irunthïä√
iDãÃNtaÒ
i††’irunthïä¬
iDãÃNt∆
i††’irunthïathu
iDãÃNEtaM
i††’irunthïöm
iDãÃN≥(kÒ)
i††’irunthïïr(ga¬)
iDãÃNtaR(kÒ)
i††’irunthïär(ga¬)
iDãÃNtˆ
i††’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
iƒEv˜
iƒvaY
iƒva˜
iƒvaÒ
iƒM
iƒEvaM
iƒ™R(kÒ)
iƒvaR(kÒ)
iƒM
i∂uvïë√
i∂uvïäy
i∂uvïä√
i∂uvïä¬
i∂ïum
i∂uvïöm
i∂uvïïr(ga¬)
i∂uvïär(ga¬)
i∂ïum
I’ll put
you’ll put
he’ll put
she’ll put
it’ll put
we’ll put
you’ll put
they’ll put
they’ll put
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
iDãÃPEp˜
i††’iruppïë√
iDãÃPpaY
i††’iruppïäy
iDãÃPpa˜
i††’iruppïä√
iDãÃPpaÒ
i††’iruppïä¬
iDãÃK¿M
i††’irukkïum
iDãÃPEpaM
i††’iruppïöm
iDãÃPµR(kÒ)
i††’iruppïïr(ga¬)
iDãÃPpaR(kÒ)
i††’iruppïär(ga¬)
iDãÃK¿M
i††’irukkïum
I have put; I am putting
you have put; you are putting
he has put; he is putting
she has put; she is putting
it has put; it is putting
we have put; we are putting
you have put; you are putting
they have put; they are putting
they have put; they are putting
62
iDdL i††al
iƒwk i∂ugai
idL i∂al
iƒŒ1 i∂uvu
63
putting (verbal noun)
putting (action) (v. noun)
putting (verbal noun)
putting (verbal noun)
iDd∆ i††’athu
iƒá®∆ i∂ugi∞’athu
iƒv∆ i∂uv’athu
iDdaL i††äl
a (past) putting (v. noun)
a (present) putting (v. noun)
a (future) putting (v. noun)
(I-they) put/puts-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
idaEt i∂äthë
don’t (you) put! (imperative s.)
idÉLwl i∂avillai
(I-they) didn’t put (‘past’)
iDd∆ iLwl i††athu illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) put
ida≥R(kÒ) i∂äthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) put! (imp. pl.)
iEd˜2 i∂ë√
I won’t put (tenseless)
iƒá®çLwl i∂ugi∞ath’illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) put
idat i∂ätha
non-putting (neg. adj. part.)
idmaDEd˜ i∂a-m䆆ë√
I won’t put (‘future’)
iƒŒ∆ iLwl i∂uvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) put
ida∆ i∂äthu; idamL i∂ämal
without putting (neg. participle)
idawm i∂ämai; idat∆ i∂äthathu
non-putting (neg. verbal nouns)
idaÉDdaL i∂ävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t put-if (conditional)
idatv˜ i∂äth’ava√, a man who did not put, does not put, or will not put (this and all the following are participial nouns)
iDdv˜ i††’ava√, he who did put; iƒá®v˜ i∂ugi∞’ava√, he who does put; iƒpv˜ i∂ub’ava√, he who will put
idatvÒ i∂äth’ava¬, a woman who did not put, does not put, or will not put
iDdvÒ i††’ava¬, she who did put; iƒá®vÒ i∂ugi∞’ava¬, she who does put; iƒpvÒ i∂ub’ava¬, she who will put
idat∆ i∂äth’athu, an animal or thing which did not put, does not put, or will not put
iDd∆ i††’athu, it which did put; iƒá®∆ i∂ugi∞’athu, it which does put; iƒv∆ i∂uv’athu, it which will put
idatvR(kÒ) i∂äth’avar(ga¬), people who did not put, do not put, or will not put
iDdvR(kÒ) i††’avar(ga¬), they who did put; iƒá®vR(kÒ) i∂ugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who do put; iƒpvR(kÒ) i∂ub’avar(ga¬), they who’ll put
idatwv(kÒ) i∂äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not put, do not put, or will not put
iDdwv(kÒ) i††’avai(ga¬), they who did put; iƒá®wv(kÒ) i∂ugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who do put; iƒpwv(kÒ) i∂ub’avai(ga¬), they who’ll put
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ida∆ i∂äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle idamL i∂ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
idaçÃNEt˜
idaçÃKáE®˜
idaçÃPEp˜
idaçÃNtaL
i∂äth’irunthë√
i∂äth’irukki∞ë√
i∂äth’iruppë√
i∂äth’irunthäl (conditional)
idamL iÃNEt˜
idamL iÃKáE®˜
idamL iÃPEp˜
idamL iÃNtaL
i∂ämal irunthë√
i∂ämal irukki∞ë√
i∂ämal iruppë√
i∂ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t put (past perf.)
I haven’t put (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have put (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t put-if
I wasn’t putting
I am not putting
I won’t be putting
(I-they) was/were not putting-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t put-if
_______________
1Not
in use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
ep› pe∞u (v.t.)
get (you)! (imperative s.)
ep‰® pe∞∞a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) got
ep›ıkÒ pe∞u≥ga¬
get (you)! (imper. plural)
ep›á® pe∞ugi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) gets
Present Tense
ep›áE®˜
ep›á®aY
ep›á®a˜
ep›á®aÒ
ep›á®∆
ep›áE®aM
ep›áΩR(kÒ)
ep›á®aR(kÒ)
ep›á˜®ˆ
ep® pe∞a
ep‰› pe∞∞u
to get (infinitive)
(having) got (past participle)
ep›M pe∞um (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will get
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
pe∞ugi∞ïë√
pe∞ugi∞ïäy
pe∞ugi∞ïä√
pe∞ugi∞ïä¬
pe∞ugi∞ïathu
pe∞ugi∞ïöm
pe∞ugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
pe∞ugi∞ïär(ga¬)
pe∞ugi√∞ïa√a
I get
you get
he gets
she gets
it gets
we get
you get
they get
they get
ep‰óÃKáE®˜
ep‰óÃKá®aY
ep‰óÃKá®a˜
ep‰óÃKá®aÒ
ep‰óÃKá®∆
ep‰óÃKáE®aM
ep‰óÃKáΩR(kÒ)
ep‰óÃKá®aR(kÒ)
ep‰óÃKᘮˆ
I had got; I was getting
you had got; you were getting
he had got; he was getting
she had got; she was getting
it had got; it was getting
we had got; we were getting
you had got; you were getting
they’d got; they were getting
they’d got; they were getting
I’ll have got; I’ll be getting
you’ll ’ve got; you’ll be getting
he’ll have got; he’ll be getting
she’ll ’ve got; she’ll be getting
it’ll have got; it’ll be getting
we’ll have got; we’ll be getting
you’ll ’ve got; you’ll be getting
they’ll ’ve got; they’ll be getting
they’ll ’ve got; they’ll be getting
pe∞∞’irukki∞ïë√
pe∞∞’irukki∞ïäy
pe∞∞’irukki∞ïä√
pe∞∞’irukki∞ïä¬
pe∞∞’irukki∞ïathu
pe∞∞’irukki∞ïöm
pe∞∞’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
pe∞∞’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
pe∞∞’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
ep‰E®˜
ep‰®aY
ep‰®a˜
ep‰®aÒ
ep‰®∆
ep‰E®aM
ep‰ΩR(kÒ)
ep‰®aR(kÒ)
ep‰®ˆ
pe∞∞ïë√
pe∞∞ïäy
pe∞∞ïä√
pe∞∞ïä¬
pe∞∞ïathu
pe∞∞ïöm
pe∞∞ïïr(ga¬)
pe∞∞ïär(ga¬)
pe∞∞ïa√a
I got
you got
he got
she got
it got
we got
you got
they got
they got
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
ep‰óÃNEt˜
pe∞∞’irunthïë√
ep‰óÃNtaY
pe∞∞’irunthïäy
ep‰óÃNta˜
pe∞∞’irunthïä√
ep‰óÃNtaÒ
pe∞∞’irunthïä¬
ep‰óÃNt∆
pe∞∞’irunthïathu
ep‰óÃNEtaM
pe∞∞’irunthïöm
ep‰óÃN≥(kÒ)
pe∞∞’irunthïïr(ga¬)
ep‰óÃNtaR(kÒ)
pe∞∞’irunthïär(ga¬)
ep‰óÃNtˆ
pe∞∞’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
ep›Ev˜
ep›vaY
ep›va˜
ep›vaÒ
ep›M
ep›EvaM
ep›™R(kÒ)
ep›vaR(kÒ)
ep›M
pe∞uvïë√
pe∞uvïäy
pe∞uvïä√
pe∞uvïä¬
pe∞ïum
pe∞uvïöm
pe∞uvïïr(ga¬)
pe∞uvïär(ga¬)
pe∞ïum
I’ll get
you’ll get
he’ll get
she’ll get
it’ll get
we’ll get
you’ll get
they’ll get
they’ll get
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
ep‰óÃPEp˜
pe∞∞’iruppïë√
ep‰óÃPpaY
pe∞∞’iruppïäy
ep‰óÃPpa˜
pe∞∞’iruppïä√
ep‰óÃPpaÒ
pe∞∞’iruppïä¬
ep‰óÃK¿M
pe∞∞’irukkïum
ep‰óÃPEpaM
pe∞∞’iruppïöm
ep‰óÃPµR(kÒ)
pe∞∞’iruppïïr(ga¬)
ep‰óÃPpaR(kÒ)
pe∞∞’iruppïär(ga¬)
ep‰óÃK¿M
pe∞∞’irukkïum
I have got; I am getting
you have got; you are getting
he has got; he is getting
she has got; she is getting
it has got; it is getting
we have got; we are getting
you have got; you are getting
they’ve got; they are getting
they’ve got; they are getting
64
ep‰®L pe∞∞al
ep›wk1 pe∞ugai
ep®L pe∞al
ep›Œ1 pe∞uvu
65
getting (verbal noun)
getting (action) (v. noun)
getting (verbal noun)
getting (verbal noun)
ep‰®∆ pe∞∞’athu
ep›á®∆ pe∞ugi∞’athu
ep›v∆ pe∞uv’athu
ep‰®aL pe∞∞äl
a (past) getting (v. noun)
a (present) getting (v. noun)
a (future) getting (v. noun)
(I-they) get/gets-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
ep®aEt pe∞äthë
don’t (you) get! (imperative s.)
ep®ÉLwl pe∞avillai
(I-they) didn’t get (‘past’)
ep‰®∆ iLwl pe∞∞athu illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) got
ep®a≥R(kÒ) pe∞äthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) get! (imp. pl.)
epE®˜2 pe∞ë√
I won’t get (tenseless)
ep›á®çLwl pe∞ugi∞ath’illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) get
ep®at pe∞ätha
non-getting (neg. adj. part.)
ep®maDEd˜ pe∞a-m䆆ë√
I won’t get (‘future’)
ep›v∆ iLwl pe∞uvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) get
ep®a∆ pe∞äthu; ep®amL pe∞ämal
without getting (neg. participle)
ep®awm pe∞ämai; ep®at∆ pe∞äthathu
non-getting (neg. verbal nouns)
ep®aÉDdaL pe∞ävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t get-if (conditional)
ep®atv˜ pe∞äth’ava√, a man who did not get, does not get, or will not get (this and all the following are participial nouns)
ep‰®v˜ pe∞∞’ava√, he who got; ep›á®v˜ pe∞ugi∞’ava√, he who gets; ep›pv˜ pe∞ub’ava√, he who will get
ep®atvÒ pe∞äth’ava¬, a woman who did not get, does not get, or will not get
ep‰®vÒ pe∞∞’ava¬, she who got; ep›á®vÒ pe∞ugi∞’ava¬, she who gets; ep›pvÒ pe∞ub’ava¬, she who will get
ep®at∆ pe∞äth’athu, an animal or thing which did not get, does not get, or will not get
ep‰®∆ pe∞∞’athu, it which got; ep›á®∆ pe∞ugi∞’athu, it which gets; ep›v∆ pe∞uv’athu, it which will get
ep®atvR(kÒ) pe∞äth’avar(ga¬), people who did not get, do not get, or will not get
ep‰®vR(kÒ) pe∞∞’avar(ga¬), they who got; ep›á®vR(kÒ) pe∞ugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who get; ep›pvR(kÒ) pe∞ub’avar(ga¬), they who’ll get
ep®atwv(kÒ) pe∞äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not get, do not get, or will not get
ep‰®wv(kÒ) pe∞∞’avai(ga¬), they who got; ep›á®wv(kÒ) pe∞ugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who get; ep›pwv(kÒ) pe∞ub’avai(ga¬), they who’ll get
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ep®a∆ pe∞äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ep®amL pe∞ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
ep®açÃNEt˜
ep®açÃKáE®˜
ep®açÃPEp˜
ep®açÃNtaL
pe∞äth’irunthë√
pe∞äth’irukki∞ë√
pe∞äth’iruppë√
pe∞äth’irunthäl (conditional)
ep®amL iÃNEt˜
ep®amL iÃKáE®˜
ep®amL iÃPEp˜
ep®amL iÃNtaL
pe∞ämal irunthë√
pe∞ämal irukki∞ë√
pe∞ämal iruppë√
pe∞ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t got (past perf.)
I haven’t got (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have got (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t got-if
I wasn’t getting
I am not getting
I won’t be getting
(I-they) was/were not getting-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t get-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
ca(¿) sä(gu) (v.i.)
die (you)! (imperative s.)
ecTt settha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) died
ca¿ıkÒ sägu≥ga¬
die (you)! (imper. plural)
caá® sägi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) dies
Present Tense
caáE®˜
caá®aY
caá®a˜
caá®aÒ
caá®∆
caáE®aM
caáΩR(kÒ)
caá®aR(kÒ)
caᘮˆ
cak säga
ecT∆ setthu
to die (infinitive)
(having) died (past participle)
ca¿M sägum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will die
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
sägi∞ïë√
sägi∞ïäy
sägi∞ïä√
sägi∞ïä¬
sägi∞ïathu
sägi∞ïöm
sägi∞ïïr(ga¬)
sägi∞ïär(ga¬)
sägi√∞ïa√a
I die
you die
he dies
she dies
it dies
we die
you die
they die
they die
ecTçÃKáE®˜
ecTçÃKá®aY
ecTçÃKá®a˜
ecTçÃKá®aÒ
ecTçÃKá®∆
ecTçÃKáE®aM
ecTçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
ecTçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
ecTçÃKᘮˆ
I had died; I was dying
you had died; you were dying
he had died; he was dying
she had died; she was dying
it had died; it was dying
we had died; we were dying
you had died; you were dying
they had died; they were dying
they had died; they were dying
I’ll have died; I’ll be dying
you’ll have died; you’ll be dying
he’ll have died; he’ll be dying
she’ll have died; she’ll be dying
it’ll have died; it’ll be dying
we’ll have died; we’ll be dying
you’ll have died; you’ll be dying
they’ll have died; they’ll be dying
they’ll have died; they’ll be dying
setth’irukki∞ïë√
setth’irukki∞ïäy
setth’irukki∞ïä√
setth’irukki∞ïä¬
setth’irukki∞ïathu
setth’irukki∞ïöm
setth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
setth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
setth’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
ecTEt˜
ecTtaY
ecTta˜
ecTtaÒ
ecTt∆
ecTEtaM
ecT≥R(kÒ)
ecTtaR(kÒ)
ecTtˆ
setthïë√
setthïäy
setthïä√
setthïä¬
setthïathu
setthïöm
setthïïr(ga¬)
setthïär(ga¬)
setthïa√a
I died
you died
he died
she died
it died
we died
you died
they died
they died
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
ecTçÃNEt˜
setth’irunthïë√
ecTçÃNtaY
setth’irunthïäy
ecTçÃNta˜
setth’irunthïä√
ecTçÃNtaÒ
setth’irunthïä¬
ecTçÃNt∆
setth’irunthïathu
ecTçÃNEtaM
setth’irunthïöm
ecTçÃN≥(kÒ)
setth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
ecTçÃNtaR(kÒ)
setth’irunthïär(ga¬)
ecTçÃNtˆ
setth’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
caEv˜
cavaY
cava˜
cavaÒ
ca¿M
caEvaM
ca™R(kÒ)
cavaR(kÒ)
ca¿M
sävïë√
sävïäy
sävïä√
sävïä¬
sägïum
sävïöm
sävïïr(ga¬)
sävïär(ga¬)
sägïum
I’ll die
you’ll die
he’ll die
she’ll die
it’ll die
we’ll die
you’ll die
they’ll die
they’ll die
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
ecTçÃPEp˜
setth’iruppïë√
ecTçÃPpaY
setth’iruppïäy
ecTçÃPpa˜
setth’iruppïä√
ecTçÃPpaÒ
setth’iruppïä¬
ecTçÃK¿M
setth’irukkïum
ecTçÃPEpaM
setth’iruppïöm
ecTçÃPµR(kÒ)
setth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
ecTçÃPpaR(kÒ)
setth’iruppïär(ga¬)
ecTçÃK¿M
setth’irukkïum
I have died; I am dying
you have died; you are dying
he has died; he is dying
she has died; she is dying
it has died; it is dying
we have died; we are dying
you have died; you are dying
they have died; they are dying
they have died; they are dying
66
ecTtL setthal
cawk1 sägai
cakL sägal
caŒ sävu
67
dying (verbal noun)
dying (v. noun)
dying (verbal noun)
dying (verbal noun) / death (noun)
ecTt∆ setth’athu
caá®∆ sägi∞’athu
cav∆ säv’athu
ecTtaL setthäl
a (past) dying (v. noun)
a (present) dying (v. noun)
a (future) dying (v. noun)
(I-they) die/dies-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
cakaEt sägäthë
caka≥R(kÒ) sägäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) die! (imperative s.)
don’t (you) die! (imp. pl.)
cakÉLwl sägavillai
caEk˜2 sägë√
(I-they) didn’t die (‘past’)
I won’t die (tenseless)
ecTt∆ iLwl setthathu illai
caá®çLwl sägi∞ath’illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) died (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) die
cakat sägätha
non-dying (neg. adj. part.)
cakmaDEd˜ säga-m䆆ë√
I won’t die (‘future’)
cav∆ iLwl sävathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) die
caka∆ sägäthu; cakamL sägämal
without dying (neg. participle)
cakawm sägämai; cakat∆ sägäthathu
non-dying (neg. verbal nouns)
cakaÉDdaL sägävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t die-if (conditional)
cakatv˜ sägäth’ava√, a man who did not die, does not die, or will not die (this and all the following are participial nouns)
ecTtv˜ setth’ava√, he who died; caá®v˜ sägi∞’ava√, he who dies; capv˜ säb’ava√, he who will die
cakatvÒ sägäth’ava¬, a woman who did not die, does not die, or will not die
ecTtvÒ setth’ava¬, she who died; caá®vÒ sägi∞’ava¬, she who dies; capvÒ säb’ava¬, she who will die
cakat∆ sägäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not die, does not die, or will not die
ecTt∆ setth’athu, it which died; caá®∆ sägi∞’athu, it which dies; cav∆ säv’athu, it which will die
cakatvR(kÒ) sägäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not die, do not die, or will not die
ecTtvR(kÒ) setth’avar(ga¬), they who died; caá®vR(kÒ) sägi∞’avar(ga¬), they who die; capvR(kÒ) säb’avar(ga¬), they who will die
cakatwv(kÒ) sägäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not die, do not die, or will not die
ecTtwv(kÒ) setth’avai(ga¬), they who died; caá®wv(kÒ) sägi∞’avai(ga¬), they who die; capwv(kÒ) säb’avai(ga¬), they who will die
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle caka∆ sägäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle cakamL sägämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
cakaçÃNEt˜
cakaçÃKáE®˜
cakaçÃPEp˜
cakaçÃNtaL
sägäth’irunthë√
sägäth’irukki∞ë√
sägäth’iruppë√
sägäth’irunthäl (conditional)
cakamL iÃNEt˜
cakamL iÃKáE®˜
cakamL iÃPEp˜
cakamL iÃNtaL
sägämal irunthë√
sägämal irukki∞ë√
sägämal iruppë√
sägämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t died (past perf.)
I haven’t died (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have died (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t died-if
I wasn’t dying
I am not dying
I won’t be dying
(I-they) was/were not dying-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t die-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
o o (v.t.)
(you) resemble! (imperative s.)
oTt ottha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) resembled
oVŒıkÒ ovvu≥ga¬
(you) resemble! (imperative pl.)
oKá® okki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) resembles
Present Tense
oKáE®˜
oKá®aY
oKá®a˜
oKá®aÒ
oKá®∆
oKáE®aM
oKáΩR(kÒ)
oKá®aR(kÒ)
oKᘮˆ
oKk okka
oT∆ otthu
to resemble (infinitive)
(having) resembled (past participle)
oK¿M okkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will resemble
68
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
okki∞ïë√
okki싄y
okki∞ïä√
okki∞ïä¬
okki∞ïathu
okki싔m
okki∞ïïr(ga¬)
okki∞ïär(ga¬)
okki√∞ïa√a
I resemble
you resemble
he resembles
she resembles
it resembles
we resemble
you resemble
they resemble
they resemble
oTçÃKáE®˜
oTçÃKá®aY
oTçÃKá®a˜
oTçÃKá®aÒ
oTçÃKá®∆
oTçÃKáE®aM
oTçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
oTçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
oTçÃKᘮˆ
I had resembled; I was resembling
you had resembled; you were resembling
he had resembled; he was resembling
she had resembled; she was resembling
it had resembled; it was resembling
we had resembled; we were resembling
you had resembled; you were resembling
they had resembled; they were resembling
they had resembled; they were resembling
I’ll have resembled; I’ll be resembling
you’ll have resembled; you’ll be resembling
he’ll have resembled; he’ll be resembling
she’ll have resembled; she’ll be resembling
it’ll have resembled; it’ll be resembling
we’ll have resembled; we’ll be resembling
you’ll have resembled; you’ll be resembling
they’ll ’ve resembled; they’ll be resembling
they’ll ’ve resembled; they’ll be resembling
otth’irukki∞ïë√
otth’irukki∞ïäy
otth’irukki∞ïä√
otth’irukki∞ïä¬
otth’irukki∞ïathu
otth’irukki∞ïöm
otth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
otth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
otth’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
oTEt˜
oTtaY
oTta˜
oTtaÒ
oTt∆
oTEtaM
oT≥R(kÒ)
oTtaR(kÒ)
oTtˆ
otthïë√
otthïäy
otthïä√
otthïä¬
otthïathu
otthïöm
otthïïr(ga¬)
otthïär(ga¬)
otthïa√a
I resembled
you resembled
he resembled
she resembled
it resembled
we resembled
you resembled
they resembled
they resembled
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
oTçÃNEt˜
otth’irunthïë√
oTçÃNtaY
otth’irunthïäy
oTçÃNta˜
otth’irunthïä√
oTçÃNtaÒ
otth’irunthïä¬
oTçÃNt∆
otth’irunthïathu
oTçÃNEtaM
otth’irunthïöm
oTçÃN≥(kÒ)
otth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
oTçÃNtaR(kÒ)
otth’irunthïär(ga¬)
oTçÃNtˆ
otth’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
oPEp˜
oPpaY
oPpa˜
oPpaÒ
oK¿M
oPEpaM
oPµR(kÒ)
oPpaR(kÒ)
oK¿M
oppïë√
oppïäy
oppïä√
oppïä¬
okkïum
oppïöm
oppïïr(ga¬)
oppïär(ga¬)
okkïum
I’ll resemble
you’ll resemble
he’ll resemble
she’ll resemble
it’ll resemble
we’ll resemble
you’ll resemble
they’ll resemble
they’ll resemble
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
oTçÃPEp˜
otth’iruppïë√
oTçÃPpaY
otth’iruppïäy
oTçÃPpa˜
otth’iruppïä√
oTçÃPpaÒ
otth’iruppïä¬
oTçÃK¿M
otth’irukkïum
oTçÃPEpaM
otth’iruppïöm
oTçÃPµR(kÒ)
otth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
oTçÃPpaR(kÒ)
otth’iruppïär(ga¬)
oTçÃK¿M
otth’irukkïum
I have resembled; I am resembling
you have resembled; you are resembling
he has resembled; he is resembling
she has resembled; she is resembling
it has resembled; it is resembling
we have resembled; we are resembling
you have resembled; you are resembling
they have resembled; they are resembling
they have resembled; they are resembling
oTtL otthal
oKwk1 okkai
oKkL okkal
oP» oppu
69
resembling (verbal noun)
resembling (v. noun)
resembling (verbal noun)
resembling (verbal noun)
oTt∆ otth’athu
oKá®∆ okki∞’athu
oPp∆ opp’athu
oTtaL otthäl
a (past) resembling (v. noun)
a (present) resembling (v. noun) a (future) resembling (v. noun)
(I-they) resembled-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
oKkaEt okkäthë
don’t (you) resemble! (imper. s.)
oKkÉLwl okkavillai
(I-they) didn’t resemble (‘past’)
oTt∆ iLwl otthathu illai
(I-they) never resembled
oKka≥R(kÒ) okkäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) resemble! (imper. pl.)
oVEv˜2 ovvë√
I won’t resemble (tenseless)
oKá®çLwl okki∞ath’illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t resemble
oKkat okkätha
non-resembling (neg. adj. part.)
oKkmaDEd˜ okka-m䆆ë√
I won’t resemble (‘future’)
oPp∆ iLwl oppathu illai
(I-they) won’t resemble
oKka∆ okkäthu; oKkamL okkämal
without resembling (neg. participle)
oKkawm okkämai; oKkat∆ okkäthathu
non-resembling (neg. verbal nouns)
oKkaÉDdaL okkävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t resemble-if (condit.)
oKkatv˜ okkäth’ava√, a man who didn’t resemble, doesn’t resemble, or won’t resemble (this and all the following are participial nouns)
oTtv˜ otth’ava√, he who resembled; oKá®v˜ okki∞’ava√, he who resembles; oPpv˜ opp’ava√, he who will resemble
oKkatvÒ okkäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t resemble, doesn’t resemble, or won’t resemble
oTtvÒ otth’ava¬, she who resembled; oKá®vÒ okki∞’ava¬, she who resembles; oPpvÒ opp’ava¬, she who will resemble
oKkat∆ okkäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t resemble, doesn’t resemble, or won’t resemble
oTt∆ otth’athu, it which resembled; oKá®∆ okki∞’athu, it which resembles; oPp∆ opp’athu, it which will resemble
oKkatvR(kÒ) okkäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t resemble, don’t resemble, or won’t resemble
oTtvR(kÒ) otth’avar(ga¬), they who resembled; oKá®vR(kÒ) okki∞’avar(ga¬), they who resemble; oPpvR(kÒ) opp’avar(ga¬), they who’ll resemble
oKkatwv(kÒ) okkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t resemble, don’t resemble, or won’t resemble
oTtwv(kÒ) otth’avai(ga¬), they who resembled; oKá®wv(kÒ) okki∞’avai(ga¬), they who resemble; oPpwv(kÒ) opp’avai(ga¬), they who’ll resemble
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle oKka∆ okkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle oKkamL okkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
oKkaçÃNEt˜
oKkaçÃKáE®˜
oKkaçÃPEp˜
oKkaçÃNtaL
okkäth’irunthë√
okkäth’irukki∞ë√
okkäth’iruppë√
okkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
okamL iÃNEt˜
oKkamL iÃKáE®˜
oKkamL iÃPEp˜
oKkamL iÃNtaL
okkämal irunthë√
okkämal irukki∞ë√
okkämal iruppë√
okkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t resembled (p. perf.)
I haven’t resembled (pres. perf.)1 I won’t have resembled (f. perf.)1 (I-they) hadn’t resembled-if
I wasn’t resembling
I am not resembling
I won’t be resembling
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t resembling-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t resemble-if
_______________
1Not
in use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
p¿ pagu (v.t.)
(you) share! (imp. s.)
p¿Tt paguttha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) shared
p¿ıkÒ pagu≥ga¬
(you) share! (imper. pl.)
p¿Ká® pagukki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) shares
Present Tense
p¿KáE®˜
p¿Ká®aY
p¿Ká®a˜
p¿Ká®aÒ
p¿Ká®∆
p¿KáE®aM
p¿KáΩR(kÒ)
p¿Ká®aR(kÒ)
p¿Kᘮˆ
p¿Kk pagukka
p¿T∆ pagutthu
to share (infinitive)
(having) shared (past participle)
p¿K¿M pagukkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will share
70
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
pagukki∞ïë√
I share
pagukki싄y
you share
pagukki∞ïä√
he shares
pagukki∞ïä¬
she shares
pagukki∞ïathu it shares
pagukki싔m
we share
pagukki∞ïïr(ga¬) you share
pagukki∞ïär(ga¬) they share
pagukki√∞ïa√a they share
Past Tense
p¿TEt˜
p¿TtaY
p¿Tta˜
p¿TtaÒ
p¿Tt∆
p¿TEtaM
p¿T≥R(kÒ)
p¿TtaR(kÒ)
p¿Ttˆ
pagutthïë√
pagutthïäy
pagutthïä√
pagutthïä¬
pagutthïathu
pagutthïöm
pagutthïïr(ga¬)
pagutthïär(ga¬)
pagutthïa√a
Future Tense
p¿PEp˜
p¿PpaY
p¿Ppa˜
p¿PpaÒ
p¿K¿M
p¿PEpaM
p¿PµR(kÒ)
p¿PpaR(kÒ)
p¿K¿M
paguppïë√
paguppïäy
paguppïä√
paguppïä¬
pagukkïum
paguppïöm
paguppïïr(ga¬)
paguppïär(ga¬)
pagukkïum
p¿TçÃKáE®˜
p¿TçÃKá®aY
p¿TçÃKá®a˜
p¿TçÃKá®aÒ
p¿TçÃKá®∆
p¿TçÃKáE®aM
p¿TçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
p¿TçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
p¿TçÃKᘮˆ
pagutth’irukki∞ïë√
pagutth’irukki∞ïäy
pagutth’irukki∞ïä√
pagutth’irukki∞ïä¬
pagutth’irukki∞ïathu
pagutth’irukki∞ïöm
pagutth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
pagutth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
pagutth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have shared; I am sharing
you have shared; you are sharing
he has shared; he is sharing
she has shared; she is sharing
it has shared; it is sharing
we have shared; we are sharing
you have shared; you are sharing
they have shared; they are sharing
they have shared; they are sharing
I shared
you shared
he shared
she shared
it shared
we shared
you shared
they shared
they shared
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
p¿TçÃNEt˜
pagutth’irunthïë√
p¿TçÃNtaY
pagutth’irunthïäy
p¿TçÃNta˜
pagutth’irunthïä√
p¿TçÃNtaÒ
pagutth’irunthïä¬
p¿TçÃNt∆
pagutth’irunthïathu
p¿TçÃNEtaM
pagutth’irunthïöm
p¿TçÃN≥(kÒ)
pagutth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
p¿TçÃNtaR(kÒ)
pagutth’irunthïär(ga¬)
p¿TçÃNtˆ
pagutth’irunthïa√a
I had shared; I was sharing
you had shared; you were sharing
he had shared; he was sharing
she had shared; she was sharing
it had shared; it was sharing
we had shared; we were sharing
you had shared; you were sharing
they had shared; they were sharing
they had shared; they were sharing
I’ll share
you’ll share
he’ll share
she’ll share
it’ll share
we’ll share
you’ll share
they’ll share
they’ll share
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
p¿TçÃPEp˜
pagutth’iruppïë√
p¿TçÃPpaY
pagutth’iruppïäy
p¿TçÃPpa˜
pagutth’iruppïä√
p¿TçÃPpaÒ
pagutth’iruppïä¬
p¿TçÃK¿M
pagutth’irukkïum
p¿TçÃPEpaM
pagutth’iruppïöm
p¿TçÃPµR(kÒ)
pagutth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
p¿TçÃPpaR(kÒ)
pagutth’iruppïär(ga¬)
p¿TçÃK¿M
pagutth’irukkïum
I’ll have shared; I’ll be sharing
you’ll have shared; you’ll be sharing
he’ll have shared; he’ll be sharing
she’ll have shared; she’ll be sharing
it’ll have shared; it’ll be sharing
we’ll have shared; we’ll be sharing
you’ll have shared; you’ll be sharing
they’ll have shared; they’ll be sharing
they’ll have shared; they’ll be sharing
p¿TtL pagutthal
p¿Kwk1 pagukkai
p¿KkL pagukkal
p¿P» paguppu
71
sharing (verbal noun)
sharing (v. noun)
sharing (verbal noun)
sharing (verbal noun)
p¿Tt∆ pagutth’athu
p¿Ká®∆ pagukki∞’athu
p¿Pp∆ pagupp’athu
p¿TtaL pagutthäl
a (past) sharing (v. noun)
a (present) sharing (v. noun)
a (future) sharing (v. noun)
(I-they) share/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
p¿KkaEt pagukkäthë
p¿Kka≥R(kÒ) pagukkäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) share! (imper. s.)
don’t (you) share! (imper. pl.)
p¿KkÉLwl pagukkavillai
pEk˜2 pagë√
(I-they) didn’t share (‘past’)
I won’t share (tenseless)
p¿Tt∆ iLwl pagutthathu illai p¿Ká®çLwl pagukki∞ath’illai
(I-they) never shared
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t share
p¿Kkat pagukkätha
non-sharing (neg. adj. part.)
p¿KkmaDEd˜ pagukka-m䆆ë√
I won’t share (‘future’)
p¿Pp∆ iLwl paguppathu illai
(I-they) won’t share
p¿Kka∆ pagukkäthu; p¿KkamL pagukkämal
without sharing (neg. participle)
p¿Kkawm pagukkämai; °Kkat∆ °kkäthathu
non-sharing (neg. verbal nouns)
p¿KkaÉDdaL pagukkävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t share-if (conditional)
p¿Kkatv˜ pagukkäth’ava√, a man who didn’t share, doesn’t share, or won’t share (this and all the following are participial nouns)
p¿Ttv˜ pagutth’ava√, he who shared; p¿Ká®v˜ pagukki∞’ava√, he who shares; p¿Ppv˜ pagupp’ava√, he who will share
p¿KkatvÒ pagukkäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t share, doesn’t share, or won’t share
p¿TtvÒ pagutth’ava¬, she who shared; p¿Ká®vÒ pagukki∞’ava¬, she who shares; p¿PpvÒ pagupp’ava¬, she who will share
p¿Kkat∆ pagukkäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t share, doesn’t share, or won’t share
p¿Tt∆ pagutth’athu, it which shared; p¿Ká®∆ pagukki∞’athu, it which shares; p¿Pp∆ pagupp’athu, it which will share
p¿KkatvR(kÒ) pagukkäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t share, don’t share, or won’t share
p¿TtvR(kÒ) pagutth’avar(ga¬), they who shared; p¿Ká®vR(kÒ) pagukki∞’avar(ga¬), they who share; p¿PpvR(kÒ) pagupp’avar(ga¬), °who’ll share
p¿Kkatwv(kÒ) pagukkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t share, don’t share, or won’t share
p¿Ttwv(kÒ) pagutth’avai(ga¬), they who shared; p¿Ká®wv(kÒ) pagukki∞’avai(ga¬), they who share; p¿Ppwv(kÒ) pagupp’avai(ga¬), °who’ll share
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle p¿Kka∆ pagukkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle p¿KkamL pagukkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
p¿KkaçÃNEt˜
p¿KkaçÃKáE®˜
p¿KkaçÃPEp˜
p¿KkaçÃNtaL
pagukkäth’irunthë√
pagukkäth’irukki∞ë√
pagukkäth’iruppë√
pagukkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
p¿kamL iÃNEt˜
p¿KkamL iÃKáE®˜
p¿KkamL iÃPEp˜
p¿KkamL iÃNtaL
pagukkämal irunthë√
pagukkämal irukki∞ë√
pagukkämal iruppë√
pagukkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t shared (past perf.)
I haven’t shared (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have shared (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t shared-if
I wasn’t sharing
I am not sharing
I won’t be sharing
(I-they) was/were not sharing-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t share-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
m› ma∞u (v.t.)
(you) deny! (imperative s.)
m›Tt ma∞uttha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) denied
m›ıkÒ ma∞u≥ga¬
(you) deny! (imper. pl.)
m›Ká® ma∞ukki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) deny
Present Tense
m›KáE®˜
m›Ká®aY
m›Ká®a˜
m›Ká®aÒ
m›Ká®∆
m›KáE®aM
m›KáΩR(kÒ)
m›Ká®aR(kÒ)
m›Kᘮˆ
m›Kk ma∞ukka
m›T∆ ma∞utthu
to deny (infinitive)
(having) denied (past participle)
m›K¿M ma∞ukkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will deny
72
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
ma∞ukki∞ïë√
I deny
ma∞ukki∞ïäy
you deny
ma∞ukki∞ïä√
he denies
ma∞ukki∞ïä¬
she denies
ma∞ukki∞ïathu it denies
ma∞ukki∞ïöm
we deny
ma∞ukki∞ïïr(ga¬) you deny
ma∞ukki∞ïär(ga¬) they deny
ma∞ukki√∞ïa√a they deny
Past Tense
m›TEt˜
m›TtaY
m›Tta˜
m›TtaÒ
m›Tt∆
m›TEtaM
m›T≥R(kÒ)
m›TtaR(kÒ)
m›Ttˆ
ma∞utthïë√
ma∞utthïäy
ma∞utthïä√
ma∞utthïä¬
ma∞utthïathu
ma∞utthïöm
ma∞utthïïr(ga¬)
ma∞utthïär(ga¬)
ma∞utthïa√a
Future Tense
m›PEp˜
m›PpaY
m›Ppa˜
m›PpaÒ
m›K¿M
m›PEpaM
m›PµR(kÒ)
m›PpaR(kÒ)
m›K¿M
ma∞uppïë√
ma∞uppïäy
ma∞uppïä√
ma∞uppïä¬
ma∞ukkïum
ma∞uppïöm
ma∞uppïïr(ga¬)
ma∞uppïär(ga¬)
ma∞ukkïum
m›TçÃKáE®˜
m›TçÃKá®aY
m›TçÃKá®a˜
m›TçÃKá®aÒ
m›TçÃKá®∆
m›TçÃKáE®aM
m›TçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
m›TçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
m›TçÃKᘮˆ
ma∞utth’irukki∞ïë√
ma∞utth’irukki∞ïäy
ma∞utth’irukki∞ïä√
ma∞utth’irukki∞ïä¬
ma∞utth’irukki∞ïathu
ma∞utth’irukki∞ïöm
ma∞utth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
ma∞utth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
ma∞utth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have denied; I am denying
you have denied; you are denying
he has denied; he is denying
she has denied; she is denying
it has denied; it is denying
we have denied; we are denying
you have denied; you are denying
they have denied; they are denying
they have denied; they are denying
I denied
you denied
he denied
she denied
it denied
we denied
you denied
they denied
they denied
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
m›TçÃNEt˜
ma∞utth’irunthïë√
m›TçÃNtaY
ma∞utth’irunthïäy
m›TçÃNta˜
ma∞utth’irunthïä√
m›TçÃNtaÒ
ma∞utth’irunthïä¬
m›TçÃNt∆
ma∞utth’irunthïathu
m›TçÃNEtaM
ma∞utth’irunthïöm
m›TçÃN≥(kÒ)
ma∞utth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
m›TçÃNtaR(kÒ)
ma∞utth’irunthïär(ga¬)
m›TçÃNtˆ
ma∞utth’irunthïa√a
I had denied; I was denying
you had denied; you were denying
he had denied; he was denying
she had denied; she was denying
it had denied; it was denying
we had denied; we were denying
you had denied; you were denying
they had denied; they were denying
they had denied; they were denying
I’ll deny
you’ll deny
he’ll deny
she’ll deny
it’ll deny
we’ll deny
you’ll deny
they’ll deny
they’ll deny
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
m›TçÃPEp˜
ma∞utth’iruppïë√
m›TçÃPpaY
ma∞utth’iruppïäy
m›TçÃPpa˜
ma∞utth’iruppïä√
m›TçÃPpaÒ
ma∞utth’iruppïä¬
m›TçÃK¿M
ma∞utth’irukkïum
m›TçÃPEpaM
ma∞utth’iruppïöm
m›TçÃPµR(kÒ)
ma∞utth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
m›TçÃPpaR(kÒ)
ma∞utth’iruppïär(ga¬)
m›TçÃK¿M
ma∞utth’irukkïum
I’ll have denied; I’ll be denying
you’ll have denied; you’ll be denying
he’ll have denied; he’ll be denying
she’ll have denied; she’ll be denying
it’ll have denied; it’ll be denying
we’ll have denied; we’ll be denying
you’ll have denied; you’ll be denying
they’ll have denied; they’ll be denying
they’ll have denied; they’ll be denying
m›TtL ma∞utthal
m›Kwk1 ma∞ukkai
m›KkL ma∞ukkal
m›P» ma∞uppu
73
denying (verbal noun)
denying (v. noun)
denying (verbal noun)
denying (verbal noun)
m›Tt∆ ma∞utth’athu
m›Ká®∆ ma∞ukki∞’athu
m›Pp∆ ma∞upp’athu
m›TtaL ma∞utthäl
a (past) denying (v. noun)
a (present) denying (v. noun)
a (future) denying (v. noun)
(I-they) deny/ies-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
m›KkaEt ma∞ukkäthë
don’t (you) deny! (imper. s.)
m›KkÉLwl ma∞ukkavillai
(I-they) didn’t deny (‘past’)
m›Tt∆ iLwl ma∞utthathu illai
(I-they) never denied
m›Kka≥R(kÒ) ma∞ukkäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) deny! (imper. pl.)
mE®˜2 ma∞ë√
I won’t deny (tenseless)
m›Ká®çLwl ma∞ukki∞ath’illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t deny
m›Kkat ma∞ukkätha
non-denying (neg. adj. part.)
m›KkmaDEd˜ ma∞ukka-m䆆ë√
I won’t deny (‘future’)
m›Pp∆ iLwl ma∞uppathu illai
(I-they) won’t deny
m›Kka∆ ma∞ukkäthu; m›KkamL ma∞ukkämal
without denying (neg. participle)
m›Kkawm ma∞ukkämai; °Kkat∆ °kkäthathu
non-denying (neg. verbal nouns)
m›KkaÉDdaL ma∞ukkävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t deny-if (conditional)
m›Kkatv˜ ma∞ukkäth’ava√, a man who didn’t deny, doesn’t deny, or won’t deny (this and all the following are participial nouns)
m›Ttv˜ ma∞utth’ava√, he who denied; m›Ká®v˜ ma∞ukki∞’ava√, he who denies; m›Ppv˜ ma∞upp’ava√, he who will deny
m›KkatvÒ ma∞ukkäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t deny, doesn’t deny, or won’t deny
m›TtvÒ ma∞utth’ava¬, she who denied; m›Ká®vÒ ma∞ukki∞’ava¬, she who denies; m›PpvÒ ma∞upp’ava¬, she who will deny
m›Kkat∆ ma∞ukkäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t deny, doesn’t deny, or won’t deny
m›Tt∆ ma∞utth’athu, it which denied; m›Ká®∆ ma∞ukki∞’athu, it which denies; m›Pp∆ ma∞upp’athu, it which will deny
m›KkatvR(kÒ) ma∞ukkäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t deny, don’t deny, or won’t deny
m›TtvR(kÒ) ma∞utth’avar(ga¬), they who denied; m›Ká®vR(kÒ) ma∞ukki∞’avar(ga¬), they who deny; m›PpvR(kÒ) ma∞upp’avar(ga¬), °who’ll deny
m›Kkatwv(kÒ) ma∞ukkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t deny, don’t deny, or won’t deny
m›Ttwv(kÒ) ma∞utth’avai(ga¬), they who denied; m›Ká®wv(kÒ) ma∞ukki∞’avai(ga¬), they who deny; m›Ppwv(kÒ) ma∞upp’avai(ga¬), °who’ll deny
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle m›Kka∆ ma∞ukkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle m›KkamL ma∞ukkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
m›KkaçÃNEt˜
m›KkaçÃKáE®˜
m›KkaçÃPEp˜
m›KkaçÃNtaL
ma∞ukkäth’irunthë√
ma∞ukkäth’irukki∞ë√
ma∞ukkäth’iruppë√
ma∞ukkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
m›kamL iÃNEt˜
m›KkamL iÃKáE®˜
m›KkamL iÃPEp˜
m›KkamL iÃNtaL
ma∞ukkämal irunthë√
ma∞ukkämal irukki∞ë√
ma∞ukkämal iruppë√
ma∞ukkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t denied (p. perf.)
I haven’t denied (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have denied (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t denied-if
I wasn’t denying
I am not denying
I won’t be denying
(I-they) was/were not denying-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t deny-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
vaâ väsi (v.t.)
read (you)! (imperative s.)
vaâTt väsittha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) read
vaâÀıkÒ väsiyu≥ga¬
read (you)! (imper. plural)
vaâKá® väsikki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) reads
Present Tense
vaâKk väsikka
vaâT∆ väsitthu
to read (infinitive)
(having) read (past participle)
vaâK¿M väsikkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will read
74
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
vaâKáE®˜
väsikki∞ïë√
vaâKá®aY
väsikki∞ïäy
vaâKá®a˜
väsikki∞ïä√
vaâKá®aÒ
väsikki∞ïä¬
vaâKá®∆
väsikki∞ïathu
vaâKáE®aM
väsikki∞ïöm
vaâKáΩR(kÒ) väsikki∞ïïr(ga¬)
vaâKá®aR(kÒ) väsikki∞ïär(ga¬)
vaâKᘮˆ
väsikki√∞ïa√a
I read
you read
he reads
she reads
it reads
we read
you read
they read
they read
vaâTçÃKáE®˜
vaâTçÃKá®aY
vaâTçÃKá®a˜
vaâTçÃKá®aÒ
vaâTçÃKá®∆
vaâTçÃKáE®aM
vaâTçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
vaâTçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
vaâTçÃKᘮˆ
I had read; I was reading
you had read; you were reading
he had read; he was reading
she had read; she was reading
it had read; it was reading
we had read; we were reading
you had read; you were reading
they had read; they were reading
they had read; they were reading
I’ll have read; I’ll be reading
you’ll have read; you’ll be reading
he’ll have read; he’ll be reading
she’ll have read; she’ll be reading
it’ll have read; it’ll be reading
we’ll have read; we’ll be reading
you’ll have read; you’ll be reading
they’ll have read; they’ll be reading
they’ll have read; they’ll be reading
väsitth’irukki∞ïë√
väsitth’irukki∞ïäy
väsitth’irukki∞ïä√
väsitth’irukki∞ïä¬
väsitth’irukki∞ïathu
väsitth’irukki∞ïöm
väsitth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
väsitth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
väsitth’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
vaâTEt˜
vaâTtaY
vaâTta˜
vaâTtaÒ
vaâTt∆
vaâTEtaM
vaâT≥R(kÒ)
vaâTtaR(kÒ)
vaâTtˆ
väsitthïë√
väsitthïäy
väsitthïä√
väsitthïä¬
väsitthïathu
väsitthïöm
väsitthïïr(ga¬)
väsitthïär(ga¬)
väsitthïa√a
I read
you read
he read
she read
it read
we read
you read
they read
they read
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
vaâTçÃNEt˜
väsitth’irunthïë√
vaâTçÃNtaY
väsitth’irunthïäy
vaâTçÃNta˜
väsitth’irunthïä√
vaâTçÃNtaÒ
väsitth’irunthïä¬
vaâTçÃNt∆
väsitth’irunthïathu
vaâTçÃNEtaM
väsitth’irunthïöm
vaâTçÃN≥(kÒ)
väsitth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
vaâTçÃNtaR(kÒ)
väsitth’irunthïär(ga¬)
vaâTçÃNtˆ
väsitth’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
vaâPEp˜
vaâPpaY
vaâPpa˜
vaâPpaÒ
vaâK¿M
vaâPEpaM
vaâPµR(kÒ)
vaâPpaR(kÒ)
vaâK¿M
väsippïë√
väsippïäy
väsippïä√
väsippïä¬
väsikkïum
väsippïöm
väsippïïr(ga¬)
väsippïär(ga¬)
väsikkïum
I’ll read
you’ll read
he’ll read
she’ll read
it’ll read
we’ll read
you’ll read
they’ll read
they’ll read
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
vaâTçÃPEp˜
väsitth’iruppïë√
vaâTçÃPpaY
väsitth’iruppïäy
vaâTçÃPpa˜
väsitth’iruppïä√
vaâTçÃPpaÒ
väsitth’iruppïä¬
vaâTçÃK¿M
väsitth’irukkïum
vaâTçÃPEpaM
väsitth’iruppïöm
vaâTçÃPµR(kÒ)
väsitth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
vaâTçÃPpaR(kÒ)
väsitth’iruppïär(ga¬)
vaâTçÃK¿M
väsitth’irukkïum
I have read; I am reading
you have read; you are reading
he has read; he is reading
she has read; she is reading
it has read; it is reading
we have read; we are reading
you have read; you are reading
they have read; they are reading
they have read; they are reading
vaâTtL väsitthal
vaâKwk1 väsikkai
vaâKkL väsikkal
vaâP» väsippu
75
reading (verbal noun)
reading (v. noun)
reading (verbal noun)
reading (verbal noun)
vaâTt∆ väsitth’athu
vaâKá®∆ väsikki∞’athu
vaâPp∆ väsipp’athu
vaâTtaL väsitthäl
a (past) reading (v. noun)
a (present) reading (v. noun)
a (future) reading (v. noun)
(I-they) read/reads-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
vaâKkaEt väsikkäthë
vaâKka≥R(kÒ) väsikkäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) read! (imp.)
don’t (you) read! (imp. pl.)
vaâKkÉLwl väsikkavillai
vaâEy˜2 väsiyë√
(I-they) didn’t read (‘past’)
I won’t read (tenseless)
vaâTt∆ iLwl väsitthathu illai vaâKá®çLwl väsikki∞ath’illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) read (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) read
vaâKkat väsikkätha
non-reading (neg. adj. part.)
vaâKkmaDEd˜ väsikka-m䆆ë√
I won’t read (‘future’)
vaâPp∆ iLwl väsippathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) read
vaâKka∆ väsikkäthu; vaâKkamL väsikkämal
without reading (negative participle)
vaâKkawm väsikkämai; vaâKkat∆ väsikkäthathu
non-reading (neg. verbal nouns)
vaâKkaÉDdaL väsikkävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t read-if (conditional)
vaâKkatv˜ väsikkäth’ava√, a man who did not read, does not read, or will not read (this and all the following are participial nouns)
vaâTtv˜ väsitth’ava√, he who read; vaâKá®v˜ väsikki∞’ava√, he who reads; vaâPpv˜ väsipp’ava√, he who will read
vaâKkatvvÒ väsikkäth’ava¬, a woman who did not read, does not read, or will not read
vaâTtvÒ väsitth’ava¬, she who read; vaâKá®vÒ väsikki∞’ava¬, she who reads; vaâPpvÒ väsipp’ava¬, she who will read
vaâKkat∆ väsikkäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not read, does not read, or will not read
vaâTt∆ väsitth’athu, it which read; vaâKá®∆ väsikki∞’athu, it which reads; vaâPp∆ väsipp’athu, it which will read
vaâKkatvR(kÒ) väsikkäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not read, do not read, or will not read
vaâTtvR(kÒ) väsitth’avar(ga¬), they who read; vaâKá®vR(kÒ) väsikki∞’avar(ga¬), they who do read; vaâPpvR(kÒ) väsipp’avar(ga¬), they who’ll read
vaâKkatwv(kÒ) väsikkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not read, do not read, or will not read
vaâTtwv(kÒ) väsitth’avai(ga¬), they who read; vaâKá®wv(kÒ) väsikki∞’avai(ga¬), they who do read; vaâPpwv(kÒ) väsipp’avai(ga¬), they who’ll read
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle vaâKka∆ väsikkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle vaâKkamL väsikkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
vaâKkaçÃNEt˜
vaâKkaçÃKáE®˜
vaâKkaçÃPEp˜
vaâKkaçÃNtaL
väsikkäth’irunthë√
väsikkäth’irukki∞ë√
väsikkäth’iruppë√
väsikkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
vaâKkamL iÃNEt˜
vaâKkamL iÃKáE®˜
vaâKkamL iÃPEp˜
vaâKkamL iÃNtaL
väsikkämal irunthë√
väsikkämal irukki∞ë√
väsikkämal iruppë√
väsikkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t read (past perf.)
I haven’t read (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have read (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t read-if
I wasn’t reading
I am not reading
I won’t be reading
(I-they) was/were not reading-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t read-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
paR pär (v.t.)
look (you)! (imp. s.)
paRTt pärttha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) looked
paÃıkÒ päru≥ga¬
look (you)! (imper. pl.)
paRKá® pärkki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) looks
Present Tense
paRKáE®˜
paRKá®aY
paRKá®a˜
paRKá®aÒ
paRKá®∆
paRKáE®aM
paRKáΩR(kÒ)
paRKá®aR(kÒ)
paRKᘮˆ
paRKk pärkka
paRT∆ pärtthu
to look (infinitive)
(having) looked (past participle)
paRK¿M pärkkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will look
76
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
pärkki∞ïë√
pärkki∞ïäy
pärkki∞ïä√
pärkki∞ïä¬
pärkki∞ïathu
pärkki∞ïöm
pärkki∞ïïr(ga¬)
pärkki∞ïär(ga¬)
pärkki√∞ïa√a
I look
you look
he looks
she looks
it looks
we look
you look
they look
they look
paRTçÃKáE®˜
paRTçÃKá®aY
paRTçÃKá®a˜
paRTçÃKá®aÒ
paRTçÃKá®∆
paRTçÃKáE®aM
paRTçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
paRTçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
paRTçÃKᘮˆ
I had looked; I was looking
you had looked; you were looking
he had looked; he was looking
she had looked; she was looking
it had looked; it was looking
we had looked; we were looking
you had looked; you were looking
they had looked; they were looking
they had looked; they were looking
I’ll have looked; I’ll be looking
you’ll have looked; you’ll be looking
he’ll have looked; he’ll be looking
she’ll have looked; she’ll be looking
it’ll have looked; it’ll be looking
we’ll have looked; we’ll be looking
you’ll have looked; you’ll be looking
they’ll have looked; they’ll be looking
they’ll have looked; they’ll be looking
pärtth’irukki∞ïë√
pärtth’irukki∞ïäy
pärtth’irukki∞ïä√
pärtth’irukki∞ïä¬
pärtth’irukki∞ïathu
pärtth’irukki∞ïöm
pärtth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
pärtth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
pärtth’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
paRTEt˜
paRTtaY
paRTta˜
paRTtaÒ
paRTt∆
paRTEtaM
paRT≥R(kÒ)
paRTtaR(kÒ)
paRTtˆ
pärtthïë√
pärtthïäy
pärtthïä√
pärtthïä¬
pärtthïathu
pärtthïöm
pärtthïïr(ga¬)
pärtthïär(ga¬)
pärtthïa√a
I looked
you looked
he looked
she looked
it looked
we looked
you looked
they looked
they looked
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
paRTçÃNEt˜
pärtth’irunthïë√
paRTçÃNtaY
pärtth’irunthïäy
paRTçÃNta˜
pärtth’irunthïä√
paRTçÃNtaÒ
pärtth’irunthïä¬
paRTçÃNt∆
pärtth’irunthïathu
paRTçÃNEtaM
pärtth’irunthïöm
paRTçÃN≥(kÒ)
pärtth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
paRTçÃNtaR(kÒ)
pärtth’irunthïär(ga¬)
paRTçÃNtˆ
pärtth’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
paRPEp˜
paRPpaY
paRPpa˜
paRPpaÒ
paRK¿M
paRPEpaM
paRPµR(kÒ)
paRPpaR(kÒ)
paRK¿M
pärppïë√
pärppïäy
pärppïä√
pärppïä¬
pärkkïum
pärppïöm
pärppïïr(ga¬)
pärppïär(ga¬)
pärkkïum
I’ll look
you’ll look
he’ll look
she’ll look
it’ll look
we’ll look
you’ll look
they’ll look
they’ll look
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
paRTçÃPEp˜
pärtth’iruppïë√
paRTçÃPpaY
pärtth’iruppïäy
paRTçÃPpa˜
pärtth’iruppïä√
paRTçÃPpaÒ
pärtth’iruppïä¬
paRTçÃK¿M
pärtth’irukkïum
paRTçÃPEpaM
pärtth’iruppïöm
paRTçÃPµR(kÒ)
pärtth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
paRTçÃPpaR(kÒ)
pärtth’iruppïär(ga¬)
paRTçÃK¿M
pärtth’irukkïum
I have looked; I am looking
you have looked; you are looking
he has looked; he is looking
she has looked; she is looking
it has looked; it is looking
we have looked; we are looking
you have looked; you are looking
they have looked; they are looking
they have looked; they are looking
paRTtL pärtthal
paRKwk1 pärkkai
paRKkL pärkkal
paRP» pärppu
77
looking (verbal noun)
looking (v. noun)
looking (verbal noun)
looking (verbal noun)
paRTt∆ pärtth’athu
paRKá®∆ pärkki∞’athu
paRPp∆ pärpp’athu
paRTtaL pärtthäl
a (past) looking (v. noun)
a (present) looking (v. noun)
a (future) looking (v. noun)
(I-they) look/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
paRKkaEt pärkkäthë
don’t (you) look! (imperative s.)
paRKkÉLwl pärkkavillai
(I-they) didn’t look (‘past’)
paRTt∆ iLwl pärtthathu illai
(I-they) never looked
paRKka≥R(kÒ) pärkkäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) look! (imperative pl.)
paEr˜2 pärë√
I won’t look (tenseless)
paRKá®çLwl pärkki∞ath’illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t look
paRKkat pärkkätha
non-looking (neg. adj. part.)
paRKkmaDEd˜ pärkka-m䆆ë√
I won’t look (‘future’)
paRPp∆ iLwl pärppathu illai
(I-they) won’t look
paRKka∆ pärkkäthu; paRKkamL pärkkämal
without looking (neg. participle)
paRKkawm pärkkämai; paRKkat∆ pärkkäthathu
non-looking (neg. verbal nouns)
paRKkaÉDdaL pärkkävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t look-if (conditional)
paRKkatv˜ pärkkäth’ava√, a man who didn’t look, doesn’t look, or won’t look (this and all the following are participial nouns)
paRTtv˜ pärtth’ava√, he who looked; paRKá®v˜ pärkki∞’ava√, he who looks; paRPpv˜ pärpp’ava√, he who will look
paRKkatvÒ pärkkäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t look, doesn’t look, or won’t look
paRTtvÒ pärtth’ava¬, she who looked; paRKá®vÒ pärkki∞’ava¬, she who looks; paRPpvÒ pärpp’ava¬; she who will look
paRKkat∆ pärkkäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t look, doesn’t look, or won’t look
paRTt∆ pärtth’athu, it which looked; paRKá®∆ pärkki∞’athu, it which looks; paRPp∆ pärpp’athu, it which will look
paRKkatvR(kÒ) pärkkäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t look, don’t look, or won’t look
paRTtvR(kÒ) pärtth’avar(ga¬), they who looked; paRKá®vR(kÒ) pärkki∞’avar(ga¬), they who look; paRPpvR(kÒ) pärpp’avar(ga¬), they who will look
paRKkatwv(kÒ) pärkkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t look, don’t look, or won’t look
paRTtwv(kÒ) pärtth’avai(ga¬), they who looked; paRKá®wv(kÒ) pärkki∞’avai(ga¬), they who look; paRPpwv(kÒ) pärpp’avai(ga¬), they who will look
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle paRKka∆ pärkkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle paRKkamL pärkkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
paRKkaçÃNEt˜
paRKkaçÃKáE®˜
paRKkaçÃPEp˜
paRKkaçÃNtaL
pärkkäth’irunthë√
pärkkäth’irukki∞ë√
pärkkäth’iruppë√
pärkkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
paRKkamL iÃNEt˜
paRKkamL iÃKáE®˜
paRKkamL iÃPEp˜
paRKkamL iÃNtaL
pärkkämal irunthë√
pärkkämal irukki∞ë√
pärkkämal iruppë√
pärkkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t looked (past perf.)
I haven’t looked (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have looked (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t looked-if
I wasn’t looking
I am not looking
I won’t be looking
(I-they) was/were not looking-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t look-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
EkÒ kë¬ (v.t.)
hear (sth) (you)! (imperative s.)
EkDd k놆a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) heard (sth)
Ek‹ıkÒ kë¬u≥ga¬
hear (sth) (you)! (imper. plural)
EkDá kë†ki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) hears (sth)
Present Tense
EkDáE®˜
EkDá®aY
EkDá®a˜
EkDá®aÒ
EkDá®∆
EkDáE®aM
EkDáΩR(kÒ)
EkDá®aR(kÒ)
EkDᘮˆ
EkDk kë†ka
EkDƒ k놆u
to hear (sth) (infinitive)
(having) heard (sth) (past participle)
EkD¿M kë†kum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will hear (sth)
78
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
kë†ki∞ïë√
kë†ki∞ïäy
kë†ki∞ïä√
kë†ki∞ïä¬
kë†ki∞ïathu
kë†ki∞ïöm
kë†ki∞ïïr(ga¬)
kë†ki∞ïär(ga¬)
kë†ki√∞ïa√a
I hear (sth)
you hear (sth)
he hears (sth)
she hears (sth)
it hears (sth)
we hear (sth)
you hear (sth)
they hear (sth)
they hear (sth)
EkDãÃKáE®˜
EkDãÃKá®aY
EkDãÃKá®a˜
EkDãÃKá®aÒ
EkDãÃKá®∆
EkDãÃKáE®aM
EkDãÃKáΩR(kÒ)
EkDãÃKá®aR(kÒ)
EkDãÃKᘮˆ
I had heard; I was hearing (sth)
you’d heard; you were hearing (sth)
he had heard; he was hearing (sth)
she had heard; she was hearing (sth)
it had heard; it was hearing (sth)
we had heard; we were hearing (sth)
you’d heard; you were hearing (sth)
they’d heard; they were hearing (sth)
they’d heard; they were hearing (sth)
I’ll have heard; I’ll be hearing (sth)
you’ll ’ve heard; you’ll be hearing (sth)
he’ll have heard; he’ll be hearing (sth)
she’ll ’ve heard; she’ll be hearing (sth)
it’ll have heard; it’ll be hearing (sth)
we’ll have heard; we’ll be hearing (sth)
you’ll ’ve heard; you’ll be hearing (sth)
they’ll ’ve heard; they’ll be hearing (sth)
they’ll ’ve heard; they’ll be hearing (sth)
k놆’irukki∞ïë√
k놆’irukki∞ïäy
k놆’irukki∞ïä√
k놆’irukki∞ïä¬
k놆’irukki∞ïathu
k놆’irukki∞ïöm
k놆’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
k놆’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
k놆’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
EkDEd˜
EkDdaY
EkDda˜
EkDdaÒ
EkDd∆
EkDEdaM
EkD±R(kÒ)
EkDdaR(kÒ)
EkDdˆ
k놆ïë√
k놆ïäy
k놆ïä√
k놆ïä¬
k놆ïathu
k놆ïöm
k놆ïïr(ga¬)
k놆ïär(ga¬)
k놆ïa√a
I heard (sth)
you heard (sth)
he heard (sth)
she heard (sth)
it heard (sth)
we heard (sth)
you heard (sth)
they heard (sth)
they heard (sth)
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
EkDãÃNEt˜
k놆’irunthïë√
EkDãÃNtaY
k놆’irunthïäy
EkDãÃNta˜
k놆’irunthïä√
EkDãÃNtaÒ
k놆’irunthïä¬
EkDãÃNt∆
k놆’irunthïathu
EkDãÃNEtaM
k놆’irunthïöm
EkDãÃN≥(kÒ)
k놆’irunthïïr(ga¬)
EkDãÃNtaR(kÒ)
k놆’irunthïär(ga¬)
EkDãÃNtˆ
k놆’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
EkDEp˜
EkDpaY
EkDpa˜
EkDpaÒ
EkD¿M
EkDEpaM
EkDµR(kÒ)
EkDpaR(kÒ)
EkD¿M
kë†pïë√
kë†pïäy
kë†pïä√
kë†pïä¬
kë†kïum
kë†pïöm
kë†pïïr(ga¬)
kë†pïär(ga¬)
kë†kïum
I’ll hear (sth)
you’ll hear (sth)
he’ll hear (sth)
she’ll hear (sth)
it’ll hear (sth)
we’ll hear (sth)
you’ll hear (sth)
they’ll hear (sth)
they’ll hear (sth)
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
EkDãÃPEp˜
k놆’iruppïë√
EkDãÃPpaY
k놆’iruppïäy
EkDãÃPpa˜
k놆’iruppïä√
EkDãÃPpaÒ
k놆’iruppïä¬
EkDãÃK¿M
k놆’irukkïum
EkDãÃPEpaM
k놆’iruppïöm
EkDãÃPµR(kÒ)
k놆’iruppïïr(ga¬)
EkDãÃPpaR(kÒ)
k놆’iruppïär(ga¬)
EkDãÃK¿M
k놆’irukkïum
I have heard; I am hearing (sth)
you’ve heard; you are hearing (sth)
he has heard; he is hearing (sth)
she has heard; she is hearing (sth)
it has heard; it is hearing (sth)
we have heard; we are hearing (sth)
you’ve heard; you are hearing (sth)
they’ve heard; they are hearing (sth)
they’ve heard; they are hearing (sth)
EkDdL k놆al
EkDwk kë†kai
EkDkL kë†kal
EkD» kë†pu
79
hearing (sth) (verbal noun)
hearing (sth) (action) (v. noun)
hearing (sth) (verbal noun)
hearing (sth) (verbal noun)
EkDd∆ k놆’athu
EkDá®∆ kë†ki∞’athu
EkDp∆ kë†p’athu
EkDdaL k놆äl
a (past) hearing (sth) (v. noun)
a (present) hearing (sth) (v. noun) a (future) hearing (sth) (v. noun) (I-they) hear/hears (sth)-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
EkDkaEt kë†käthë
EkDka≥R(kÒ) kë†käthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) hear (sth)! (imp.)
don’t (you) hear (sth)! (imp. pl.)
EkDkÉLwl kë†kavillai
EkE¬˜1 kë¬ë√
(I-they) didn’t hear (sth) (‘past’) I won’t hear (sth) (tenseless)
EkDd∆ iLwl k놆athu illai
EkDá®çLwl kë†ki∞ath’illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) heard (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) hear
EkDkat kë†kätha
non-hearing (sth) (neg. adj. part.)
EkDkmaDEd˜ kë†ka-m䆆ë√
I won’t hear (sth) (‘future’)
EkDp∆ iLwl kë†pathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) hear
EkDka∆ kë†käthu; EkDkamL kë†kämal
without hearing (sth) (neg. participle)
EkDkawm kë†kämai; EkDkat∆ kë†käthathu
non-hearing (sth) (neg. verbal nouns)
EkDkaÉDdaL këkävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t hear-if (conditional)
EkDkatv˜ kë†käth’ava√, a man who did not hear, does not hear, or will not hear (sth) (this and all the following are participial nouns)
EkDdv˜ k놆’ava√, he who heard; EkDá®v˜ kë†ki∞’ava√, he who hears; EkDpv˜ kë†p’ava√, he who will hear (sth)
EkDkatvÒ kë†käth’ava¬, a woman who did not hear, does not hear, or will not hear (sth)
EkDdvÒ k놆’ava¬, she who heard; EkDá®vÒ kë†ki∞’ava¬, she who hears; EkDpvÒ kë†p’ava¬, she who will hear (sth)
EkDkat∆ kë†käth’athu, an animal or thing which did not hear, does not hear, or will not hear (sth)
EkDd∆ k놆’athu, it which heard; EkDá®∆ kë†ki∞’athu, it which hears; EkDp∆ kë†p’athu, it which will hear (sth)
EkDkatvR(kÒ) kë†käth’avar(ga¬), people who did not hear, do not hear, or will not hear (sth)
EkDdvR(kÒ) k놆’avar(ga¬), they who heard; EkDá®vR(kÒ) kë†ki∞’avar(ga¬), they who hear; EkDpvR(kÒ) kë†p’avar(ga¬), they who’ll hear (sth)
EkDkatwv(kÒ) kë†käth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not hear, do not hear, or will not hear (sth)
EkDdwv(kÒ) k놆’avai(ga¬), they who heard; EkDá®wv(kÒ) kë†ki∞’avai(ga¬), they who hear; EkDpwv(kÒ) kë†p’avai(ga¬), they who’ll hear (sth)
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle EkDka∆ kë†käthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle EkDkamL kë†kämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
EkDkaçÃNEt˜
EkDkaçÃKáE®˜
EkDkaçÃPEp˜
EkDkaçÃNtaL
kë†käth’irunthë√
kë†käth’irukki∞ë√
kë†käth’iruppë√
kë†käth’irunthäl (conditional)
EkDkamL iÃNEt˜
EkDkamL iÃKáE®˜
EkDkamL iÃPEp˜
EkDkamL iÃNtaL
kë†kämal irunthë√
kë†kämal irukki∞ë√
kë†kämal iruppë√
kë†kämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t heard (sth) (past perf.)
I haven’t heard (sth) (pres. perf.)2 I won’t have heard (sth) (f. perf.)2 (I-they) hadn’t heard (sth)-if
I wasn’t hearing (sth)
I am not hearing (sth)
I won’t be hearing (sth)
(I-they) was/were not hearing (sth)-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t hear (sth)-if
_______________
1See
footnote 4 on page 3.
2Not
in common use today.
kL(Õ) kal(lu) (v.t.)
learn (sth) (you)! (imperative s.)
k‰® ka∞∞a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) learned (sth)
kLÕıkÒ kallu≥ga¬
learn (sth) (you)! (imper. plural)
k‰á® ka∞ki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) learns (sth)
Present Tense
k‰áE®˜
k䇨aY
k‰á®a˜
k‰á®aÒ
k‰á®∆
k‰áE®aM
k‰áΩR(kÒ)
k‰á®aR(kÒ)
k‰á˜®ˆ
k‰k ka∞ka
k‰› ka∞∞u
to learn (sth) (infinitive)
(having) learned (sth) (past participle)
k‰¿M ka∞kum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will learn (sth)
80
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
ka∞ki∞ïë√
ka∞ki∞ïäy
ka∞ki∞ïä√
ka∞ki∞ïä¬
ka∞ki∞ïathu
ka∞ki∞ïöm
ka∞ki∞ïïr(ga¬)
ka∞ki∞ïär(ga¬)
ka∞ki√∞ïa√a
I learn (sth)
you learn (sth)
he learns (sth)
she learns (sth)
it learns (sth)
we learn (sth)
you learn (sth)
they learn (sth)
they learn (sth)
k‰óÃKáE®˜
k‰óÃKá®aY
k‰óÃKá®a˜
k‰óÃKá®aÒ
k‰óÃKá®∆
k‰óÃKáE®aM
k‰óÃKáΩR(kÒ)
k‰óÃKá®aR(kÒ)
k‰óÃKᘮˆ
I had learned; I was learning (sth)
you had learned; you were learning (sth)
he had learned; he was learning (sth)
she had learned; she was learning (sth)
it had learned; it was learning (sth)
we had learned; we were learning (sth)
you’d learned; you were learning (sth)
they’d learned; they were learning (sth)
they’d learned; they were learning (sth)
I’ll have learned; I’ll be learning (sth)
you’ll ’ve learned; you’ll be learning (sth)
he’ll have learned; he’ll be learning (sth)
she’ll ’ve learned; she’ll be learning (sth)
it’ll have learned; it’ll be learning (sth)
we’ll have learned; we’ll be learning (sth)
you’ll ’ve learned; you’ll be learning (sth)
they’ll ’ve learned; they’ll be learning (sth)
they’ll ’ve learned; they’ll be learning (sth)
ka∞∞’irukki∞ïë√
ka∞∞’irukki∞ïäy
ka∞∞’irukki∞ïä√
ka∞∞’irukki∞ïä¬
ka∞∞’irukki∞ïathu
ka∞∞’irukki∞ïöm
ka∞∞’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
ka∞∞’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
ka∞∞’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
k‰E®˜
k‰®aY
k‰®a˜
k‰®aÒ
k‰®∆
k‰E®aM
k‰ΩR(kÒ)
k‰®aR(kÒ)
k‰®ˆ
ka∞∞ïë√
ka∞∞ïäy
ka∞∞ïä√
ka∞∞ïä¬
ka∞∞ïathu
ka∞∞ïöm
ka∞∞ïïr(ga¬)
ka∞∞ïär(ga¬)
ka∞∞ïa√a
I learned (sth)
you learned (sth)
he learned (sth)
she learned (sth)
it learned (sth)
we learned (sth)
you learned (sth)
they learned (sth)
they learned (sth)
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
k‰óÃNEt˜
ka∞∞’irunthïë√
k‰óÃNtaY
ka∞∞’irunthïäy
k‰óÃNta˜
ka∞∞’irunthïä√
k‰óÃNtaÒ
ka∞∞’irunthïä¬
k‰óÃNt∆
ka∞∞’irunthïathu
k‰óÃNEtaM
ka∞∞’irunthïöm
k‰óÃN≥(kÒ)
ka∞∞’irunthïïr(ga¬)
k‰óÃNtaR(kÒ)
ka∞∞’irunthïär(ga¬)
k‰óÃNtˆ
ka∞∞’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
k‰Ep˜
k‰paY
k‰pa˜
k‰paÒ
k‰¿M
k‰EpaM
k‰µR(kÒ)
k‰paR(kÒ)
k‰¿M
ka∞pïë√
ka∞pïäy
ka∞pïä√
ka∞pïä¬
ka∞kïum
ka∞pïöm
ka∞pïïr(ga¬)
ka∞pïär(ga¬)
ka∞kïum
I’ll learn (sth)
you’ll learn (sth)
he’ll learn (sth)
she’ll learn (sth)
it’ll learn (sth)
we’ll learn (sth)
you’ll learn (sth)
they’ll learn (sth)
they’ll learn (sth)
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
k‰óÃPEp˜
ka∞∞’iruppïë√
k‰óÃPpaY
ka∞∞’iruppïäy
k‰óÃPpa˜
ka∞∞’iruppïä√
k‰óÃPpaÒ
ka∞∞’iruppïä¬
k‰óÃK¿M
ka∞∞’irukkïum
k‰óÃPEpaM
ka∞∞’iruppïöm
k‰óÃPµR(kÒ)
ka∞∞’iruppïïr(ga¬)
k‰óÃPpaR(kÒ)
ka∞∞’iruppïär(ga¬)
k‰óÃK¿M
ka∞∞’irukkïum
I have learned; I am learning (sth)
you’ve learned; you are learning (sth)
he has learned; he is learning (sth)
she has learned; she is learning (sth)
it has learned; it is learning (sth)
we have learned; we are learning (sth)
you have learned; you are learning (sth)
they’ve learned; they are learning (sth)
they’ve learned; they are learning (sth)
k‰®L ka∞∞al
k‰wk1 ka∞kai
k‰kL ka∞kal
k‰»2 ka∞pu
81
learning (sth) (verbal noun)
learning (sth) (action) (v. noun)
learning (sth) (verbal noun)
learning (sth) (verbal noun)
k‰®∆ ka∞∞’athu
k‰á®∆ ka∞ki∞’athu
k‰p∆ ka∞p’athu
k‰®aL ka∞∞äl
a (past) learning (sth) (v. noun)
a (present) learning (sth) (v. noun) a (future) learning (sth) (v. noun) (I-they) learn/learns (sth)-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
k‰kaEt ka∞käthë
don’t (you) learn (sth)! (imp.)
k‰ka≥R(kÒ) ka∞käthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) learn (sth)! (imp. pl.)
k‰kat ka∞kätha
k‰ka∆ ka∞käthu; k‰kamL ka∞kämal
non-learning (sth) (neg. adj. part.) without learning (sth) (neg. participle)
k‰kÉLwl ka∞kavillai
kLEl˜3 kallë√
k‰kmaDEd˜ ka∞ka-m䆆ë√
(I-they) didn’t learn (sth) (‘past’) I won’t learn (sth) (tenseless)
I won’t learn (sth) (‘future’)
k‰®∆ iLwl ka∞∞athu illai
k‰á®çLwl ka∞ki∞ath’illai
k‰p∆ iLwl ka∞pathu illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) learned (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) learn (I-they) won’t (ever) learn
k‰kawm ka∞kämai; k‰kat∆ ka∞käthathu
non-learning (sth) (neg. verbal nouns)
k‰kaÉDdaL ka∞kävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t learn-if (conditional)
k‰katv˜ ka∞käth’ava√, a man who did not learn, does not learn, or will not learn (sth) (this and all the following are participial nouns)
k‰®v˜ ka∞∞’ava√, he who learned; k‰á®v˜ ka∞ki∞’ava√, he who learns; k‰pv˜ ka∞p’ava√, he who will learn (sth)
k‰katvÒ ka∞käth’ava¬, a woman who did not learn, does not learn, or will not learn (sth)
k‰®vÒ ka∞∞’ava¬, she who learned; k‰á®vÒ ka∞ki∞’ava¬, she who learns; k‰pvÒ ka∞p’ava¬, she who will learn (sth)
k‰kat∆ ka∞käth’athu, an animal or thing which did not learn, does not learn, or will not learn (sth)
k‰®∆ ka∞∞’athu, it which learned; k‰á®∆ ka∞ki∞’athu, it which learns; k‰p∆ ka∞p’athu, it which will learn (sth)
k‰katvR(kÒ) ka∞käth’avar(ga¬), people who did not learn, do not learn, or will not learn (sth)
k‰®vR(kÒ) ka∞∞’avar(ga¬), they who learned; k‰á®vR(kÒ) ka∞ki∞’avar(ga¬), they who learn; k‰pvR(kÒ) ka∞p’avar(ga¬), they who’ll learn (sth)
k‰katwv(kÒ) ka∞käth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not learn, do not learn, or will not learn (sth)
k‰®wv(kÒ) ka∞∞’avai(ga¬), they who learned; k‰á®wv(kÒ) ka∞ki∞’avai(ga¬), they who learn; k‰pwv(kÒ) ka∞p’avai(ga¬), they who’ll learn (sth)
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle k‰ka∆ ka∞käthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle k‰kamL ka∞kämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
k‰kaçÃNEt˜
k‰kaçÃKáE®˜
k‰kaçÃPEp˜
k‰kaçÃNtaL
ka∞käth’irunthë√
ka∞käth’irukki∞ë√
ka∞käth’iruppë√
ka∞käth’irunthäl (conditional)
k‰kamL iÃNEt˜
k‰kamL iÃKáE®˜
k‰kamL iÃPEp˜
k‰kamL iÃNtaL
ka∞kämal irunthë√
ka∞kämal irukki∞ë√
ka∞kämal iruppë√
(f. perf.)1 ka∞kämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t learned (sth) (past perf.) I haven’t learned (sth) (pres. perf.)1 I won’t have learned (sth) ↵
(I-they) hadn’t learned (sth)-if
I wasn’t learning (sth)
I am not learning (sth)
I won’t be learning (sth)
(I-they) was/were not learning (sth)-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t learn (sth)-if
_______________
1Not
2As
in common use today
a verbal noun, its meaning, now, has been restricted to a specialized form of learning: k‰» ka∞pu (regular noun) = ‘chastity’!
3See
footnote 4 on page 3. .
ÉL(Õ)1 vil(lu) (v.t.)
(you) sell! (imperative s.)
ɉ® vi∞∞a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) sold (sth)
ÉLÕıkÒ villu≥ga¬
(you) sell! (imper. plural)
ɉᮠvi∞ki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) sells (sth)
Present Tense
ɉáE®˜
ɉá®aY
ɉá®a˜
ɉá®aÒ
ɉá®∆
ɉáE®aM
ɉáΩR(kÒ)
ɉá®aR(kÒ)
ɉᘮˆ
ɉk vi∞ka
ɉ› vi∞∞u
to sell (infinitive)
(having) sold (past participle)
ɉ¿M vi∞kum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will sell (sth)
82
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
vi∞ki∞ïë√
vi∞ki∞ïäy
vi∞ki∞ïä√
vi∞ki∞ïä¬
vi∞ki∞ïathu
vi∞ki∞ïöm
vi∞ki∞ïïr(ga¬)
vi∞ki∞ïär(ga¬)
vi∞ki√∞ïa√a
I sell
you sell
he sells
she sells
it sells (sth)
we sell
you sell
they sell
they sell (sth)
ɉóÃKáE®˜
ɉóÃKá®aY
ɉóÃKá®a˜
ɉóÃKá®aÒ
ɉóÃKá®∆
ɉóÃKáE®aM
ɉóÃKáΩR(kÒ)
ɉóÃKá®aR(kÒ)
ɉóÃKᘮˆ
I had sold; I was selling
you had sold; you were selling
he had sold; he was selling
she had sold; she was selling
it had sold; it was selling (sth)
we had sold; we were selling
you had sold; you were selling
they had sold; they were selling
they’d sold; they were selling (sth)
I’ll have sold; I’ll be selling
you’ll have sold; you’ll be selling
he’ll have sold; he’ll be selling
she’ll have sold; she’ll be selling
it’ll have sold; it’ll be selling (sth)
we’ll have sold; we’ll be selling
you’ll have sold; you’ll be selling
they’ll have sold; they’ll be selling
they’ll ’ve sold; they’ll be selling (sth)
vi∞∞’irukki∞ïë√
vi∞∞’irukki∞ïäy
vi∞∞’irukki∞ïä√
vi∞∞’irukki∞ïä¬
vi∞∞’irukki∞ïathu
vi∞∞’irukki∞ïöm
vi∞∞’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
vi∞∞’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
vi∞∞’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
ɉE®˜
ɉ®aY
ɉ®a˜
ɉ®aÒ
ɉ®∆
ɉE®aM
ɉΩR(kÒ)
ɉ®aR(kÒ)
ɉ®ˆ
vi∞∞ïë√
vi∞∞ïäy
vi∞∞ïä√
vi∞∞ïä¬
vi∞∞ïathu
vi∞∞ïöm
vi∞∞ïïr(ga¬)
vi∞∞ïär(ga¬)
vi∞∞ïa√a
I sold
you sold
he sold
she sold
it sold (sth)
we sold
you sold
they sold
they sold (sth)
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
ɉóÃNEt˜
vi∞∞’irunthïë√
ɉóÃNtaY
vi∞∞’irunthïäy
ɉóÃNta˜
vi∞∞’irunthïä√
ɉóÃNtaÒ
vi∞∞’irunthïä¬
ɉóÃNt∆
vi∞∞’irunthïathu
ɉóÃNEtaM
vi∞∞’irunthïöm
ɉóÃN≥(kÒ)
vi∞∞’irunthïïr(ga¬)
ɉóÃNtaR(kÒ)
vi∞∞’irunthïär(ga¬)
ɉóÃNtˆ
vi∞∞’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
ɉEp˜
ɉpaY
ɉpa˜
ɉpaÒ
ɉ¿M
ɉEpaM
ɉµR(kÒ)
ɉpaR(kÒ)
ɉ¿M
vi∞pïë√
vi∞pïäy
vi∞pïä√
vi∞pïä¬
vi∞kïum
vi∞pïöm
vi∞pïïr(ga¬)
vi∞pïär(ga¬)
vi∞kïum
I’ll sell
you’ll sell
he’ll sell
she’ll sell
it’ll sell (sth)
we’ll sell
you’ll sell
they’ll sell
they’ll sell (sth)
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
ɉóÃPEp˜
vi∞∞’iruppïë√
ɉóÃPpaY
vi∞∞’iruppïäy
ɉóÃPpa˜
vi∞∞’iruppïä√
ɉóÃPpaÒ
vi∞∞’iruppïä¬
ɉóÃK¿M
vi∞∞’irukkïum
ɉóÃPEpaM
vi∞∞’iruppïöm
ɉóÃPµR(kÒ)
vi∞∞’iruppïïr(ga¬)
ɉóÃPpaR(kÒ)
vi∞∞’iruppïär(ga¬)
ɉóÃK¿M
vi∞∞’irukkïum
I have sold; I am selling
you have sold; you are selling
he has sold; he is selling
she has sold; she is selling
it has sold; it is selling (sth)
we have sold; we are selling
you have sold; you are selling
they have sold; they are selling
they’ve sold; they are selling (sth)
ɉ®L vi∞∞al
ɉwk2 vi∞kai
ɉkL vi∞kal
ɉ» vi∞pu
83
selling (verbal noun)
selling (verbal noun)
selling (verbal noun)
selling (verbal noun)
ɉ®∆ vi∞∞’athu
ɉá®∆ vi∞ki∞’athu
ɉp∆ vi∞p’athu
ɉ®aL vi∞∞äl
a (past) selling (v. noun)
a (present) selling (v. noun)
a (future) selling (v. noun)
(I-they) sell/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
ɉkaEt vi∞käthë
don’t (you) sell! (imperative s.)
ɉka≥R(kÒ) vi∞käthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) sell! (imp. pl.)
ɉkat vi∞kätha
non-selling (neg adj. part.)
ɉka∆ vi∞käthu; ɉkamL vi∞kämal
without selling (sth) (neg. participle)
ɉkÉLwl vi∞kavillai
(I-they) didn’t sell (‘past’)
ɉ®∆ iLwl vi∞∞athu illai
(I-they) didn’t (ever) sell
ÉLEl˜3 villë√
I won’t sell (tenseless)
ɉá®çLwl vi∞ki∞ath’illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) sell
ɉkmaDEd˜ vi∞ka-m䆆ë√
I won’t sell (‘future’)
ɉp∆ iLwl vi∞pathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) sell
ɉkawm vi∞kämai; ɉkat∆ vi∞käthathu
non-selling (sth) (neg. verbal nouns)
ɉkaÉDdaL vi∞kävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t sell-if (conditional)
ɉkatv˜ vi∞käth’ava√, a man who didn’t sell, doesn’t sell, or won’t sell (this and all the following are participial nouns)
ɉ®v˜ vi∞∞’ava√, he who sold; ɉá®v˜ vi∞ki∞’ava√, he who sells; ɉpv˜ vi∞p’ava√, he who will sell
ɉkatvÒ vi∞käth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t sell, doesn’t sell, or won’t sell
ɉ®vÒ vi∞∞’ava¬, she who sold; ɉá®vÒ vi∞ki∞’ava¬, she who sells; ɉpvÒ vi∞p’ava¬, she who will sell
ɉkat∆ vi∞käth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t sell, doesn’t sell, or won’t sell
ɉ®∆ vi∞∞’athu, it which sold; ɉá®∆ vi∞ki∞’athu, it which sells; ɉp∆ vi∞p’athu, it which will sell
ɉkatvR(kÒ) vi∞käth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t sell, don’t sell, or won’t sell
ɉ®vR(kÒ) vi∞∞’avar(ga¬), they who sold; ɉá®vR(kÒ) vi∞ki∞’avar(ga¬), they who sell; ɉpvR(kÒ) vi∞p’avar(ga¬), they who will sell
ɉkatwv(kÒ) vi∞käth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t sell, don’t sell, or won’t sell
ɉ®wv(kÒ) vi∞∞’avai(ga¬), they who sold; ɉá®wv(kÒ) vi∞ki∞’avai(ga¬), they who sell; ɉpwv(kÒ) vi∞p’avai(ga¬), they who will sell
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ɉka∆ vi∞käthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ɉkamL vi∞kämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
ɉkaçÃNEt˜
ɉkaçÃKáE®˜
ɉkaçÃPEp˜
ɉkaçÃNtaL
vi∞käth’irunthë√
vi∞käth’irukki∞ë√
vi∞käth’iruppë√
vi∞käth’irunthäl (conditional)
ɉkamL iÃNEt˜
ɉkamL iÃKáE®˜
ɉkamL iÃPEp˜
ɉkamL iÃNtaL
vi∞kämal irunthë√
vi∞kämal irukki∞ë√
vi∞kämal iruppë√
vi∞kämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t sold (past perf.)
I haven’t sold (pres. perf.)2
I won’t have sold (f. perf.)2
(I-they) hadn’t sold-if
I wasn’t selling
I am not selling
I won’t be selling
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t selling-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t sell-if
_______________
1Instead
2Not
of the imperative form ÉL (top of p. 82), a form such as ɉ› Ƀ is commonly used.
in common use today.
3See
footnote 4 on page 3.
åwb a∫ai (v.t.)
åwbÀıkÒ a∫aiyu≥ga¬
åwbKk a∫aikka
åwbT∆ a∫aitthu
(you) embrace! (imperative s.)
(you) embrace! (imper. plural)
to embrace (infinitive)
(having) embraced (past participle)
åwbTt a∫aittha (past adj. p.)
åwbKá® a∫aikki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
åwbK¿M a∫aikkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) embraced
(who, which) embraces
(who, which) will embrace
Present Tense
åwbKáE®˜
åwbKá®aY
åwbKá®a˜
åwbKá®aÒ
åwbKá®∆
åwbKáE®aM
åwbKáΩR(kÒ)
åwbKá®aR(kÒ)
åwbKᘮˆ
Past Tense
åwbTEt˜
åwbTtaY
åwbTta˜
åwbTtaÒ
åwbTt∆
åwbTEtaM
åwbT≥R(kÒ)
åwbTtaR(kÒ)
åwbTtˆ
Future Tense
åwbPEp˜
åwbPpaY
åwbPpa˜
åwbPpaÒ
åwbK¿M
åwbPEpaM
åwbPµR(kÒ)
åwbPpaR(kÒ)
åwbK¿M
84
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
a∫aikki∞ïë√
a∫aikki∞ïäy
a∫aikki∞ïä√
a∫aikki∞ïä¬
a∫aikki∞ïathu
a∫aikki∞ïöm
a∫aikki∞ïïr(ga¬)
a∫aikki∞ïär(ga¬)
a∫aikki√∞ïa√a
a∫aitthïë√
a∫aitthïäy
a∫aitthïä√
a∫aitthïä¬
a∫aitthïathu
a∫aitthïöm
a∫aitthïïr(ga¬)
a∫aitthïär(ga¬)
a∫aitthïa√a
a∫aippïë√
a∫aippïäy
a∫aippïä√
a∫aippïä¬
a∫aikkïum
a∫aippïöm
a∫aippïïr(ga¬)
a∫aippïär(ga¬)
a∫aikkïum
I embrace
you embrace
he embraces
she embraces
it embraces
we embrace
you embrace
they embrace
they embrace
åwbTçÃKáE®˜
åwbTçÃKá®aY
åwbTçÃKá®a˜
åwbTçÃKá®aÒ
åwbTçÃKá®∆
åwbTçÃKáE®aM
åwbTçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
åwbTçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
åwbTçÃKᘮˆ
a∫aitth’irukki∞ïë√
a∫aitth’irukki∞ïäy
a∫aitth’irukki∞ïä√
a∫aitth’irukki∞ïä¬
a∫aitth’irukki∞ïathu
a∫aitth’irukki∞ïöm
a∫aitth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
a∫aitth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
a∫aitth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have embraced; I am embracing
you’ve embraced; you are embracing
he has embraced; he is embracing
she has embraced; she is embracing
it has embraced; it is embracing
we’ve embraced; we are embracing
you’ve embraced; you are embracing
they’ve embraced; they are embracing
they’ve embraced; they are embracing
I embraced
you embraced
he embraced
she embraced
it embraced
we embraced
you embraced
they embraced
they embraced
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
åwbTçÃNEt˜
a∫aitth’irunthïë√
åwbTçÃNtaY
a∫aitth’irunthïäy
åwbTçÃNta˜
a∫aitth’irunthïä√
åwbTçÃNtaÒ
a∫aitth’irunthïä¬
åwbTçÃNt∆
a∫aitth’irunthïathu
åwbTçÃNEtaM
a∫aitth’irunthïöm
åwbTçÃN≥(kÒ)
a∫aitth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
åwbTçÃNtaR(kÒ)
a∫aitth’irunthïär(ga¬)
åwbTçÃNtˆ
a∫aitth’irunthïa√a
I had embraced; I was embracing
you had embraced; you were embracing
he had embraced; he was embracing
she had embraced; she was embracing
it had embraced; it was embracing
we had embraced; we were embracing
you’d embraced; you were embracing
they’d embraced; they were embracing
they’d embraced; they were embracing
I’ll embrace
you’ll embrace
he’ll embrace
she’ll embrace
it’ll embrace
we’ll embrace
you’ll embrace
they’ll embrace
they’ll embrace
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
åwbTçÃPEp˜
a∫aitth’iruppïë√
åwbTçÃPpaY
a∫aitth’iruppïäy
åwbTçÃPpa˜
a∫aitth’iruppïä√
åwbTçÃPpaÒ
a∫aitth’iruppïä¬
åwbTTçÃK¿M
a∫aitth’irukkïum
åwbTçÃPEpaM
a∫aitth’iruppïöm
åwbTçÃPµR(kÒ)
a∫aitth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
åwbTçÃPpaR(kÒ)
a∫aitth’iruppïär(ga¬)
åwbTçÃK¿M
a∫aitth’irukkïum
I’ll have embraced; I’ll be embracing
you’ll ’ve embraced; you’ll be embracing
he’ll have embraced; he’ll be embracing
she’ll ’ve embraced; she’ll be embracing
it’ll have embraced; it’ll be embracing
we’ll have embraced; we’ll be embracing
you’ll ’ve embraced; you’ll be embracing
they’ll ’ve embraced; they’ll be embracing
they’ll ’ve embraced; they’ll be embracing
åwbTtL a∫aitthal
åwbKwk1 a∫aikkai
åwbKkL a∫aikkal
åwbP» a∫aippu
85
embracing (verbal noun)
embracing (v. noun)
embracing (verbal noun)
embracing (verbal noun)
åwbTt∆ a∫aitth’athu
åwbKá®∆ a∫aikki∞’athu
åwbPp∆ a∫aipp’athu
åwbTtaL a∫aitthäl
a (past) embracing (v. noun)
a (present) embracing (v. noun)
a (future) embracing (v. noun)
(I-they) embrace/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
åwbKkaEt a∫aikkäthë
åwbKka≥R(kÒ) a∫aikkäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) embrace! (imp.)
don’t (you) embrace! (imp. pl.)
åwbKkÉLwl a∫aikkavillai
åwbEy˜2 a∫aiyë√
(I-they) didn’t embrace (‘past’)
I won’t embrace (tenseless)
åwbTt∆ iLwl a∫aitthathu illai åwbKá®çLwl a∫aikki∞ath’illai
(I-they) didn’t (ever) embrace
(I-they) don’t (ever) embrace
åwbKkat a∫aikkätha
åwbKka∆ a∫aikkäthu; åwbKkamL a∫aikkämal
non-embracing (past adj. part.)
without embracing (past participle)
åwbKkmaDEd˜ a∫aikka-m䆆ë√ åwbKkawm a∫aikkämai; °Kkat∆ °kkäthathu
I won’t embrace (‘future’)
non-embracing (neg. verbal nouns)
åwbPp∆ iLwl a∫aippathu illai åwbKkaÉDdaL a∫aikkävi††äl
(I-they) won’t (ever) embrace
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t embrace-if (cond.)
åwbKkatv˜ a∫aikkäth’ava√, a man who didn’t embrace, doesn’t embrace, or won’t embrace (this and all the following are participial nouns)
åwbTtv˜ a∫aitth’ava√, he who embraced; åwbKá®v˜ a∫aikki∞’ava√, he who embraces; åwbPpv˜ a∫aipp’ava√, he who will embrace
åwbKkatvÒ a∫aikkäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t embrace, doesn’t embrace, or won’t embrace
åwbTtvÒ a∫aitth’ava¬, she who embraced; åwbKá®vÒ a∫aikki∞’ava¬, she who embraces; åwbPpvÒ a∫aipp’ava¬, she who will embrace
åwbKkat∆ a∫aikkäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t embrace, doesn’t embrace, or won’t embrace
åwbTt∆ a∫aitth’athu, it which embraced; åwbKá®∆ a∫aikki∞’athu, it which embraces; åwbPp∆ a∫aipp’athu, it which will embrace
åwbKkatvR(kÒ) a∫aikkäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t embrace, don’t embrace, or won’t embrace
åwbTtvR(kÒ) a∫aitth’avar(ga¬), they who embraced; åwbKá®vR(kÒ) a∫aikki∞’avar(ga¬), °embrace; åwbPpvR(kÒ) a∫aipp’avar(ga¬), °will e.
åwbKkatwv(kÒ) a∫aikkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t embrace, don’t embrace, or won’t embrace
åwbTtwv(kÒ) a∫aitth’avai(ga¬), they who embraced; åwbKá®wv(kÒ) a∫aikki∞’avai(ga¬), °embrace; åwbPpwv(kÒ) a∫aipp’avai(ga¬), °will e.
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle åwbKka∆ a∫aikkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ndKkamL a∫aikkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
åwbKkaçÃNEt˜
åwbKkaçÃKáE®˜
åwbKkaçÃPEp˜
åwbKkaçÃNtaL
a∫aikkäth’irunthë√
a∫aikkäth’irukki∞ë√
a∫aikkäth’iruppë√
a∫aikkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
åwbKkamL iÃNEt˜
åwbKkamL iÃKáE®˜
åwbKkamL iÃPEp˜
åwbKkamL iÃNtaL
a∫aikkämal irunthë√
a∫aikkämal irukki∞ë√
a∫aikkämal iruppë√
a∫aikkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t embraced (past perf.)
I haven’t embraced (pres. perf.)1 I won’t have embraced (f. perf.)1 (I-they) hadn’t embraced-if
I wasn’t embracing
I am not embracing
I won’t be embracing
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t embracing-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t embrace -if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
ià iru (v.i.)
iÃıkÒ iru≥ga¬
iÃKk irukka
iÃN∆ irunthu
stay1 (you)! (imperative s.)
stay (you)! (imper. plural)
to stay (infinitive)
(having) stayed (past participle)
iÃNt iruntha (past adj. p.)
iÃKá® irukki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
iÃK¿M irukkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) stayed
(who, which) stays
(who, which) will stay
Present Tense
iÃKáE®˜
iÃKá®aY
iÃKá®a˜
iÃKá®aÒ
iÃKá®∆
iÃKáE®aM
iÃKáΩR(kÒ)
iÃKá®aR(kÒ)
iÃKᘮˆ
Past Tense
iÃNEt˜
iÃNtaY
iÃNta˜
iÃNtaÒ
iÃNt∆
iÃNEtaM
iÃN≥R(kÒ)
iÃNtaR(kÒ)
iÃNtˆ
Future Tense
iÃPEp˜
iÃPpaY
iÃPpa˜
iÃPpaÒ
iÃK¿M
iÃPEpaM
iÃPµR(kÒ)
iÃPpaR(kÒ)
iÃK¿M
86
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
irukki∞ïë√
irukki싄y
irukki∞ïä√
irukki∞ïä¬
irukki∞ïathu
irukki싔m
irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
irukki√∞ïa√a
irunthïë√
irunthïäy
irunthïä√
irunthïä¬
irunthïathu
irunthïöm
irunthïïr(ga¬)
irunthïär(ga¬)
irunthïa√a
iruppïë√
iruppïäy
iruppïä√
iruppïä¬
irukkïum
iruppïöm
iruppïïr(ga¬)
iruppïär(ga¬)
irukkïum
I stay
you stay
he stays
she stays
it stays
we stay
you stay
they stay
they stay
iÃNçÃKáE®˜
iÃNçÃKá®aY
iÃNçÃKá®a˜
iÃNçÃKá®aÒ
iÃNçÃKá®∆
iÃNçÃKáE®aM
iÃNçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
iÃNçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
iÃNçÃKᘮˆ
I stayed
you stayed
he stayed
she stayed
it stayed
we stayed
you stayed
they stayed
they stayed
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
iÃNçÃNEt˜
irunth’irunthïë√
iÃNçÃNtaY
irunth’irunthïäy
iÃNçÃNta˜
irunth’irunthïä√
iÃNçÃNtaÒ
irunth’irunthïä¬
iÃNçÃNt∆
irunth’irunthïathu
iÃNçÃNEtaM
irunth’irunthïöm
iÃNçÃN≥(kÒ)
irunth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
iÃNçÃNtaR(kÒ)
irunth’irunthïär(ga¬)
iÃNçÃNtˆ
irunth’irunthïa√a
I had stayed; I was staying
you had stayed; you were staying
he had stayed; he was staying
she had stayed; she was staying
it had stayed; it was staying
we had stayed; we were staying
you had stayed; you were staying
they’d stayed; they were staying
they’d stayed; they were staying
I’ll stay
you’ll stay
he’ll stay
she’ll stay
it’ll stay
we’ll stay
you’ll stay
they’ll stay
they’ll stay
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
iÃNçÃPEp˜
irunth’iruppïë√
iÃNçÃPpaY
irunth’iruppïäy
iÃNçÃPpa˜
irunth’iruppïä√
iÃNçÃPpaÒ
irunth’iruppïä¬
iÃNTçÃK¿M
irunth’irukkïum
iÃNçÃPEpaM
irunth’iruppïöm
iÃNçÃPµR(kÒ)
irunth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
iÃNçÃPpaR(kÒ)
irunth’iruppïär(ga¬)
iÃNçÃK¿M
irunth’irukkïum
I’ll have stayed; I’ll be staying
you’ll ’ve stayed; you’ll be staying
he’ll have stayed; he’ll be staying
she’ll ’ve stayed; she’ll be staying
it’ll have stayed; it’ll be staying
we’ll have stayed; we’ll be staying
you’ll ’ve stayed; you’ll be staying
they’ll ’ve stayed; they’ll be staying
they’ll ’ve stayed; they’ll be staying
irunth’irukki∞ïë√
irunth’irukki∞ïäy
irunth’irukki∞ïä√
irunth’irukki∞ïä¬
irunth’irukki∞ïathu
irunth’irukki∞ïöm
irunth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
irunth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
irunth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have stayed; I am staying
you have stayed; you are staying
he has stayed; he is staying
she has stayed; she is staying
it has stayed; it is staying
we have stayed; we are staying
you have stayed; you are staying
they’ve stayed; they are staying
they’ve stayed; they are staying
iÃNtL2 irunthal
iÃKwk irukkai
iÃKkL irukkal
iÃP»2 iruppu
87
staying (verbal noun)
staying (action) (v. noun)
staying (verbal noun)
staying (verbal noun)
iÃNt∆ irunth’athu
iÃKá®∆ irukki∞’athu
iÃPp∆ irupp’athu
iÃNtaL irunthäl
a (past) staying (v. noun)
a (present) staying (v. noun)
a (future) staying (v. noun)
(I-they) stay/stays-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
iÃKkaEt irukkäthë
don’t (you) stay! (imp.)
iÃKkÉLwl irukkavillai
(I-they) didn’t stay (‘past’)
iÃNt∆ iLwl irunthathu illai
(I-they) didn’t (ever) stay
iÃKka≥R(kÒ) irukkäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) stay! (imp. pl.)
iEr˜3 irë√
I won’t stay (tenseless)
iÃKá®çLwl irukki∞ath’illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) stay
iÃKkat irukkätha
non-staying (neg. adj. part.)
iÃKkmaDEd˜ irukka-m䆆ë√
I won’t stay (‘future’)
iÃPp∆ iLwl iruppathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) stay
iÃKka∆ irukkäthu; iÃKkamL irukkämal
without staying (neg. participle)
iÃKkawm irukkämai; iÃKkat∆ irukkäthathu
non-staying (neg. verbal nouns)
iÃKkaÉDdaL irukkävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t stay-if (conditional)
iÃKkatv˜ irukkäth’ava√, a man who did not stay, does not stay, or will not stay (this and all the following are participial nouns)
iÃNtv˜ irunth’ava√, he who stayed; iÃKá®v˜ irukki∞’ava√, he who stays; iÃPpv˜ irupp’ava√, he who will stay
iÃKkatvÒ irukkäth’ava¬, a woman who did not stay, does not stay, or will not stay
iÃNtvÒ irunth’ava¬, she who stayed; iÃKá®vÒ irukki∞’ava¬, she who stays; iÃPpvÒ irupp’ava¬, she who will stay
iÃKkat∆ irukkäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not stay, does not stay, or will not stay
iÃNt∆ irunth’athu, it which stayed; iÃKá®∆ irukki∞’athu, it which stays; iÃPp∆ irupp’athu, it which will stay
iÃKkatvR(kÒ) irukkäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not stay, do not stay, or will not stay
iÃNtvR(kÒ) irunth’avar(ga¬), they who stayed; iÃKá®vR(kÒ) irukki∞’avar(ga¬), they who stay; iÃPpvR(kÒ) irupp’avar(ga¬), they who’ll stay
iÃKkatwv(kÒ) irukkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not stay, do not stay, or will not stay
iÃNtwv(kÒ) irunth’avai(ga¬), they who stayed; iÃKá®wv(kÒ) irukki∞’avai(ga¬), they who stay; iÃPpwv(kÒ) irupp’avai(ga¬), they who’ll stay
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle iÃKka∆ irukkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle iÃKkamL irukkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
iÃKkaçÃNEt˜
iÃKkaçÃKáE®˜
iÃKkaçÃPEp˜
iÃKkaçÃNtaL
irukkäth’irunthë√
irukkäth’irukki∞ë√
irukkäth’iruppë√
irukkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
iÃKkamL iÃNEt˜
iÃKkamL iÃKáE®˜
iÃKkamL iÃPEp˜
iÃKkamL iÃNtaL
irukkämal irunthë√
irukkämal irukki∞ë√
irukkämal iruppë√
irukkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t stayed (past perf.)
I haven’t stayed (pres. perf.)2
I won’t have stayed (f. perf.)2
(I-they) hadn’t stayed-if
I wasn’t staying
I am not staying
I won’t be staying
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t staying-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t stay-if
_______________
1This
same verb ià iru also has the meanings: to be, to exist; to have. Each of these meanings may be substituted for ‘to stay’.
2Not
in common use today.
3See
footnote 4 on page 3.
nd1 na∂a (v.i.)
ndŒıkÒ na∂avu≥ga¬
ndKk na∂akka
ndN∆ na∂anthu
walk (you)! (imperative s.)
walk (you)! (imper. plural)
to walk (infinitive)
(having) walked (past participle)
ndNt na∂antha (past adj. p.)
ndKá® na∂akki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
ndK¿M na∂akkum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) walked
(who, which) walks
(who, which) will walk
Present Tense
ndKáE®˜
ndKá®aY
ndKá®a˜
ndKá®aÒ
ndKá®∆
ndKáE®aM
ndKáΩR(kÒ)
ndKá®aR(kÒ)
ndKᘮˆ
Past Tense
ndNEt˜
ndNtaY
ndNta˜
ndNtaÒ
ndNt∆
ndNEtaM
ndN≥R(kÒ)
ndNtaR(kÒ)
ndNtˆ
Future Tense
ndPEp˜
ndPpaY
ndPpa˜
ndPpaÒ
ndK¿M
ndPEpaM
ndPµR(kÒ)
ndPpaR(kÒ)
ndK¿M
88
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
na∂akki∞ïë√
I walk
na∂akki∞ïäy
you walk
na∂akki∞ïä√
he walks
na∂akki∞ïä¬
she walks
na∂akki∞ïathu it walks
na∂akki∞ïöm
we walk
na∂akki∞ïïr(ga¬) you walk
na∂akki∞ïär(ga¬) they walk
na∂akki√∞ïa√a they walk
na∂anthïë√
na∂anthïäy
na∂anthïä√
na∂anthïä¬
na∂anthïathu
na∂anthïöm
na∂anthïïr(ga¬)
na∂anthïär(ga¬)
na∂anthïa√a
na∂appïë√
na∂appïäy
na∂appïä√
na∂appïä¬
na∂akkïum
na∂appïöm
na∂appïïr(ga¬)
na∂appïär(ga¬)
na∂akkïum
ndNçÃKáE®˜
ndNçÃKá®aY
ndNçÃKá®a˜
ndNçÃKá®aÒ
ndNçÃKá®∆
ndNçÃKáE®aM
ndNçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
ndNçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
ndNçÃKᘮˆ
na∂anth’irukki∞ïë√
na∂anth’irukki∞ïäy
na∂anth’irukki∞ïä√
na∂anth’irukki∞ïä¬
na∂anth’irukki∞ïathu
na∂anth’irukki∞ïöm
na∂anth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
na∂anth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
na∂anth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have walked; I am walking
you have walked; you are walking
he has walked; he is walking
she has walked; she is walking
it has walked; it is walking
we have walked; we are walking
you have walked; you are walking
they’ve walked; they are walking
they’ve walked; they are walking
I walked
you walked
he walked
she walked
it walked
we walked
you walked
they walked
they walked
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
ndNçÃNEt˜
na∂anth’irunthïë√
ndNçÃNtaY
na∂anth’irunthïäy
ndNçÃNta˜
na∂anth’irunthïä√
ndNçÃNtaÒ
na∂anth’irunthïä¬
ndNçÃNt∆
na∂anth’irunthïathu
ndNçÃNEtaM
na∂anth’irunthïöm
ndNçÃN≥(kÒ)
na∂anth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
ndNçÃNtaR(kÒ)
na∂anth’irunthïär(ga¬)
ndNçÃNtˆ
na∂anth’irunthïa√a
I had walked; I was walking
you had walked; you were walking
he had walked; he was walking
she had walked; she was walking
it had walked; it was walking
we had walked; we were walking
you had walked; you were walking
they’d walked; they were walking
they’d walked; they were walking
I’ll walk
you’ll walk
he’ll walk
she’ll walk
it’ll walk
we’ll walk
you’ll walk
they’ll walk
they’ll walk
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
ndNçÃPEp˜
na∂anth’iruppïë√
ndNçÃPpaY
na∂anth’iruppïäy
ndNçÃPpa˜
na∂anth’iruppïä√
ndNçÃPpaÒ
na∂anth’iruppïä¬
ndNçÃK¿M
na∂anth’irukkïum
ndNçÃPEpaM
na∂anth’iruppïöm
ndNçÃPµR(kÒ)
na∂anth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
ndNçÃPpaR(kÒ)
na∂anth’iruppïär(ga¬)
ndNçÃK¿M
na∂anth’irukkïum
I’ll have walked; I’ll be walking
you’ll ’ve walked; you’ll be walking
he’ll have walked; he’ll be walking
she’ll ’ve walked; she’ll be walking
it’ll have walked; it’ll be walking
we’ll have walked; we’ll be walking
you’ll ’ve walked; you’ll be walking
they’ll ’ve walked; they’ll be walking
they’ll ’ve walked; they’ll be walking
ndNtL na∂anthal
ndKwk na∂akkai
ndKkL na∂akkal
ndP»2 na∂appu
89
walking (verbal noun)
walking (action) (v. noun)
walking (verbal noun)
walking (verbal noun)
ndNt∆ na∂anth’athu
ndKá®∆ na∂akki∞’athu
ndPp∆ na∂app’athu
ndNtaL na∂anthäl
a (past) walking (v. noun)
a (present) walking (v. noun)
a (future) walking (v. noun)
(I-they) walk/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
ndKkaEt3 na∂akkäthë
ndKka≥R(kÒ)3 na∂akkäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) walk! (imperative s.) don’t (you) walk! (imp. pl.)
ndKkÉLwl na∂akkavillai
ndEv˜4 na∂avë√
(I-they) didn’t walk (‘past’)
I won’t walk (tenseless)
ndNt∆ iLwl na∂anthathu illai ndKá®çLwl na∂akki∞ath’illai
(I-they) didn’t (ever) walk
(I-they) don’t (ever) walk
ndKkat na∂akkätha
non-walking (past adj. part.)
ndKkmaDEd˜ na∂akka-m䆆ë√
I won’t walk (‘future’)
ndPp∆ iLwl na∂appathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) walk
ndKka∆ na∂akkäthu; ndKkamL na∂akkämal
without walking (neg. participle)
ndKkawm na∂akkämai; ndKkat∆ na∂akkäthathu
non-walking (neg. verbal nouns)
ndKkaÉDdaL5 na∂akkävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t walk-if (conditional)
ndKkatv˜ na∂akkäth’ava√, a man who didn’t walk, doesn’t walk, or won’t walk (this and all the following are participial nouns)
ndNtv˜ na∂anth’ava√, he who walked; ndKá®v˜ na∂akki∞’ava√, he who walks; ndPpv˜ na∂app’ava√, he who will walk
ndKkatvÒ na∂akkäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t walk, doesn’t walk, or won’t walk
ndNtvÒ na∂anth’ava¬, she who walked; ndKá®vÒ na∂akki∞’ava¬, she who walks; ndPpvÒ na∂app’ava¬, she who will walk
ndKkat∆ na∂akkäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t walk, doesn’t walk, or won’t walk
ndNt∆ na∂anth’athu, it which walked; ndKá®∆ na∂akki∞’athu, it which walks; ndPp∆ na∂app’athu, it which will walk
ndKkatvR(kÒ) na∂akkäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t walk, don’t walk, or won’t walk
ndNtvR(kÒ) na∂anth’avar(ga¬), they who walked; ndKá®vR(kÒ) na∂akki∞’avar(ga¬), they who walk; ndPpvR(kÒ) na∂app’avar(ga¬), they who’ll walk
ndKkatwv(kÒ) na∂akkäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t walk, don’t walk, or won’t walk
ndNtwv(kÒ) na∂anth’avai(ga¬), they who walked; ndKá®wv(kÒ) na∂akki∞’avai(ga¬), they who walk; ndPpwv(kÒ) na∂app’avai(ga¬), they who’ll walk
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ndKka∆ na∂akkäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ndKkamL na∂akkämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
ndKkaçÃNEt˜
ndKkaçÃKáE®˜
ndKkaçÃPEp˜
ndKkaçÃNtaL
na∂akkäth’irunthë√
na∂akkäth’irukki∞ë√
na∂akkäth’iruppë√
na∂akkäth’irunthäl (conditional)
ndKkamL iÃNEt˜
ndKkamL iÃKáE®˜
ndKkamL iÃPEp˜
ndKkamL iÃNtaL
na∂akkämal irunthë√
na∂akkämal irukki∞ë√
na∂akkämal iruppë√
na∂akkämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t walked (past perf.)
I haven’t walked (pres. perf.)2
I won’t have walked (f. perf.)2
(I-they) hadn’t walked-if
I wasn’t walking
I am not walking
I won’t be walking
(I-they) wasn’t / weren’t walking-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t / doesn’t walk -if
_______________
1This
same verb nd na∂a also has the meanings: ‘happen’ and ‘behave’.
4See
2Not
in common use today.
3This
could also mean: ‘don’t (you) behave [foolishly, etc.]’.
5This
footnote 4 on page 3.
could also mean either ‘if (it) doesn’t happen’ or ‘if (I, you, he, she, etc.) don’t / doesn’t behave’.
éL(Õ)1 nil(lu) (v.i.)
stand (you)! (imperative s.)
阮 ni√∞a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) stood
éLÕıkÒ nillu≥ga¬
stand (you)! (imper. plural)
é‰á® ni∞ki∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) stands
Present Tense
é‰áE®˜
é‰á®aY
é‰á®a˜
é‰á®aÒ
é‰á®∆
é‰áE®aM
é‰áΩR(kÒ)
é‰á®aR(kÒ)
é‰á˜®ˆ
é‰k ni∞ka
阛 ni√∞u
to stand (infinitive)
(having) stood (past participle)
鉿M ni∞kum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will stand
90
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
ni∞ki∞ïë√
ni∞ki∞ïäy
ni∞ki∞ïä√
ni∞ki∞ïä¬
ni∞ki∞ïathu
ni∞ki∞ïöm
ni∞ki∞ïïr(ga¬)
ni∞ki∞ïär(ga¬)
ni∞ki√∞ïa√a
I stand
you stand
he stands
she stands
it stands
we stand
you stand
they stand
they stand
é˜óÃKáE®˜
é˜óÃKá®aY
é˜óÃKá®a˜
é˜óÃKá®aÒ
é˜óÃKá®∆
é˜óÃKáE®aM
é˜óÃKáΩR(kÒ)
é˜óÃKá®aR(kÒ)
é˜óÃKᘮˆ
I had stood; I was standing
you had stood; you were standing
he had stood; he was standing
she had stood; she was standing
it had stood; it was standing
we had stood; we were standing
you had stood; you were standing
they’d stood; they were standing
they’d stood; they were standing
I’ll have stood; I’ll be standing
you’ll ’ve stood; you’ll be standing
he’ll have stood; he’ll be standing
she’ll ’ve stood; she’ll be standing
it’ll have stood; it’ll be standing
we’ll have stood; we’ll be standing
you’ll ’ve stood; you’ll be standing
they’ll ’ve stood; they’ll be standing
they’ll ’ve stood; they’ll be standing
ni√∞’irukki∞ïë√
ni√∞’irukki∞ïäy
ni√∞’irukki∞ïä√
ni√∞’irukki∞ïä¬
ni√∞’irukki∞ïathu
ni√∞’irukki∞ïöm
ni√∞’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
ni√∞’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
ni√∞’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
é˜E®˜
阮aY
阮a˜
阮aÒ
阮∆
é˜E®aM
é˜ΩR(kÒ)
阮aR(kÒ)
阮ˆ
ni√∞ïë√
ni√∞ïäy
ni√∞ïä√
ni√∞ïä¬
ni√∞ïathu
ni√∞ïöm
ni√∞ïïr(ga¬)
ni√∞ïär(ga¬)
ni√∞ïa√a
I stood
you stood
he stood
she stood
it stood
we stood
you stood
they stood
they stood
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
é˜óÃNEt˜
ni√∞’irunthïë√
é˜óÃNtaY
ni√∞’irunthïäy
é˜óÃNta˜
ni√∞’irunthïä√
é˜óÃNtaÒ
ni√∞’irunthïä¬
é˜óÃNt∆
ni√∞’irunthïathu
é˜óÃNEtaM
ni√∞’irunthïöm
é˜óÃN≥(kÒ)
ni√∞’irunthïïr(ga¬)
é˜óÃNtaR(kÒ)
ni√∞’irunthïär(ga¬)
é˜óÃNtˆ
ni√∞’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
é‰Ep˜
é‰paY
é‰pa˜
é‰paÒ
鉿M
é‰EpaM
鉵R(kÒ)
é‰paR(kÒ)
鉿M
ni∞pïë√
ni∞pïäy
ni∞pïä√
ni∞pïä¬
ni∞kïum
ni∞pïöm
ni∞pïïr(ga¬)
ni∞pïär(ga¬)
ni∞kïum
I’ll stand
you’ll stand
he’ll stand
she’ll stand
it’ll stand
we’ll stand
you’ll stand
they’ll stand
they’ll stand
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
é˜óÃPEp˜
ni√∞’iruppïë√
é˜óÃPpaY
ni√∞’iruppïäy
é˜óÃPpa˜
ni√∞’iruppïä√
é˜óÃPpaÒ
ni√∞’iruppïä¬
é˜óÃK¿M
ni√∞’irukkïum
é˜óÃPEpaM
ni√∞’iruppïöm
é˜óÃPµR(kÒ)
ni√∞’iruppïïr(ga¬)
é˜óÃPpaR(kÒ)
ni√∞’iruppïär(ga¬)
é˜óÃK¿M
ni√∞’irukkïum
I have stood; I am standing
you have stood; you are standing
he has stood; he is standing
she has stood; she is standing
it has stood; it is standing
we have stood; we are standing
you have stood; you are standing
they’ve stood; they are standing
they’ve stood; they are standing
鉮L ni∞∞al
é‰wk ni∞kai
é‰kL ni∞kal
鉻2 ni∞pu
91
standing (verbal noun)
standing (action) (v. noun)
standing (verbal noun)
standing (verbal noun)
阮∆ ni√∞’athu
é‰á®∆ ni∞ki∞’athu
é‰p∆ ni∞p’athu
阮aL ni√∞äl
a (past) standing (v. noun)
a (present) standing (v. noun)
a (future) standing (v. noun)
(I-they) stand/stands-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
é‰kaEt ni∞käthë
é‰ka≥R(kÒ) ni∞käthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) stand! (imp.)
don’t (you) stand! (imp. pl.)
é‰kÉLwl ni∞kavillai
éLEl˜3 nillë√
(I-they) didn’t stand (‘past’)
I won’t stand (tenseless)
阮∆ iLwl ni√∞athu illai
é‰á®çLwl ni∞ki∞ath’illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) stood (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) stand
é‰kat ni∞kätha
non-standing (neg. adj. part.)
é‰kmaDEd˜ ni∞ka-m䆆ë√
I won’t stand (‘future’)
é‰p∆ iLwl ni∞pathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) stand
é‰ka∆ ni∞käthu; é‰kamL ni∞kämal
without standing (neg. participle)
é‰kawm ni∞kämai; é‰kat∆ ni∞käthathu
non-standing (neg. verbal nouns)
é‰kaÉDdaL ni∞kävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t stand-if (conditional)
é‰katv˜ ni∞käth’ava√, a man who did not stand, does not stand, or will not stand (this and all the following are participial nouns)
阮v˜ ni√∞’ava√, he who stood; é‰á®v˜ ni∞ki∞’ava√, he who stands; é‰pv˜ ni∞p’ava√, he who will stand
é‰katvÒ ni∞käth’ava¬, a woman who did not stand, does not stand, or will not stand
阮vÒ ni√∞’ava¬, she who stood; é‰á®vÒ ni∞ki∞’ava¬, she who stands; é‰pvÒ ni∞p’ava¬, she who will stand
é‰kat∆ ni∞käth’athu, an animal or thing which did not stand, does not stand, or will not stand
阮∆ ni√∞’athu, it which stood; é‰á®∆ ni∞ki∞’athu, it which stands; é‰p∆ ni∞p’athu, it which will stand
é‰katvR(kÒ) ni∞käth’avar(ga¬), people who did not stand, do not stand, or will not stand
阮vR(kÒ) ni√∞’avar(ga¬), they who stood; é‰á®vR(kÒ) ni∞ki∞’avar(ga¬), they who stand; é‰pvR(kÒ) ni∞p’avar(ga¬), they who’ll stand
é‰katwv(kÒ) ni∞käth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not stand, do not stand, or will not stand
阮wv(kÒ) ni√∞’avai(ga¬), they who stood; é‰á®wv(kÒ) ni∞ki∞’avai(ga¬), they who stand; é‰pwv(kÒ) ni∞p’avai(ga¬), they who’ll stand
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle é‰ka∆ ni∞käthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle é‰kamL ni∞kämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
é‰kaçÃNEt˜
é‰kaçÃKáE®˜
é‰kaçÃPEp˜
é‰kaçÃNtaL
ni∞käth’irunthë√
ni∞käth’irukki∞ë√
ni∞käth’iruppë√
ni∞käth’irunthäl (conditional)
é‰kamL iÃNEt˜
é‰kamL iÃKáE®˜
é‰kamL iÃPEp˜
é‰kamL iÃNtaL
ni∞kämal irunthë√
ni∞kämal irukki∞ë√
ni∞kämal iruppë√
ni∞kämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t stood (past perf.)
I haven’t stood (pres. perf.)2
I won’t have stood (f. perf.)2
(I-they) hadn’t stood-if
I wasn’t standing
I am not standing
I won’t be standing
(I-they) was/were not standing-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t stand-if
_______________
1We
have used ‘stand’ as the translation for éL in this paradigm, but other important meanings are ‘be’ and ‘stay’.
2Not
in common use today.
3See
footnote 4 on page 3.
kaB kä∫ (v.t.)
see (you)! (imperative s.)
kBd ka∫∂a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) saw
ka≈ıkÒ kä∫u≥ga¬
see (you)! (imper. plural)
kaBá® kä∫gi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) sees
Present Tense
kaBáE®˜
kaBá®aY
kaBá®a˜
kaBá®aÒ
kaBá®∆
kaBáE®aM
kaBáΩR(kÒ)
kaBá®aR(kÒ)
kaBᘮˆ
kab kä∫a
kBƒ ka∫∂u
to see (infinitive)
(having) seen (past participle)
ka≈M kä∫um (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will see
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
kä∫gi∞ïë√
kä∫gi∞ïäy
kä∫gi∞ïä√
kä∫gi∞ïä¬
kä∫gi∞ïathu
kä∫gi∞ïöm
kä∫gi∞ïïr(ga¬)
kä∫gi∞ïär(ga¬)
kä∫gi√∞ïa√a
I see
you see
he sees
she sees
it sees
we see
you see
they see
they see
kBãÃKáE®˜
kBãÃKá®aY
kBãÃKá®a˜
kBãÃKá®aÒ
kBãÃKá®∆
kBãÃKáE®aM
kBãÃKáΩR(kÒ)
kBãÃKá®aR(kÒ)
kBãÃKᘮˆ
I had seen; I was seeing
you had seen; you were seeing
he had seen; he was seeing
she had seen; she was seeing
it had seen; it was seeing
we had seen; we were seeing
you had seen; you were seeing
they’d seen; they were seeing
they’d seen; they were seeing
I’ll have seen; I’ll be seeing
you’ll ’ve seen; you’ll be seeing
he’ll have seen; he’ll be seeing
she’ll ’ve seen; she’ll be seeing
it’ll have seen; it’ll be seeing
we’ll have seen; we’ll be seeing
you’ll ’ve seen; you’ll be seeing
they’ll ’ve seen; they’ll be seeing
they’ll ’ve seen; they’ll be seeing
ka∫∂’irukki∞ïë√
ka∫∂’irukki∞ïäy
ka∫∂’irukki∞ïä√
ka∫∂’irukki∞ïä¬
ka∫∂’irukki∞ïathu
ka∫∂’irukki∞ïöm
ka∫∂’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
ka∫∂’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
ka∫∂’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
kBEd˜
kBdaY
kBda˜
kBdaÒ
kBd∆
kBEdaM
kB±R(kÒ)
kBdaR(kÒ)
kBdˆ
ka∫∂ïë√
ka∫∂ïäy
ka∫∂ïä√
ka∫∂ïä¬
ka∫∂ïathu
ka∫∂ïöm
ka∫∂ïïr(ga¬)
ka∫∂ïär(ga¬)
ka∫∂ïa√a
I saw
you saw
he saw
she saw
it saw
we saw
you saw
they saw
they saw
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
kBãÃNEt˜
ka∫∂’irunthïë√
kBãÃNtaY
ka∫∂’irunthïäy
kBãÃNta˜
ka∫∂’irunthïä√
kBãÃNtaÒ
ka∫∂’irunthïä¬
kBãÃNt∆
ka∫∂’irunthïathu
kBãÃNEtaM
ka∫∂’irunthïöm
kBãÃN≥(kÒ)
ka∫∂’irunthïïr(ga¬)
kBãÃNtaR(kÒ)
ka∫∂’irunthïär(ga¬)
kBãÃNtˆ
ka∫∂’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
kaBEp˜
kaBpaY
kaBpa˜
kaBpaÒ
ka≈M
kaBEpaM
kaBµR(kÒ)
kaBpaR(kÒ)
ka≈M
kä∫bïë√
kä∫bïäy
kä∫bïä√
kä∫bïä¬
kä∫ïum
kä∫bïöm
kä∫bïïr(ga¬)
kä∫bïär(ga¬)
kä∫ïum
I’ll see
you’ll see
he’ll see
she’ll see
it’ll see
we’ll see
you’ll see
they’ll see
they’ll see
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
kBãÃPEp˜
ka∫∂’iruppïë√
kBãÃPpaY
ka∫∂’iruppïäy
kBãÃPpa˜
ka∫∂’iruppïä√
kBãÃPpaÒ
ka∫∂’iruppïä¬
kBãÃK¿M
ka∫∂’irukkïum
kBãÃPEpaM
ka∫∂’iruppïöm
kBãÃPµR(kÒ)
ka∫∂’iruppïïr(ga¬)
kBãÃPpaR(kÒ)
ka∫∂’iruppïär(ga¬)
kBãÃK¿M
ka∫∂’irukkïum
I have seen; I am seeing
you have seen; you are seeing
he has seen; he is seeing
she has seen; she is seeing
it has seen; it is seeing
we have seen; we are seeing
you have seen; you are seeing
they’ve seen; they are seeing
they’ve seen; they are seeing
92
kaBdL kä∫∂al
kaBwk1 kä∫gai
kabL kä∫al
kaB» kä∫bu
93
seeing (verbal noun)
seeing (action) (v. noun)
seeing (verbal noun)
seeing (verbal noun)
kBd∆ ka∫∂’athu
kaBá®∆ kä∫gi∞’athu
kaBp∆ kä∫b’athu
kBdaL ka∫∂äl
a (past) seeing (v. noun)
a (present) seeing (v. noun)
a (future) seeing (v. noun)
(I-they) see/sees-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
kabaEt kä∫äthë
kaba≥R(kÒ) kä∫äthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) see! (imp.)
don’t (you) see! (imp. pl.)
kabÉLwl kä∫avillai
kaEb˜2 kä∫ë√
(I-they) didn’t see (‘past’)
I won’t see (tenseless)
kBd∆ iLwl ka∫∂athu illai
kaBá®çLwl kä∫gi∞ath’illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) seen (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) see
kabat kä∫ätha
non-seeing (neg. adj. part.)
kabmaDEd˜ kä∫a-m䆆ë√
I won’t see (‘future’)
kaBp∆ iLwl kä∫bathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) see
kaba∆ kä∫äthu; kabamL kä∫ämal
without seeing (neg. participle)
kabawm kä∫ämai; kabat∆ kä∫äthathu
non-seeing (neg. verbal nouns)
kabaÉDdaL kä∫ävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t see-if (conditional)
kabatv˜ kä∫äth’ava√, a man who did not see, does not see, or will not see (this and all the following are participial nouns)
kBdv˜ ka∫∂’ava√, he who saw; kaBá®v˜ kä∫gi∞’ava√, he who sees; kaBpv˜ kä∫b’ava√, he who will see
kabatvÒ kä∫äth’ava¬, a woman who did not see, does not see, or will not see
kBdvÒ ka∫∂’ava¬, she who saw; kaBá®vÒ kä∫gi∞’ava¬, she who sees; kaBpvÒ kä∫b’ava¬, she who will see
kabat∆ kä∫äth’athu, an animal or thing which did not see, does not see, or will not see
kBd∆ ka∫∂’athu, it which saw; kaBá®∆ kä∫gi∞’athu, it which sees; kaBp∆ kä∫b’athu, it which will see
kabatvR(kÒ) kä∫äth’avar(ga¬), people who did not see, do not see, or will not see
kBdvR(kÒ) ka∫∂’avar(ga¬), they who saw; kaBá®vR(kÒ) kä∫gi∞’avar(ga¬), they who see; kaBpvR(kÒ) kä∫b’avar(ga¬), they who’ll see
kabatwv(kÒ) kä∫äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not see, do not see, or will not see
kBdwv(kÒ) ka∫∂’avai(ga¬), they who saw; kaBá®wv(kÒ) kä∫gi∞’avai(ga¬), they who see; kaBpwv(kÒ) kä∫b’avai(ga¬), they who’ll see
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle kaba∆ kä∫äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle kabamL kä∫ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
kabaçÃNEt˜
kabaçÃKáE®˜
kabaçÃPEp˜
kabaçÃNtaL
kä∫äth’irunthë√
kä∫äth’irukki∞ë√
kä∫äth’iruppë√
kä∫äth’irunthäl (conditional)
kabamL iÃNEt˜
kabamL iÃKáE®˜
kabamL iÃPEp˜
kabamL iÃNtaL
kä∫ämal irunthë√
kä∫ämal irukki∞ë√
kä∫ämal iruppë√
kä∫ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t seen (past perf.)
I haven’t seen (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have seen (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t seen-if
I wasn’t seeing
I am not seeing
I won’t be seeing
(I-they) was/were not seeing-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t see-if
_______________
1Not
2In
on page 3.
in common use today.
modern times, kaEbaM kä∫öm (‘we haven’t seen’) is a very common idiomatic expression. But kaEb˜ kä∫ë√ and the others are not – see footnote 4
uB(≈) u∫(∫u) (v.t.)
eat (you)! (imperative s.)
uBd u∫∂a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) eaten
uB≈ıkÒ u∫∫u≥ga¬
eat (you)! (imper. plural)
uBá® u∫gi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) eats
Present Tense
uBáE®˜
uBá®aY
uBá®a˜
uBá®aÒ
uBá®∆
uBáE®aM
uBáΩR(kÒ)
uBá®aR(kÒ)
uBᘮˆ
uBb u∫∫a
uBƒ u∫∂u
to eat (infinitive)
(having) eaten (past participle)
uB≈M u∫∫um (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will eat
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
u∫gi∞ïë√
u∫gi∞ïäy
u∫gi∞ïä√
u∫gi∞ïä¬
u∫gi∞ïathu
u∫gi∞ïöm
u∫gi∞ïïr(ga¬)
u∫gi∞ïär(ga¬)
u∫gi√∞ïa√a
I eat
you eat
he eats
she eats
it eats
we eat
you eat
they eat
they eat
uBãÃKáE®˜
uBãÃKá®aY
uBãÃKá®a˜
uBãÃKá®aÒ
uBãÃKá®∆
uBãÃKáE®aM
uBãÃKáΩR(kÒ)
uBãÃKá®aR(kÒ)
uBãÃKᘮˆ
I had eaten; I was eating
you had eaten; you were eating
he had eaten; he was eating
she had eaten; she was eating
it had eaten; it was eating
we had eaten; we were eating
you had eaten; you were eating
they had eaten; they were eating
they had eaten; they were eating
I’ll have eaten; I’ll be eating
you’ll have eaten; you’ll be eating
he’ll have eaten; he’ll be eating
she’ll have eaten; she’ll be eating
it’ll have eaten; it’ll be eating
we’ll have eaten; we’ll be eating
you’ll have eaten; you’ll be eating
they’ll have eaten; they’ll be eating
they’ll have eaten; they’ll be eating
u∫∂’irukki∞ïë√
u∫∂’irukki∞ïäy
u∫∂’irukki∞ïä√
u∫∂’irukki∞ïä¬
u∫∂’irukki∞ïathu
u∫∂’irukki∞ïöm
u∫∂’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
u∫∂’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
u∫∂’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
uBEd˜
uBdaY
uBda˜
uBdaÒ
uBd∆
uBEdaM
uB±R(kÒ)
uBdaR(kÒ)
uBdˆ
u∫∂ïë√
u∫∂ïäy
u∫∂ïä√
u∫∂ïä¬
u∫∂ïathu
u∫∂ïöm
u∫∂ïïr(ga¬)
u∫∂ïär(ga¬)
u∫∂ïa√a
I ate
you ate
he ate
she ate
it ate
we ate
you ate
they ate
they ate
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
uBãÃNEt˜
u∫∂’irunthïë√
uBãÃNtaY
u∫∂’irunthïäy
uBãÃNta˜
u∫∂’irunthïä√
uBãÃNtaÒ
u∫∂’irunthïä¬
uBãÃNt∆
u∫∂’irunthïathu
uBãÃNEtaM
u∫∂’irunthïöm
uBãÃN≥(kÒ)
u∫∂’irunthïïr(ga¬)
uBãÃNtaR(kÒ)
u∫∂’irunthïär(ga¬)
uBãÃNtˆ
u∫∂’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
uBEp˜
uBpaY
uBpa˜
uBpaÒ
uB≈M
uBEpaM
uBµR(kÒ)
uBpaR(kÒ)
uB≈M
u∫bïë√
u∫bïäy
u∫bïä√
u∫bïä¬
u∫∫ïum
u∫bïöm
u∫bïïr(ga¬)
u∫bïär(ga¬)
u∫∫ïum
I’ll eat
you’ll eat
he’ll eat
she’ll eat
it’ll eat
we’ll eat
you’ll eat
they’ll eat
they’ll eat
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
uBãÃPEp˜
u∫∂’iruppïë√
uBãÃPpaY
u∫∂’iruppïäy
uBãÃPpa˜
u∫∂’iruppïä√
uBãÃPpaÒ
u∫∂’iruppïä¬
uBãÃK¿M
u∫∂’irukkïum
uBãÃPEpaM
u∫∂’iruppïöm
uBãÃPµR(kÒ)
u∫∂’iruppïïr(ga¬)
uBãÃPpaR(kÒ)
u∫∂’iruppïär(ga¬)
uBãÃK¿M
u∫∂’irukkïum
I have eaten; I am eating
you have eaten; you are eating
he has eaten; he is eating
she has eaten; she is eating
it has eaten; it is eating
we have eaten; we are eating
you have eaten; you are eating
they have eaten; they are eating
they have eaten; they are eating
94
uB≈tL u∫∫uthal
uBwk u∫gai
uBbL u∫∫al
uB»1 u∫bu
95
eating (verbal noun)
eating (action) (v. noun)
eating (verbal noun)
eating (verbal noun)
uBd∆ u∫∂’athu
uBá®∆ u∫gi∞’athu
uBp∆ u∫b’athu
uBdaL u∫∂äl
a (past) eating (v. noun)
a (present) eating (v. noun)
a (future) eating (v. noun)
(I-they) eat/eats-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
uBbaEt u∫∫äthë
uBba≥R(kÒ) u∫∫äthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) eat! (imp.)
don’t (you) eat! (imp. pl.)
uBbÉLwl u∫∫avillai
uBEb˜2 u∫∫ë√
(I-they) didn’t eat (‘past’)
I won’t eat (tenseless)
uBd∆ iLwl u∫∂athu illai
uBá®çLwl u∫gi∞ath’illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) eaten (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) eat
uBbat u∫∫ätha
non-eating (neg. adj. part.)
uBbmaDEd˜ u∫∫a-m䆆ë√
I won’t eat (‘future’)
uBp∆ iLwl u∫bathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) eat
uBba∆ u∫∫äthu; uBbamL u∫∫ämal
without eating (neg. participle)
uBbawm u∫∫ämai; uBbat∆ u∫∫äthathu
non-eating (neg. verbal nouns)
uBbaÉDdaL u∫∫ävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t eat-if (conditional)
uBbatv˜ u∫∫äth’ava√, a man who did not eat, does not eat, or will not eat (this and all the following are participial nouns)
uBdv˜ u∫∂’ava√, he who ate; uBá®v˜ u∫gi∞’ava√, he who eats; uBpv˜ u∫b’ava√, he who will eat
uBbatvÒ u∫∫äth’ava¬, a woman who did not eat, does not eat, or will not eat
uBdvÒ u∫∂’ava¬, she who ate; uBá®vÒ u∫gi∞’ava¬, she who eats; uBpvÒ u∫b’ava¬, she who will eat
uBbat∆ u∫∫äth’athu, an animal or thing which did not eat, does not eat, or will not eat
uBd∆ u∫∂’athu, it which ate; uBá®∆ u∫gi∞’athu, it which eats; uBp∆ u∫b’athu, it which will eat
uBbatvR(kÒ) u∫∫äth’avar(ga¬), people who did not eat, do not eat, or will not eat
uBdvR(kÒ) u∫∂’avar(ga¬), they who ate; uBá®vR(kÒ) u∫gi∞’avar(ga¬), they who eat; uBpvR(kÒ) u∫b’avar(ga¬), they who will eat
uBbatwv(kÒ) u∫∫äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not eat, do not eat, or will not eat
uBdwv(kÒ) u∫∂’avai(ga¬), they who ate; uBá®wv(kÒ) u∫gi∞’avai(ga¬), they who eat; uBpwv(kÒ) u∫b’avai(ga¬), they who will eat
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle uBba∆ u∫∫äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle uBbamL u∫∫ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
uBbaçÃNEt˜
uBbaçÃKáE®˜
uBbaçÃPEp˜
uBbaçÃNtaL
u∫∫äth’irunthë√
u∫∫äth’irukki∞ë√
u∫∫äth’iruppë√
u∫∫äth’irunthäl (conditional)
uBbamL iÃNEt˜
uBbamL iÃKáE®˜
uBbamL iÃPEp˜
uBbamL iÃNtaL
u∫∫ämal irunthë√
u∫∫ämal irukki∞ë√
u∫∫ämal iruppë√
u∫∫ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t eaten (past perf.)
I haven’t eaten (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have eaten (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t eaten-if
I wasn’t eating
I am not eating
I won’t be eating
(I-they) was/were not eating-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t eat-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
¶˜(fi)* e√(√u) (v.t.)
say (you)! (imperative s.)
¶˜® e√∞a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) said
¶˜fiıkÒ* e√√u≥ga¬
say (you)! (imper. plural)
¶˜á® e√gi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) says
Present Tense
¶˜áE®˜
¶˜á®aY
¶˜á®a˜
¶˜á®aÒ
¶˜á®∆
¶˜áE®aM
¶˜áΩR(kÒ)
¶˜á®aR(kÒ)
¶˜á˜®ˆ
¶˜ˆ e√√a
¶˜› e√∞u
to say (infinitive)
(having) said (past participle)
¶˜fiM e√√um (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will say
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
e√gi∞ïë√
e√gi∞ïäy
e√gi∞ïä√
e√gi∞ïä¬
e√gi∞ïathu
e√gi∞ïöm
e√gi∞ïïr(ga¬)
e√gi∞ïär(ga¬)
e√gi√∞ïa√a
I say
you say
he says
she says
it says
we say
you say
they say
they say
¶˜óÃKáE®˜
¶˜óÃKá®aY
¶˜óÃKá®a˜
¶˜óÃKá®aÒ
¶˜óÃKá®∆
¶˜óÃKáE®aM
¶˜óÃKáΩR(kÒ)
¶˜óÃKá®aR(kÒ)
¶˜óÃKᘮˆ
I had said; I was saying
you had said; you were saying
he had said; he was saying
she had said; she was saying
it had said; it was saying
we had said; we were saying
you had said; you were saying
they’d said; they were saying
they’d said; they were saying
I’ll have said; I’ll be saying
you’ll ’ve said; you’ll be saying
he’ll have said; he’ll be saying
she’ll ’ve said; she’ll be saying
it’ll have said; it’ll be saying
we’ll have said; we’ll be saying
you’ll ’ve said; you’ll be saying
they’ll ’ve said; they’ll be saying
they’ll ’ve said; they’ll be saying
e√∞’irukki∞ïë√
e√∞’irukki∞ïäy
e√∞’irukki∞ïä√
e√∞’irukki∞ïä¬
e√∞’irukki∞ïathu
e√∞’irukki∞ïöm
e√∞’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
e√∞’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
e√∞’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
¶˜E®˜
¶˜®aY
¶˜®a˜
¶˜®aÒ
¶˜®∆
¶˜E®aM
¶˜ΩR(kÒ)
¶˜®aR(kÒ)
¶˜®ˆ
e√∞ïë√
e√∞ïäy
e√∞ïä√
e√∞ïä¬
e√∞ïathu
e√∞ïöm
e√∞ïïr(ga¬)
e√∞ïär(ga¬)
e√∞ïa√a
I said
you said
he said
she said
it said
we said
you said
they said
they said
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
¶˜óÃNEt˜
e√∞’irunthïë√
¶˜óÃNtaY
e√∞’irunthïäy
¶˜óÃNta˜
e√∞’irunthïä√
¶˜óÃNtaÒ
e√∞’irunthïä¬
¶˜óÃNt∆
e√∞’irunthïathu
¶˜óÃNEtaM
e√∞’irunthïöm
¶˜óÃN≥(kÒ)
e√∞’irunthïïr(ga¬)
¶˜óÃNtaR(kÒ)
e√∞’irunthïär(ga¬)
¶˜óÃNtˆ
e√∞’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
¶˜Ep˜
¶˜paY
¶˜pa˜
¶˜paÒ
¶˜fiM
¶˜EpaM
¶˜µR(kÒ)
¶˜paR(kÒ)
¶˜fiM
e√bïë√
e√bïäy
e√bïä√
e√bïä¬
e√√ïum
e√bïöm
e√bïïr(ga¬)
e√bïär(ga¬)
e√√ïum
I’ll say
you’ll say
he’ll say
she’ll say
it’ll say
we’ll say
you’ll say
they’ll say
they’ll say
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
¶˜óÃPEp˜
e√∞’iruppïë√
¶˜óÃPpaY
e√∞’iruppïäy
¶˜óÃPpa˜
e√∞’iruppïä√
¶˜óÃPpaÒ
e√∞’iruppïä¬
¶˜óÃK¿M
e√∞’irukkïum
¶˜óÃPEpaM
e√∞’iruppïöm
¶˜óÃPµR(kÒ)
e√∞’iruppïïr(ga¬)
¶˜óÃPpaR(kÒ)
e√∞’iruppïär(ga¬)
¶˜óÃK¿M
e√∞’irukkïum
I have said; I am saying
you have said; you are saying
he has said; he is saying
she has said; she is saying
it has said; it is saying
we have said; we are saying
you have said; you are saying
they’ve said; they are saying
they’ve said; they are saying
96
¶˜®L* e√∞al
¶˜wk1 e√gai
¶˜ˆL e√√al
¶˜»1 e√bu
97
saying (verbal noun)
saying (action) (v. noun)
saying (verbal noun)
saying (verbal noun)
¶˜®∆ e√∞’athu
¶˜á®∆ e√gi∞’athu
¶˜p∆ e√b’athu
¶˜®aL e√∞äl
a (past) saying (v. noun)
a (present) saying (v. noun)
a (future) saying (v. noun)
(I-they) say/says-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
¶˜ˆaEt e√√äthë
¶˜ˆa≥R(kÒ) e√√äthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) say! (imp.)
don’t (you) say! (imp. pl.)
¶˜ˆÉLwl e√√avillai
¶˜Eˆ˜2 e√√ë√
(I-they) didn’t say (‘past’)
I won’t say (tenseless)
¶˜®∆ iLwl e√∞athu illai
¶˜á®çLwl e√gi∞ath’illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) said (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) say
¶˜ˆat e√√ätha
non-saying (neg. adj. part.)
¶˜ˆmaDEd˜* e√√a-m䆆ë√
I won’t say (‘future’)
¶˜p∆ iLwl e√bathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) say
¶˜ˆa∆ e√√äthu; ¶˜ˆamL e√√ämal
without saying (neg. participle)
¶˜ˆawm* e√√ämai; ¶˜ˆat∆* e√√äthathu
non-saying (neg. verbal nouns)
¶˜ˆaÉDdaL* e√√ävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t say-if (conditional)
¶˜ˆatv˜ e√√äth’ava√, a man who did not say, does not say, or will not say (this and all the following are participial nouns*)
¶˜®v˜ e√∞’ava√, he who said; ¶˜á®v˜ e√gi∞’ava√, he who says; ¶˜pv˜ e√b’ava√, he who will say
¶˜ˆatvÒ e√√äth’ava¬, a woman who did not say, does not say, or will not say
¶˜®vÒ e√∞’ava¬, she who said; ¶˜á®vÒ e√gi∞’ava¬, she who says; ¶˜pvÒ e√b’ava¬, she who will say
¶˜ˆat∆ e√√äth’athu, an animal or thing which did not say, does not say, or will not say
¶˜®∆ e√∞’athu, it which said; ¶˜á®∆ e√gi∞’athu, it which says; ¶˜p∆ e√b’athu, it which will say
¶˜ˆatvR(kÒ) e√√äth’avar(ga¬), people who did not say, do not say, or will not say
¶˜®vR(kÒ) e√∞’avar(ga¬), they who said; ¶˜á®vR(kÒ) e√gi∞’avar(ga¬), they who say; ¶˜pvR(kÒ) e√b’avar(ga¬), they who’ll say
¶˜ˆatwv(kÒ) e√√äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not say, do not say, or will not say
¶˜®wv(kÒ) e√∞’avai(ga¬), they who said; ¶˜á®wv(kÒ) e√gi∞’avai(ga¬), they who say; ¶˜pwv(kÒ) e√b’avai(ga¬), they who’ll say
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ¶˜ˆa∆ e√√äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ¶˜ˆamL e√√ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
¶˜ˆaçÃNEt˜
¶˜ˆaçÃKáE®˜
¶˜ˆaçÃPEp˜
¶˜ˆaçÃNtaL
e√√äth’irunthë√
e√√äth’irukki∞ë√
e√√äth’iruppë√
e√√äth’irunthäl (conditional)
¶˜ˆamL iÃNEt˜
¶˜ˆamL iÃKáE®˜
¶˜ˆamL iÃPEp˜
¶˜ˆamL iÃNtaL
e√√ämal irunthë√
e√√ämal irukki∞ë√
e√√ämal iruppë√
e√√ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t said (past perf.)
I haven’t said (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have said (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t said-if
I wasn’t saying
I am not saying
I won’t be saying
(I-they) was/were not saying-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t say-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
ɤ viΩu (v.i.)
(you) fall! (imperative singular)
ɤNt viΩuntha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) fell
ɤıkÒ viΩu≥ga¬
(you) fall! (imperative pural)
ɤᮠviΩugi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) falls
Present Tense
ɤáE®˜
ɤá®aY
ɤá®a˜
ɤá®aÒ
ɤá®∆
ɤáE®aM
ɤáΩR(kÒ)
ɤá®aR(kÒ)
ɤᘮˆ
Past Tense
ɤNEt˜
ɤNtaY
ɤNta˜
ɤNtaÒ
ɤNt∆
ɤNEtaM
ɤN≥R(kÒ)
ɤNtaR(kÒ)
ɤNtˆ
Future Tense
ɤEv˜
ɤvaY
ɤva˜
ɤvaÒ
ɤM
ɤEvaM
ɤ™R(kÒ)
ɤvaR(kÒ)
ɤM
Éz viΩa
ɤN∆ viΩunthu
to fall (infinitive)
(having) fallen (past participle)
ɤM viΩum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will fall
98
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
viΩugi∞ïë√
viΩugi∞ïäy
viΩugi∞ïä√
viΩugi∞ïä¬
viΩugi∞ïathu
viΩugi∞ïöm
viΩugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
viΩugi∞ïär(ga¬)
viΩugi√∞ïa√a
viΩunthïë√
viΩunthïäy
viΩunthïä√
viΩunthïä¬
viΩunthïathu
viΩunthïöm
viΩunthïïr(ga¬)
viΩunthïär(ga¬)
viΩunthïa√a
viΩuvïë√
viΩuvïäy
viΩuvïä√
viΩuvïä¬
viΩïum
viΩuvïöm
viΩuvïïr(ga¬)
viΩuvïär(ga¬)
viΩïum
I fall
you fall
he falls
she falls
it falls
we fall
you fall
they fall
they fall
ɤNçÃKáE®˜
ɤNçÃKá®aY
ɤNçÃKá®a˜
ɤNçÃKá®aÒ
ɤNçÃKá®∆
ɤNçÃKáE®aM
ɤNçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
ɤNçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
ɤNçÃKᘮˆ
I fell
you fell
he fell
she fell
it fell
we fell
you fell
they fell
they fell
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
ɤNçÃNEt˜
viΩunth’irunthïë√
ɤNçÃNtaY
viΩunth’irunthïäy
ɤNçÃNta˜
viΩunth’irunthïä√
ɤNçÃNtaÒ
viΩunth’irunthïä¬
ɤNçÃNt∆
viΩunth’irunthïathu
ɤNçÃNEtaM
viΩunth’irunthïöm
ɤNçÃN≥(kÒ)
viΩunth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
ɤNçÃNtaR(kÒ)
viΩunth’irunthïär(ga¬)
ɤNçÃNtˆ
viΩunth’irunthïa√a
I had fallen; I was falling
you had fallen; you were falling
he had fallen; he was falling
she had fallen; she was falling
it had fallen; it was falling
we had fallen; we were falling
you had fallen; you were falling
they had fallen; they were falling
they had fallen; they were falling
I’ll fall
you’ll fall
he’ll fall
she’ll fall
it’ll fall
we’ll fall
you’ll fall
they’ll fall
they’ll fall
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
ɤNçÃPEp˜
viΩunth’iruppïë√
ɤNçÃPpaY
viΩunth’iruppïäy
ɤNçÃPpa˜
viΩunth’iruppïä√
ɤNçÃPpaÒ
viΩunth’iruppïä¬
ɤNçÃK¿M
viΩunth’irukkïum
ɤNçÃPEpaM
viΩunth’iruppïöm
ɤNçÃPµR(kÒ)
viΩunth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
ɤNçÃPpaR(kÒ)
viΩunth’iruppïär(ga¬)
ɤNçÃK¿M
viΩunth’irukkïum
I’ll have fallen; I’ll be falling
you’ll have fallen; you’ll be falling
he’ll have fallen; he’ll be falling
she’ll have fallen; she’ll be falling
it’ll have fallen; it’ll be falling
we’ll have fallen; we’ll be falling
you’ll have fallen; you’ll be falling
they’ll have fallen; they’ll be falling
they’ll have fallen; they’ll be falling
viΩunth’irukki∞ïë√
viΩunth’irukki∞ïäy
viΩunth’irukki∞ïä√
viΩunth’irukki∞ïä¬
viΩunth’irukki∞ïathu
viΩunth’irukki∞ïöm
viΩunth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
viΩunth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
viΩunth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have fallen; I am falling
you have fallen; you are falling
he has fallen; he is falling
she has fallen; she is falling
it has fallen; it is falling
we have fallen; we are falling
you have fallen; you are falling
they have fallen; they are falling
they have fallen; they are falling
ɤtL viΩuthal
ɤwk1 viΩugai
ÉzL viΩal
ɤŒ viΩuvu
99
falling (verbal noun)
falling (verbal noun)
falling (verbal noun)
falling (verbal noun)
ɤNt∆ viΩunth’athu
ɤá®∆ viΩugi∞’athu
ɤv∆ viΩuv’athu
ɤNtaL viΩunthäl
a (past) falling (verbal noun)
a (present) falling (verbal noun) a (future) falling (verbal noun)
(I-they) fall/s-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
ÉzaEt viΩäthë
don’t (you) fall! (imperative s.)
ÉzÉLwl viΩavillai
(I-they) didn’t fall (‘past’)
É Nt∆ iLw viΩunthathu illai
(I-they) didn’t (ever) fall
Éza≥R(kÒ) viΩäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) fall! (imperative pl.)
ÉEz˜2 viΩë√
I won’t fall (tenseless)
ɤá®çLwl viΩugi∞ath’illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) fall
Ézat viΩätha
non-falling (neg. adj. part.)
ÉzmaDEd˜ viΩa-m䆆ë√
I won’t fall (‘future’)
ɤv∆ iLwl viΩuvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) fall
Éza∆ viΩäthu; ÉzamL viΩämal
without falling (neg. participle)
Ézawm viΩämai; Ézat∆ viΩäthathu
non-falling (negative verbal nouns)
ÉzaÉDdaL viΩävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t fall-if (conditional)
Ézatv˜ viΩäth’ava√, a man who didn’t fall, doesn’t fall, or won’t fall (this and all the following are participial nouns)
ɤNtv˜ viΩunth’ava√, he who fell; ɤá®v˜ viΩugi∞’ava√, he who falls; ɤpv˜ viΩub’ava√, he who will fall
ÉzatvÒ viΩäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t fall, doesn’t fall, or won’t fall
ɤNtvÒ viΩunth’ava¬, she who fell; ɤá®vÒ viΩugi∞’ava¬, she who falls; ɤpvÒ viΩub’ava¬, she who will fall
Ézat∆ viΩäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t fall, doesn’t fall, or won’t fall
ɤNt∆ viΩunth’athu, it which fell; ɤá®∆ viΩugi∞’athu, it which falls; ɤv∆ viΩuv’athu, it which will fall
ÉzatvR(kÒ) viΩäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t fall, don’t fall, or won’t fall
ɤNtvR(kÒ) viΩunth’avar(ga¬), they who fell; ɤá®vR(kÒ) viΩugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who fall; ɤpvR(kÒ) viΩub’avar(ga¬), they who will fall
Ézatwv(kÒ) viΩäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t fall, don’t fall, or won’t fall
ɤNtwv(kÒ) viΩunth’avai(ga¬), they who fell; ɤá®wv(kÒ) viΩugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who fall; ɤpwv(kÒ) viΩub’avai(ga¬), they who will fall
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle Éza∆ viΩäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ÉzamL viΩämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
ÉzaçÃNEt˜
ÉzaçÃKáE®˜
ÉzaçÃPEp˜
ÉzaçÃNtaL
viΩäth’irunthë√
viΩäth’irukki∞ë√
viΩäth’iruppë√
viΩäth’irunthäl (conditional)
ÉzamL iÃNEt˜
ÉzamL iÃKáE®˜
ÉzamL iÃPEp˜
ÉzamL iÃNtaL
viΩämal irunthë√
viΩämal irukki∞ë√
viΩämal iruppë√
viΩämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t fallen (past perf.)
I haven’t fallen (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have fallen (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t fallen-if
I wasn’t falling
I am not falling
I won’t be falling
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t falling-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t fall-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
uDkaR u†kär (v.i.)
uDkaÃıkÒ u†käru≥ga¬
uDkar u†kära
uDkaRN∆ u†kärnthu
sit (you)! (imperative sing.)
sit (you)! (imperative plural)
to sit (infinitive)
(having) sat (past participle)
uDkaRNt u†kärntha (past adj. p.) uDkaÃá® u†kärugi∞a (pres. adj. p.) uDkaÃM u†kärum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) sat
(who, which) sits
(who, which) will sit
Present Tense
uDkaÃáE®˜
uDkaÃá®aY
uDkaÃá®a˜
uDkaÃá®aÒ
uDkaÃá®∆
uDkaÃáE®aM
uDkaÃáΩR(kÒ)
uDkaÃá®aR(kÒ)
uDkaÃᘮˆ
Past Tense
uDkaRNEt˜
uDkaRNtaY
uDkaRNta˜
uDkaRNtaÒ
uDkaRNt∆
uDkaRNEtaM
uDkaRN≥R(kÒ)
uDkaRNtaR(kÒ)
uDkaRNtˆ
Future Tense
uDkaÃEv˜
uDkaÃvaY
uDkaÃva˜
uDkaÃvaÒ
uDkaÃM
uDkaÃEvaM
uDkaÙR(kÒ)
uDkaÃvaR(kÒ)
uDkaÃM
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
u†kärugi∞ïë√
I sit
u†kärugi∞ïäy
you sit
u†kärugi∞ïä√
he sits
u†kärugi∞ïä¬
she sits
u†kärugi∞ïathu it sits
u†kärugi∞ïöm
we sit
u†kärugi∞ïïr(ga¬) you sit
u†kärugi∞ïär(ga¬) they sit
u†kärugi√∞ïa√a they sit
u†kärnthïë√
u†kärnthïäy
u†kärnthïä√
u†kärnthïä¬
u†kärnthïathu
u†kärnthïöm
u†kärnthïïr(ga¬)
u†kärnthïär(ga¬)
u†kärnthïa√a
u†käruvïë√
u†käruvïäy
u†käruvïä√
u†käruvïä¬
u†kärïum
u†käruvïöm
u†käruvïïr(ga¬)
u†käruvïär(ga¬)
u†kärïum
uDkaRNçÃKáE®˜
uDkaRNçÃKá®aY
uDkaRNçÃKá®a˜
uDkaRNçÃKá®aÒ
uDkaRNçÃKá®∆
uDkaRNçÃKáE®aM
uDkaRNçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
uDkaRNçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
uDkaRNçÃKᘮˆ
u†kärnth’irukki∞ïë√
u†kärnth’irukki∞ïäy
u†kärnth’irukki∞ïä√
u†kärnth’irukki∞ïä¬
u†kärnth’irukki∞ïathu
u†kärnth’irukki∞ïöm
u†kärnth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
u†kärnth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
u†kärnth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have sat; I am sitting
you have sat; you are sitting
he has sat; he is sitting
she has sat; she is sitting
it has sat; it is sitting
we have sat; we are sitting
you have sat; you are sitting
they have sat; they are sitting
they have sat; they are sitting
I sat
you sat
he sat
she sat
it sat
we sat
you sat
they sat
they sat
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
uDkaRNçÃNEt˜
u†kärnth’irunthïë√
uDkaRNçÃNtaY
u†kärnth’irunthïäy
uDkaRNçÃNta˜
u†kärnth’irunthïä√
uDkaRNçÃNtaÒ
u†kärnth’irunthïä¬
uDkaRNçÃNt∆
u†kärnth’irunthïathu
uDkaRNçÃNEtaM
u†kärnth’irunthïöm
uDkaRNçÃN≥(kÒ)
u†kärnth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
uDkaRNçÃNtaR(kÒ)
u†kärnth’irunthïär(ga¬)
uDkaRNçÃNtˆ
u†kärnth’irunthïa√a
I had sat; I was sitting
you had sat; you were sitting
he had sat; he was sitting
she had sat; she was sitting
it had sat; it was sitting
we had sat; we were sitting
you had sat; you were sitting
they had sat; they were sitting
they had sat; they were sitting
I’ll sit
you’ll sit
he’ll sit
she’ll sit
it’ll sit
we’ll sit
you’ll sit
they’ll sit
they’ll sit
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
uDkaRNçÃPEp˜
u†kärnth’iruppïë√
uDkaRNçÃPpaY
u†kärnth’iruppïäy
uDkaRNçÃPpa˜
u†kärnth’iruppïä√
uDkaRNNçÃPpaÒ
u†kärnth’iruppïä¬
uDkaRNçÃK¿M
u†kärnth’irukkïum
uDkaRNçÃPEpaM
u†kärnth’iruppïöm
uDkaRNçÃPµR(kÒ)
u†kärnth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
uDkaRNçÃPpaR(kÒ)
u†kärnth’iruppïär(ga¬)
uDkaRNçÃK¿M
u†kärnth’irukkïum
I’ll have sat; I’ll be sitting
you’ll have sat; you’ll be sitting
he’ll have sat; he’ll be sitting
she’ll have sat; she’ll be sitting
it’ll have sat; it’ll be sitting
we’ll have sat; we’ll be sitting
you’ll have sat; you’ll be sitting
they’ll have sat; they’ll be sitting
they’ll have sat; they’ll be sitting
100
uDkaÃtL u†kärathal
uDkaÃwk1 u†kärugai
uDkarL u†käral
uDkaÃŒ1 u†käruvu
101
sitting (verbal noun)
sitting (action) (v. noun)
sitting (verbal noun)
sitting (verbal noun)
uDkaRNt∆ u†kärnth’athu
uDkaÃá®∆ u†kärugi∞’athu
uDkaÃv∆ u†käruv’athu
uDkaRNtaL u†kärnthäl
a (past) sitting (v. noun)
a (present) sitting (v. noun)
a (future) sitting (v. noun)
(I-they) sit/sits-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
uDkaraEt u†käräthë
uDkara≥R(kÒ) u†käräthïr(ga¬)
uDkarat u†kärätha
uDkara∆ u†käräthu; uDkaramL u†kärämal
don’t (you) sit! (imp.)
don’t (you) sit! (imp. pl.)
non-sitting (neg. adj. part.)
without sitting (neg. participle)
uDkarÉLwl u†käravillai
uDkaEr˜2 u†kärë√
uDkarmaDEd˜ u†kära-m䆆ë√ uDkarawm u†kärämai; uDkarat∆ u†käräthathu
(I-they) didn’t sit (‘past’)
I won’t sit (tenseless)
I won’t sit (‘future’)
non-sitting (neg. verbal nouns)
uDkaRNt∆ iLwl u†kärnthathu illai uDkaÃá®çLwl u†kärugi∞ath’illai uDkaÃv∆ iLwl u†käruvathu illai uDkaraÉDdaL u†kärävi††äl
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) sat
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) sit
(I-they) won’t (ever) sit
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t sit-if (conditional)
uDkaratv˜ u†käräth’ava√, a man who did not sit, does not sit, or will not sit (this and all the following are participial nouns)
uDkaRNtv˜ u†kärnth’ava√, he who sat; uDkaÃá®v˜ u†kärugi∞’ava√, he who sits; uDkaÃpv˜ u†kärub’ava√, he who will sit
uDkaratvÒ u†käräth’ava¬, a woman who did not sit, does not sit, or will not sit
uDkaRNtvÒ u†kärnth’ava¬, she who sat; uDkaÃá®vÒ u†kärugi∞’ava¬, she who sits; uDkaÃpvÒ u†kärub’ava¬, she who will sit
uDkarat∆ u†käräth’athu, an animal or thing which did not sit, does not sit, or will not sit
uDkaRNt∆ u†kärnth’athu, it which sat; uDkaÃá®∆ u†kärugi∞’athu, it which sits; uDkaÃv∆ u†käruv’athu, it which will sit
uDkaratvR(kÒ) u†käräth’avar(ga¬), people who did not sit, do not sit, or will not sit
uDkaRNtvR(kÒ) u†kärnth’avar(ga¬), they who sat; uDkaÃá®vR(kÒ) u†kärugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who sit; uDkaÃpvR(kÒ) u†kärub’avar(ga¬), °who’ll sit
uDkaratwv(kÒ) u†käräth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not sit, do not sit, or will not sit
uDkaRNtwv(kÒ) u†kärnth’avai(ga¬), they who sat; uDkaÃá®wv(kÒ) u†kärugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who sit; uDkaÃpwv(kÒ) u†kärub’avai(ga¬), °who’ll sit
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle uDkara∆ u†käräthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle uDkaramL u†kärämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
uDkaraçÃNEt˜
uDkaraçÃKáE®˜
uDkaraçÃPEp˜
uDkaraçÃNtaL
u†käräth’irunthë√
u†käräth’irukki∞ë√
u†käräth’iruppë√
u†käräth’irunthäl (conditional)
uDkaramL iÃNEt˜
uDkaramL iÃKáE®˜
uDkaramL iÃPEp˜
uDkaramL iÃNtaL
u†kärämal irunthë√
u†kärämal irukki∞ë√
u†kärämal iruppë√
u†kärämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t sat (past perf.)
I haven’t sat (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have sat (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t sat-if
I wasn’t sitting
I am not sitting
I won’t be sitting
(I-they) was/were not sitting-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t sit-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
ekaÒ(‹) ko¬(¬u) (v.t.)
take (you)! (imperative s.)
ekaBd ko∫∂a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) took
ekaÒ‹ıkÒ ko¬¬u≥ga¬
ekaÒ¬ ko¬¬a
ekaBƒ ko∫∂u
take (you)! (imper. plural)
to take (infinitive)
(having) taken (past participle)
ekaÒ(‹)á® ko¬(¬u)gi∞a (pres. adj. p.) ekaÒ‹M ko¬¬um (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) takes
(who, which) will take
Present Tense
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
ekaÒ(‹)áE®˜1 ko¬(¬u)gi∞ïë√
ekaÒ‹á®aY
ko¬¬ugirïäy
ekaÒ‹á®a˜
ko¬¬ugi∞ïä√
ekaÒ‹á®aÒ
ko¬¬ugi∞ïä¬
ekaÒ‹á®∆
ko¬¬ugi∞ïathu
ekaÒ‹áE®aM ko¬¬ugi∞ïöm
ekaÒ‹áΩR(kÒ) ko¬¬ugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
ekaÒ‹á®aR(kÒ) ko¬¬ugi∞ïär(ga¬)
ekaҋᘮˆ ko¬¬ugi√∞ïa√a
I take
you take
he takes
she sees
it takes
we take
you take
they take
they take
ekaBãÃKáE®˜
ekaBãÃKá®aY
ekaBãÃKá®a˜
ekaBãÃKá®aÒ
ekaBãÃKá®∆
ekaBãÃKáE®aM
ekaBãÃKáΩR(kÒ)
ekaBãÃKá®aR(kÒ)
ekaBãÃKᘮˆ
I had taken; I was taking
you had taken; you were taking
he had taken; he was taking
she had taken; she was taking
it had taken; it was taking
we had taken; we were taking
you had taken; you were taking
they’d taken; they were taking
they’d taken; they were taking
I’ll have taken; I’ll be taking
you’ll ’ve taken; you’ll be taking
he’ll have taken; he’ll be taking
she’ll ’ve taken; she’ll be taking
it’ll have taken; it’ll be taking
we’ll have taken; we’ll be taking
you’ll ’ve taken; you’ll be taking
they’ll ’ve taken; they’ll be taking
they’ll ’ve taken; they’ll be taking
ko∫∂’irukki∞ïë√
ko∫∂’irukki∞ïäy
ko∫∂’irukki∞ïä√
ko∫∂’irukki∞ïä¬
ko∫∂’irukki∞ïathu
ko∫∂’irukki∞ïöm
ko∫∂’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
ko∫∂’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
ko∫∂’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
ekaBEd˜
ekaBdaY
ekaBda˜
ekaBdaÒ
ekaBd∆
ekaBEdaM
ekaB±R(kÒ)
ekaBdaR(kÒ)
ekaBdˆ
ko∫∂ïë√
ko∫∂ïäy
ko∫∂ïä√
ko∫∂ïä¬
ko∫∂ïathu
ko∫∂ïöm
ko∫∂ïïr(ga¬)
ko∫∂ïär(ga¬)
ko∫∂ïa√a
I took
you took
he took
she took
it took
we took
you took
they took
they took
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
ekaBãÃNEt˜
ko∫∂’irunthïë√
ekaBãÃNtaY
ko∫∂’irunthïäy
ekaBãÃNta˜
ko∫∂’irunthïä√
ekaBãÃNtaÒ
ko∫∂’irunthïä¬
ekaBãÃNt∆
ko∫∂’irunthïathu
ekaBãÃNEtaM
ko∫∂’irunthïöm
ekaBãÃN≥(kÒ)
ko∫∂’irunthïïr(ga¬)
ekaBãÃNtaR(kÒ)
ko∫∂’irunthïär(ga¬)
ekaBãÃNtˆ
ko∫∂’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
ekaÒ(‹)Ev˜1
ekaÒ‹vaY
ekaÒ‹va˜
ekaÒ‹vaÒ
ekaÒ‹M
ekaÒ‹EvaM
ekaÒ‹™R(kÒ)
ekaÒ‹vaR(kÒ)
ekaÒ‹M
ko¬(¬u)vïë√
ko¬¬uvïäy
ko¬¬uvïä√
ko¬¬uvïä¬
ko¬¬ïum
ko¬¬uvïöm
ko¬¬uvïïr(ga¬)
ko¬¬uvïär(ga¬)
ko¬¬ïum
I’ll take
you’ll take
he’ll take
she’ll take
it’ll take
we’ll see
you’ll see
they’ll see
they’ll see
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
ekaBãÃPEp˜
ko∫∂’iruppïë√
ekaBãÃPpaY
ko∫∂’iruppïäy
ekaBãÃPpa˜
ko∫∂’iruppïä√
ekaBãÃPpaÒ
ko∫∂’iruppïä¬
ekaBãÃK¿M
ko∫∂’irukkïum
ekaBãÃPEpaM
ko∫∂’iruppïöm
ekaBãÃPµR(kÒ)
ko∫∂’iruppïïr(ga¬)
ekaBãÃPpaR(kÒ)
ko∫∂’iruppïär(ga¬)
ekaBãÃK¿M
ko∫∂’irukkïum
I have taken; I am taking
you have taken; you are taking
he has taken; he is taking
she has taken; she is taking
it has taken; it is taking
we have taken; we are taking
you have taken; you are taking
they’ve taken; they are taking
they’ve taken; they are taking
102
ekaÒ‹tL ko¬¬uthal
ekaÒ‹wk ko¬¬ugai
ekaÒ¬L ko¬¬al
ekaÒ‹Œ ko¬¬uvu
103
taking (verbal noun)
taking (action) (v. noun)
taking (verbal noun)
taking (verbal noun)
ekaBd∆ ko∫∂’athu
ekaÒ(‹)á®∆ ko¬(¬u)gi∞’athu
ekaÒ(‹)v∆ ko¬(¬u)v’athu
ekaBdaL ko∫∂äl
a (past) taking (v. noun)
a (present) taking (v. noun)
a (future) taking (v. noun) (I-they) take/takes-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
ekaÒ¬aEt ko¬¬äthë
don’t (you) take! (imp.)
ekaÒ¬ÉLwl ko¬¬avillai
(I-they) didn’t take (‘past’)
ekaBd∆ iLwl ko∫∂athu illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) taken
ekaÒ¬a≥R(kÒ) ko¬¬äthïr(ga¬)
ekaÒ¬at ko¬¬ätha
ekaÒ¬a∆ ko¬¬äthu; ekaÒ¬amL ko¬¬ämal
don’t (you) take! (imp. pl.)
non-taking (neg. adj. part.)
without taking (neg. participle)
2
ekaÒE¬˜ ko¬¬ë√
ekaÒ¬maDEd˜ ko¬¬a-m䆆ë√ ekaÒ¬awm ko¬¬ämai; ekaÒ¬at∆ ko¬¬äthathu
I won’t take (tenseless)
I won’t take (‘future’)
non-taking (neg. verbal nouns)
ekaÒ‹á®çLwl ko¬¬ugi∞ath’illai ekaÒ‹v∆ iLwl ko¬¬uvathu illai ekaÒ¬aÉDdaL ko¬¬ävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) take
(I-they) won’t (ever) take
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t take-if (conditional)
ekaÒ¬atv˜ ko¬¬äth’ava√, a man who did not take, does not take, or will not take (this and all the following are participial nouns)
ekaBdv˜ ko∫∂’ava√, he who took; ekaÒ‹á®v˜ ko¬¬ugi∞’ava√, he who takes; ekaÒ‹pv˜ ko¬¬ub’ava√, he who will take
ekaÒ¬atvÒ ko¬¬äth’ava¬, a woman who did not take, does not take, or will not take
ekaBdvÒ ko∫∂’ava¬, she who took; ekaÒ‹á®vÒ ko¬¬ugi∞’ava¬, she who takes; ekaÒ‹pvÒ ko¬¬ub’ava¬, she who will take
ekaÒ¬at∆ ko¬¬äth’athu, an animal or thing which did not take, does not take, or will not take
ekaBd∆ ko∫∂’athu, it which took; ekaÒ‹á®∆ ko¬¬ugi∞’athu, it which takes; ekaÒ‹p∆ ko¬¬ub’athu, it which will take
ekaÒ¬atvR(kÒ) ko¬¬äth’avar(ga¬), people who did not take, do not take, or will not take
ekaBdvR(kÒ) ko∫∂’avar(ga¬), they who took; ekaÒ‹á®vR(kÒ) ko¬¬ugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who take; ekaÒ‹pvR(kÒ) ko¬¬ub’avar(ga¬), they who’ll take
ekaÒ¬atwv(kÒ) ko¬¬äth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not take, do not take, or will not take
ekaBdwv(kÒ) ko∫∂’avai(ga¬), they who took; ekaÒ‹á®wv(kÒ) ko¬¬ugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who take; ekaÒ‹pwv(kÒ) ko¬¬ub’avai(ga¬), they who’ll take
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ekaÒ¬a∆ ko¬¬äthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ekaÒ¬amL ko¬¬ämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
ekaÒ¬açÃNEt˜
ekaÒ¬açÃKáE®˜
ekaÒ¬açÃPEp˜
ekaÒ¬açÃNtaL
ko¬¬äth’irunthë√
ko¬¬äth’irukki∞ë√
ko¬¬äth’iruppë√
ko¬¬äth’irunthäl (conditional)
ekaÒ¬amL iÃNEt˜
ekaÒ¬amL iÃKáE®˜
ekaÒ¬amL iÃPEp˜
ekaÒ¬amL iÃNtaL
ko¬¬ämal irunthë√
ko¬¬ämal irukki∞ë√
ko¬¬ämal iruppë√
ko¬¬ämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t taken (past perf.)
I haven’t taken (pres. perf.)3
I won’t have taken (f. perf.)3
(I-they) hadn’t taken-if
I wasn’t taking
I am not taking
I won’t be taking
(I-they) was/were not taking-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t take-if
_______________
1The
2See
more common spellings are ekaÒáE®˜ ko¬gi∞ïë√, etc., present tense, and ekaÒEv˜ ko¬vïë√, etc., future tense.
3Not in common use today.
footnote 4 on page 3.
ecL(Õ) sel(lu) (v.i.)
go (you)! (imperative s.)
ec˜® se√∞a (past adj. p.)
(who, which) went
ecLÕıkÒ sellu≥ga¬
go (you)! (imperative pl.)
ecLÕá® sellugi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) goes
Present Tense
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
ecLÕáE®˜ sellugi∞ïë√
ecLÕá®aY
sellugi싄y
ecLÕá®a˜
sellugi∞ïä√
ecLÕá®aÒ
sellugi∞ïä¬
ecLÕá®∆
sellugi∞ïathu
ecLÕáE®aM sellugi∞ïöm
ecLÕáΩR(kÒ) sellugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
ecLÕá®aR(kÒ) sellugi∞ïär(ga¬)
ecLÕᘮˆ sellugi√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
ec˜E®˜
ec˜®aY
ec˜®a˜
ec˜®aÒ
ec˜®∆
ec˜E®aM
ec˜ΩR(kÒ)
ec˜®aR(kÒ)
ec˜®ˆ
Future Tense
ecLÕEv˜
ecLÕvaY
ecLÕva˜
ecLÕvaÒ
ecLÕM
ecLÕEvaM
ecLÕ™R(kÒ)
ecLÕvaR(kÒ)
ecLÕM
ecLl sella
ec˜› se√∞u
to go (infinitive)
(having) gone (past participle)
ecLÕM sellum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will go
se√∞ïë√
se√∞ïäy
se√∞ïä√
se√∞ïä¬
se√∞ïathu
se√∞ïöm
se√∞ïïr(ga¬)
se√∞ïär(ga¬)
se√∞ïa√a
selluvïë√
selluvïäy
selluvïä√
selluvïä¬
sellïum
selluvïöm
selluvïïr(ga¬)
selluvïär(ga¬)
sellïum
I go
you go
he goes
she goes
it goes
we go
you go
they go
they go
ec˜óÃKáE®˜
ec˜óÃKá®aY
ec˜óÃKá®a˜
ec˜óÃKá®aÒ
ec˜óÃKá®∆
ec˜óÃKáE®aM
ec˜óÃKáΩR(kÒ)
ec˜óÃKá®aR(kÒ)
ec˜óÃKᘮˆ
I went
you went
he went
she went
it went
we went
you went
they went
they went
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
ec˜óÃNEt˜
se√∞’irunthïë√
ec˜óÃNtaY
se√∞’irunthïäy
ec˜óÃNta˜
se√∞’irunthïä√
ec˜óÃNtaÒ
se√∞’irunthïä¬
ec˜óÃNt∆
se√∞’irunthïathu
ec˜óÃNEtaM
se√∞’irunthïöm
ec˜óÃN≥(kÒ)
se√∞’irunthïïr(ga¬)
ec˜óÃNtaR(kÒ)
se√∞’irunthïär(ga¬)
ec˜óÃNtˆ
se√∞’irunthïa√a
I had gone; I was going
you had gone; you were going
he had gone; he was going
she had gone; she was going
it had gone; it was going
we had gone; we were going
you had gone; you were going
they had gone; they were going
they had gone; they were going
I’ll go
you’ll go
he’ll go
she’ll go
it’ll go
we’ll go
you’ll go
they’ll go
they’ll go
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
ec˜óÃPEp˜
se√∞’iruppïë√
ec˜óÃPpaY
se√∞’iruppïäy
ec˜óÃPpa˜
se√∞’iruppïä√
ec˜óÃPpaÒ
se√∞’iruppïä¬
ec˜óÃK¿M
se√∞’irukkïum
ec˜óÃPEpaM
se√∞’iruppïöm
ec˜óÃPµR(kÒ)
se√∞’iruppïïr(ga¬)
ec˜óÃPpaR(kÒ)
se√∞’iruppïär(ga¬)
ec˜óÃK¿M
se√∞’irukkïum
I’ll have gone; I’ll be going
you’ll have gone; you’ll be going
he’ll have gone; he’ll be going
she’ll have gone; she’ll be going
it’ll have gone; it’ll be going
we’ll have gone; we’ll be going
you’ll have gone; you’ll be going
they’ll have gone; they’ll be going
they’ll have gone; they’ll be going
se√∞’irukki∞ïë√
se√∞’irukki∞ïäy
se√∞’irukki∞ïä√
se√∞’irukki∞ïä¬
se√∞’irukki∞ïathu
se√∞’irukki∞ïöm
se√∞’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
se√∞’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
se√∞’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have gone; I am going
you have gone; you are going
he has gone; he is going
she has gone; she is going
it has gone; it is going
we have gone; we are going
you have gone; you are going
they have gone; they are going
they have gone; they are going
104
ecLÕtL selluthal
ecLÕwk1 sellugai
ecLlL sellal
ecLՌ selluvu
105
going (verbal noun)
going (v. noun)
going (verbal noun)
going (verbal noun)
ec˜®∆ se√∞’athu
ecLÕá®∆ sellugi∞’athu
ecLÕv∆ selluv’athu
ec˜®aL se√∞äl
a (past) going (v. noun)
a (present) going (v. noun)
a (future) going (v. noun)
(I-they) go/es-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
ecLlaEt selläthë
don’t (you) go! (imperative s.)
ecLlÉLwl sellavillai
(I-they) didn’t go (‘past’)
ec˜®∆ iLwl se√∞athu illai
(I-they) didn’t (ever) go
ecLla≥R(kÒ) selläthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) go! (imperative pl.)
ecLEl˜2 sellë√
I won’t go (tenseless)
ecLÕá®çLwl sellugi∞ath’illai
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) go
ecLlat sellätha
ecLla∆ selläthu; ecLlamL sellämal
non-going (neg. adj. part.)
without going (neg. participle)
ecLlmaDEd˜ sella-m䆆ë√
ecLlawm sellämai; ecLlat∆ selläthathu
I won’t go (‘future’)
non-going (neg. verbal nouns)
ecLÕv∆ iLwl selluvathu illai ecLlaÉDdaL sellävi††äl
(I-they) won’t (ever) go
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t go-if (conditional)
ecLlatv˜ selläth’ava√, a man who didn’t go, doesn’t go, or won’t go (this and all the following are participial nouns)
ec˜®v˜ se√∞’ava√, he who went; ecLÕá®v˜ sellugi∞’ava√, he who goes; ecLÕpv˜ sellub’ava√, he who will go
ecLlatvÒ selläth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t go, doesn’t go, or won’t go
ec˜®vÒ se√∞’ava¬, she who went; ecLÕá®vÒ sellugi∞’ava¬, she who goes; ecLÕpvÒ sellub’ava¬, she who will go
ecLlat∆ selläth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t go, doesn’t go, or won’t go
ec˜®∆ se√∞’athu, it which went; ecLÕá®∆ sellugi∞’athu, it which goes; ecLÕv∆ selluv’athu, it which will go
ecLlatvR(kÒ) selläth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t go, don’t go, or won’t go
ec˜®vR(kÒ) se√∞’avar(ga¬), they who went; ecLÕá®vR(kÒ) sellugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who go; ecLÕpvR(kÒ) sellub’avar(ga¬), they who will go
ecLlatwv(kÒ) selläth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t go, don’t go, or won’t go
ec˜®wv(kÒ) se√∞’avai(ga¬), they who went; ecLÕá®wv(kÒ) sellugi∞’avai(ga¬); they who go; ecLÕpwv(kÒ) sellub’avai(ga¬), they who will go
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ecLla∆ selläthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ecLlamL sellämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
ecLlaçÃNEt˜
ecLlaçÃKáE®˜
ecLlaçÃPEp˜
ecLlaçÃNtaL
selläth’irunthë√
selläth’irukki∞ë√
selläth’iruppë√
selläth’irunthäl (conditional)
ecLlamL iÃNEt˜
ecLlamL iÃKáE®˜
ecLlamL iÃPEp˜
ecLlamL iÃNtaL
sellämal irunthë√
sellämal irukki∞ë√
sellämal iruppë√
sellämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t gone (past perf.)
I haven’t gone (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have gone (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t gone-if
I wasn’t going
I am not going
I won’t be going
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t going-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t go-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
va vä (v.i.)
come (you)! (imperative sing.)
vNt vantha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) came
vaÃıkÒ väru≥ga¬
come (you)! (imperative plural)
vÃá® varugi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) comes
Present Tense
vÃáE®˜
vÃá®aY
vÃá®a˜
vÃá®aÒ
vÃá®∆
vÃáE®aM
vÃáΩR(kÒ)
vÃá®aR(kÒ)
vÃᘮˆ
Past Tense
vNEt˜
vNtaY
vNta˜
vNtaÒ
vNt∆
vNEtaM
vN≥R(kÒ)
vNtaR(kÒ)
vNtˆ
Future Tense
vÃEv˜
vÃvaY
vÃva˜
vÃvaÒ
vÃM
vÃEvaM
vÙR(kÒ)
vÃvaR(kÒ)
vÃM
vr vara
vN∆ vanthu
to come (infinitive)
(having) come (past participle)
vÃM varum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will come
106
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
varugi∞ïë√
varugi싄y
varugi∞ïä√
varugi∞ïä¬
varugi∞ïathu
varugi싔m
varugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
varugi∞ïär(ga¬)
varugi√∞ïa√a
vanthïë√
vanthïäy
vanthïä√
vanthïä¬
vanthïathu
vanthïöm
vanthïïr(ga¬)
vanthïär(ga¬)
vanthïa√a
varuvïë√
varuvïäy
varuvïä√
varuvïä¬
varïum
varuvïöm
varuvïïr(ga¬)
varuvïär(ga¬)
varïum
I come
you come
he comes
she comes
it comes
we come
you come
they come
they come
vNçÃKáE®˜
vNçÃKá®aY
vNçÃKá®a˜
vNçÃKá®aÒ
vNçÃKá®∆
vNçÃKáE®aM
vNçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
vNçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
vNçÃKᘮˆ
I came
you came
he came
she came
it came
we came
you came
they came
they came
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
vNçÃNEt˜
vanth’irunthïë√
vNçÃNtaY
vanth’irunthïäy
vNçÃNta˜
vanth’irunthïä√
vNçÃNtaÒ
vanth’irunthïä¬
vNçÃNt∆
vanth’irunthïathu
vNçÃNEtaM
vanth’irunthïöm
vNçÃN≥(kÒ)
vanth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
vNçÃNtaR(kÒ)
vanth’irunthïär(ga¬)
vNçÃNtˆ
vanth’irunthïa√a
I had come; I was coming
you had come; you were coming
he had come; he was coming
she had come; she was coming
it had come; it was coming
we had come; we were coming
you had come; you were coming
they had come; they were coming
they had come; they were coming
I’ll come
you’ll come
he’ll come
she’ll come
it’ll come
we’ll come
you’ll come
they’ll come
they’ll come
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
vNçÃPEp˜
vanth’iruppïë√
vNçÃPpaY
vanth’iruppïäy
vNçÃPpa˜
vanth’iruppïä√
vNçÃPpaÒ
vanth’iruppïä¬
vNçÃK¿M
vanth’irukkïum
vNçÃPEpaM
vanth’iruppïöm
vNçÃPµR(kÒ)
vanth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
vNçÃPpaR(kÒ)
vanth’iruppïär(ga¬)
vNçÃK¿M
vanth’irukkïum
I’ll have come; I’ll be coming
you’ll have come; you’ll be coming
he’ll have come; he’ll be coming
she’ll have come; she’ll be coming
it’ll have come; it’ll be coming
we’ll have come; we’ll be coming
you’ll have come; you’ll be coming
they’ll have come; they’ll be coming
they’ll have come; they’ll be coming
vanth’irukki∞ïë√
vanth’irukki∞ïäy
vanth’irukki∞ïä√
vanth’irukki∞ïä¬
vanth’irukki∞ïathu
vanth’irukki∞ïöm
vanth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
vanth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
vanth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I have come; I am coming
you have come; you are coming
he has come; he is coming
she has come; she is coming
it has come; it is coming
we have come; we are coming
you have come; you are coming
they have come; they are coming
they have come; they are coming
vÃtL varuthal
vÃwk varugai
vrL varal
vrΠvaravu
107
coming (verbal noun)
coming (action) (v. noun) coming (verbal noun)
coming (verbal noun)
vNt∆ vanth’athu
vÃá®∆ varugi∞’athu
vÃv∆ varuv’athu
vNtaL vanthäl
a (past) coming (v. noun)
a (present) coming (v. noun)
a (future) coming (v. noun)
(I-they) come/comes-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
vraEt varäthë
vra≥R(kÒ) varäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) come! (imp.)
don’t (you) come! (imp. pl.)
vrÉLwl varavillai
vaEr˜1 värë√
(I-they) didn’t come (‘past’)
I won’t come (tenseless)
vNt∆ iLwl vanthathu illai
vÃá®çLwl varugi∞ath’illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) come (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) come
vrat varätha
non-coming (neg. adj. part.)
vrmaDEd˜ vara-m䆆ë√
I won’t come (‘future’)
vÃv∆ iLwl varuvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) come (I-they)
vra∆ varäthu; vramL varämal
without coming (neg. participle)
vrawm varämai; vrat∆ varäthathu
non-coming (neg. verbal nouns)
vraÉDdaL varävi††äl
don’t/doesn’t come-if (conditional)
vratv˜ varäth’ava√, a man who did not come, does not come, or will not come (this and all the following are participial nouns)
vNtv˜ vanth’ava√, he who came; vÃá®v˜ varugi∞’ava√, he who comes; vÃpv˜ varub’ava√, he who will come
vratvÒ varäth’ava¬, a woman who did not come, does not come, or will not come
vNtvÒ vanth’ava¬, she who came; vÃá®vÒ varugi∞’ava¬, she who comes; vÃpvÒ varub’ava¬, she who will come
vrat∆ varäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not come, does not come, or will not come
vNt∆ vanth’athu, it which came; vÃá®∆ varugi∞’athu, it which comes; vÃv∆ varuv’athu, it which will come
vratvR(kÒ) varäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not come, do not come, or will not come
vNtvR(kÒ) vanth’avar(ga¬), they who came; vÃá®vR(kÒ) varugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who come; vÃpvR(kÒ) varub’avar(ga¬), they who’ll come
vratwv(kÒ) varäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not come, do not come, or will not come
vNtwv(kÒ) vanth’avai(ga¬), they who came; vÃá®wv(kÒ) varugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who come; vÃpwv(kÒ) varub’avai(ga¬), they who’ll come
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle vra∆ varäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle vramL varämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
vraçÃNEt˜
vraçÃKáE®˜
vraçÃPEp˜
vraçÃNtaL
varäth’irunthë√
varäth’irukki∞ë√
varäth’iruppë√
varäth’irunthäl (conditional)
vramL iÃNEt˜
vramL iÃKáE®˜
vramL iÃPEp˜
vramL iÃNtaL
varämal irunthë√
varämal irukki∞ë√
varämal iruppë√
varämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t come (past perf. )
I haven’t come (pres. perf.)2
I won’t have come (f. perf.)2
(I-they) hadn’t come-if
I wasn’t coming
I am not coming
I won’t be coming
(I-they) was/were not coming-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t come-if
_______________
1See
footnote 4 on page 3.
2Not
in common use today.
Ev(¿) vë(gu) (v.i.)
heat up (you)! (imperative s.)
evNt ventha (past adj. p.)
(who, which) heated up
Ev¿ıkÒ vëgu≥ga¬
heat up (you)! (imperative pl.)
Evá® vëgi∞a (pres. adj. p.)
(who, which) heats up
Present Tense
EváE®˜
Evá®aY
Evá®a˜
Evá®aÒ
Evá®∆
EváE®aM
EváΩR(kÒ)
Evá®aR(kÒ)
Evᘮˆ
Past Tense
evNEt˜
evNtaY
evNta˜
evNtaÒ
evNt∆
evNEtaM
evN≥R(kÒ)
evNtaR(kÒ)
evNtˆ
Future Tense
Ev¿Ev˜
Ev¿vaY
Ev¿va˜
Ev¿vaÒ
Ev¿M
Ev¿EvaM
Ev¿™R(kÒ)
Ev¿vaR(kÒ)
Ev¿M
Evk vëga
evN∆ venthu
to heat up (infinitive)
(having) heated up (past participle)
Ev¿M vëgum (future adjectival participle)
(who, which) will heat up
108
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
vëgi∞ïë√
vëgi∞ïäy
vëgi∞ïä√
vëgi∞ïä¬
vëgi∞ïathu
vëgi∞ïöm
vëgi∞ïïr(ga¬)
vëgi∞ïär(ga¬)
vëgi√∞ïa√a
venthïë√
venthïäy
venthïä√
venthïä¬
venthïathu
venthïöm
venthïïr(ga¬)
venthïär(ga¬)
venthïa√a
vëguvïë√
vëguvïäy
vëguvïä√
vëguvïä¬
vëgïum
vëguvïöm
vëguvïïr(ga¬)
vëguvïär(ga¬)
vëgïum
I heat up
you heat up
he heats up
she heats up
it heats up
we heat up
you heat up
they heat up
they heat up
evNçÃKáE®˜
evNçÃKá®aY
evNçÃKá®a˜
evNçÃKá®aÒ
evNçÃKá®∆
evNçÃKáE®aM
evNçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
evNçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
evNçÃKᘮˆ
I heated up
you heated up
he heated up
she heated up
it heated up
we heated up
you heated up
they heated up
they heated up
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
evNçÃNEt˜
venth’irunthïë√
evNçÃNtaY
venth’irunthïäy
evNçÃNta˜
venth’irunthïä√
evNçÃNtaÒ
venth’irunthïä¬
evNçÃNt∆
venth’irunthïathu
evNçÃNEtaM
venth’irunthïöm
evNçÃN≥(kÒ)
venth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
evNçÃNtaR(kÒ)
venth’irunthïär(ga¬)
evNçÃNtˆ
venth’irunthïa√a
I had heated up; I was heating up
you had heated up; you were heating up
he had heated up; he was heating up
she had heated up; she was heating up
it had heated up; it was heating up
we had heated up; we were heating up
you had heated up; you were heating up
they had heated up; °were heating up
they had heated up; °were heating up
I’ll heat up
you’ll heat up
he’ll heat up
she’ll heat up
it’ll heat up
we’ll heat up
you’ll heat up
they’ll heat up
they’ll heat up
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
evNçÃPEp˜
venth’iruppïë√
evNçÃPpaY
venth’iruppïäy
evNçÃPpa˜
venth’iruppïä√
evNçÃPpaÒ
venth’iruppïä¬
evNçÃK¿M
venth’irukkïum
evNçÃPEpaM
venth’iruppïöm
evNçÃPµR(kÒ)
venth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
evNçÃPpaR(kÒ)
venth’iruppïär(ga¬)
evNçÃK¿M
venth’irukkïum
I’ll have heated up; I’ll be heating up
you’ll ’ve heated up; you’ll be heating up
he’ll ’ve heated up; he’ll be heating up
she’ll ’ve heated up; she’ll be heating up
it’ll ’ve heated up; it’ll be heating up
we’ll have heated up; we’ll be heating up
you’ll ’ve heated up; you’ll be heating up
they’ll ’ve heated up; °be heating up
they’ll ’ve heated up; °be heating up
venth’irukki∞ïë√
venth’irukki∞ïäy
venth’irukki∞ïä√
venth’irukki∞ïä¬
venth’irukki∞ïathu
venth’irukki∞ïöm
venth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
venth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
venth’irukki√∞ïa√a
I’ve heated up; I am heating up
you’ve heated up; you are heating up
he has heated up; he is heating up
she has heated up; she is heating up
it has heated up; it is heating up
we’ve heated up; we are heating up
you’ve heated up; you are heating up
they’ve heated up; they are heating up
they’ve heated up; they are heating up
Ev¿tL vëguthal
Ev¿wk1 vëgugai
EvkL vëgal
Ev¿Œ1 vëguvu
109
heating up (verbal noun)
heating up (action) (v. noun)
heating up (verbal noun)
heating up (verbal noun)
evNt∆ venth’athu
Evá®∆ vëgi∞’athu
Ev¿v∆ vëguv’athu
evNtaL venthäl
a (past) heating (v. noun)
a (present) heating (v. noun)
a (future) heating (v. noun)
(I-they) heat/s up-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
EvkaEt vëgäthë
Evka≥R(kÒ) vëgäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) heat up! (imp.)
don’t (you) heat up! (imp. pl.)
EvkÉLwl vëgavillai
EvEk˜2 vëgë√
(I-they) didn’t heat up (‘past’)
I won’t heat up (tenseless)
evNt∆ iLwl venthathu illai
Evá®çLwl vëgi∞ath’illai
(I-they) didn’t (ever) heat-up
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) heat-up
Evkat vëgätha
non-heating up (neg. adj. part.)
EvkmaDEd˜ vëga-m䆆ë√
I won’t heat up (‘future’)
Ev¿v∆ iLwl vëguvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) heat-up
Evka∆ vëgäthu; EvkamL vëgämal
without heating up (neg. participle)
Evkawm vëgämai; Evkat∆ vëgäthathu
non-heated (neg. verbal nouns)
EvkaÉDdaL vëgävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t heat up-if (conditional)
Evkatv˜ vëgäth’ava√, a man who didn’t heat up, doesn’t heat up, or will not heat up (this and all the following are participial nouns)
evNtv˜ venth’ava√, he who heated up; Evá®v˜ vëgi∞’ava√, he who heats up; Ev¿pv˜ vëgub’ava√, he who will heat up
EvkatvÒ vëgäth’ava¬, a woman who didn’t heat up, doesn’t heat up, or will not heat up
evNtvÒ venth’ava¬, she who heated up; Evá®vÒ vëgi∞’ava¬, she who heats up; Ev¿pvÒ vëgub’ava¬, she who will heat up
Evkat∆ vëgäth’athu, an animal or thing which didn’t heat up, doesn’t heat up, or will not heat up
evNt∆ venth’athu, it which heated up; Evá®∆ vëgi∞’athu, it which heats up; Ev¿v∆ vëguv’athu, it which will heat up
EvkatvR(kÒ) vëgäth’avar(ga¬), people who didn’t heat up, don’t heat up, or will not heat up
evNtvR(kÒ) venth’avar(ga¬), they who heated up; Evá®vR(kÒ) vëgi∞’avar(ga¬), they who heat up; Ev¿pvR(kÒ) vëgub’avar(ga¬), they who’ll heat up
Evkatwv(kÒ) vëgäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which didn’t heat up, don’t heat up, or will not heat up
evNtwv(kÒ) venth’avai(ga¬), they who heated up; Evá®wv(kÒ) vëgi∞’avai(ga¬), they who heat up; Ev¿pwv(kÒ) vëgub’avai(ga¬), they who’ll heat up
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle Evka∆ vëgäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle EvkamL vëgämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
EvkaçÃNEt˜
EvkaçÃKáE®˜
EvkaçÃPEp˜
EvkaçÃNtaL
vëgäth’irunthë√
vëgäth’irukki∞ë√
vëgäth’iruppë√
vëgäth’irunthäl (conditional)
EvkamL iÃNEt˜
EvkamL iÃKáE®˜
EvkamL iÃPEp˜
EvkamL iÃNtaL
vëgämal irunthë√
vëgämal irukki∞ë√
vëgämal iruppë√
vëgämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t heated up (past perf.)
I haven’t heated up (pres. perf.)1 I won’t heat up (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t heated up-if
I wasn’t heating up
I am not heating up
I won’t be heating up
(I-they) wasn’t/weren’t heating up-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) am not/aren’t/isn’t heating up-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
å¤ aΩu (v.i.)
å¤ıkÒ aΩu≥ga¬
cry (you)! (imperative sing.)
cry (you)! (imperative plural)
å¤á® aΩugi∞a
å¤t aΩutha
(who, which) cried (past adj. part.) (who, which) cries (pres. adj. p.)
Present Tense
å¤áE®˜
å¤á®aY
å¤á®a˜
å¤á®aÒ
å¤á®∆
å¤áE®aM
å¤áΩR(kÒ)
å¤á®aR(kÒ)
å¤á˜®ˆ
åz aΩa
å¤∆ aΩuthu
to cry (infinitive)
(having) cried (past participle)
å¤M aΩum
(who, which) will cry (future adjectival participle)
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
aΩugi∞ïë√
aΩugi∞ïäy
aΩugi∞ïä√
aΩugi∞ïä¬
aΩugi∞ïathu
aΩugi∞ïöm
aΩugi∞ïïr(ga¬)
aΩugi∞ïär(ga¬)
aΩugi√∞ïa√a
I cry
you cry
he cries
she cries
it cries
we cry
you cry
they cry
they cry
å¤çÃKáE®˜
å¤çÃKá®aY
å¤çÃKá®a˜
å¤çÃKá®aÒ
å¤çÃKá®∆
å¤çÃKá®aM
å¤çÃKáΩR(kÒ)
å¤çÃKá®aR(kÒ)
å¤çÃKᘮˆ
I had cried; I was crying
you had cried; you were crying
he had cried; he was crying
she had cried; she was crying
it had cried; it was crying
we had cried; we were crying
you had cried; you were crying
they’d cried; they were crying
they had cried; they were crying
I’ll have cried; I’ll be crying
you’ll have cried; you’ll be crying
he’ll have cried; he’ll be crying
she’ll have cried; she’ll be crying
it’ll have cried; it’ll be crying
we’ll have cried; we’ll be crying
you’ll have cried; you’ll be crying
they’ll have cried; they’ll be crying
they’ll have cried; they’ll be crying
aΩuth’irukki∞ïë√
aΩuth’irukki∞ïäy
aΩuth’irukki∞ïä√
aΩuth’irukki∞ïä¬
aΩuth’irukki∞ïathu
aΩuth’irukki∞ïöm
aΩuth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
aΩuth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
aΩuth’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
å¤Et˜
å¤taY
å¤ta˜
å¤taÒ
å¤t∆
å¤EtaM
å¤≥R(kÒ)
å¤taR(kÒ)
å¤tˆ
aΩuthïë√
aΩuthïäy
aΩuthïä√
aΩuthïä¬
aΩuthïathu
aΩuthïöm
aΩuthïïr(ga¬)
aΩuthïär(ga¬)
aΩuthïa√a
I cried
you cried
he cried
she cried
it cried
we cried
you cried
they cried
they cried
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
å¤çÃNEt˜
aΩuth’irunthïë√
å¤çÃNtaY
aΩuth’irunthïäy
å¤çÃNta˜
aΩuth’irunthïä√
å¤çÃNtaÒ
aΩuth’irunthïä¬
å¤çÃNt∆
aΩuth’irunthïathu
å¤çÃNEtaM
aΩuth’irunthïöm
å¤çÃN≥(kÒ)
aΩuth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
å¤çÃNtaR(kÒ)
aΩuth’irunthïär(ga¬)
å¤çÃNtˆ
aΩuth’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
å¤Ev˜
å¤vaY
å¤va˜
å¤vaÒ
å¤M
å¤EvaM
夙R(kÒ)
å¤vaR(kÒ)
å¤M
aΩuvïë√
aΩuvïäy
aΩuvïä√
aΩuvïä¬
aΩïum
aΩuvïöm
aΩuvïïr(ga¬)
aΩuvïär(ga¬)
aΩïum
I’ll cry
you’ll cry
he’ll cry
she’ll cry
it’ll cry
we’ll cry
you’ll cry
they’ll cry
they’ll cry
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
å¤çÃPEp˜
aΩuth’iruppïë√
å¤çÃPpaY
aΩuth’iruppïäy
å¤çÃPpa˜
aΩuth’iruppïä√
å¤çÃPpaÒ
aΩuth’iruppïä¬
å¤çÃK¿M
aΩuth’iruppïum
å¤çÃPEpaM
aΩuth’iruppïöm
å¤çÃPµR(kÒ)
aΩuth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
å¤çÃPpaR(kÒ)
aΩuth’iruppïär(ga¬)
å¤çÃK¿M
aΩuth’iruppïum
I have cried; I am crying
you have cried; you are crying
he has cried; he is crying
she has cried; she is crying
it has cried; it is crying
we have cried; we are crying
you have cried; you are crying
they’ve cried; they are crying
they have cried; they are crying
110
å¤tL aΩuthal
å¤wk aΩugai
åzL aΩal
夌 aΩuvu
111
crying (verbal noun)
crying (action) (verbal noun)
crying (action) (verbal noun)
crying (verbal noun)
å¤t∆ aΩuth’athu
å¤á®∆ aΩugi∞’athu
å¤v∆ aΩuv’athu
å¤taL aΩuthäl
a (past) crying (verbal noun)
a (present) crying (verbal noun) a (future) crying (verbal noun)
(I-they) cry/cries-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
åzaEt aΩäthë
åza≥R(kÒ) aΩäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) cry! (imper. sing.)
don’t (you) cry! (imper. plural)
åzÉLwl aΩavillai
åEz˜1 aΩë√
(I-they) didn’t cry (‘past’)
I won’t cry (etc.) (tenseless neg.)
å¤t∆ iLwl aΩuthathu illai
å¤á®çLwl aΩugi∞ath’illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) cried (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) cry
åzat aΩätha
non-crying (neg. adj. part.)
åzmaDEd˜ aΩa-m䆆ë√
I won’t cry (etc.) (‘future’)
å¤v∆ iLwl aΩuvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) cry
åza∆ aΩäthu; åzamL aΩämal
without crying (neg. participle)
åzawm aΩämai; åzat∆ aΩäthathu
non-crying (neg. verbal nouns)
åzaÉDdaL aΩävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t cry-if (conditional)
åzatv˜ aΩäth’ava√, a man who did not cry, does not cry, or will not cry (all of these are participial nouns)
å¤tv˜ aΩuth’ava√, he who cried; å¤á®v˜ aΩugi∞’ava√, he who cries; å¤pv˜ aΩub’ava√, he who will cry
åzatvÒ aΩäth’ava¬, a woman who did not cry, does not cry, or will not cry
å¤tvÒ aΩuth’ava¬, she who cried; å¤á®vÒ aΩugi∞’ava¬, she who cries; å¤pvÒ aΩub’ava¬, she who will cry
åzat∆ aΩäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not cry, does not cry, or will not cry
å¤t∆ aΩuth’athu, it which cried; å¤á®∆ aΩugi∞’athu, it which cries; å¤v∆ aΩuv’athu, it which will cry
åzatvR(kÒ) aΩäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not cry, do not cry, or will not cry
å¤tvR(kÒ) aΩuth’avar(ga¬), they who cried; å¤á®vR(kÒ) aΩugi∞’avar(ga¬), they who cry; å¤pvR(kÒ) aΩub’avar(ga¬), they who will cry
åzatwv(kÒ) aΩäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not cry, do not cry, or will not cry
å¤twv(kÒ) aΩuth’avai(ga¬), they who cried; å¤á®wv(kÒ) aΩugi∞’avai(ga¬), they who cry; å¤pwv(kÒ) aΩub’avai(ga¬), they who will cry
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle åza∆ aΩäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle åzamL aΩämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
åzaçÃNEt˜
åzaçÃKáE®˜
åzaçÃPEp˜
åzaçÃNtaL
aΩäth’irunthë√
aΩäth’irukki∞ë√
aΩäth’iruppë√
aΩäth’irunthäl (conditional)
åzamL iÃNEt˜
åzamL iÃKáE®˜
åzamL iÃPEp˜
åzamL iÃNtaL
aΩämal irunthë√
aΩämal irukki∞ë√
aΩämal iruppë√
aΩämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t cried (past perfect)
I haven’t cried (pres. perf.)2
I won’t have cried (f. perf.)2
(I-they) hadn’t cried-if//don’t/doesn’t cry-if
I wasn’t crying
I am not crying
I won’t be crying
(I-they) was/were not crying-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t cry-if
_______________
1See
footnote 4 on page 3.
2Not
in common use today.
ecY sey
ecYÀıkÒ seyyu≥ga¬
do (you)! (imperative sing.)
do (you)! (imperative plural)
ecYt seytha
ecYá® seygi∞a
(who, which) did (past adj. part.) (who, which) does (pres. adj. p.)
Present Tense
ecYáE®˜
ecYá®aY
ecYá®a˜
ecYá®aÒ
ecYá®∆
ecYáE®aM
ecYáΩR(kÒ)
ecYá®aR(kÒ)
ecYᘮˆ
ecYy seyya
ecY∆ seythu
to do (infinitive)
(having) done (past participle)
ecYÀM seyyum
(who, which) will do (future adjectival participle)
Present Perfect & Present Continuous
seygi∞ïë√
seygi싄y
seygi∞ïä√
seygi∞ïä¬
seygi∞ïathu
seygi싔m
seygi∞ïïr(ga¬)
seygi∞ïär(ga¬)
seygi√∞ïa√a
I do
you do
he does
she does
it does
we do
you do
they do
they do
ecYçÃKáE®˜
ecYçÃKá®aY
ecYçÃKá®a˜
ecYçÃKá®aÒ
ecYçÃKá®∆
ecYçÃKáE®aM
ecYçÃKáΩR(kÒ)
ecYçÃKá®aR(kÒ)
ecYçÃKᘮˆ
I had done; I was doing
you had done; you were doing
he had done; he was doing
she had done; she was doing
it had done; it was doing
we had done; we were doing
you had done; you were doing
they had done; they were doing
they had done; they were doing
I’ll have done; I’ll be doing
you’ll have done; you’ll be doing
he’ll have done; he’ll be doing
she’ll have done; she’ll be doing
it’ll have done; it’ll be doing
we’ll have done; we’ll be doing
you’ll have done; you’ll be doing
they’ll have done; they’ll be doing
they’ll have done; they’ll be doing
seyth’irukki∞ïë√
seyth’irukki∞ïäy
seyth’irukki∞ïä√
seyth’irukki∞ïä¬
seyth’irukki∞ïathu
seyth’irukki∞ïöm
seyth’irukki∞ïïr(ga¬)
seyth’irukki∞ïär(ga¬)
seyth’irukki√∞ïa√a
Past Tense
ecYEt˜
ecYtaY
ecYta˜
ecYtaÒ
ecYt∆
ecYEtaM
ecY≥R(kÒ)
ecYtaR(kÒ)
ecYtˆ
seythïë√
seythïäy
seythïä√
seythïä¬
seythïathu
seythïöm
seythïïr(ga¬)
seythïär(ga¬)
seythïa√a
I did
you did
he did
she did
it did
we did
you did
they did
they did
Past Pefect & Past Continuous
ecYçÃNEt˜
seyth’irunthïë√
ecYçÃNtaY
seyth’irunthïäy
ecYçÃNta˜
seyth’irunthïä√
ecYçÃNtaÒ
seyth’irunthïä¬
ecYçÃNt∆
seyth’irunthïathu
ecYçÃNEtaM
seyth’irunthïöm
ecYçÃN≥(kÒ)
seyth’irunthïïr(ga¬)
ecYçÃNtaR(kÒ)
seyth’irunthïär(ga¬)
ecYçÃNtˆ
seyth’irunthïa√a
Future Tense
ecYEv˜
ecYvaY
ecYva˜
ecYvaÒ
ecYÀM
ecYEvaM
ecY™R(kÒ)
ecYvaR(kÒ)
ecYÀM
seyvïë√
seyvïäy
seyvïä√
seyvïä¬
seyyïum
seyvïöm
seyvïïr(ga¬)
seyvïär(ga¬)
seyyïum
I’ll do
you’ll do
he’ll do
she’ll do
it’ll do
we’ll do
you’ll do
they’ll do
they’ll do
Future Perfect & Future Continuous
ecYçÃPEp˜
seyth’iruppïë√
ecYçÃPpaY
seyth’iruppïäy
ecYçÃPpa˜
seyth’iruppïä√
ecYçÃPpaÒ
seyth’iruppïä¬
ecYçÃK¿M
seyth’irukkïum
ecYçÃPEpaM
seyth’iruppïöm
ecYçÃPµR(kÒ)
seyth’iruppïïr(ga¬)
ecYçÃPpaR(kÒ)
seyth’iruppïär(ga¬)
ecYçÃK¿M
seyth’irukkïum
I have done; I am doing
you have done; you are doing
he has done; he is doing
she has done; she is doing
it has done; it is doing
we have done; we are doing
you have done; you are doing
they have done; they are doing
they have done; they are doing
112
ecYtL seythal
ecYwk seygai
ecYyL seyyal
ecYŒ1 seyvu
113
doing (verbal noun)
doing (action) (verbal noun)
doing (action) (verbal noun)
doing (verbal noun)
ecYt∆ seyth’athu
ecYá®∆ seygi∞’athu
ecYv∆ seyv’athu
ecYtaL seythäl
a (past) doing (verbal noun)
a (present) doing (verbal noun)
a (future) doing (verbal noun)
(I-they) do/does-if (conditional)
**************************************************************************************************************************
ecYyaEt seyyäthë
ecYya≥R(kÒ) seyyäthïr(ga¬)
don’t (you) do! (imper. sing.)
don’t (you) do! (imper. plural)
ecYyÉLwl seyyavillai
ecYEy˜2 seyyë√
(I-they) didn’t do (‘past’)
I won’t do (etc.) (tenseless neg.)
ecYt∆ iLwl seythathu illai ecYá®çLwl seygi∞ath’illai
(I-they) haven’t/hasn’t (ever) done (I-they) don’t/doesn’t (ever) do
ecYyat seyyätha
non-doing (neg. adj. part.)
ecYymaDEd˜ seyya-m䆆ë√
I won’t do (etc.) (‘future’)
ecYv∆ iLwl seyvathu illai
(I-they) won’t (ever) do
ecYya∆ seyyäthu; ecYyamL seyyämal
without doing (neg. participle)
ecYyawm seyyämai; ecYyat∆ seyyäthathu
non-doing (neg. verbal nouns)
ecYyaÉDdaL seyyävi††äl
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t do-if (conditional)
ecYyatv˜ seyyäth’ava√, a man who did not do, does not do, or will not do (all of these are participial nouns)
ecYtv˜ seyth’ava√, he who did; ecYá®v˜ seygi∞’ava√, he who does; ecYpv˜ seyb’ava√, he who will do
ecYyatvÒ seyyäth’ava¬, a woman who did not do, does not do, or will not do
ecYtvÒ seyth’ava¬, she who did; ecYá®vÒ seygi∞’ava¬, she who does; ecYpvÒ seyb’ava¬, she who will do
ecYyat∆ seyyäth’athu, an animal or thing which did not do, does not do, or will not do
ecYt∆ seyth’athu, it which did; ecYá®∆ seygi∞’athu, it which does; ecYv∆ seyv’athu, it which will do
ecYyatvR(kÒ) seyyäth’avar(ga¬), people who did not do, do not do, or will not do
ecYtvR(kÒ) seyth’avar(ga¬), they who did; ecYá®vR(kÒ) seygi∞’avar(ga¬), they who do; ecYpvR(kÒ) seyb’avar(ga¬), they who will do
ecYyatwv(kÒ) seyyäth’avai(ga¬), animals or things which did not do, do not do, or will not do
ecYtwv(kÒ) seyth’avai(ga¬), they who did; ecYá®wv(kÒ) seygi∞’avai(ga¬), they who do; ecYpwv(kÒ) seyb’avai(ga¬), they who will do
Negative Compound Forms (the neg. participle ecYya∆ seyyäthu [dropping the ‘u’] + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru;
and the neg. participle ecYyamL seyyämal + past, present, & future of the verb ‘to be / to have’, ià iru):
ecYyaçÃNEt˜
ecYyaçÃKáE®˜
ecYyaçÃPEp˜
ecYyaçÃNtaL
seyyäth’irunthë√
seyyäth’irukki∞ë√
seyyäth’iruppë√
seyyäth’irunthäl (conditional)
ecYyamL iÃNEt˜
ecYyamL iÃKáE®˜
ecYyamL iÃPEp˜
ecYyamL iÃNtaL
seyyämal irunthë√
seyyämal irukki∞ë√
seyyämal iruppë√
seyyämal irunthäl (conditional)
I hadn’t done (past perfect)
I haven’t done (pres. perf.)1
I won’t have done (f. perf.)1
(I-they) hadn’t done-if//don’t/doesn’t do-if
I wasn’t doing
I am not doing
I won’t be doing
(I-they) was/were not doing-if
(past continuous)
(present continuous)
(future continuous)
(I-they) don’t/doesn’t do-if
_______________
1Not
in common use today.
2See
footnote 4 on page 3.
A New Classification of Tamil Verbs:
Two Families; Identical and Fraternal Twins
The Tamil Affirmative Verb includes:
The Imperative (which is usually identical in form with the verb’s root);
The three Tenses: Present, Past, and Future; and
The Participles, including the Infinitive.
Verbs of the Present, Past, or Future tenses are usually the most important part of any Tamil
sentence. All the clauses in a sentence lead up to the Indicative Present, Past, or Future, which verb contains
the essence of the statement or question conveyed in the sentence.
Verbs of the Present, Past, and Future Tense are called, in Tamil, Éwˆ…‰› (vi√aimu∞∞u), i.e.,
‘Complete Verbs’ – verbs which indicate time (Tense) and agent (Person), and thus can form complete
sentences in themselves. These Complete Verbs are, therefore, appropriately, called ‘Indicative’ in Tamil,
etíéwl Éwˆ…‰› (therinilai vi√aimu∞∞u), i.e., ‘[Time & Person]-State indicating Complete Verbs’.
The three Tenses are called …KkalM (mu-k-kälam), i.e., the ‘Three Times’:
1) ékZkalM (nigaΩ-kälam) = Present Time;
2) i®NtkalM (i∞antha-kälam) = Past Time;
3) ¶çRkalM (ethir-kälam) = Future Time.
All Tamil verbs in the Present, Past, and Future Tenses are formed of three parts or segments. The
first part is the Root which is pregnant with the basic meaning of a particular verb. The middle part, the
Infix, indicates the Tense (the Time: Present, Past, or Future). The third part, the Suffix, is the pronominal
ending which is derived from the personal pronouns. The pronominal endings correspond to the person or
persons, thing or things, which are the Subject of the Verb.
The Infix of the Present Tense takes three forms:
1. The strong: -Ká‰- (-kki∞-), as in åwcKáE®˜ (asai-kki∞-ë√), I move (sth), or
-á‰- (-ki∞-), as in EkDáE®˜ (kë†-ki∞-ë√), I ask.
2. The middling -á‰- (-gi∞-), as in uBáE®˜ (u∫-gi∞-ë√), I eat. [ordinary g sound, after nasal]
3. The weak: -á‰- (-gi∞-), as in vÃáE®˜ (varu-gi∞-ë√), I come. [fricative g sound, intervocalic]
The Infix of the Past Tense takes three main forms:
1. The strong: -TT- (-tth-), as in åwcTEt˜ (asai-tth-ë√), I moved (sth).
2. The middling: -NT- (-nth-), as in vNEt˜ (va-nth-ë√), I came.
3. The weak: -i˜- (-i√-), as in OãEˆ˜ ($ö∂-i√-ë√), I ran.
The Infix of the Future Tense takes three forms:
1. The strong: -PP- (-pp-), as in åwcPEp˜ (asai-pp-ë√), I will move (sth) or
-P- (-p-), as in é‰Ep˜ (ni∞-p-ë√), I will stop.
2. The middling: -P- (-b-), as in uBEp˜ (u∫-b-ë√), I will eat.
3. The weak:
-V- (-v-), as in vÃEv˜ (varu-v-ë√), I will come.
With one major exception (in the Fut. 3rd Pers. Neut., both sing. and pl., of all indicative verbs)
and another one based on euphony (noted in brackets, below), the Suffixes are the same in all three Tenses:
•ë√
•$äy
•$ä√
•$ä¬
•athu
•öm
•ï∞(ga¬)
•är(ga¬)
•a√a
[•a in the past tense only of the ‘I’-Family verbs]
– 114 –
PRESENT TENSE:
na˜ paRKáE®˜
nä√ pär-kki∞•ë√
I look-do•I [I look]
naıkÒ paRKáE®aM
nä≥ga¬ pär-kki∞•öm
we look-do•we [we look]
¥ paRKá®aY
nï pär-kki∞•äy
you look-do•you
¥ıkÒ paRKáΩR(kÒ)
nï≥ga¬ pär-kki∞•ïr(ga¬)
you look-do•you
åv˜ paRKá®a˜
ava√ pär-kki∞•ä√
he look-does•he
åvR(kÒ) paRKá®aR(kÒ)
avar(ga¬) pär-kki∞•är(ga¬)
they look-do•they
åvÒ paRKá®aÒ
ava¬ pär-kki∞•ä¬
she look-does•she
å∆ paRKá®∆
athu pär-kki∞•athu
it look-does•it
åwv(kÒ) paRKᘮˆ
avai(ga¬) pär-kki√∞•a√a
they look-do•they
– 115 –
PAST TENSE:
naıkÒ paRTEtaM
nä≥ga¬ pär-tth•öm
we look-did•we [we looked]
na˜ paRTEt˜
nä√ pär-tth•ë√
I look-did•I [I looked]
¥ıkÒ paRT≥R(kÒ)
nï≥ga¬ pär-tth•ïr(ga¬)
you look-did•you
¥ paRTtaY
nï pär-tth•äy
you look-did•you
åv˜ paRTta˜
ava√ pär-tth•ä√
he look-did•he
åvR(kÒ) paRTtaR(kÒ)
avar(ga¬) pär-tth•är(ga¬)
they look-did•they
åvÒ paRTtaÒ
ava¬ pär-tth•ä¬
she look-did•she
å∆ paRTt∆
athu pär-tth•athu
it look-did•it
åwv(kÒ) paRTt∆
avai(ga¬) pär-tth•a√a
they look-did•they
– 116 –
FUTURE TENSE:
na˜ paRPEp˜
nä√ pär-pp•ë√
I look-will•I
naıkÒ paRPEpaM
nä≥ga¬ pär-pp•öm
you look-will•you
[I’ll look]
¥ paRPpaY
nï pär-pp•äy
you look-will•you
¥ıkÒ paRPµR(kÒ)
nï≥ga¬ pär-pp•ïr(ga¬)
you look-will•you
åv˜ paRPpa˜
ava√ pär-pp•ä√
he look-will•he
åvR(kÒ) paRPpaR(kÒ)
avar(ga¬) pär-pp•är(ga¬)
they look-will•they
åvÒ paRPpaÒ
ava¬ pär-pp•ä¬
she look-will•she
å∆ paRK¿M
athu pärkk•um*
it look- will
åwv(kÒ) paRK¿M
avai(ga¬) pärkk•um*
they look- will
_______________
*There are two striking anomalies in every verb’s Future Tense.
First, in the singular and plural form of the third person, neuter, there is no ‘Time-indicating’ Infix!
Second, the pronominal endings, in both the singular and plural forms of the third person, neuter, have
been replaced by -um – which suffix does not have a recognizable relation to any pronoun! In fact,
the future neuter of any Tamil verb is identical in both its singular and plural form and has only two
parts or segments:
Its Infinitive form (minus the final ‘a’) + the Suffix ‘um’.
Our example, above: pärkk•um.
– 117 –
The chief aid in learning to conjugate verbs is usually found in some system of verb classification.
With Tamil verbs, the Infix is the element which varies, and thus this variation provides the basis of
classification. (In contrast, the Suffixes [the pronominal endings] do not vary.)
Phonetic Strength (or Lack of It) as Indicators of a Verb’s Transitivity (or Intransitivity)
1. Variation in the Phonetic Strength of Verb Infixes
We have already roughly characterized the Infix as varying in phonetic strength from ‘strong’ to
‘middling’ to ‘weak’. Every indicative verb has three infixes: those of its Present, Past, and Future tense.
These variations in the Infix not only allow grammarians to categorize Tamil verbs and to build up systems
of classification, but very often a verb’s phonetic strength (or lack of it) indicates whether that verb is
transitive or intransitive (plosive strength very often indicating transitivity; weaker infixes very often
indicating intransitivity). In fact, there is one group of verbs where the cumulative phonetic strength of the
three (present, past, and future) infixes of a particular verb will positively indicate its transitivity or
intransitivity. This group is composed of pairs of verbs which have identical roots. Because the twins of
each pair, in this group, have the same, identical root, we shall call them ‘identical’ twins. But each twin
differs from the other in the phonetic strength of its three infixes. With these twins, the one which,
cumulatively, has the phonetically stronger infixes is the transitive verb. The one with the weaker infixes
is intransitive. Consider, for example, the following three pairs of verbs with ‘identical’ twin roots:
Root (& infinitive, past participle)
Present
Past
Future
.......................................................................................................................................................................
åwc (åwcKk, åwcT∆) (v.t.)
åwcKáE®˜
åwcTEt˜
åwcPEp˜
asai (asaikka, asaitthu) – move (sth.) asai-kki∞-ë√
asai-tth-ë√
asai-pp-ë√
åwc (åwcy, åwcN∆) (v.i.)
åwcáE®˜
åwcNEt˜
åwcEv˜
asai (asaiya, asainthu) – move
asai-gi∞-ë√
asai-nth-ë√
asai-v-ë√
.......................................................................................................................................................................
taZ (taZKk, taZT∆) (v.t.)
taZKáE®˜
taZTEt˜
taZPEp˜
thäΩ (thäΩkka, thäΩtthu) – humiliate
thäΩ-kki∞-ë√
thäΩ-tth-ë√
thäΩ-pp-ë√
taZ (taz, taZN∆) (v.i.)
taZáE®˜
taZNEt˜
taZEv˜
thäΩ (thäΩa, thäΩntha) – be humiliated thäΩ-gi∞-ë√
thäΩ-nth-ë√
thäΩ-v-ë√
.......................................................................................................................................................................
ekƒ (ekƒKk, ekƒT∆) (v.t.)
ekƒKáE®˜
ekƒTEt˜
ekƒPEp˜
ke∂u (ke∂ukka, ke∂utthu) – spoil
ke∂u-kki∞-ë√
ke∂u-tth-ë√
ke∂u-pp-ë√
ekƒ (ekd, ekDƒ) (v.i.)
ekƒáE®˜
ekDEd˜
ekƒEv˜
ke∂u (ke∂a, ke††u) – be spoiled
ke∂u-gi∞-ë√
ke†-†-ë√
ke∂u-v-ë√
.......................................................................................................................................................................
The twins of this first group, along with a majority of non-twin Tamil verbs, have past participles
which end in ‘u’. We therefore classify all of them as belonging to what we shall call the ‘U’-Family. The
past participles of the above six verbs are: asaitthu, asainthu; thäΩtthu, thäΩnthu; ke∂utthu, ke††u.
– 118 –
2. Variation in the Phonetic Strength of a Verb’s Root
There is a second group of twin verbs, all of which belong to the ‘I’-Family (the Family of verbs
whose past participles all end in ‘i’). The twins of this Family are pairs of verbs which have ‘fraternal’ or
‘non-identical’ roots. In a given pair of these twins, one of them has a phonetically strong form of their
common root and is transitive. The other twin has a weakened form of their common root and is
intransitive. As all verbs of the ‘I’-Family – both transitive and intransitive – have only one form of
conjugation, these verbs with ‘fraternal’ or ‘non-identical’ twin roots have an ‘identical’ form of conjugation,
and therefore have the same infixes (whereas, the verbs with ‘identical’ twin roots of the ‘U’-Family have
‘non-identical’ forms of conjugation and therefore have different infixes!).
We present, as examples, the following four pairs of ‘I’-Family verbs with non-identical twin roots:
Root (& infinitive, past participle)
Present
Past
Future
.......................................................................................................................................................................
ådK¿ (ådKk, ådKá) (v.t.)
ådK¿áE®˜
ådKáEˆ˜
ådK¿Ev˜
a∂akku (a∂akka, a∂akki) – control
a∂akku-gi∞-ë√
a∂akk’-i√-ë√
a∂akku-v-ë√
ådı¿ (ådık, ådıá) (v.i.)
ådı¿áE®˜
ådıáEˆ˜
ådı¿Ev˜
a∂a≥gu (a∂a≥ga, a∂a≥gi) – obey
a∂a≥gu-gi∞-ë√
a∂a≥g’-i√-ë√
a∂a≥gu-v-ë√
.......................................................................................................................................................................
AK¿ (AKk, AKá) (v.t.)
AK¿áE®˜
AKáEˆ˜
AK¿Ev˜
äkku (äkka, äkki) – create
äkku-gi∞-ë√
äkk’-i√-ë√
äkku-v-ë√
A¿ (Ak, Aá) (v.i.)
A¿áE®˜
AáEˆ˜
A¿Ev˜
ägu (äga, ägi) – become
ägu-gi∞-ë√
äg’-i√-ë√
ägu-v-ë√
.......................................................................................................................................................................
i®K¿ (i®Kk, i®Ká) (v.t.)
i®K¿áE®˜
i®KáEˆ˜
i®K¿Ev˜
i∞akku (i∞akka, i∞akki) – bring down
i∞akku-gi∞-ë√
i∞akk’-i√-ë√
i∞akku-v-ë√
i®ı¿ (i®ık, i®ıá) (v.i.)
i®ı¿áE®˜
i®ıáEˆ˜
i®ı¿Ev˜
i∞a≥gu (i∞a≥ga, i∞a≥gi) – get down
i∞a≥gu-gi∞-ë√
i∞a≥g’-i√-ë√
i∞a≥gu-v-ë√
.......................................................................................................................................................................
¶¤P» (¶¤Pp, ¶¤Pè) (v.t.)
¶¤P»áE®˜
¶¤PèEˆ˜
¶¤P»Ev˜
eΩuppu (eΩuppa, eΩuppi) – make get up eΩuppu-gi∞-ë√
eΩupp’-i√-ë√
eΩuppu-v-ë√
¶¤M» (¶¤Mp, ¶¤Mè) (v.i.)
¶¤M»áE®˜
¶¤MèEˆ˜
¶¤M»Ev˜
eΩumbu (eΩumba, eΩumbi) – rise up
eΩumbu-gi∞-ë√
eΩumb’-i√-ë√
eΩumbu-v-ë√
.......................................................................................................................................................................
All Tamil indicative verbs belong either to the ‘U’-Family or to the ‘I’-Family.
The twin verbs of this second group are so exceptional that they and their non-twin siblings, also
similarly conjugated, have been classified by us as a separate Family. As we have said above, this Family
of verbs is distinguished by the form of their past participles, which always end in ‘i’. The past participles
of the eight verbs, listed above, are: a∂akki, a∂a≥gi; äkki, ägi; i∞akki, i∞a≥gi; eΩuppi, eΩumbi.
– 119 –
Formation of the Infinitive
There is another peculiarity of the ‘I’-Family verbs. All the roots of the ‘I’-Family verbs end in
‘u’ – and with every single one of these verbs, its infinitive is formed by dropping the final ‘u’ of its root and
substituting an ‘a’. For example, consider the following:
Root
îdK¿ a∂akku
îdı¿ a∂a≥gu
Infinitive
îdKk a∂akka to control (v.t.)
îdık a∂a≥ga to obey (v.i.)
AK¿ äkku
A¿ ägu
AKk äkka to create (v.t.)
Ak äga to become (v.i.)
i®K¿ i∞akku
i®ı¿ i∞a≥gu
i®Kk i∞akka to bring down (v.t.)
i®ık i∞a≥ga to descend from (v.i.)
¶¤P» eΩuppu
¶¤M» eΩumbu
¶¤Pp eΩuppa to make get up (v.t.)
¶¤Mp eΩumba to rise up (v.i.)
In contrast, with regard to approximately half of the verbs of the ‘U’-Family – the phonetically
strong ones (of the 1st and 2nd Conjugations), their infinitives are formed by adding -Kk (-kka) to their
roots. With most of the remaining verbs of the ‘U’-Family, the phonetically weaker ones (some of the 3rd
and 5th Conjugations), their infinitives are formed by adding an ‘a’ to their roots directly (if their roots end
in a semivowel) or (in the 5th) by adding an ‘a’ to their roots after an inserted euphonic ‘y’ (if their roots end
in a vowel). For example, consider the following:
Root
taZ thäΩ
EcR sër
¶í eri
îã a∂i
Infinitive (Strong Form)
taZKk thäΩkka to humiliate (v.t.)
EcRKk sërkka to join (v.t.)
¶íKk erikka to burn (sth) (v.t.)
îãKk a∂ikka to hit (v.t.)
Root
taZ thäΩ
EcR sër
¶í eri
îõ a∫i
Infinitive (Weak Form)
taz thäΩa to be humiliated (v.i.)
Ecr sera to join with (v.i.)
¶íy eriya to be burned (v.i.)
îõy a∫iya to wear (v.i.)
There are some verbs of the ‘U’-Family (a scattering in the weaker 4th, 5th, and 6th Conjugations)
which have infinitives formed in the same manner as the ‘I’-Family: that is, by dropping the final ‘u’ of
their roots and substituting an ‘a’. For example, consider the following:
Root
î¤ aΩu
iƒ i∂u
¶¤ eΩu
ekƒ ke∂u
»¿ pugu
Conj.
6th
4th
5th
4th
5th
Infinitive
îz aΩa to cry
id i∂a to put
¶z eΩa to get up
ekd ke∂a to be spoiled
»k puga to enter
Finally, there is a very small number of verbs of the ‘U’-Family (3rd, 5th, and 6th Conjugations)
whose roots end in a nasal or semivowel and which double that nasal or semivowel in their infinitives. For
example, consider these:
Root
uB u∫
ç˜ thi√
ecY sey
emL mel
ekaÒ ko¬
Conj.
3rd
3rd
6th
5th
5th
Infinitive
uBb u∫∫a to eat
瘈 thi√√a to eat (said of animals)
ecYy seyya to do
emLl mella to chew
ekaÒ¬ ko¬¬a to possess; to take
– 120 –
The Seven Forms of Conjugation of Tamil Verbs
In formulating a classification of the different forms of conjugation of Tamil verbs, an analysis of variations in
‘phonetic strength’ plays the major role. Tamil grammarians divide the eighteen consonants into three classes:
a) vLìˆM valli√am (the strong class – K, C, D, T, P, ‰, with their plosive, sonant, and other sounds);
b) emLìˆM melli√am (the soft class – the nasals: ı, ü, B, N, M, ˜); and
c) iwdëˆM i∂aiyi√am (the medial class – the semi-vowels: Y, R, L, V, Z, Ò).
This classification does not distinguish the different plosive, sonant, and other sounds of each letter in the
‘strong’ category. Our analysis, below, recognizes these distinctions. The numbers in the Key, below, indicate the
Strength Index (s.i.) – the degree of phonetic ‘hardness’ or ‘strength’ – of the various types of consonants.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Key:
cc =
strong, plosive double-consonant (phonetic Strength Index: 4)
n c = less strong sonant preceded by a nasal consonant (s.i.: 3)
c = sonant or nasal (s.i.: 2) – when either is preceded and followed by a vowel
s = semi-vowel consonant, preceded and followed by a vowel (s.i.: 1)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
The Numerical Quantification of Phonetic Strength Variation
Phonetic analysis is chiefly aimed at grading the phonetic strength of a Tamil verb’s three infixes – in the
present, past, and future tenses – in order to classify the different forms of conjugation. In our analysis, however, the
terms ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ have also been applied to the roots of the verbs belonging to the ‘I’-Family (which family
includes all those verbs whose past participles end with the short ‘i ’ vowel). As already noted, all of the verbs
belonging to the ‘I’-Family, follow only one particular ‘weak’ conjugation. Therefore, the phonetic strength or weakness
of their roots has no effect on the form of their conjugation. But this strength or weakness, as we have noted, often
indicates transitivity or intransitivity of verbs of the ‘I’-Family.
1. Variation in the Phonetic Strength of ‘I’-Family Verb Roots
The phonetic strength or weakness of the final consonants of the roots of ‘I’-Family verbs can be assigned
numerical values, as illustrated in the following examples:
1) strong (with a plosive double-consonant – Strength Index: 4): ådK¿ a∂akku; and ´ma‰› ëmä∞∞u;
2) nasalized (with a nasal-sonant conjunct – s.i.: 3): ådı¿ a∂a≥gu; or
3) weak (with only one sonant – s.i.: 2): ´ma› ëmä∞u.
If the root of a verb of the ‘I’-Family has a Strength Index of 4, then it is almost always a transitive verb. On
the other hand, if the root is nasalized (s.i.: 3) or weak (s.i.: 2), the verb is most often intransitive. One of the more
interesting aspects of this mimicking of the concept of verbal transitivity by phonetic ‘strength’ and, of intransitivity
by phonetic ‘weakness’, is the impressive number of twin verbs of the ‘I’-Family, one twin of which is transitive and
the other, intransitive. Each pair of twins springs from one common root, but the transitivity of one of the twins is
expressed by the phonetic strength (s.i.: 4) of its form of that root, whereas the intransitivity of the other twin is
expressed by the relative weakening (s.i.: 3 or 2) of the root.
For example, consider the following pair of twins (type A) of the ‘I’-Family, where the hardness of the final
double-consonant plosive of the root of the strong twin, a∂akku, is softened into a final nasal-sonant conjunct of the
weaker twin, a∂a≥gu:
ådK¿ a∂akku [s.i.: 4], control (v.t.)
ådı¿ a∂a≥gu [s.i.: 3], be controlled (v.i.)
There is a second variety of twins (type B) in the ‘I’-Family, where the hardness of the final double-consonant
plosive of the root of the strong twin, for example, ëmä∞∞u, is softened into a single final sonant consonant of the
weaker twin, ëmä∞u:
´ma‰› ëmä∞∞u [s.i.: 4], cheat (v.t.)
´ma› ëmä∞u [s.i.: 2], be cheated (v.i.)
– 121 –
2. Variation in the Phonetic Strength of ‘I’-Family Verb Infixes
A sampling of verbs of the ‘I’-Family is presented, below, giving the first person singular of the present, past,
and future tense of these verbs. This sampling illustrates the ‘I’-Family’s single Form of conjugation – a conjugation
as weak as the weakest form of conjugation in the ‘U’-Family, its 6th Form.
With all ‘I’ verbs, the phonetic Strength Index of the infix of their present tense is 2; of their past tense, 2; and
of their future tense, 1. These three values add up to a total of 5.
3. Variation in the Phonetic Strength of ‘U’-Family Verb Infixes
Presented on the facing page is a sampling of verbs of the ‘U’-Family, illustrating six other Forms of conjugation.
Those ‘U’ verbs with the strongest infixes in all three of their tenses (4+4+4 = 12) are verbs which belong to the
strongest conjugation, No. 1. With regard to the verbal roots ke¬ and kal, the semi-vowels ¬ and l are, before the
infixes of the three tenses, transformed by rules of sandhi, respectively, into the stronger, ‘harder’ plosive consonants
† and ∞. These transformations are made for the sake of euphony. (Note that ¬ and † are related retroflexive sounds;
and l and ∞ are related alveolar sounds.) All infixes of the two verbs, ke¬ and kal, have thus gained a plosive, doubleconsonant conjunct, and each infix possesses the phonetic Strength Index 4.
Verbs of the next strongest conjugation, No. 2, have a weakened, nasalized infix in the past tense, with a sonant
following a nasal. The three infixes have the following phonetic Strength Index: 4+3+4, which gives a total of 11.
Phonetic transformations through sandhi are evident again in this conjugation, as they are in most other conjugations
of this Family.
With verbs of the 3rd conjugation, all three infixes (present, past, and future) are reduced in phonetic strength
from plosive force to sonants preceded by nasals (3+3+3 = 9). The nasals, it should be noted, are all supplied by the
roots. Most notably, the strong plosive, p sound, of the future tense infix of the first two conjugations has now been
reduced to the sonant sound b, in this 3rd conjugation, future tense infix.
In the 4th conjugation, the present tense infix is reduced still further in phonetic strength (s.i. 2) and the infix of
the future tense is reduced to the weakest, semi-vowel level (s.i. 1). Surprisingly, the infix of the past tense, in this
conjugation, has the maximum, plosive strength (s.i. 4). The strength of this infix is created by a doubling of its
consonant – courtesy of the juxtaposed, transformed final consonant of the root.
The 5th and 6th conjugations continue with the same weak present tense and future tense infixes as in the 4th.
But the 5th conjugation’s past tense infix returns to the standard -nth- (s.i. 3) of the 2nd conjugation. And, by
dropping the nasal, the 6th conjugation reduces the phonetic strength of its past tense infix even further, to -th- (s.i. 2).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
‘I’-Family (which has only one form of conjugation):
Root (& infinitive, past participle)
Present
Past
Future
——————————————————————————————————————————————
1 ådK¿ (ådKk, ådKá)
ådK¿áE®˜
ådKáEˆ˜
ådK¿Ev˜
a∂akku (a∂akka, a∂akki) – control (v.t.)
a∂akku-gi∞-ë√ 2 + a∂akk’i√-ë√ 2 + a∂akku-v-ë√
1 = 5
ådı¿ (ådık, ådıá)
a∂a≥gu (a∂a≥ga, a∂a≥gi) – obey (v.i.)
ådı¿áE®˜
ådıáEˆ˜
a∂a≥gu-gi∞-ë√ 2 + a∂a≥g’i√-ë√ 2 +
AK¿ (AKk, AKá)
äkku (äkka, äkki) – create (v.t.)
AK¿áE®˜
AKáEˆ˜
AK¿Ev˜
äkku-gi∞-ë√ 2 + $äkk’i√-ë√
2 + $äkku-v-ë√
1 = 5
A / A¿ (Ak, Aá)
ä$ / ägu (äga, ägi) – become (v.i.) $
A¿áE®˜
ägu-gi∞-ë√
AáEˆ˜
2 + äg’i√-ë√
A¿Ev˜
2 + ägu-v-ë√
1 = 5
Epa (Epak, EpaY) irregular
pö (pöga, pöy) – go (v.i.)
EpaáE®˜
pö-gi∞-ë√
EpaEˆ˜
2 + pö’√-ë√
EpaEv˜
2 + pö-v-ë√
1 = 5
$
ådı¿Ev˜
a∂a≥gu-v-ë√
1 = 5
¶¤∆ (¶¤t, ¶¤ç)
¶¤∆áE®˜
¶¤çEˆ˜
¶¤∆Ev˜
eΩuthu (eΩutha, eΩuthi) – write (v.t.)
eΩuthu-gi∞-ë√ 2 + eΩuth’i√-ë√ 2 + eΩuthu-v-ë√
1 = 5
——————————————————————————————————————————————–
– 122 –
‘U’-Family (with six different forms of conjugation):
Root (& infinitive, past participle)
Present
Past
Future
——————————————————————————————————————————————
1 åwc (åwcKk, åwcT∆)
åwcKáE®˜
åwcTEt˜
åwcPEp˜
asai (asaikka, asaitthu) – move (sth.)
asai-kki∞-ë√ 4 + asai-tth-ë√ 4 + asai-pp-ë√
4 = 12
EkÒ (EkDk, EkDƒ)
ke¬ (ke†ka, ke††u) – ask (v.)
EkDáE®˜
ke†-ki∞-ë√
EkDEd˜
4 + ke†-†-ë√
4+
EkDEp˜
ke†-p-ë√
4 = 12
kL (k‰k, k‰›)
kal (ka∞ka, ka∞∞u) – learn (v.t.)
k‰áE®˜
ka∞-ki∞-ë√
k‰E®˜
4 + ka∞-∞-ë√
4+
k‰Ep˜
ka∞-p-ë√
4 = 12
——————————————————————————————————————————————
2 ià (iÃKk, iÃN∆)
iÃKáE®˜
iÃNEt˜
iÃPEp˜
iru (irukka, irunthu) – be (v.i.)
iru-kki∞-ë√ 4 + iru-nth-ë√ 3 + iru-pp-ë√
4 = 11
éL(Õ) (é‰k, 阛)
nil(lu) (ni∞ka, ni˚u) – stop (v.i.)
é‰áE®˜
ni∞-ki∞-ë√
é˜E®˜
4 + ni√-∞-ë√
3+
é‰Ep˜
ni∞-p-ë√
4 = 11
——————————————————————————————————————————————
¶˜áE®˜
¶˜E®˜
¶˜Ep˜
3 ¶˜ (¶˜ˆ, ¶˜›)
e√ (e√√a, e√∞u) – say (v.t.)
e√-gi∞-ë√
3 + e√-∞-ë√
3 + e√-b-ë√
3 = 9
uB (uBb, uBƒ)
u∫ (u∫∫a, u∫∂u) – eat (v.t.)
uBáE®˜
uBEd˜
u∫-gi∞-ë√
3 + u∫-∂-ë√
uBEp˜
3 + u∫-b-ë√
3 = 9
kaB (kab, kBƒ) irregular
kä∫ (kä∫a, ka∫∂u) – see (v.t.)
kaBáE®˜
kä∫-gi∞-ë√
kaBEp˜
3 + kä∫-b-ë√
3 = 9
kBEd˜
3 + ka∫-∂-ë√
——————————————————————————————————————————————
pƒáE®˜
pDEd˜
pƒEv˜
4 pƒ (pd, pDƒ )
pa∂u (pa∂a, pa††u) – feel (v.i.)
pa∂u-gi∞-ë√ 2 + pa†-†-ë√
4 + pa∂u-v-ë√
1 = 7
ep› (ep®, ep‰›)
pe∞u (pe∞a, pe∞∞u) – get (v.t.)
ep›áE®˜
pe∞u-gi∞-ë√
ep‰E®˜
2 + pe∞-∞-ë√
ep›Ev˜
4 + pe∞u-v-ë√
1 = 7
ca (cak, ecT∆) irregular
sä (säga, setthu) – die (v.i.)
caáE®˜
sä-gi∞-ë√
ecTEt˜
2 + se-tth-ë√
caEv˜
4 + sä-v-ë√
1 = 7
——————————————————————————————————————————————
5 åwc (åwcy, åwcN∆)
åwcáE®˜
åwcNEt˜
åwcEv˜
asai (asaiya, asainthu) – move (v.i.)
asai-gi∞-ë√
2 + asai-nth-ë√ 3 + asai-v-ë√
1 = 6
va (vr, vN∆) irregular
vä (vara, vanthu) – come (v.i.)
vÃáE®˜
varu-gi∞-ë√
vNEt˜
2 + va-nth-ë√
vÃEv˜
3 + varu-v-ë√
1 = 6
Ev (Evk, evN∆) irregular
vë (vëga, venthu) – be cooked (v.i.)
EváE®˜
vë-gi∞-ë√
evNEt˜
2 + ve-nth-ë√
EvEv˜
3 + vë-v-ë√
1 = 6
ekaÒ(‹) (ekaÒ¬, ekaBƒ)
ko¬(¬u) (ko¬¬a, ko∫∂u) – take (v.t.)
ekaÒ‹áE®˜
ko¬¬u-gi∞-ë√ 2 +
ekaBEd˜
ekaÒ‹Ev˜
ko∫-∂-ë√
3 + ko¬¬u-v-ë√
1 = 6
——————————————————————————————————————————————
6 å¤ (åz, å¤∆)
å¤áE®˜
å¤Et˜
å¤Ev˜
aΩu (aΩa, aΩuthu) – cry (v.i.)
aΩu-gi∞-ë√
2 + aΩu-th-ë√
2 + aΩu-v-ë√
1 = 5
ecY (ecYy, ecY∆) irregular
sey (seyya, seythu) – do (v.t.)
ecYáE®˜
sey-gi∞-ë√
ecYEt˜
2 + sey-th-ë√
ecYEv˜
2 + sey-v-ë√
1 = 5
——————————————————————————————————————————————
– 123 –
Verbs Classified according to Family, Twinship, and Conjugation
‘I’-Family: A-twins [final consonants of strong root: c c (v.t.) & nasalized root: n c (v.i.)] :
*Infixes for all ‘I’-Family verbs: -gi∞- (present); -i√- (past); -v- (future)
*Example: (Conjugation I: addakku-gi∞- [present]; addakk’-i√- [past]; addakku-v- [future])
001 ådK¿ a∂akku (ådKk, ådKá) control (v.t.); restrain; contain
002 ådı¿ a∂a≥gu (ådık, ådıá) act restrained (v.i.); obey; act modest
*Example: (Conjugation I: adda≥gu-gi∞- [present]; adda≥g’-i√- [past]; adda≥gu-v- [future])
003 i®K¿ i∞akku (i®Kk, i®Ká) bring down (v.t.); put down (I: i∞akku-gi∞-; i∞akk’-i√-; i∞akku-v-)
004 i®ı¿ i∞a≥gu (i®ık, i®ıá) get down (v.i.); descend from (I: i∞a≥gu-gi∞-; i∞a≥g’-i√-; i∞a≥gu-v-)
005 ¶¤P» eΩuppu (¶¤Pp, ¶¤Pè) make get up (v.t.); awaken (I: eΩuppu-gi∞-; eΩupp’-i√-; eΩuppu-v-)
006 ¶¤M» eΩumbu (¶¤Mp, ¶¤Mè) go up (v.i.); rise (I: eΩumbu-gi∞-; eΩumb’-i√-; eΩumbu-v-)
007 klK¿ kalakku (klKk, klKá) disturb (v.t.); stir (I: kalakku-gi∞-; kalakk’-i√-; kalakku-v-)
008 klı¿ kala≥gu (klık, klıá) become stirred; disturbed(v.i.) (kala≥gu-gi∞-; kala≥g’-i√-; kala≥gu-v-)
009 á¬P» ki¬appu (á¬Pp, á¬Pè) start (a car ) (v.t.); incite (I: ki¬appu-gi∞-; ki¬app’-i√-; ki¬appu-v-)
010 á¬M» ki¬ambu (á¬Mp, á¬Mè) start (v.i.); rise; emerge (I: ki¬ambu-gi∞-; ki¬amb’-i√-; ki¬ambu-v-)
011 ¿zP» kuΩappu (¿zPp, ¿zPè) confuse (others) (v.t.) (I: kuΩappu-gi∞-; kuΩapp’-i√-; kuΩappu-v-)
012 ¿zM» kuΩambu (¿zMp, ¿zMè) become confused (v.i.) (I: kuΩambu-gi∞-; kuΩamb’-i√-; kuΩambu-v-)
013 ◊ÃK¿ surukku (◊ÃKk, ◊ÃKá) shrink (make small) (v.t.) (I: surukku-gi∞-; surukk’-i√-; surukku-v-)
014 ◊Ãı¿ suru≥gu (◊Ãık, ◊Ãıá) shrink (v.i.);wrinkle; frown (I: suru≥gu-gi∞-; suru≥g’-i√-; suru≥gu-v-)
015 taK¿ thäkku (taKk, taKá) attack (v.t.) (I: thäkku-gi∞-; thäkk’-i√-; thäkku-v-)
016 taı¿ thä≥gu (taık, taıá) sustain (I: thä≥gu-gi∞-; thä≥g’-i√-; thä≥gu-v-)
017 çÃP» thiruppu (çÃPp, çÃPè) (cause to) turn (v.t.) (I: thiruppu-gi∞-; thirupp’-i√-; thiruppu-v-)
018 çÃM» thirumbu (çÃMp, çÃMè) turn (v.i.); return (I: thirumbu-gi∞-; thirumb’-i√-; thirumbu-v-)
019 ÁK¿ thükku (ÁKk, ÁKá) lift up (v.t.); carry; weigh (I: thükku-gi∞-; thükk’-i√-; thükku-v-)
020 Áı¿ thü≥gu (Áık, Áıá) sleep (v.i) (I: thü≥gu-gi∞-; thü≥g’-i√-; thü≥gu-v-)
021 n◊K¿ nasukku (n◊Kk, nxKá) crush (v.t.) (I: nasukku-gi∞-; nasukk’-i√-; nasukku-v-)
022 n◊ı¿ nasu≥gu (n◊ık, n◊ıá) become crushed (v.i.) (I: nasu≥gu-gi∞-; nasu≥g’-i√-; nasu≥gu-v-)
023 nƒK¿ na∂ukku (nƒKk, nƒKá) make tremble (v.t.) (I: na∂ukku-gi∞-; na∂ukk’-i√-; na∂ukku-v-)
024 nƒı¿ na∂u≥gu (nƒık, nƒıá) tremble (v.i.) (I: na∂u≥gu-gi∞-; na∂u≥g’-i√-; na∂u≥gu-v-)
025 érP» nirappu (érPp, érPè) fill (v.t.) (I: nirappu-gi∞-; nirapp’-i√-; nirappu-v-)
026 érM» nirambu (érMp, érMè) fill (v.i.) (I: nirambu-gi∞-; niramb’-i√-; nirambu-v-)
027 ¥K¿ nïkku (¥Kk, ¥Ká) dismiss (v.t.) (I: nïkku-gi∞-; nïkk’-i√-; nïkku-v-)
028 ¥ı¿ nï≥gu (¥ık, ¥ıá) cease (hunger, illness, etc.) (v.i.), end (I: nï≥gu-gi∞-; nï≥g’-i√-; nï≥gu-v-)
029 enÃK¿ nerukku (enÃKk, enÃKá) squeeze (v.t.); press (I: nerukku-gi∞-; nerukk’-i√-; nerukku-v-)
030 enÃı¿ neru≥gu (enÃık, enÃıá) approach (v.i.) (I: neru≥gu-gi∞-; neru≥g’-i√-; neru≥gu-v-)
031 ena›K¿ no∞ukku (ena›Kk, ena›Ká) crush (v.t.) (I: no∞ukku-gi∞-; no∞ukk’-i√-; no∞ukku-v-)
032 ena›ı¿ no∞u≥gu (ena›ık, ena›ıá) be crushed (v.i.) (I: no∞u≥gu-gi∞-; no∞u≥g’-i√-; no∞u≥gu-v-)
033 myK¿ mayakku (myKk, myKá) confuse, charm (v.t.) (I: mayakku-gi∞-; mayakk’-i√-; mayakku-v-)
034 myı¿ maya≥gu (myık, myıá) be confused (v.i.) (I: maya≥gu-gi∞-; maya≥g’-i√-; maya≥gu-v-)
035 ɬK¿ vi¬akku (ɬKk, ɬKá) explain (v.t.), illuminate (I: vi¬akku-gi∞-; vi¬akk’-i√-; vi¬akku-v-)
036 ɬı¿ vi¬a≥gu (ɬık, ɬıá) be clear (v.i.); be renowned; flourish (I: vi¬a≥gu-gi∞-; vi¬a≥g’-i√-; vi¬a≥gu-v-)
– 124 –
‘I’-Family: B-twins [final consonants of strong root: c c (v.t.) & weak root: c (v.i.)] :
*Infixes for all ‘I’-Family verbs: -gi∞- (present); -i√- (past); -v- (future)
*Example: (Conjugation I: äkku-gi∞- [present]; äkk’-i√- [past]; äkku-v- [future])
037 AK¿ äkku (AKk, AKá) create (v.t.), make; effect
038 A[¿] ä[gu] (Ak, Aá/AY) be (v.i.), become
*Example: (Conjugation I: ä-gi∞- [present]; ä-√- [irregular past]; ä-v- [future])
*Example: (Conjugation I: ä∞∞u-gi∞- [present]; ä∞∞-i√- [past]; ä∞∞u-v- [future])
039 A‰› ä∞∞u (A‰®, A‰ó) comfort (console) (v.t.)
040 A› ä∞u (A®, Aó) heal (v.i.); calm down
*Example: (Conjugation I: ä∞u-gi∞- [present]; ä∞’-i√- [past]; ä∞u-v- [future])
041 uBdaK¿ u∫∂äkku (-AKk, -AKá) create (v.t.) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-)
042 uBda¿ u∫∂ägu (-Ak, -Aá) become (v.i.) (I: -ägu-gi∞-; -äg’-i√-; -ägu-v-)
043 uÃK¿ urukku (uÃKk, uÃKá) make (sth) melt (v.t.) (I: urukku-gi∞-; urukk’-i√-; urukku-v-)
044 uÿ urugu (uÃk, uÃá) melt (be in the process of melting) (v.i.) (urugu-gi∞-; urug’-i√-; urugu-v-)
045 U‰› ü∞∞u (U‰®, U‰ó) pour (v.t.); flow down (I: ü∞∞u-gi∞-; ü∞∞’-i√-; ü∞∞u-v-)
046 U› ü∞u (U®, Uó) flow (v.i.); ooze (I: ü∞u-gi∞-; ü∞’-i√-; ü∞u-v-)
047 ´ma‰› ëmä∞∞u (´ma‰®, ´ma‰ó) cheat (v.t.) (I: ëmä∞∞u-gi∞-; ëmä∞∞’-i√-; ëmä∞∞u-v-)
048 ´ma› ëmä∞u (´ma®, ´maó) be cheated, disappointed (v.i.) (I: ëmä∞u-gi∞-; ëmä∞’-i√-; ëmä∞u-v-)
049 ´‰› ë∞∞u (´‰®, ´‰ó) raise (v.t.); pump (water, etc.) (I: ë∞∞u-gi∞-; ë∞∞’-i√-; ë∞∞u-v-)
050 ´› ë∞u (¶®, ´ó) climb (v.t.), ascend; get onto; enter (a vehicle) (I: ë∞u-gi∞-; ë∞’-i√-; ‘˚u-v-)
051 ODƒ ö††u (ODd, ODã) drive (v.t.) (I: ö††u-gi∞-; ö††u’-i√-; ö††u-v-)
052 Oƒ ö∂u (Od, Oã) run (v.i.) (I: ö∂u-gi∞-; %ö∂’-i√-; ö∂u-v-)
053 ‡Dƒ kü††u (‡Dd, ‡Dƒ) collect (v.t.); gather; add (I: kü††u-gi∞-; kü††’-i√-; kü††u-v-)
054 ‡ƒ kü∂u (‡d, ‡ƒ) join (v.i.); unite; gather; assemble (I: kü∂u-gi∞-; kü∂’-i√-; kü∂u-v-)
055 Et‰› thë∞∞u (Et‰®, Et‰ó) comfort (v.t.); console (I: thë∞∞u-gi∞-; thë∞∞-i√-; thë∞∞u-v-)
056 Et› thë∞u (Et®, Etó) pass (an exam) (v.t.); qualify (I: thë∞u-gi∞-; thë∞-i√-; thë∞u-v-)
057 naDƒ n䆆u (naDd, naDã) establish (v.t.); install; plant; fix (I: n䆆u-gi∞-; n䆆’-i√-; n䆆u-v-)
058 naƒ nä∂u (nad, naã) seek; approach; opt for (I: nä∂u-gi∞-; nä∂’-i√-; nä∂u-v-)
059 ¥¬maK¿ nï¬am-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) lengthen (v.t.); protract (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-)
060 ¥¬ma¿ nï¬am-ägu (-Ak, -Aá) become protracted (v.i.); be lengthened (I: -ä-gi∞-; -ä-√-; -ä-v-)
061 ma‰› mä∞∞u (ma‰®, ma‰ó) change (v.t.); exchange (I: mä∞∞u-gi∞-; mä∞∞’-i√-; mä∞∞u-v-)
062 ma› mä∞u (ma®, maó) change (v.i.) (I: mä∞u-gi∞-; mä∞’-i√-; mä∞u-v-)
– 125 –
‘I’ Family [final consonants of strong root: c c (v.t. )]:
*Infixes for all ‘I’-Family verbs: -gi∞- (present); -i√- (past); -v- (future)
063 åfiP» a√uppu (åfiPp, åfiPè) send (v.t.) (I: a√uppu-gi∞-; a√upp’-i√-; a√uppu-v-)
064 uƒT∆ u∂utthu (uƒTt, uƒTç) wear (v.t.), put on (I: u∂utthu-gi∞-; u∂utth’-i√-; u∂utthu-v-)
065 uyRT∆ uyartthu (uyRTt, uyRTç) raise (v.t.) (I: uyartthu-gi∞-; uyartth’-i√-; uyartthu-v-)
066 uÃDƒ uru††u (uÃDd, uÃDã) roll (make roll) (v.t.) (I: uru††u-gi∞-; uru††’-i√-; uru††u-v-)
067 uÒ¬dK¿ u¬¬a∂akku (-ådKk, -ådKá) include (v.t.) (I: -a∂akku-gi∞-; -a∂akk’-i√-; -a∂akku-v-)
068 ¶Dƒ e††u (¶Dd, ¶Dã) reach; reach (for) (I: e††u-gi∞; e††’-i√-; e††u-v-)
069 ´‰pƒT∆ ë∞pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) develop; cause (I: -pa∂utthu-gi∞-; -pa∂utth’-i√-; -pa∂utthu-v-)
070 oDƒ o††u (oDd, oDã) stick (make adhere to) (v.t.) (I: o††u-gi∞-; o††’-i√-; o††u-v-)
071 kDdayPpƒT∆ ka††äya-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) enforce (v.t.) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
072 kDƒ ka††u (kDd, kDã) bind (v.t.), tie; build (I: ka††u-gi∞-; ka††’-i√-; ka††u-v-)
073 kT∆ katthu (kTt, kTç) shout (I: katthu-gi∞-; katth’-i√-; katthu-v-)
074 klwvyaK¿ kalavai-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) mix (v.t.) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-)
075 kz‰› kaΩa∞∞u (kz‰®, kz‰ó) remove, take off (clothes, etc.) (v.t.) (I: ºa∞∞u-gi∞-; ºa∞∞’-i√-; ºa∞∞u-v-)
076 kaDƒ k䆆u (kaDd, kaDã) show (point out) (v.t.) (I: k䆆u-gi∞-; k䆆’-i√-; k䆆u-v-)
077 kaPpa‰› käppä∞∞u (kaPpa‰®, kaPpa‰ó) protect (v.t.); save (I: ºpä∞∞u-gi∞-; ºpä∞∞’-i√-; ºpä∞∞u-v-)
078 ‡Dƒ kü††u (‡Dd, ‡Dã) get (v.t.); accrue (I: kü††u-gi∞-; kü††’-i√-; kü††u-v-)
079 ¿bPpƒT∆ gu∫a-p-pa∂atthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) cure (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
080 ¿bmaK¿ gu∫am-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) cure (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-)
081 ¿T∆ kutthu (¿Tt, ¿Tç) stab (v.t.) (I: kutthu-gi∞-; kutth’-i√-; kutthu-v-)
082 ¿ñPpaDƒ ku¬ipp䆆u (-ADd, -ADã) bathe (v.t.); wash (a cow, etc.) (I: -p䆆u-gi∞-; -p䆆’-i√-; -p䆆u-v-)
083 ¿‰®M caDƒ ku∞∞am s䆆u (- caDd, - caDã) accuse (I: - s䆆u-gi∞-; - s䆆’-i√-; - s䆆u-v-)
–
085 cméwlyaK¿ samanilai-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) balance; compare (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-)
086 cíPpƒT∆ sari-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) set right; repair (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
087 cíyaK¿ sari-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) correct (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-)
088 caT∆ sätthu (caTt, caTç) shut (door, etc.) (v.t.), close (I: sätthu-gi∞-; säth’-i√-; sätthu-v-)
089 ◊‰› su∞∞u (◊‰®, ◊‰ó) surround (v.t.) (I: su∞∞u-gi∞-; su∞∞’-i√-; su∞∞u-v-)
090 ecyla‰› seyal-ä∞∞u (-A‰®, -A‰ó) carry out plan, orders (v.t.) (-ä∞∞u-gi∞-; -ä∞∞’-i√-; -ä∞∞u-v-)
091 ecÕT∆ selutthu (ecÕTt, ecÕTç) drive (a vehicle) (v.t.) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
092 ùapkPpƒT∆ ñäbaga-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) recollect, remember (ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
093 çrDƒ thira††u (çrDd, çrDã) gather (v.t.); collect (I: thira††u-gi∞-; thira††’-i√-; thira††u-v-)
094 çÃT∆ thirutthu (çÃTt, çÃTç) correct (v.t.); amend (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
095 ∆rT∆ thuratthu (∆rTt, ∆rTç) chase (v.t.), pursue (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
096 nkRT∆ nagartthu (nkRTt, nkRTç) move (v.t.), shift (sth.) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
097 ndT∆ na∂atthu (ndTt, ndTç) manage (v.t.); direct (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
098 é›T∆ ni∞utthu (é›Tt, é›Tç) stop (v.t.); arrest (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
099 éwˆŒpƒT∆ ni√aivu-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) remind s.o. of sth. (v.t.) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
100 ¥Dƒ nu (¥Dd, ¥Dã) extend (v.t.) (I: nu-gi∞-; n’-i√-; nu-v-)
101 pƒT∆ pa∂utthu (pƒTt, pƒTç) cause to feel or suffer (v.t.) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
102 prP» parappu (prPp, prPè) expand (v.t.); spread (I: parappu-gi∞-; parapp’-i√-; parappu-v-)
103 plPpƒT∆ bala-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) strengthen (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
104 paraDƒ pär䆆u (paraDd, paraDã) congratulate (v.t.) (I: -䆆u-gi∞-; -䆆’-i√-; -䆆u-v-)
105 »BpƒT∆ pu∫-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) wound (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
106 »rDƒ pura††u (»rDd, »rDã) overturn (v.t.) (I: pura††u-gi∞-; pura††’-i√-; pura††u-v-)
107 ÈDƒ pü††u (ÈDd, ÈDã) lock (v.t.) (I: pü††u-gi∞-; pü††’-i√-; pü††u-v-)
108 epaãyaK¿ po∂i-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (pound into) powder (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-)
109 …˜Eˆ‰® pƒT∆ mu√√ë∞∞a pa∂utthu (- pƒTt, - pƒTç) improve (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
110 ÉívaK¿ viri-v-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) expand (v.t.); improve (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-)
111 evDƒ ve††u (evDd, evDã) cut (v.t.), chop (I: ve††u-gi∞-; ve††’-i√-; ve††u-v-)
112 evñKkaDƒ ve¬i-k-k䆆u (-kaDd, -kaDã) express (show outwardly) (v.t.) (º††u-gi∞-; º††’-i√-; º††u-v-)
113 Ev›pƒT∆ vë∞u-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) differentiate (v.t.) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-)
– 126 –
‘I’ Family [final consonants of nasalized roots: n c or n n ]:
*Infixes for all ‘I’-Family verbs: -gi∞- (present); -i√- (past); -v- (future)
114 åü◊ añju (åüc, åüâ) fear, be afraid (I: añju-gi∞-; añj’-i√-; añju-v-)
115 kd˜ vaı¿ ka∂a√ vä≥gu (- vaık, - vaıá) borrow (I: vä≥gu-gi∞-; vä≥g’-i√-; vä≥gu-v-)
116 âN∆ sinthu (âNt, âNç) spill (v.t.) (I: sinthu-gi∞-; sinth’-i√-; sinthu-v-)
117 tı¿ tha≥gu (tık, tı‡) stay (v.i.); rest (I: tha≥gu-gi∞-; tha≥g’-i√-; tha≥gu-v-)
118 ÁBƒ thü∫∂u (ÁBd, ÁBã) excite (v.t.); stimulate; motivate (thü∫∂u-gi∞-; thü∫∂’-i√-; thü∫∂u-v-)
119 etaı¿ tho≥gu (etaık, etaıá) hang (be suspended) (v.i.) (tho≥gu-gi∞-; tho≥g’-i√-; tho≥gu-v-)
120 EtaBƒ thö∫∂u (EtaBd, EtaBã) dig (v.t.) (I: thö∫∂u-gi∞-; thö∫∂’-i√-; thö∫∂u-v-)
121 Eta˜› thö√∞u (Eta˜®, Eta˜ó) appear (v.i.); seem (I: thö√∞u-gi∞-; thö√∞’-i√-; thö√∞u-v-)
122 nM» nambu (nMp, nMè) believe, trust (I: nambu-gi∞-; namb’-i√-; nambu-v-)
123 ¥N∆ nïnthu (¥Nt, ¥Nç) swim (v.i.) (I: nïnthu-gi∞-; nïnth’-i√-; nïnthu-v-)
124 »lM» pulambu (»lMp, »lMè) mourn (v.i.), lament (I: pulambu-gi∞-; pulamb’-i√-; pulambu-v-)
125 vbı¿ va∫a≥gu (vbık, vbıá) bow (down); worship (I: ºa≥gu-gi∞-; ºa≥g’-i√-; ºa≥gu-v-)
126 vaı¿ vä≥gu (vaık, vaıá) buy (v.t.); get; receive (I: vä≥gu-gi∞-; vä≥g’-i√-; vä≥gu-v-)
127 ¶B≈ e∫∫u (¶Bb, ¶Bõ) count (v.t.); think (of); consider (I: e∫∫u-gi∞-; e∫∫’-i√-; e∫∫u-v-)
128 pB≈ pa∫∫u (pBb, pBõ) do (v.t.); make (I: pa∫∫u-gi∞-; pa∫∫’-i√-; pa∫∫u-v-)
‘I’ Family [final consonant of weak roots: c or s ]:
129 ål› ala∞u (ål®, åló) scream (I: ala∞u-gi∞-; ala∞’-i√-; ala∞u-v-)
130 Aƒ ä∂u (Ad, Aã) dance (v.i.); move (I: ä∂u-gi∞-; ä∂’-i√-; ä∂u-v-)
131 utŒ uthavu (utv, utÉ) help (v.t.) (I: uthavu-gi∞-; uthav’-i√-; uthavu-v-)
132 ut› utha∞u (ut®, utó) shake out (dust, water) (v.t.) (I: utha∞u-gi∞-; utha∞’-i√-; utha∞u-v-)
133 U∆ üthu (Ut, Uç) blow (wind, etc.) (v.i.) (I: üthu-gi∞-; üth’-i√-; üthu-v-)
134 ¶¤∆ eΩuthu (¶¤t, ¶¤ç) write (I: eΩuthu-gi∞-; eΩuth’-i√-; eΩuthu-v-)
135 o¤¿ oΩugu (o¤k, o¤á) flow (v.i.); leak; ooze (I: oΩugu-gi∞-; oΩug’-i√-; oΩugu-v-)
136 kÃ∆ karuthu (kÃt, kÃç) consider; think (I: karuthu-gi∞-; karuth’-i√-; karuthu-v-)
137 klN∆ Ep◊ kalanthu pësu (- Epc, - Epâ) confer (talk together) (I: pësu-gi∞-; pës’-i√-; pësu-v-)
138 k¤Œ kaΩuvu (k¤v, k¤É) wash (not laundry) (I: kaΩuvu-gi∞-; kaΩuv’-i√-; kaΩuvu-v-)
139 ᬛ ki¬a∞u (ᬮ, á¬ó) excite (v.t.); arouse; provoke (I: ki¬a∞u-gi∞-; ki¬a∞’-i√-; ki¬a∞u-v-)
140 ‡› kü∞u (‡®, ‡ó) proclaim (v.t.); propose (I: kü∞u-gi∞-; kü∞’-i√-; kü∞u-v-)
141 çà thiru∂u (çÃd, çÃã) steal (v.t.) (I: thiru∂u-gi∞-; thiru∂’-i√-; thiru∂u-v-)
142 ≥RP» ‡› thïrppu kü∞u (- ‡®, - ‡ó) pass judgment (I: kü∞u-gi∞-; kü∞’-i√-; kü∞u-v-)
143 Etƒ thë∂u (Etd, Etã) seek (v.t.); search for (I: thë∂u-gi∞-; thë∂’-i√-; thë∂u-v-)
144 ndˆmaƒ na∂a√am-ä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) dance (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’-i√-; -ä∂u-v-)
145 na› nä∞u (na®, naó) stink (v.i.) (I: nä∞u-gi∞-; nä∞%˚’-i√-; nä∞u-v-)
146 雌 ni∞uvu (é›v, é›É) base (v.t.); establish as fact (I: ni∞uvu-gi∞-; ni∞uv’-i√-; ni∞uvu-v-)
147 paƒ pä∂u (pad, paã) sing (I: pä∂u-gi∞-; pä∂’-i√-; pä∂u-v-)
148 paRT∆ ¶¤∆ pärtthu eΩuthu (- ¶¤t, - ¶¤ç) copy (in writing) (I: eΩuthu-gi∞-; eΩuth’-i√-; eΩuthu-v-)
149 Ep◊ pësu (Epc, Epâ) speak (I: pësu-gi∞-; pës’-i√-; pësu-v-)
150 Eparaƒ pörä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) struggle, fight (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’-i√-; -ä∂u-v-)
151 ΃ mü∂u (Îd, Îã) close (v.t.); cover (I: mü∂u-gi∞-; mü∂’-i√-; mü∂u-v-)
152 ÎZ¿ müΩgu (ÎZk, ÎZá) drown (v.i.); sink, submerge (I: müΩgu-gi∞-; müΩg’-i√-; müΩgu-v-)
153 Ema∆ möthu (Emat, Emaç) clash (I: möthu-gi∞-; möth’-i√-; möthu-v-)
154 vataƒ väthä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) argue (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’-i√-; -ä∂u-v-)
155 Éw¬yaƒ vi¬ai-y-ä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) play (games, etc.), have fun (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’-i√-; -ä∂u-v-)
156 ecaL[Õ] sol[lu] (ecaLl, ecaLì) say (v.t.); tell (I: sol-gi∞-; so-√√-; sol-v-) irreg. past tense
157 Epa pö (Epak, EpaY) go (v.i.) (I: pö-gi∞-; pö-√-; pö-v-) irregular past tense
158 oT∆PEpa otthu-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY) compromise (I: -pö-gi∞-; -pö-√-; -pö-v-)
159 OãPEpa ö∂i-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY) flee; run away (I: -pö-gi∞-; -pö-√-; -pö-v-)
160 ‡dPEpa kü∂a-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY) accompany (I: -pö-gi∞-; -pö-√-; -pö-v-)
161 ekDƒ Epa ke††u pö (- Epak, - EpaY) be spoiled, go bad (I: - pö-gi∞-; - pö-√-; - pö-v-)
162 ekaBƒ Epa ko∫∂u pö (- Epak, - EpaY) take (away) (v.t.) (I: - pö-gi∞-; - pö-√-; - pö-v-)
163 ecT∆PEpa setthu-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY) die (v.i.) (I: -pö-gi∞-; -pö-√-; -pö-v-)
– 127 –
‘U’-Family: A-twins [1st, Strong (a), & 5th, Weak (a), conjugations, roots ending in vowels]:
*U1 Infixes: -kki∞- (present); -tth- (past); -pp- (future) & U5 Infixes: -gi∞- (present); -nth- (past); -v- (future)
*Example: (Conjugation U1: asai-kki∞- [present]; asai-tth- [past]; asai-pp- [future])
164 åwc asai (åwcKk, åwcT∆) move (v.t.); agitate; shake
165 åwc asai (åwcy, åwcN∆) move (v.i.)
*Example: (Conjugation U5: asai-gi∞- [present]; asai-nth- [past]; asai-v- [future])
166 åwd a∂ai (åwdKk, åwdT∆) shut (v.t.), close; lock (U1: a∂ai-kki∞-; a∂ai-tth-; a∂ai-pp-)
167 åwd a∂ai (åwdy, åwdN∆) obtain (v.i.); reach; approach (U5: a∂ai-gi∞-; a∂ai-nth-; a∂ai-v-)
168 åwm amai (åwmKk, åwmT∆) settle (v.t.); construct; install (U1: amai-kki∞-; amai-tth-; amai-pp-)
169 åwm amai (åwmy, åwmN∆) be settled (v.i.); suit; be quiet (U5: amai-gi∞-; amai-nth-; amai-v-)
170 åwr arai (åwrKk, åwrT∆) grind (v.t.) (U1: arai-kki∞-; arai-tth-; arai-pp-)
171 åwr arai (åwry, åwrN∆) be ground (v.i.) (U5: arai-gi∞-; arai-nth-; arai-v-)
172 åÉ avi (åÉKk, åÉT∆) steam (v.t.); boil (U1: avi-kki∞-; avi-tth-; avi-pp-)
173 åÉ avi (åÉy, åÉN∆) be steamed (v.i.); be boiled (U5: avi-gi∞-; avi-nth-; avi-v-)
174 åï aΩi (åïKk, åïT∆) destroy (v.t.) (U1: aΩi-kki∞-; aΩi-tth-; aΩi-pp-)
175 åï aΩi (åïy, åïN∆) be destroyed (v.i.) (U5: aΩi-gi∞-; aΩi-nth-; aΩi-v-)
176 uwd u∂ai (uwdKk, uwdT∆) break (v.t.) (U1: u∂ai-kki∞-; u∂ai-tth-; u∂ai-pp-)
177 uwd u∂ai (uwdy, uwdN∆) be broken (v.i.) (U5: u∂ai-gi∞-; u∂ai-nth-; u∂ai-v-)
178 ¶í eri (¶íKk, ¶íT∆) burn (something) (v.t.) (U1: eri-kki∞-; eri-tth-; eri-pp-)
179 ¶í eri (¶íy, ¶íN∆) burn (v.i.); glow (U5: eri-gi∞-; eri-nth-; eri-v-)
180 kã ka∂i (kãKk, kãT∆) bite (v.t.); chew (U1: ka∂i-kki∞-; ka∂i-tth-; ka∂i-pp-)
181 kã ka∂i (kãy, kãN∆) scold, reprimand (U5: ka∂i-gi∞-; ka∂i-nth-; ka∂i-v-)
182 kï kaΩi (kïKk, kïT∆) discharge (v.t.); spend (time); subtract (U1: kaΩi-kki∞-; kaΩi-tth-; kaΩi-pp-)
183 kï kaΩi (kïy, kïN∆) (of time, days) pass (v.i.) (U5: kaΩi-gi∞-; kaΩi-nth-; kaΩi-v-)
184 áï kiΩi (áïKk, áïT∆) rip (v.t.) (U1: kiΩi-kki∞-; kiΩi-tth-; kiΩi-pp-)
185 áï kiΩi (áïy, áïN∆) be ripped (v.i.) (U5: kiΩi-gi∞-; kiΩi-nth-; kiΩi-v-)
186 ¿w® ku∞ai (¿w®Kk, ¿w®T∆) shorten (v.t.); decrease; cut (U1: ku∞ai-kki∞-; ku∞ai-tth-; ku∞ai-pp-)
187 ¿w® ku∞ai (¿w®y, ¿w®N∆) become short (v.i.); be cut (U5: ku∞ai-gi∞-; ku∞ai-nth-; ku∞ai-v-)
188 etawl tholai (etawlKk, etawlT∆) ruin (v.t.); lose (U1: tholai-kki∞-; tholai-tth-; tholai-pp-)
189 etawl tholai (etawly, etawlN∆) be ruined (v.i.); be lost (U5: tholai-gi∞-; tholai-nth-; tholai-v-)
190 éw® ni∞ai (éw®Kk, éw®T∆) fill (v.t.) (U1: ni∞ai-kki∞-; ni∞ai-tth-; ni∞ai-pp-)
191 éw® ni∞ai (éw®y, éw®N∆) be or become full (v.i.); abound (U5: ni∞ai-gi∞-; ni∞ai-nth-; ni∞ai-v-)
192 «wz nuΩai («wzKk, «wzT∆) make enter (v.t.) (U1: nuΩai-kki∞-; nuΩai-tth-; nuΩai-pp-)
193 «wz nuΩai («wzy, «wzN∆) enter (v.i.) (U5: nuΩai-gi∞-; nuΩai-nth-; nuΩai-v-)
194 èí piri (èíKk, èíT∆) separate (v.t.); divide (U1: piri-kki∞-; piri-tth-; piri-pp-)
195 èí piri (èíy, èíN∆) be separated (v.i.); be divided; unravel; depart (U5: piri-gi∞-; piri-nth-; piri-v-)
196 mw® ma∞ai (mw®Kk, mw®T∆) hide (make disappear) (v.t.) (U1: ma∞ai-kki∞-; ma∞ai-tth-; ma∞ai-pp-)
197 mw® ma∞ai (mw®y, mw®N∆) disappear (v.i.); be hidden (U5: ma∞ai-gi∞-; ma∞ai-nth-; ma∞ai-v-)
198 …ã mu∂i (…ãKk, …ãT∆) finish (v.t.), complete (U1: mu∂i-kki∞-; mu∂i-tth-; mu∂i-pp-)
199 …ã mu∂i (…ãy, …ãN∆) finish (v.i.), end (U5: mu∂i-gi∞-; mu∂i-nth-; mu∂i-v-)
200 Éí viri (ÉíKk, ÉíT∆) spread out (hair, etc.) (v.t.) (U1: viri-kki∞-; viri-tth-; viri-pp-)
201 Éí viri (Éíy, ÉíN∆) expand (v.i.); open; extend (U5: viri-gi∞-; viri-nth-; viri-v-)
– 128 –
‘U’-Family: B-twins [1st, Strong (a), & 5th, Weak (a), conjugations, roots ending in semi-vowels]:
U1 Infixes: -kki∞- (present); -tth- (past); -pp- (future) & U5 Infixes: -gi∞- (present); -nth- (past); -v- (future)
*Example: (Conjugation U1: kaviΩ-kki∞- [present]; kaviΩ-tth- [past]; kaviΩ-pp- [future])
202 kÉZ kaviΩ (kÉZKk, kÉZT∆) turn over (v.t.)
203 kÉZ kaviΩ (kÉz, kÉZN∆) overturn (v.i.)
*Example: (Conjugation U5: kaviΩ-gi∞- [present]; kaviΩ-nth- [past]; kaviΩ-v- [future])
204 kaY käy (kaYKk, kaYT∆) bear (fruit) (v.t.) (U1: käy-kki∞-; käy-tth-; käy-pp-)
205 kaY käy (kay, kaYN∆) dry (v.i.); be heated (U5: käy-gi∞-; käy-nth-; käy-v-)
206 EcR sër (EcRKk, EcRT∆) join (v.t.); unite; admit; collect (U1: sër-kki∞-; sër-tth-; sër-pp-)
207 EcR sër (Ecr, EcRN∆) join (with) (v.i.); reach (U5: sër-gi∞-; sër-nth-; sër-v-)
208 taZ thäΩ (taZKk, taZT∆) humiliate (v.t.) (U1: thäΩ-kki∞-; thäΩ-tth-; thäΩ-pp-)
209 taZ thäΩ (taz, taZN∆) descend (v.i.); become humble (U5: thäΩ-gi∞-; thäΩ-nth-; thäΩ-v-)
210 ≥ [≥Y] thï [thïy] (≥YKk, ≥YT∆) scorch (s.th.) (v.t.); burn (U1: thïy-kki∞-; thïy-tth-; thïy-pp-)
211 ≥ [≥Y] thï [thïy] (≥y, ≥YN∆) be scorched, burnt (v.i.) (U5: thïy-gi∞-; thïy-nth-; thïy-v-)
212 ≥R thïr (≥RKk, ≥RT∆) resolve (a problem, etc.) (v.t.) (U1: thïr-kki∞-; thïr-tth-; thïr-pp-)
213 ≥R thïr (≥r, ≥RN∆) be finished (v.i.) (U5: thïr-gi∞-; thïr-nth-; thïr-v-)
214 EmY mëy (EmYKk, EmYT∆) graze (v.t.), feed (cattle) (U1: mëy-kki∞-; mëy-tth-; mëy-pp-)
215 EmY mëy (Emy, EmYN∆) graze (v.i.); eat (grass, etc.) (U5: mëy-gi∞-; mëy-nth-; mëy-v-)
216 v¬R va¬ar (v¬RKk, v¬RT∆) (make) grow (v.t.); raise (U1: va¬ar-kki∞-; va¬ar-tth-; va¬ar-pp-)
217 v¬R va¬ar (v¬r, v¬RN∆) grow (v.i.) (U5: va¬ar-gi∞-; va¬ar-nth-; va¬ar-v-)
‘U’-Family: C-twins [1st, Strong (a), & 4th, Middle (b), conjugations]::
U1 Infixes: -kki∞- (present); -tth- (past); -pp- (future) & U4 Infixes: -gi∞- (present); -††- (past); -v- (future)
*Example: (Conjugation U1: ke∂u-kki∞- [present]; ke∂u-tth- [past]; ke∂u-pp- [future])
218 ekƒ ke∂u (ekƒKk, ekƒT∆) damage (v.t.); spoil
219 ekƒ ke∂u (ekd, ekDƒ) be damaged (v.i.); be spoiled
*Example: (Conjugation U4: ke∂u-gi∞- [present]; ke-††- [past]; ke∂u-v- [future])
220 etaƒ tho∂u (etaƒKk, etaƒT∆) connect (v.t.); string (beads, etc.) (U1: tho∂u-kki∞-; -tth-; -pp-)
221 etaƒ tho∂u (etad, etaDƒ) touch (v.t.) (U4: tho∂u-gi∞-; tho-††-; tho∂u-v-)
222 pƒ pa∂u (pƒKk, pƒT∆) lie (down) (U1: pa∂u-kki∞-; pa∂u-tth-; pa∂u-pp-)
223 pƒ pa∂u (pd, pDƒ) experience; feel (after a noun) (U4: pa∂u-gi∞-; pa-††-; pa∂u-v-)
– 129 –
1st Conjugation – Strong ‘U’ Form (a):
(U1 Infixes: -kki∞- [present]; -tth- [past]; -pp- [future])
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åã a∂i (åãKk, åãT∆) hit (v.t.); ring (bell); blow (e.g., as wind) (U1: a∂i-kki∞-; a∂i-tth-; a∂i-pp-)
åwz aΩai (åwzKk, åwzT∆) call (v.t.); invite (U1: aΩai-kki∞-; aΩai-tth-; aΩai-pp-)
åñ a¬i (åñKk, åñT∆) give (v.t.); offer; render (U1: a¬i-kki∞-; a¬i-tth-; a¬i-pp-)
åóÉ a∞ivi (åóÉKk, åóÉT∆) announce (v.t.) (U1: a∞ivi-kki∞-; a∞ivi-tth-; a∞ivi-pp-)
åfimç a√umathi (åfimçKk, åfimçT∆) admit (v.t.) (U1: ºathi-kki∞-; ºathi-tth-; ºathi-pp-)
Atí äthari (AtíKk, AtíT∆) support (v.t.); sustain (U1: äthari-kki∞-; äthari-tth-; äthari-pp-)
ArMè ärambi (ArMèKk, ArMèT∆) begin (v.t.) (U1: ärambi-kki∞-; ärambi-tth-; ärambi-pp-)
iã i∂i (iãKk, iãT∆) pound (v.t.); smash; thunder (U1: i∂i-kki∞-; i∂i-tth-; i∂i-pp-)
irDâ ira†chi (irDâKk, irDâT∆) protect (v.t.); save (U1: iraºchi-kki∞-; iraºchi-tth-; iraºchi-pp-)
i¤ iΩu (i¤Kk, i¤T∆) pull (v.t.), drag; inhale; stretch (U1: iΩu-kki∞-; iΩu-tth-; iΩu-pp-)
iò i√i (iòKk, iòT∆) be sweet (v.i.) (U1: i√i-kki∞-; i√i-tth-; i√i-pp-)
uƒ u∂u (uƒKk, uƒT∆) wear (v.t.), put on (U1: u∂u-kki∞-; u∂u-tth-; u∂u-pp-)
upEyaá upayögi (upEyaáKk, upEyaáT∆) use (v.t.) (U1: ºyögi-kki∞-; ºyögi-tth-; ºyögi-pp-)
uwz uΩai (uwzKk, uwzT∆) work (v.i.), toil; last (to wear well) (U1: uΩai-kki∞-; uΩai-tth-; uΩai-pp-)
¶Ccí ecchari (¶CcíKk, ¶CcíT∆) warn (v.t.); caution (U1: ecchari-kki∞-; ecchari-tth-; ecchari-pp-)
¶ƒ e∂u (¶ƒKk, ¶ƒT∆) take (v.t.); pick up; remove (U1: e∂u-kki∞-; e∂u-tth-; e∂u-pp-)
o o (oKk, oT∆) resemble (v.t.); equal (U1: o-kki∞-; o-tth-; o-pp-)
oPè oppi (oPèKk, oPèT∆) repeat/reproduce (from memory) (U1: oppi-kki∞-; oppi-tth-; oppi-pp-)
oì oli (oìKk, oìT∆) sound (v.t.) (U1: oli-kki∞-; oli-tth-; oli-pp-)
kBƒèã ka∫∂u-pi∂i (-èãKk, -èãT∆) find (v.t.); discover; solve (-pi∂i-kki∞-; -pi∂i-tth-; -pi∂i-pp-)
kÃTtí karutthari (ºTtíKk, ºTtíT∆) conceive (become pregnant (v.i.) (ºtthari-kki∞-; ºtthari-tth-; ºtthari-pp-)
kLÉyñ kalvi-y-a¬i (-åñKk, -åñT∆) educate, teach (kalviya¬i-kki∞-; kalviya¬i-tth-; kalviya¬i-pp-)
kvò kava√i (kvòKk, kvòT∆) be careful, watch out (U1: kava√i-kki∞-; kava√i-tth-; kava√i-pp-)
k‰›Kekaƒ ka∞∞u-k-ko∂u (-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆) teach (U1: -ko∂u-kki∞-; -ko∂u-tth-; -ko∂u-pp-)
kay wv käya vai (- wvKk, - wvT∆) dry (v.t.) (U1: - vai-kki∞-; - vai-tth-; - vai-pp-)
¿ã ku∂i (¿ãKk, ¿ãT∆) drink (v.t.) (U1: ku∂i-kki∞-; ku∂i-tth-; ku∂i-pp-)
¿ç kuthi (¿çKk, ¿çT∆) gallop; jump (U1: kuthi-kki∞-; kuthi-tth-; kuthi-pp-)
¿wr kurai (¿wrKk, ¿wrT∆) bark (v.i.) (U1: kurai-kki∞-; kurai-tth-; kurai-pp-)
¿wl kulai (¿wlKk, ¿wlT∆) bark (v.i.) (U1: kulai-kki∞-; kulai-tth-; kulai-pp-)
¿ñ ku¬i (¿ñKk, ¿ñT∆) bathe (oneself) (v.i.) (U1: ku¬i-kki∞-; ku¬i-tth-; ku¬i-pp-)
¿ó ku∞i (¿óKk, ¿óT∆) mark (v.t.); denote (U1: ku∞i-kki∞-; ku∞i-tth-; ku∞i-pp-)
ekaƒ ko∂u (ekaƒKk, ekaƒT∆) give (v.t.) (U1: ko∂u-kki∞-; ko∂u-tth-; ko∂u-pp-)
ekaç kothi (ekaçKk, ekaçT∆) boil (v.i.) (U1: kothi-kki∞-; kothi-tth-; kothi-pp-)
eka¤ koΩu (eka¤Kk, eka¤T∆) grow fat (v.i.) (U1: koΩu-kki∞-; koΩu-tth-; koΩu-pp-)
ekaÒw¬yã ko¬¬ai-y-a∂i (-åãKk, -åãT∆) rob (grand larceny) (v.t.) (-a∂i-kki∞-; -a∂i-tth-; -a∂i-pp-)
cNç santhi (cNçKk, cNçT∆) meet (U1: santhi-kki∞-; santhi-tth-; santhi-pp-)
cNEtá santhëgi (cNEtáKk, cNEtáT∆) doubt (U1: santhëgi-kki∞-; santhëgi-tth-; santhëgi-pp-)
âí siri (âíKk, âíT∆) smile (v.i.); laugh (U1: siri-kki∞-; siri-tth-; siri-pp-)
ecLvaKkã selväkk’a∂i (-åãKk, -åãT∆) influence (v.t.) (U1: a∂i-kki∞-; a∂i-tth-; a∂i-pp-)
Ecaç söthi (EcaçKk, EcaçT∆) examine (v.t.); test; search (U1: söthi-kki∞-; söthi-tth-; söhi-pp-)
tƒ tha∂u (tƒKk, tƒT∆) bar (block) (v.t.) (U1: tha∂u-kki∞-; tha∂u-tth-; tha∂u-pp-)
tBã dha∫∂i (tBãKk, tBãT∆) punish (v.t.) (U1: dha∫∂i-kki∞-; dha∫∂i-tth-; dha∫∂i-pp-)
tÉR thavir (tÉRKk, tÉRT∆) avoid (v.t.); abstain from (U1: thavir-kki∞-; thavir-tth-; thavir-pp-)
tamç thämathi (tamçKk, tamçT∆) delay (v.t.) (U1: thämathi-kki∞-; thämathi-tth-; thämathi-pp-)
≥RPpñ thïrpp’a¬i (-åñKk, -åñT∆) judge (v.t.) (U1: -a¬i-kki∞-; -a¬i-tth-; -a¬i-pp-)
≥Rmaò thïrmä√i (≥RmaòKk, ≥RmaòT∆) decide (U1: thirmä√i-kki∞-; thirmä√i-tth-; thirmä√i-pp-)
∆wd thu∂ai (∆wdKk, ∆wdT∆) wipe (v.t.); dry (U1: thu∂ai-kki∞-; thu∂ai-tth-; thu∂ai-pp-)
etíÉ therivi (etíÉKk, etíÉT∆) make known (v.t.); express (U1: ºvi-kki∞-; ºvi-tth-; ºvi-pp-)
EtRNetƒ thërnth’e∂u (-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆) choose (v.t.), select; elect (U1: -e∂u-kki∞-; -e∂u-tth-; -e∂u-pp-)
wt thai (wtKk, wtT∆) sew (v.t.), stitch (U1: thai-kki∞-; thai-tth-; thai-pp-)
– 130 –
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Eta‰kã thö∞k’a∂i (-åãKk, -åãT∆) defeat (competitively) (v.t.) (-a∂i-kki∞-; -a∂i-tth-; -a∂i-pp-)
Eta‰›É thö∞∞uvi (-ÉKk, -ÉT∆) cause (sth) (v.t.); create (U1: ºvi-kki∞-; ºvi-tth-; ºvi-pp-)
nã na∂i (nãKk, nãT∆) act; dance (U1: na∂i-kki∞-; na∂i-tth-; na∂i-pp-)
éyê niyami (éyêKk, éyêT∆) appoint (v.t.) (U1: niyami-kki∞-; niyami-tth-; niyami-pp-)
éwˆ ni√ai (éwˆKk, éwˆT∆) think; remember (U1: ni√ai-kki∞-; ni√ai-tth-; ni√ai-pp-)
¥ã nï∂i (¥ãKk, ¥ãT∆) extend (time) (v.i.); last (U1: nï∂i-kki∞-; nï∂i-tth-; nï∂i-pp-)
Enâ nësi (EnâKk, EnâT∆) love (v.t.) (U1: nësi-kki∞-; nësi-tth-; nësi-pp-)
p¿ pagu (p¿Kk, p¿T∆) share (v.t.); apportion; divide (U1: pagu-kki∞-; pagu-tth-; pagu-pp-)
pâ pasi (pâKk, pâT∆) be hungry (w/ dat.) (U1: pasi-kki∞-; pasi-tth-; pasi-pp-)
pã pa∂i (pãKk, pãT∆) read (v.t.); study (U1: pa∂i-kki∞-; pa∂i-tth-; pa∂i-pp-)
[pí]Ecaç [pari]söthi (-EcaçKk, -EcaçT∆) check (examine)(v.t.) (-söthi-kki∞-; -söthi-tth-; -söthi-pp-)
pï paΩi (pïKk, pïT∆) blame (v.t.); find fault (with) (U1: paΩi-kki∞-; paΩi-tth-; paΩi-pp-)
p¤ paΩu (p¤Kk, p¤T∆) ripen (v.i.) (U1: paΩu-kki∞-athu; paΩu-tth-athu; paΩukk’-um) 3rd pers. only
paç päthi (paçKk, paçT∆) affect (v.t.) (U1: päthi-kki∞-; päthi-tth-; päthi-pp-)
paR pär (paRKk, paRT∆) look (v.t.), see; try (U1: pär-kki∞-; pär-tth-; pär-pp-)
èã pi∂i (èãKk, èãT∆) seize (v.t.), catch, grab; like (U1: pi∂i-kki∞-; pi∂i-tth-; pi∂i-pp-)
»wt puthai (»wtKk, »wtT∆) bury (v.t.) (U1: puthai-kki∞-; puthai-tth-; puthai-pp-)
È pü (ÈKk, ÈT∆) bloom, blossom (U1: pü-kki∞-athu; pü-tth-athu; pükk’-um) 3rd pers. only
epa› po∞u (epa›Kk, epa›T∆) endure (v.t.); tolerate; wait (U1: po∞u-kki∞-; po∞u-tth-; po∞u-pp-)
máZÉ magiΩvi (máZÉKk, máZÉT∆) cheer up (s.o.) (v.t.) (ºgiΩvi-kki∞-; ºgiΩvi-tth-; ºgiΩvi-pp-)
m› ma∞u (m›Kk, m›T∆) refuse (v.t.); deny (U1: ma∞u-kki∞-; ma∞u-tth-; ma∞u-pp-)
m˜ò ma√√i (m˜òKk, m˜òT∆) excuse (v.t.), forgive (U1: ma√√i-kki∞-; ma√√i-tth-; ma√√i-pp-)
êtKk wv mithakka vai (- wvKk, -wvT∆) float (v.t.) (U1: - vai-kki∞-; - vai-tth-; - vai-pp-)
ÎZkã müΩga∂i (-åãKk, -åãT∆) (cause to) drown (v.t.); dunk (ºa∂i-kki∞-; ºa∂i-tth-; ºa∂i-pp-)
emYPè meyppi (emYPèKk, emYPèT∆) prove (v.t.) (U1: ºpi-kki∞-; ºpi-tth-; ºpi-pp-)
Eyaâ yösi (Eya‰Kk, Eya‰T∆) consider; ponder (U1: yösi-kki∞-; yösi-tth-; yösi-pp-)
râ rasi (râKk, râT∆) enjoy (U1: rasi-kki∞-; rasi-tth-; rasi-pp-)
v¿ vagu (v¿Kk, v¿T∆) divide (v.t.); classify (U1: vagu-kki∞-; vagu-tth-; vagu-pp-)
vâ vasi (vâKk, vâT∆) live (dwell) (U1: vasi-kki∞-; vasi-tth-; vasi-pp-)
vüâ vañji (vüâKk, vüâT∆) cheat (U1: vañji-kki∞-; vañji-tth-; vañji-pp-)
vaâ väsi (vaâKk, vaâT∆) read (v.t.); study; play (an instrument) (väsi-kki∞-; väsi-tth-; väsi-pp-)
ÉmRâ vimarsi (ÉmRâKk, ÉmRâT∆) criticize (v.t.) (U1: vimarsi-kki∞-; vimarsi-tth-; vimarsi-pp-)
Éví vivari (ÉvíKk, ÉvíT∆) describe (v.t.) (U1: vivari-kki∞-; vivari-tth-; vivari-pp-)
Évaç viväthi (ÉvaçKk, ÉvaçT∆) argue; debate (U1: viväthi-kki∞-; viväthi-tth-; viväthi-pp-)
ɬKkŒwr åñ vi¬akkavurai a¬i (- åñKk, - åñT∆) comment (on) (- a¬i-kki∞-; - a¬i-tth-; - a¬i-pp-)
™bã vï∫a∂i (-åãKk, -åãT∆) waste (i.e., not make use of) (v.t.) (-a∂i-kki∞-; -a∂i-tth-; -a∂i-pp-)
evã ve∂i (evãKk, evãT∆) burst (v.t.), explode (U1: ve∂i-kki∞-; ve∂i-tth-; ve∂i-pp-)
ev› ve∞u (ev›Kk, ev›T∆) hate (v.t.), dislike (U1: ve∞u-kki∞-; ve∞u-tth-; ve∞u-pp-)
wv vai (wvKk, wvT∆) put (v.t.), place; keep; serve (U1: vai-kki∞-; vai-tth-; vai-pp-)
EkÒ kë¬ (EkDk, EkDƒ) ask; listen; obey euphonic variant (U1: kë†-ki∞-; kë†-†-; kë†-p-)
èCwc EkÒ picchai kë¬ (- EkDk, - EkDƒ) beg euphonic variant (U1: kë†-ki∞-; kë†-†-; kë†-p-)
m˜òP» EkÒ ma√√ippu kë¬ (- EkDk, - EkDƒ) ask forgiveness, apologize (kë†-ki∞-; kë†-†-; kë†-p-)
kL(Õ) kal(lu) (k‰k, k‰›) study (v.t.); learn euphonic variant (U1: ka∞-ki∞-; ka∞-∞-; ka∞-p-)
ÉL(Õ) vil(lu) (ɉk, ɉ›) sell (v.t.) euphonic variant (U1: vi∞-ki∞-; vi∞-∞-; vi∞-p-)
¶çR paR ethir pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) wait for (v.t.); expect (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-)
¿ó paR ku∞i pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) aim; point at (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-)
ec˜› paR se√∞u pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) call on (someone) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-)
EtãPpaR thë∂i-p-pär (-paRKk, -paRT∆) seek; search for (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-)
p¤∆ paR paΩuthu pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) fix (repair) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-)
EmaN∆ paR mönthu pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) smell (sth.) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-)
Ãâ paR rusi pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) taste (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-)
åwb a∫ai (åwbKk, åwbT∆) embrace (v.t.); turn off, switch off (U1: a∫ai-kki∞-; a∫ai-tth-; a∫ai-pp-)
– 131 –
2nd Conjugation – Strong ‘U’ Form (b):
(U2 Infixes: -kki∞- [present]; -nth- [past]; -pp- [future])
327 å¬ a¬a (å¬Kk, å¬N∆) measure (v.t.) (U2: a¬a-kki∞-; a¬a-nth-; a¬a-pp-)
328 ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆) be (v.i.); stay, remain; wait; have (U2: iru-kki∞-; iru-nth-; iru-pp-)
329 iz iΩa (izKk, izN∆) lose (be unable to keep) (v.t.) (U2: iΩa-kki∞-; iΩa-nth-; iΩa-pp-)
330 i® i∞a (i®Kk, i®N∆) die (v.i.) (U2: i∞a-kki∞-; i∞a-nth-; i∞a-pp-)
330X kd ka∂a (kdKk, kdN∆) cross (over) (v.i.); pass (U2: ka∂a-kki∞-; ka∂a-nth-; ka∂a-pp-)
331 kl kala (klKk, klN∆) mix (v.t.); mingle (v.i.) (U2: kala-kki∞-; kala-nth-; kala-pp-)
332 ád ki∂a (ádKk, ádN∆) remain (v.i.); lie around (U2: ki∂a-kki∞-; ki∂a-nth-; ki∂a-pp-)
333 â® si∞a (â®Kk, â®N∆) excell; be distinguished (U2: si∞a-kki∞-; si∞a-nth-; si∞a-pp-)
334 ç® thi∞a (ç®Kk, ç®N∆) open (v.t.) (U2: thi∞a-kki∞-; thi∞a-nth-; thi∞a-pp-)
335 nd na∂a (ndKk, ndN∆) walk (v.i.); behave; happen (U2: na∂a-kki∞-; na∂a-nth-; na∂a-pp-)
336 p® pa∞a (p®Kk, p®N∆) fly; move swiftly (U2: pa∞a-kki∞-; pa∞a-nth-; pa∞a-pp-)
337 è¬ pi¬a (è¬Kk, è¬N∆) split (v.t.) (U2: pi¬a-kki∞-; pi¬a-nth-; pi¬a-pp-)
338 è® pi∞a (è®Kk, è®N∆) be born (v.i.); be issued (U2: pi∞a-kki∞-; pi∞a-nth-; pi∞a-pp-)
339 m® ma∞a (m®Kk, m®N∆) forget (v.t.) (U2: ma∞a-kki∞-; ma∞a-nth-; ma∞a-pp-)
340 êt mitha (êtKk, êtN∆) float (v.i.) (U2: mitha-kki∞-; mitha-nth-; mitha-pp-)
341 éL(Õ) nil(lu) (é‰k, 阛) stop (v.i.); stay; stand (U2: ni∞-ki∞-; ni√∞-; ni∞-p-) euphonic variants
Composite verbs with iÌ :
(U2 Infixes: -kki∞- [present]; -nth- [past]; -pp- [future])
342 ¶¤Nçà eΩunth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) get up (v.i.) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-)
343 kaTçà kätthiru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) wait (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-)
344 ekaçKkPpDãà kothikka-p-pa††’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) boil (v.t.) (-iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-)
345 ecaNtmaëà sontham$y-iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) belong (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-)
346 t¿Nçà thagunth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) be proper (v.i.); be suitable (-iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-)
347 pDãòëà pa††i√i-y-iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) starve (v.i.) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-)
348 pyNçà payanth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) be afraid (w/ dat.) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-)
349 epa›Tçà po∞utth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) be patient (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-)
350 …ãëà mu∂i-y-iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) be closed (v.i.); be covered (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-)
3rd Conjugation – Middle ‘U’ Form (a):
(U3 Infixes: -gi∞ [present]; -√∞- or -∫∂- [past]; -b- [future])
351 ¶˜(fi) e√(√u) (¶˜ˆ, ¶˜›) say; tell (U3: e√-gi∞-; e-√∞-; e√-b-)
352 ç˜(fi) thi√(√u) (瘈, 瘛) eat (said of animals); snack (humans) (U3: thi√-gi∞-; thi√∞-; thi√-b-)
353 uB(≈) u∫(∫u) (uBb, uBƒ) eat (v.t.); drink (U3: u∫-gi∞-; u∫∂-; u∫-b-)
354 kaB kä∫ (kab, kBƒ) see (v.t.); find out (U3: kä∫-gi∞-; ka∫∂-; kä∫-b-) irregular: root vowel
shortened in the past tense
– 132 –
4th Conjugation – Middle ‘U’ Form (b): (U4 Infixes: -gi∞-[present]; -††- or -∞∞- [past]; -v-[future])
355 Awbëƒ ä∫ai-y-idu (-id, -iDƒ) command (v.t.) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††-; -i∂u-v-)
356 iƒ i∂u (id, iDƒ) put (v.t.); place (U4: i∂u-gi∞-; i††-; i∂u-v-)
357 ud˜pƒ u∂a√-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) comply with; agree (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa††-; -pa∂u-v-)
358 Uâ Epaƒ üsi pö∂u (- Epad, - EpaDƒ) inoculate (U4: pö∂u-gi∞-; pö††-; pö∂u-v-)
359 ´‰pƒ ë∞pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) develop (v.i.); evolve; begin to be (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa††-; -pa∂u-v-)
360 oPèƒ oppi∂u (-id, -iDƒ) compare (v.t.); contrast (U4: oppi∂u-gi∞-; oppi††-; oppi∂u-v-)
361 kDdw¬ëƒ ka††a¬ai-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) command, order (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††-; -i∂u-v-)
362 kvwlPpƒ kavalai-p-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) worry (v.i.) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa††-; -pa∂u-v-)
363 ¿Mèƒ kumbi∂u (¿Mèd, ¿MèDƒ) worship (v.t.); bow to (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††-; -i∂u-v-)
364 ¿óPèƒ ku∞ipp’i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) specify (v.t.); mention (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††-; -i∂u-v-)
365 ¿Pèƒ küppi∂u (¿Pèd, ¿PèDƒ) call (v.t.); shout
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(U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††-; -i∂u-v-)
caPèƒ säppi∂u (caPèd, caPèDƒ) eat (have a meal) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††-; -i∂u-v-)
◊ƒ su∂u (◊d, ◊Dƒ) burn, be hot; shoot (U4: su∂u-gi∞-; su††-; su∂u-v-)
tÒñ Epaƒ tha¬¬i pö∂u (- Epad, - EpaDƒ) put aside (v.t.); postpone (pö∂u-gi∞-; pö††-; pö∂u-v-)
çƒKრthi∂ukki∂u (çƒKád, çƒKáDƒ) be startled (v.i.), alarmed (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††-; -i∂u-v-)
çDdêƒ thi††am-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) plan (v.t.), design (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††-; -i∂u-v-)
ÁKáL Epaƒ thükkil pö∂u (- Epad, - EpaDƒ) hang (execute) (v.t.) (U4: pö∂u-gi∞-; pö††-; pö∂u-v-)
etaıkɃ tho≥gavi∂u (-Éd, -ÉDƒ) hang (suspend) (v.t.) (U4: -vi∂u-gi∞-; -vi††-; -vi∂u-v-)
nƒ na∂u (nd, nDƒ) plant (a tree, seedling) (v.t.); fix (a pole, post, etc.) (na∂u-gi∞-; na††-; na∂u-v-)
pëíƒ payiri∂u (-id, -iDƒ) farm (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††; -i∂u-v-)
pìëƒ bali-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) sacrifice (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††-; -i∂u-v-)
èryacPpƒ pirayäsa-p-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) try (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa††-; -pa∂u-v-)
»®Ppƒ pu∞a-p-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) start, set out (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa††-; -pa∂u-v-)
Epaƒ pö∂u (Epad, EpaDƒ) put (v.t.); throw; (of animals) give birth (pö∂u-gi∞-; pö††-; pö∂u-v-)
EpaDãëƒ pö††i-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) compete, contest (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††-; -i∂u-v-)
380 …Ttêƒ muttham-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (give a) kiss (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††-; -i∂u-v-)
381 Ƀ vi∂u (Éd, ÉDƒ) release (let go) (v.t.); leave; abandon (U4: vi∂u-gi∞-; vi††-; vi∂u-v-)
382 evñëƒ ve¬i-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) publish (v.t.) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i††-; -i∂u-v-)
383 Ev›pƒ vë∞u-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) differ (be different) (v.i.) (U4: - pa∂u-gi∞-; - pa††-; - pa∂u-v-)
384 ep› pe∞u (ep®, ep‰›) get (v.t.), receive; bear (give birth to) (U4: peru-gi∞-; pe††-; peru-v-)
385 nwd ep› na∂ai pe∞u (- ep®, - ep‰›) happen, take place (U4: - peru-gi∞-; - pe††-; - peru-v-)
386 ca(¿) sä(gu) (cak, ecT∆) die (said of animals) (v.i.) (U4: sä-gi∞-; setth-; sä-v-)
irregular: root vowel shortened in the past tense
– 133 –
5th Conjugation – Weak ‘U’ Form (a): U5 Infixes: -gi∞- [present]; -nth- [past]; -v- [future]
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
With roots ending in vowels:
åõ a∫i (åõy, åõN∆) wear (v.t.); put on (U5: a∫i-gi∞-; a∫i-nth-; a∫i-v-)
åwl alai (åwly, åwlN∆) wander (v.i.); go about (U5: alai-gi∞-; alai-nth-; alai-v-)
åó a∞i (åóy, åóN∆) know, understand (U5: a∞i-gi∞-; a∞i-nth-; a∞i-v-)
¶¤ eΩu (¶z*, ¶¤N∆) get up (v.i.); awake; emerge (U5: eΩu-gi∞-; eΩu-nth-; eΩu-v-) [*Note infinitive formation]
¶ó e∞i (¶óy, ¶óN∆) throw (v.t.), hurl, toss (U5: e∞i-gi∞-; e∞i-nth-; e∞i-v-)
kw¬ ka¬ai (kw¬y, kw¬N∆) clean (grain, etc., with water) (U5: ka¬ai-gi®-; ka¬ai-nth-; ka¬ai-v-)
etó theri (etóy, etóN∆) know (v.t.); understand; see (U5: theri-gi∞-; theri-nth-; theri-v-)
»wk pugai (»wky, »wkN∆) smoke (emit smoke) (v.i.) (U5: pugai-gi∞-; pugai-nth-; pugai-v-)
*, - ɤN∆) faint (v.i.); swoon (U5: viΩu-gi∞-; viΩu-nth-; viΩu-v-)
myıá ɤ maya≥gi viΩu (- Éz*
rTtM vã rattham va∂i (- vãy, - vãN∆) bleed (U5: va∂i-gi∞-; va∂i-nth-; va∂i-v-)
Éã vidi (Éãy, ÉãN∆) rise (e.g., as sun) (v.i.); dawn (U5: vi∂i-gi∞-; vi∂i-nth-; vi∂i-v-)
*, ɤN∆) fall (v.i.) (U5: viΩu-gi∞-; viΩu-nth-; viΩu-v-)
ɤ viΩu (Éz*
399 ta thä (tr, tN∆) give (v.t.) (U5: tharu-gi∞-; tha-nth-; tharu-v-)
irregular: past contracted & imperative vowel lengthened
400 va vä (vr, vN∆) come (v.i.) (U5: varu-gi∞-; va-nth-; varu-v-)
irregular: past contracted & imperative vowel lengthened
401
402
403
404
ekaBƒ va ko∫∂u vä (- vr, - vN∆) bring (along) (v.t.) (U5: - varu-gi∞-; - va-nth-; - varu-v-)
ecaLìT ta solli-t-thä (- tr, - tN∆) teach (U5: - tharu-gi∞-; - tha-nth-; - tharu-v-)
çÃMè va thirumbi vä (- vr, - vN∆) return; come back (U5: - varu-gi∞-; - va-nth-; - varu-v-)
Ena(¿) nö(gu) (Enak*
*, enaN∆) ache (v.i.); hurt (U5: nögu-gi∞-athu; no-nth-athu; nög’-um)
irregular: root vowel shortened in the past tense – this verb used only in the neuter, 3rd person
*, »¿N∆) enter (U5: pugu-gi∞-; pugu-nth-; pugu-v-)
405 »¿ pugu (»k*
*, ê¿N∆) increase (in size, number) (U5: migu-gi∞-; migu-nth-; migu-v-)
406 ê¿ migu (êk*
*, evN∆) heat up (boil, fry) (v.i.) (U5: vëgu-gi∞-; ve-nth-; vëgu-v-)
407 Ev(¿) vë(gu) (Evk*
irregular: root vowel shortened in the past tense
408
409
410
411
412
413
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
With roots ending in semi-vowels:
AraY äräy (Aray, AraYN∆) examine (v.t.); research (U5: äräy-gi∞-; äräy-nth-; äräy-v-)
uDkaR u†kär (uDkar, uDkaRN∆) sit (v.i.) (U5: u†kär-gi∞-; u†kär-nth-; u†kär-v-)
ubR u∫ar (ubr, ubRN∆) feel (v.i.); realize; recognize (U5: u∫ar-gi∞-; u∫ar-nth-; u∫ar-v-)
OY öy (Oy, OYN∆) tire (become tired) (v.i.); cease; desist (U5: öy-gi∞-; öy-nth-; öy-v-)
caR sär (car, caRN∆) depend on (U5: sär-gi∞-; sär-nth-; sär-v-)
etadR tho∂ar (etadr, etadRN∆) pursue (v.t.); continue; take up (U5: tho∂ar-gi∞-; tho∂ar-nth-; tho∂ar-v-)
paY päy (pay, paYN∆) jump (v.i.), leap (U5: päy-gi∞-; päy-nth-; päy-v-)
è˜etadR pi√-tho∂ar (-etadr, -etadRN∆) chase (v.t.), follow (U5: -tho∂ar-gi∞-; -tho∂ar-nth-; -tho∂ar-v-)
»kZ pugaΩ (»kz, »kZN∆) praise (v.t.), glorify (U5: pugaΩ-gi∞-; pugaΩ-nth-; pugaΩ-v-)
máZ magiΩ (máz, máZN∆) rejoice (v.i.), be happy (U5: magiΩ-gi∞-; magiΩ-nth-; magiΩ-v-)
mlR malar (mlr, mlRN∆) flower (v.i.), bloom, blossom (U5: malar-gi∞-; malar-nth-; malar-v-)
vN∆ EcR vanthu sër (- Ecr, - EcRN∆) arrive (U5: sër-gi∞-; sër-nth-; sër-v-)
vaZ väΩ (vaz, vaZN∆) prosper (v.i.); live (U5: väΩ-gi∞-; väΩ-nth-; väΩ-v-)
– 134 –
U5 Infixes: -gi∞- (present); -√∞- (past); -v- (future) – euphonically modified Infix in the past tense
with roots ending in the alveolar consonant ‘l’:
422
423
424
425
ekaL(Õ) kol(lu) (ekaLl, eka˜›) kill (v.t.) (U5: kol-gi∞-; ko√∞-; kol-v-)
ecL(Õ) sel(lu) (ecLl, ec˜›) go (v.i.); follow (U5: sel-gi∞-; se√∞-; sel-v-)
emL(Õ) mel(lu) (emLl, em˜›) chew (U5: mel-gi∞-; me√∞-; mel-v-)
evL(Õ) vel(lu) (evLl, ev˜›) conquer (v.t.); triumph, win (U5: vel-gi∞-; ve√∞-; vel-v-)
With past participles ending in a retroflexive, with or without a following ‘u’:
U5 Infixes: -gi∞- (present); -∫∂- (past); -v- (future) – euphonically modified Infix in the past tense
with roots ending in the retroflex consonant ‘¬’:
426 ekaÒ(‹) ko¬(¬u) (ekaÒ¬, ekaBƒ) possess (v.t.); keep (U5: ko¬-gi∞-; ko∫∂-; ko¬-v-)
427 »rÒ pura¬ (»r¬, »rBƒ) be overturned (v.i.); revolve (U5: pura¬-gi∞-; pura∫∂-; pura¬-v-)
428 嘻 ekaÒ a√bu ko¬ (- ekaÒ¬, - ekaBƒ) love (v.t.) (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫∂-; -ko¬-v-)
429 idıekaÒ i∂a≥go¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) occupy (space) (v.i.) (U5: ko¬-gi∞-; ko∫∂-; ko¬-v-)
430 oT∆KekaÒ otthu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) accept (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫∂-; -ko¬-v-)
431 oPÈKekañ oppu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) accept (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫∂-; -ko¬-v-)
432 kÃKekaÒ karu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) conceive (become pregnant) (v.i.) (U5: ditto)
433 pímaóKekaÒ parimä∞i-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) exchange (v.t.) (U5: ditto)
434 paRT∆KekaÒ pärtthu-k-ko¬ (- ekÒ¬, - ekaBƒ) watch over; take care of (U5: ditto)
435 wvT∆KekaÒ vaitthu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) keep; imagine (U5: ditto)
6th Conjugation – Weak ‘U’ Form (b): U6 Infixes: -gi∞- (present); -th- (past); -v- (future)
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
å¤ aΩu (åz, å¤∆) cry (v.i.), weep (U6: aΩu-gi∞-; aΩu-th-; aΩu-v-)
ecY sey (ecYy, ecY∆) do (v.t.); make (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
enY ney (enYy, enY∆) weave (U6: ney-gi∞-; ney-th-; ney-v-)
epY pey (epYy, epY∆) rain, shower (U6: pey-gi∞-; pey-th-; pey-v-)
u›ç ecY u∞uthi sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) confirm (v.t.); prove (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
´‰paƒ ecY ë∞pä∂u sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) arrange (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
¿dCecY kü∂a-c-chey (-ecYy, -ecY∆) co-operate (U6: -chey-gi∞-; -chey-th-; -chey-v-)
wk∆ ecY kaithu sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) arrest (take into custody) (v.t.) (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
cmrc ibKkM ecY samarasa i∫akkam sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) compromise (U6: ditto)
cí ecY sari sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) set right; repair (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
◊TtM ecY suttham sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) clean (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
ejpM ecY jebam sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) pray (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
tamtM ecY thämatham sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) delay (v.t.) (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
çÃmbM ecY thiruma∫am sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) get married (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
põ ecY pa∫i sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) serve (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
Èwj ecY püjai sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
rT∆ ecY ratthu sey (- ecYy, -ecY∆) cancel (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
vücwˆ ecY vañja√ai sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) deceive; betray (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-)
– 135 –
Tamil-English Alphabetical Index of Verbs
164
165
114
001
002
224
166
167
387
326
168
169
170
171
129
388
000
172
173
174
175
436
225
327
226
389
227
063
228
428
038
037
130
355
229
000
230
408
040
039
429
231
356
232
328
329
233
330
003
004
*îwc asai (îwcKk, îwcT∆) move (v.t.); agitate; shake (U1: asai-kki∞-; asai-tth-; asai-pp-) [*38-39]
*îwc asai (îwcy, îwcN∆) move (v.i.) (U5: asai-gi∞-; asai-nth-; asai-v-) [*40-41]
îü◊ añju (îüc, îüâ) fear, be afraid (I: añju-gi∞-; añj’-i√-; añju-v-) [32-33]
*îdK¿ a∂akku (îdKk, îdKá) control (v.t.); restrain; oppress (I: ºkku-gi∞-; ºkk’-i√-; ºkku-v-) [*2-3]
*îdı¿ a∂a≥gu (îdık, îdıá) be restrained, modest (v.i.); obey (I: º≥gu-gi∞-; º≥g’-i√-; º≥gu-v-) [*4-5]
îã a∂i (îãKk, îãT∆) hit (v.t.); ring (bell); blow (e.g., as wind) (U1: a∂i-kki∞-; a∂i-tth-; a∂i-pp-) [42-43]
îwd a∂ai (îwdKk, îwdT∆) shut (v.t.), close; lock (U1: a∂ai-kki∞-; a∂ai-tth-; a∂ai-pp-) [38-39]
îwd a∂ai (îwdy, îwdN∆) obtain (v.i.); reach; approach (U5: a∂ai-gi∞-; a∂ai-nth-; a∂ai-v-) [40-41]
îõ a∫i (îõy, îõN∆) wear (v.t.); put on (U5: a∫i-gi∞-; a∫i-nth-; a∫i-v-) [44-45]
*îwb a∫ai (îwbKk, îwbT∆) turn off (v.t.), embrace (U1: a∫ai-kki∞-; a∫ai-tth-; a∫ai-pp-) [*84-85]
îwm amai (îwmKk, îwmT∆) settle (v.t.); construct; install (U1: amai-kki∞-; amai-tth-; amai-pp-) [38-39]
îwm amai (îwmy, îwmN∆) become settled (v.i.); be quiet; suit (U5: amai-gi∞-; amai-nth-; amai-v-) [40-41]
îwr arai (îwrKk, îwrT∆) grind (v.t.) (U1: arai-kki∞-; arai-tth-; arai-pp-) [38-39]
îwr arai (îwry, îwrN∆) be ground (v.i.) (U5: arai-gi∞-; arai-nth-; arai-v-) [40-41]
îl› ala∞u (îl®, îló) scream (I: ala∞u-gi∞-; ala∞’-i√-; ala∞u-v-) [16-17]
îwl alai (îwly, îwlN∆) wander (v.i.); go about (U5: alai-gi∞-; alai-nth-; alai-v-) [40-41]
îvcrPpƒ avasara-p-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) hasten (v.i.) (U4: pa∂u-gi∞-; pa†-†-; pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
îÉ avi (îÉKk, îÉT∆) steam (v.t.); boil (U1: avi-kki∞-; avi-tth-; avi-pp-) [42-43]
îÉ avi (îÉy, îÉN∆) be steamed (v.i.); be boiled (U5: avi-gi∞-; avi-nth-; avi-v-) [44-45]
îï aΩi (îïKk, îïT∆) destroy (v.t.) (U1: aΩi-kki∞-; aΩi-tth-; aΩi-pp-) [42-43]
îï aΩi (îïy, îïN∆) be destroyed (v.i.) (U5: aΩi-gi∞-; aΩi-nth-; aΩi-v-) [44-45]
*î¤ aΩu (îz, î¤∆) cry (v.i.), weep (U6: aΩu-gi∞-; aΩu-th-; aΩu-v-) [*110-111]
îwz aΩai (îwzKk, îwzT∆) call (v.t.); invite (U1: aΩai-kki∞-; aΩai-tth-; aΩai-pp-) [38-39]
î¬ a¬a (î¬Kk, î¬N∆) measure (v.t.) (U2: a¬a-kki∞-; a¬a-nth-; a¬a-pp-) [88-89]
îñ a¬i (îñKk, îñT∆) give (v.t.); offer; render (U1: a¬i-kki∞-; a¬i-tth-; a¬i-pp-) [42-43]
îó a∞i (îóy, îóN∆) know, understand (U5: a∞i-gi∞-; a∞i-nth-; a∞i-v-) [44-45]
îóÉ a∞ivi (îóÉKk, îóÉT∆) announce (v.t.) (U1: a∞ivi-kki∞-; a∞ivi-tth-; a∞ivi-pp-) [42-43]
îfiP» a√uppu (îfiPp, îfiPè) send (v.t.) (I: a√uppu-gi∞-; a√upp’-i√-; a√uppu-v-) [6-7]
îfimç a√umathi (îfimçKk, îfimçT∆) admit (v.t.) (U1: ºmathi-kki∞-; ºmathi-tth-; ºmathi-pp-) [42-43]
 ekaÒ a√bu ko¬ (- ekaÒ¬, - ekaBƒ) love (v.t.) (U5: - ko¬-gi∞-; - ko∫-∂-; - ko¬-v-) [102-103]
*A[¿] ä[gu] (Ak, Aá/AY) be (v.i.), become (I: ä’-gi∞-; ä’-√-; ä’v-) [*12-13] irregular
*AK¿ äkku (AKk, AKá) create (v.t.), make; effect (I: äkku-gi∞-; äkk’-i√-; äkku-v-) [*10-11]
Aƒ ä∂u (Ad, Aã) dance (v.i.); move (I: ä∂u-gi∞-; ä∂’-i√-; ä∂u-v-) [20-21]
Awbëƒ ä∫ai-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) command (v.t.) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
Atí äthari (AtíKk, AtíT∆) support (v.t.); sustain (U1: ºari-kki∞-; ºari-tth-; ºari-pp-) [42-43]
AyTtM pB≈ äyattham pa∫∫u (- pBb, - pBõ) prepare (I: pa∫∫u-gi∞-; pa∫∫’-i√-; pa∫∫u-v-) [26-27]
ArMè ärambi (ArMèKk, ArMèT∆) begin (v.t.) (U1: ärambi-kki∞-; ärambi-tth-; ärambi-pp-) [42-43]
AraY äräy (Aray, AraYN∆) examine (v.t.); research (U5: äräy-gi∞-; äräy-nth-; äräy-v-) [48-49]
A› ä∞u (A®, Aó) heal (v.i.); calm down (I: ä∞u-gi∞-; ä∞’-i√-; ä∞u-v-) [16-17]
A‰› ä∞∞u (A‰®, A‰ó) comfort (console) (I: ä∞∞u-gi∞-; ä∞∞’-i√-; ä∞∞u-v-) (v.t.) [14-15]
idıekaÒ i∂a≥go¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) occupy (space) (v.i.) (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫-∂-; -ko¬-v-) [102-103]
iã i∂i (iãKk, iãT∆) pound (v.t.); smash; thunder (U1: i∂i-kki∞-; i∂i-tth-; i∂i-pp-) [42-43]
*iƒ i∂u (id, iDƒ) put (v.t.); place (U4: i∂u-gi∞-; i†-†-; i∂u-v-) [*62-63]
irDâ ira†chi (irDâKk, irDâT∆) protect (v.t.); save (U1: ira†chi-kki∞-; ira†chi-tth-; ira†chi-pp-) [42-43]
*ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆) be (v.i.); stay, remain; wait; have (U2: iru-kki∞-; iru-nth-; iru-pp-) [*86-87]
iz iΩa (izKk, izN∆) lose (be unable to keep) (v.t.) (U2: iΩa-kki∞-; iΩa-nth-; iΩa-pp-) [88-89]
i¤ iΩu (i¤Kk, i¤T∆) pull (v.t.), drag; inhale; stretch (U1: iΩu-kki∞-; iΩu-tth-; iΩu-pp-) [72-73]
i® i∞a (i®Kk, i®N∆) die (v.i.) (U2: i∞a-kki∞-; i∞a-nth-; i∞a-pp-) [88-89]
i®K¿ i∞akku (i®Kk, i®Ká) bring down (v.t.); put down (I: i∞akku-gi∞-; i∞akk’-i√-; i∞akku-v-) [2-3]
i®ı¿ i∞a≥gu (i®ık, i®ıá) get down (v.i.); descend from (I: i∞a≥gu-gi∞-; i∞a≥g’-i√-; i∞a≥gu-v-) [4-5]
– 136 –
234 iò i√i (iòKk, iòT∆) be sweet (v.i.) (U1: i√i-kki∞-; i√i-tth-; i√i-pp-) [42-43]
357
235
064
176
177
409
410
353
042
041
000
000
000
131
132
236
065
044
043
066
237
067
440
ud˜pƒ u∂a√-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) comply with; agree
(U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
uƒ u∂u (uƒKk, uƒT∆) wear (v.t.), put on (U1: u∂u-kki∞-; u∂u-tth-; u∂u-pp-) [58-59]
uƒT∆ u∂utthu (uƒTt, uƒTç) wear (v.t.), put on (I: u∂utthu-gi∞-; u∂utth’i√-; u∂utthu-v-) [22-23]
uwd u∂ai (uwdKk, uwdT∆) break (v.t.) (U1: u∂ai-kki∞-; u∂ai-tth-; u∂ai-pp-) [38-39]
uwd u∂ai (uwdy, uwdN∆) be broken (v.i.) (U5: u∂ai-gi∞-; u∂ai-nth-; u∂ai-v-) [40-41]
*100-101]
*uDkaR u†kär (uDkar, uDkaRN∆) sit (v.i.) (U5: u†kär-gi∞-; u†kär-nth-; u†kär-v-) [*
ubR u∫ar (ubr, ubRN∆) feel (v.i.); realize; recognize (U5: u∫ar-gi∞-; u∫ar-tth-; pa∂u-v-) [100-101]
*94-95]
*uB(≈) u∫(∫u) (uBb, uBƒ) eat (v.t.); drink (U3: u∫-gi∞-; u∫-∂-; u∫-b-) [*
uBda¿ u∫∂ägu (-Ak, -Aá) become (v.i.) (I: u∫∂ägu-gi∞-; u∫∂äg’-i√-; u∫∂ägu-v-) [12-13]
uBdaK¿ u∫∂äkku (-AKk, -AKá) create (v.t.) (I: u∫∂äkku-gi∞-; u∫∂äkk’-i√-; u∫∂äkku-v-) [10-11]
uBƒ u∫∂u a predicate with the two senses of iÃ: ‘be’ and ‘have’
uBƒ pB≈ u∫∂u pa∫∫u (- pBb, -pBõ) create (v.t.) (I: pa∫∫u-gi∞-;pa∫∫’-i√-; pa∫∫u-v-) [26-27]
utÉ ecY uthavi sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) help (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
utŒ uthavu (utv, utÉ) help (v.t.) (I: uthavu-gi∞-; uthav’-i√-; uthavu-v-) [30-31]
ut› utha∞u (ut®, utó) shake out (dust, water) (v.t.) (I: utha∞u-gi∞-; utha∞’-i√-; utha∞u-v-) [16-17]
upEyaá upayögi (upEyaáKk, upEyaáT∆) use (v.t.) (U1: -yögi-kki∞-; -yögi-tth-; -yögi-pp-) [42-43]
uyRT∆ uyartthu (uyRTt, uyRTç) raise (v.t.) (I: uyartthu-gi∞-; uyartth’-i√-; uyartthu-v-) [22-23]
uÿ urugu (uÃk, uÃá) melt (v.i.) (I: urugu-gi∞-; urug’-i√-; urugu-v-) [4-5]
uÃK¿ urukku (uÃKk, uÃKá) melt (v.t.) (I: urukku-gi∞-; urukk’-i√-; urukku-v-) [2-3]
uÃDƒ uru††u (uÃDd, uÃDã) roll (make roll) (v.t.) (I: uru††u-gi∞-; uru††’-i√-; uru††u-v-) [18-19]
uwz uΩai (uwzKk, uwzT∆) work (v.i.), toil; last (to wear well) (U1: uΩai-kki∞-; uΩai-tth-; uΩai-pp-) [38-39]
uÒ¬dK¿ u¬¬a∂akku (-îdKk, -îdKá) include (I: u¬¬a∂akku-gi∞-; u¬¬a∂akk’-i√-; u¬¬a∂akku-v-) (v.t.) [2-3]
u›ç ecY u∞uthi sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) confirm (v.t.); prove (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
358 Uâ Epaƒ üsi pö∂u (- Epad, - EpaDƒ) inoculate (U4: - pö∂u-gi∞-; - pö†-†-; - pö∂u-v-) [60-61]
133 U∆ üthu (Ut, Uç) blow (wind, etc.) (v.i.) (I: üthu-gi∞-; üth’-i√-; üthu-v-) [28-29]
046 U› ü∞u (U®, Uó) flow (v.i.); ooze (I: ü∞u-gi∞-; ü∞’-i√-; ü∞u-v-) [16-17]
045 U‰› ü∞∞u (U‰®, U‰ó) pour (v.t.); flow down (I: ü∞∞u-gi∞-; ü∞∞’-i√-; ü∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
238
239
068
127
319
178
179
390
342
005
006
134
391
351
048
047
050
359
069
441
049
¶Ccí ecchari (¶CcíKk, ¶CcíT∆) warn (v.t.); caution
(U1: ecchari-kki∞-; ecchari-tth-; ecchari-pp-) [42-43]
¶ƒ e∂u (¶ƒKk, ¶ƒT∆) take (v.t.); pick up; remove (U1: e∂u-kki∞-; e∂u-tth-; e∂u-pp-) [58-59]
¶Dƒ e††u (¶Dd, ¶Dã) reach; reach (for) (I: e††u-gi∞-; e††’-i√-; e††u-v-) [18-19]
¶B≈ e∫∫u (¶Bb, ¶Bõ) count (v.t.); think (of); consider (I: e∫∫u-gi∞-; e∫∫’-i√-; e∫∫u-v-) [26-27]
¶çR paR ethir pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) wait for (v.t.); expect (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
*42-43]
*¶í eri (¶íKk, ¶íT∆) burn (something) (v.t.) (U1: eri-kki∞-; eri-tth-; eri-pp-) [*
*44-45]
*¶í eri (¶íy, ¶íN∆) burn (v.i.); glow (U5: eri-gi∞-; eri-nth-; eri-v-) [*
¶¤ eΩu (¶z, ¶¤N∆) get up (v.i.); awake; emerge (U5: eΩu-gi∞-; eΩu-nth-; eΩu-v-) [98-99]
¶¤Nçà eΩunth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) get up (v.i.) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
*pp. 6-7]
*¶¤P» eΩuppu (¶¤Pp, ¶¤Pè) make get up (v.t.); awaken (I: eΩuppu-gi∞-; eΩupp’-i√-; eΩuppu-v-) [*
*8-9]
*¶¤M» eΩumbu (¶¤Mp, ¶¤Mè) go up (v.i.); rise (I: eΩumbu-gi∞-; eΩumb’-i√-; eΩumbu-v-) [*
*28-29]
*¶¤∆ eΩuthu (¶¤t, ¶¤ç) writee (I: eΩuthu-gi∞-; eΩuth’-i√-; eΩuthu-v-) [*
¶ó e∞i (¶óy, ¶óN∆) throw (v.t.), hurl, toss (U5: e∞i-gi∞-; e∞i-nth-; e∞i-v-) [44-45]
*96-97]
*¶˜(fi) e√(√u) (¶˜ˆ, ¶˜›) say; tell (U3: e√-gi∞-; e√-∞-; e√-b-) [*
*´ma› ëmä∞u (´ma®, ´maó) be cheated (v.i.); disappointed (I: ëmä∞u-gi∞-; ëmä∞’-i√-; ëmä∞u-v-) [*
*16-17]
*14-15]
*´ma‰› ëmä∞∞u (´ma‰®, ´ma‰ó) cheat (v.t.) (I: ëmä∞∞u-gi∞-; ëmä∞∞’-i√-; ëmä∞∞u-v-) [*
´› ë∞u (´®, ´ó) climb (v.t.), ascend; get on to; enter (a vehicle); increase (I: ë∞u-gi∞-; ë∞’-i√-; ë∞u-v-) [32-33]
´‰pƒ ë∞pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) develop (v.i.); evolve; be established (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
´‰pƒT∆ ë∞pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) develop (v.t.); create; cause (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
´‰paƒ ecY ë∞pä∂u sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) arrange (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
´‰› ë∞∞u (´‰®, ´‰ó) raise (v.t.); pump (water, etc.) (I: ë∞∞u-gi∞-; ë∞∞’-i√-; ë∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
– 137 –
240
070
430
158
241
360
431
242
135
*o o (oKk, oT∆) resemble (v.t.); equal (U1: o-kki∞-; o-tth-; o-pp-) [*
*68-69]
oDƒ o††u (oDd, oDã) stick (make adhere to) (v.t.) (I: o††u-gi∞-; o††’-i√-; o††u-v-) [18-19]
oT∆KekaÒ otthu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) accept (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫-∂-; -ko¬-v-) [102-103]
oT∆PEpa otthu-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY) compromise (I: -pö-gi∞-; -pö’-√-; -pö-v-) [36-37]
oPè oppi (oPèKk, oPèT∆) repeat/reproduce (from memory) (U1: oppi-kki∞-; oppi-tth-; oppi-pp-) [42-43]
oPèƒ oppi∂u (-id, -iDƒ) compare (v.t.); contrast (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
oP»KekaÒ oppu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) accept (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫-∂-; -ko¬-v-) [102-103]
oì oli (oìKk, oìT∆) (U1: oli-kki∞-; oli-tth-; oli-pp-) sound (v.t.) [42-43]
o¤¿ oΩugu (o¤k, o¤á) flow (v.i.); leak; ooze (I: oΩugu-gi∞-; oΩug’-i√-; oΩugu-v-) [4-5]
159 OãPEpa ö∂i-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY) flee; run away (I: -pö-gi∞-; -pö-√-; -pö-v-) [36-37]
*20-21]
052 *Oƒ ö∂u (Od, Oã) run (v.i.) (I: ö∂u-gi∞-; ö∂’-i∫-; ö∂u-v-) [*
*18-19]
051 *ODƒ ö††u (ODd, ODã) drive (I: ö††u-gi∞-; ö††’-i∫-; ö††u-v-) (v.t.) [*
411 OY öy (Oy, OYN∆) tire (become tired) (v.i.); cease; desist (U5: oy-gi∞-; oy-nth-; oy-v-) [48-49]
330X kd ka∂a (kdKk, kdN∆) cross (over) (v.i.); pass (U2: ka∂a-kki∞-; ka∂a-nth-; ka∂a-pp-) [88-89]
115 kd˜ vaı¿ ka∂a√ vä≥gu (- vaık, - vaıá) borrow (I: -vä≥gu-gi∞-; -vä≥g’-i√-; -vä≥gu-v-) [4-5]
180 kã ka∂i (kãKk, kãT∆) bite (v.t.); chew (U1: ka∂i-kki∞-; ka∂i-tth-; ka∂i-pp-) [42-43]
181 kã ka∂i (kãy, kãN∆) scold, reprimand (U5: ka∂i-gi∞-; ka∂i-nth-; ka∂i-v-) [44-45]
361 kDdw¬ëƒ ka††a¬ai-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) command, order (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
071 kDdayPpƒT∆ ka††äya-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) enforce (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
072 kDƒ ka††u (kDd, kDã) bind (v.t.), tie; build (I: ka††u-gi∞-; ka††’i∫-; ka††u-v-) [18-19]
244 kBƒèã ka∫∂u-pi∂i (-èãKk, -èãT∆) find (v.t.); discover; solve (U1: -pi∂i-kki∞-; -pi∂i-tth-; -pi∂i-pp-) [42-43]
073 kT∆ katthu (kTt, kTç) shout (I: katthu-gi∞-; katth’-i∫-; katthu-v-) [22-23]
432 kÃKekaÒ karu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) conceive (become pregnant) (v.i.) [102-103]
(U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫-∂-; -ko¬-v-)
136 kÃ∆ karuthu (kÃt, kÃç) consider; think (I: karuthu-gi∞-; karuth’-i∫-; karuthu-v-) [28-29]
245 kÃTtí karutthari (kÃTtíKk, kÃTtíT∆) conceive (become pregnant) (v.i.) [42-43]
(U1: karutthari-kki∞-; karutthari-tth-; karutthari-pp-)
331
007
008
137
074
317
246
362
247
203
202
075
182
183
138
392
248
076
354
343
077
205
kl kala (klKk, klN∆) mix (v.t.); mingle (v.i.) (U2: kala-kki∞-; kala-nth-; kala-pp-) [88-89]
klK¿ kalakku (klKk, klKá) disturb (v.t.); stir (I: kalakku-gi∞-; kalakk’-i∫-; kalakku-v-) [2-3]
klı¿ kala≥gu (klık, klıá) be stirred (v.i.); be disturbed (I: kala≥gu-gi∞-; kala≥g’-i∫-; kala≥gu-v-) [4-5]
klN∆ Ep◊ kalanthu pësu (- Epc, - Epâ) confer (talk together) (I: - pësu-gi∞-; - pës’-i∫-; - pësu-v-) [32-33]
klwvyaK¿ kalavai-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) mix (v.t.) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i∫-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
*kL kal (k‰k, k‰›) study (v.t.); learn (U1: ka∞-ki∞-; ka∞-∞-; ka∞-p-) [*
*80-81] euphonic variant
kLÉyñ kalvi-y-a¬i (-îñKk, -îñT∆) educate, teach (U1: -a¬i-kki∞-; -a¬i-tth-; -a¬i-pp-) [42-43]
kvwlPpƒ kavalai-p-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) worry (v.i.) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [58-59]
kvò kava√i (kvòKk, kvòT∆) be careful, watch out (U1: kava√i-kki∞-; kava√i-tth-; kava√i-pp-) [42-43]
*kÉZ kaviΩ (kÉz, kÉZN∆) overturn (v.i.) (U5: kaviΩ-gi∞-; ka∂i-nth-; ka∂i-v-) [*
*56-57]
*kÉZ kaviΩ (kÉZKk, kÉZT∆) turn over (v.t.) (U1: kaviΩ-kki∞-; kaviΩ-tth-; kaviΩ-pp-) [*
*54-55]
kz‰› kaΩa∞∞u (kz‰®, kz‰ó) remove, take off (clothes, etc.) (I: º∞∞u-gi∞-; º∞∞’-i∫-; º∞∞u-v-) (v.t.) [14-15]
kï kaΩi (kïKk, kïT∆) discharge (v.t.); spend (time); subtract (U1: kaΩi-kki∞-; kaΩi-tth-; kaΩi-pp-) [42-43]
kï kaΩi (kïy, kïN∆) (of time, days) pass (v.i.) (U5: kaΩi-gi∞-; kaΩi-nth-; kaΩi-v-) [44-45]
*30-31]
*k¤Œ kaΩuvu (k¤v, k¤É) wash (not laundry) (I: kaΩuvu-gi∞-; kaΩuv’-i∫-; kaΩuvu-v-) [*
kw¬ ka¬ai (kw¬y, kw¬N∆) clean (grain, etc., with water) (U5: ka¬ai-gi∞-; ka¬ai-nth-; ka¬ai-v-) [40-41]
k‰›Kekaƒ ka∞∞u-k-ko∂u (-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆) teach (U1: -ko∂u-kki∞-; -ko∂u-tth-; -ko∂u-pp-) [58-59]
kaDƒ k䆆u (kaDd, kaDã) show (point out) (v.t.) (I: k䆆u-gi∞-; k䆆’-i∫-; k䆆u-v-) [18-19]
*kaB kä∫ (kab, kBƒ) see (v.t.); find out (U3: kä∫-gi∞-; ka∫-∂-; kä√-b-) [*
*92-93]
kaTçà kätthiru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) wait (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
kaPpa‰› käppä∞∞u (kaPpa‰®, kaPpa‰ó) protect (v.t.); save (I: º∞∞u-gi∞-; º∞∞’-i∫-; º∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
kaY käy (kay, kaYN∆) dry (v.i.); be heated (U5: käy-gi∞-; käy-nth-; käy-v-) [48-49]
– 138 –
204 kaY käy (kaYKk, kaYT∆) bear (fruit) (v.t.) (U1: käy-kki∞-; käy-tth-; käy-pp-) [46-47]
249 kay wv käya vai (- wvKk, - wvT∆) dry (v.t.) (U1: - vai-kki∞-; - vai-tth-; - vai-pp-) [38-39]
332
000
078
184
185
009
010
139
ád ki∂a (ádKk, ádN∆) remain (v.i.); lie around
250
079
080
251
081
363
252
253
011
012
254
082
255
320
364
186
187
000
083
(U1: ku∂i-kki∞-; ku∂i-tth-; ku∂i-pp-) [42-43]
¿bPpƒT∆ gu∫a-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) cure (v.t.) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
¿bmaK¿ gu∫am-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) cure (v.t.) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
¿ç kuthi (¿çKk, ¿çT∆) gallop; jump (U1: kuthi-kki∞-; kuthi-tth-; kuthi-pp-) [42-43]
¿T∆ kutthu (¿Tt, ¿Tç) stab (v.t.) (I: kutthu-gi∞-; kutth’-i√-; kutthu-v-) [22-23]
¿Mèƒ kumbi∂u (¿Mèd, ¿MèDƒ) worship (v.t.); bow to (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
¿wr kurai (¿wrKk, ¿wrT∆) bark (v.i.) (U1: kurai-kki∞-; kurai-tth-; kurai-pp-) [38-39]
¿wl kulai (¿wlKk, ¿wlT∆) bark (v.i.) (U1: kulai-kki∞-; kulai-tth-; kulai-pp-) [38-39]
¿zP» kuΩappu (¿zPp, ¿zPè) confuse (others) (v.t.) (I: kuΩappu-gi∞-; kuΩapp’-i√-; kuΩappu-v-) [6-7]
¿zM» kuΩambu (¿zMp, ¿zMè) be confused (v.i.) [8-9] (I: kuΩambu-gi∞-; kuΩamb’-i√-; kuΩambu-v-)
¿ñ ku¬i (¿ñKk, ¿ñT∆) bathe (oneself) (v.i.) (U1: ku¬i-kki∞-; ku¬i-tth-; ku¬i-pp-) [42-43]
¿ñPpaDƒ ku¬ipp’䆆u (-ADd, -ADã) bathe (v.t.); wash (s.o./sth) (I: -䆆u-gi∞-; -䆆’-i√-; -䆆u-v-) [18-19]
¿ó ku∞i (¿óKk, ¿óT∆) mark (v.t.); denote (U1: ku∞i-kki∞-; ku∞i-tth-; ku∞i-pp-) [42-43]
¿ó paR ku∞i pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) aim; point at (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
¿óPèƒ ku∞ipp’i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) specify (v.t.); mention (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
¿w® ku∞ai (¿w®Kk, ¿w®T∆) shorten (v.t.); decrease; cut (U1: ku∞ai-kki∞-; ku∞ai-tth-; ku∞ai-pp-) [38-39]
¿w® ku∞ai (¿w®y, ¿w®N∆) become short (v.i.); be cu (U2: ka∞ai-kki∞-; ka∞ai-nth-; ka∞ai-pp-) [40-41]
¿‰®M kaB ku∞∞am kä∫ (- kab, - kBƒ) criticize (U3: - kä∫-gi∞-; - ka∫-∂-; - kä∫-b-) [92-93]
¿‰®M caDƒ ku∞∞am s䆆u (- caDd, - caDã) accuse (I: s䆆u-gi∞-; s䆆’-i√-; s䆆u-v-) [18-19]
(U2: ka∂a-kki∞-; ka∂a-nth-; ka∂a-pp-) [88-89]
áwdK¿M ki∂aikkum be available (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
áDƒ ki††u (áDd, áDã) get (v.t.); accrue (I: ki††u-gi∞-; ki††’-i√-; ki††u-v-) [18-19]
áï kiΩi (áïKk, áïT∆) rip (v.t.) (U1: kiΩi-kki∞-; kiΩi-tth-; kiΩii-pp-) [42-43]
áï kiΩi (áïy, áïN∆) be ripped (v.i.) (U5: kiΩi-gi∞-; kiΩi-nth-; kiΩi-v-) [44-45]
á¬P» ki¬appu (á¬Pp, á¬Pè) start (a car, machine) (v.t.); incite (I: ki¬appu-gi∞-; ki¬app’-i√-; ki¬appu-v-) [6-7]
á¬M» ki¬ambu (á¬Mp, á¬Mè) start (v.i.); rise; emerge (I: ki¬ambu-gi∞-; ki¬amb’-i√-; ki¬ambu-v-) [8-9]
ᬛ ki¬a∞u (ᬮ, á¬ó) excite (v.t.); arouse; provoke (I: ki¬a∞u-gi∞-; ki¬a∞’-i√-; ki¬a∞u-v-) [16-17]
¿ã ku∂i (¿ãKk, ¿ãT∆) drink (v.t.)
160
442
054
053
365
140
219
218
161
‡dPEpa kü∂a-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY)
443
wk∆ ecY kaithu sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) arrest (custody) (v.t.) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
ekaƒ ko∂u (ekaƒKk, ekaƒT∆) give (v.t.) (U1: ko∂u-kki∞-; ko∂u-tth-; ko∂u-pp-) [58-59]
accompany (I: -pö-gi∞-; -pö-√-; -pö-v-) [36-37]
‡dCecY kü∂a-c-chey (-ecYy, -ecY∆) co-operate (U6: -chey-gi∞-; -chey-th-; -chey-v-) [112-113]
‡ƒ kü∂u (‡d, ‡ã) join (v.i.); unite; gather; assemble (I: kü∂u-gi∞-; kü∂’-i√-; kü∂u-v-) [20-21]
‡Dƒ kü††u (‡Dd, ‡Dã) collect (v.t.); gather; add (I: kü††u-gi∞-; kü††’-i√-; ku††u-v-) [18-19]
‡Pèƒ küppi∂u (‡Pèd, ‡PèDƒ) call (v.t.); shout (U4: küppi∂u-gi∞-; küppi†-†-; küppi∂u-v-) [62-63]
‡› kü∞u (‡®, ‡ó) proclaim (v.t.); propose (I: kü∞u-gi∞-; kü∞’-i√-; kü∞u-v-) [16-17]
ekƒ ke∂u (ekd, ekDƒ) be damaged (v.i.); be spoiled (U4: ke∂u-gi∞-; ke†-†-; ke∂u-v-) [60-61]
ekƒ ke∂u (ekƒKk, ekƒT∆) damage (v.t.); spoil (U1: ke∂u-kki∞-; ke∂u-tth-; ke∂u-pp-) [58-59]
ekDƒ Epa ke††u pö (- Epak, - EpaY) be spoiled, go bad (I: - pö-gi∞-; - pö-√-; - pö-v-) [36-37]
*78-79] euphonic variant
314 *EkÒ kë¬ (EkDk, EkDƒ) ask; listen; obey (U1: ke†-ki∞-; ke†-†-; ke†-p-) [*
256
162
401
257
344
422
258
426
259
ekaBƒ Epa ko∫∂u pö (- Epak, - EpaY) take (away) (v.t.) (I: - pö-gi∞-; - pö-√-; - pö-v-) [36-37]
ekaBƒ va ko∫∂u vä (- vr, - vN∆) bring (along) (v.t.) (U5: varu-gi∞-; va-nth-; varu-v-) [106-107]
ekaç kothi (ekaçKk, ekaçT∆) boil (v.i.) (U1: kothi-kki∞-; kothi-tth-; kothi-pp-) [42-43]
ekaçKkPpDãà kothikka-p-pa††’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) boil (v.t.) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
ekaL kol (ekaLl, eka˜›) kill (v.t.) (U5: kol-gi∞-; ko√-∞-; kol-v-) [104-105] euphonic variant
eka¤ koΩu (eka¤Kk, eka¤T∆) grow fat (v.i.) (U1: koΩu-kki∞-; koΩu-tth-; koΩu-pp-) [70-71]
*ekaÒ ko¬ (ekaÒ¬, ekaBƒ) possess (v.t.); take; keep (U5: ko¬-gi∞-; ko∫-∂-; ko¬-v-) [*
*102-103]
ekaÒw¬yã ko¬¬ai-y-a∂i (-îãKk, -îãT∆) rob (grand larceny) (v.t.) (U1: a∂i-kki∞-; a∂i-tth-; a∂i-pp-) [42-43]
– 139 –
000
260
261
085
444
000
000
445
086
087
cBwd Epaƒ sa∫∂ai pö∂u (- Epad, - EpaDƒ) fight (v.i.)
(U4: pö∂u-gi∞-; pö†-†-; pö∂u-v-) [60-61]
cNç santhi (cNçKk, cNçT∆) meet (U1: santhi-kki∞-; santhi-tth-; santhi-pp-) [42-43]
cNEtá santhëgi (cNEtáKk, cNEtáT∆) doubt (U1: santhëgi-kki∞-; santhëgi-tth-; santhëgi-pp-) [42-43]
cméwlyaK¿ samanilai-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) balance (v.t.); compare (I: äkku-gi∞-; äkk’-i√-; äkku-v-) [10-11]
cmrc ibKkM ecY samarasa i∫akkam sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) compromise (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-) [112|
cwm samai (cwmKk, cwmT∆) cook (a meal) (U1: samai-kki∞-; samai-tth-; samai-pp-) [38-39]
cMpaç sambäthi (cMpaçKk, cMpaçT∆) earn (U1: sambäthi-kki∞-; sambäthi-tth-; sambäthi-pp-) [42-43]
cí ecY sari sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) set right; repair (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
cíPpƒT∆ sari-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) set right; repair (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
cíyaK¿ sari-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) correct (I: äkku-gi∞-; äkk’-i√-; äkku-v-) [10-11]
386
088
366
412
*ca(¿) sä(gu) (cak, ecT∆) die (said of animals) (v.i.) (U4: sä-gi∞-; setth-; sä-v-) [*66-67] irregular
caT∆ sätthu (caTt, caTç) shut (door, etc.) (v.t.), close (I: sättthu-gi∞-; sättth’-i√-; sättthu-v-) [22-23]
caPèƒ säppi∂u (caPèd, caPèDƒ) eat (have a meal) (U4: säppi∂u-gi∞-; säppi†-†-; säppi∂u-v-) [62-63]
caR sär (car, caRN∆) depend on (U5: sär-gi∞-; sär-nth-; sär-v-) [100-101]
367
446
013
014
089
◊ƒ su∂u (◊d, ◊Dƒ) burn, be hot; shoot
163
090
437
091
423
263
321
(I: - pö-gi∞-; - pö-√-; - pö-v-) [36-37]
ecyla‰› seyal-ä∞∞u (-A‰®, -A‰ó) execute (carry out plan, orders) (v.t.) (I: ä∞∞u-gi∞-; ä∞∞’-i√-; ä∞∞u-v-) [14]
*ecY sey (ecYy, ecY∆) do (v.t.); make (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-) [*112-113]
ecÕT∆ selutthu (ecÕTt, ecÕTç) drive (a vehicle) (v.t.) (I: selutthu-gi∞-; selutth’-i√-; selutthu-v-) [22-23]
*ecL sel (ecLl, ec˜›) go (v.i.); follow (U5: sel-gi∞-; se√-∞-; sel-v-) [*104-105] euphonic variant
ecLvaKkñ selväkk’a¬i (-îñKk, -îñT∆) influence (v.t.) (U1: a¬i-kki∞-; a¬i-tth-; a¬i-pp-) [42-43]
ec˜› paR se√∞u pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) call on (someone) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
*EcR sër (Ecr, EcRN∆) join (with) (v.i.); reach (U5: sër-gi∞-; sër’nth-; sër-v-) [*52-53]
*EcR sër (EcRKk, EcRT∆) join (v.t.); unite; admit; collect (U1: sër-kki∞-; sër-tth-; sër-pp-) [*50-51]
ecaNtmaëà sonthamäy-iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) belong (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
*ecaL[Õ] sol[lu] (ecaLl, ecaLì) say (v.i.); say; tell (I: sol-gi∞-; so√-√-; sol-v-) [*34-35] irregular
ecaLìK ekaƒ solli-k-ko∂u (- ekaƒKk, - ekaƒT∆) teach (U1: - ko∂u-kki∞-; - ko∂u-tth-; - ko∂u-pp-) [58-59]
ecaLìT ta solli-t-thä (- tr, - tN∆) teach (U5: - tharu-gi∞-; - tha-nth-; - tharu-v-) [106-107]
116 âN∆ sinthu (âNt, âNç) spill (v.t.) (I: sinthu-gi∞-; sinth’-i√-; sinthu-v-) [28-29]
262 âí siri (âíKk, âíT∆) smile (v.i.); laugh (U1: siri-kki∞-; siri-tth-; siri-pp-) [42-43]
333 â® si∞a (â®Kk, â®N∆) excell; be distinguished (U2: si∞a-kki∞-; si∞a-nth-; si∞a-pp-) [88-89]
207
206
345
156
000
402
264
447
092
346
117
265
266
267
368
000
399
(U4: su∂u-gi∞-; su†-†-; su∂u-v-) [60-61]
◊TtM ecY suttham sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) clean (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
◊ÃK¿ surukku (◊ÃKk, ◊ÃKá) shrink (make small) (v.t.) (I: surukku-gi∞-; surukk’-i√-; surukku-v-) [2-3]
◊Ãı¿ suru≥gu (◊Ãık, ◊Ãıá) shrink (v.i.); wrinkle; frown (I: suru≥gu-gi∞-; suru≥g’-i√-; suru≥gu-v-) [4-5]
◊‰› su∞∞u (◊‰®, ◊‰ó) surround (v.t.) (I: su∞∞u-gi∞-; su∞∞’-i√-; su∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
ecT∆PEpa setthu-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY) die (v.i.)
Ecaç söthi (EcaçKk, EcaçT∆) examine (v.t.); test; search (U1: söthi-kki∞-; söthi-tth-; söthi-pp-) [ 42-43]
ejpM ecY jebam sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) pray (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
ùapkPpƒT∆ ñäbagappa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) recollect (v.i.), remember (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22]
t¿Nçà thagunth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) be proper (v.i.); be suitable (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86]
tı¿ tha≥gu (tık, tıá) stay (v.i.); rest (I: tha≥gu-gi∞-; tha≥g’-i√-; tha≥gu-v-) [4-5]
tƒ tha∂u (tƒKk, tƒT∆) bar (block) (v.t.) (U1: tha∂u-kki∞-; tha∂u-tth-; tha∂u-pp-) [58-59]
tBã dha∫∂i (tBãKk, tBãT∆) punish (v.t.) (U1: dha∫∂i-kki∞-; dha∫∂i-tth-; dha∫∂i-pp-) [42-43]
tÉR thavir (tÉRKk, tÉRT∆) avoid (v.t.); abstain from (U1: thavir-kki∞-; thavir-tth-; thavir-pp-) [76-77]
tÒñ Epaƒ tha¬¬i pö∂u (- Epad, - EpaDƒ) put aside (v.t.); postpone (U4: - pö∂u-gi∞-; - pö†-†-; - pö∂u-v-) [60]
tÒ‹ tha¬¬u (tÒ¬, tÒñ) push (v.t.); move away (I: tha¬¬u-gi∞-; tha¬¬’-i√-; tha¬¬u-v-) [26-27]
ta thä (tr, tN∆) give (v.t.)
(U5: tharu-gi∞-; tha-nth-; tharu-v-) [106-107] irregular
– 140 –
015
016
448
268
209
208
taK¿ thäkku (taKk, taKá) attack (I: thäkku-gi∞-; thäkk’-i√-; thäkku-v-) (v.t.) [2-3]
taı¿ thä≥gu (taık, taıá) sustain (I: thä≥gu-gi∞-; thä≥g’-i√-; thä≥gu-v-) [4-5]
tamtM ecY thämatham sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) delay (v.t.) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
tamç thämathi (tamçKk, tamçT∆) delay (v.t.) (U1: ºmathi-kki∞-; ºmathi-tth-; ºmathi-pp-) [42-43]
taZ thäΩ (taz, taZN∆) descend (v.i.); become humble (U5: thäΩ-gi∞-; thäΩ-nth-; thäΩ-v-) [56-57]
taZ thäΩ (taZKk, taZT∆) humiliate (v.t.) (U1: thäΩ-kki∞-; thäΩ-tth-; thäΩ-pp-) [54-55]
çƒKრthi∂ukki∂u (çƒKád, çƒKáDƒ) be startled (v.i.), alarmed
369
370
093
141
094
017
018
403
449
334
352
(U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
çDdêƒ thi††am-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) plan (v.t.), design (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
çrDƒ thira††u (çrDd, çrDã) gather (v.t.); collect (I: thira††u-gi∞-; thira††’-i√-; thira††u-v-) [18-19]
çà thiru∂u (çÃd, çÃã) steal (v.t.) (I: thiru∂u-gi∞-; thiru∂’-i√-; thiru∂u-v-) [20-21]
çÃT∆ thirutthu (çÃTt, çÃTç) correct (v.t.); amend (I: thirutthu-gi∞-; thirutth’-i√-; thirutthu-v-) [22-23]
çÃP» thiruppu (çÃPp, çÃPè) (cause to) turn (v.t.) (I: thiruppu-gi∞-; thirupp’-i√-; thiruppu-v-) [6-7]
çÃM» thirumbu (çÃMp, çÃMè) turn (v.i.); return (I: thirumbu-gi∞-; thirumb’-i√-; thirumbu-v-) [8-9]
çÃMè va thirumbi vä (- vr, - vN∆) return; come back (U5: - varu-gi∞-; - va-nth-; - varu-v-) [106-107]
çÃmbM ecY thiruma∫am sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) get married (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
ç® thi∞a (ç®Kk, ç®N∆) open (v.t.) (U2: thi∞a-kki∞-; thi∞a-nth-; thi∞a-pp-) [88-89]
ç˜ thi√ (瘈, 瘛) eat (said of animals); snack (said of humans) (U3: thi√-gi∞-; thi√-∞-; thi√-b-) [96-97]
211
210
213
212
269
142
270
(U5: thïy-gi∞-athu; thïy-nth-athu; thïy’-um) [48-49]
≥Y thïy (≥YKk, ≥YT∆) burn, scorch (sth) (v.t.) (U1: thïy-kki∞-; thïy-tth-; thïy-pp-) [46-47]
≥R thïr (≥r, ≥RN∆) be finished (v.i.) (U5: thïr-gi∞-; thïr-nth-; thïr-v-) [52-53]
≥R thïr (≥RKk, ≥RT∆) resolve (a problem, etc.) (v.t.) (U1: thïr-kki∞-; thïr-tth-; thïr-pp-) [50-51]
≥RPpñ thïrpp’a¬i (-îñKk, -îñT∆) judge (v.t.) (U1: a¬i-kki∞-; a¬i-tth-; a¬i-pp-) [42-43]
≥RP»K‡› thïrppu-k-kü∞u (- ‡®, - ‡ó) pass judgment (I: -kü∞u-gi∞-; -kü∞’-i√-; -kü∞u-v-) [16-17]
≥Rmaò thïrmä√i (≥RmaòKk, ≥RmaòT∆) decide (U1: ºmä√i-kki∞-; ºmä√i-tth-; ºmä√i-pp-) [42-43]
271
095
371
019
020
118
393
000
272
322
143
000
000
273
056
055
274
372
119
000
413
221
220
≥Y thïy (≥y, ≥YN∆) burn, be scorched (v.i.)
∆wd thu∂ai (∆wdKk, ∆wdT∆) wipe (v.t.); dry
(U1: thu∂ai-kki∞-; thu∂ai-tth-; thu∂ai-pp-) [38-39]
∆rT∆ thuratthu (∆rTt, ∆rTç) chase (v.t.), pursue (I: thuratthu-gi∞-; thuratthu’-i√-; thuratthu-v-) [22-23]
ÁKáL Epaƒ thükkil pö∂u (- Epad, - EpaDƒ) hang (execute) (v.t.) (U4: - pö∂u-gi∞-; - pö†-†-; - pö∂u-v-) [60]
ÁK¿ thükku (ÁKk, ÁKá) lift up (v.t.); carry; weigh (I: thükku-gi∞-; thükk’-i√-; thükku-v-) [2-3]
Áı¿ thü≥gu (Áık, Áıá) sleep (v.i) (I: thü≥gu-gi∞-; thü≥g’-i√-; thü≥gu-v-) [4-5]
ÁBƒ thü∫∂u (ÁBd, ÁBã) excite (v.t.); stimulate; motivate (I: thü∫∂u-gi∞-; thü∫∂’-i√-; thü∫∂u-v-) [20-21]
etí theri (etíy, etíN∆) know (v.t.); understand; see (U5: theri-gi∞-; theri-nth-; theri-v-) [44-45]
etíÀM theriyum be known; be seen (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
etíÉ therivi (etíÉKk, etíÉT∆) make known (v.t.); express (U1: ºvi-kki∞-; ºvi-tth-; ºvi-pp-) [42-43]
EtãPpaR thë∂i-p-pär (-paRKk, -paRT∆) seek; search for
(U1: -pär-kki∞-; -pär-tth-; -pär-pp-) [76-77]
Etƒ thë∂u (Etd, Etã) seek (v.t.); search for (I: thë∂u-gi∞-; thë∂’-i√-; thë∂u-v-) [20-21]
EtY thëy (Ety, EtYN∆) wear away (by being rubbed) (v.i.) (U5: thëy-gi∞-; thëy-nth-; thëy-v-) [48-49]
EtY thëy (EtYKk, EtYT∆) rub (sth. against sth.) (v.t.) (U1: thëy-kki∞-; thëy-tth-; thëy-pp-) [46-47]
EtRNetƒ thërnth’e∂u (-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆) choose (v.t.), select; elect (U1: -e∂u-kki∞-; -e∂u-tth-; -e∂u-pp-) [58-59]
Et› thë∞u (Et®, Etó) pass (an exam) (v.t.); qualify (I: thë∞u-gi∞-; thë∞’-i√-; thë∞u-v-) [16-17]
Et‰› thë∞∞u (Et‰®, Et‰ó) comfort (v.t.); console (I: thë∞∞u-gi∞-; thë∞∞’-i√-; thë∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
wt thai (wtKk, wtT∆) sew (v.t.), stitch (U1: thai-kki∞-; thai-tth-; thai-pp-) [38-39]
etaıkɃ tho≥gavi∂u (-Éd, -ÉDƒ) hang (suspend) (v.t.) (U4: -vi∂u-gi∞-; vi†-†-; -vi∂u-v-) [62-63]
etaı¿ tho≥gu (etaık, etaıá) hang (be suspended) (v.i.) (I: tho≥gu-gi∞-; tho≥g’-i√-; tho≥gu-v-) [4-5]
etadı¿ tho∂a≥gu (etadık, etadıá) begin (v.i.) (I: tho∂a≥gu-gi∞-; tho∂a≥g’-i√-; tho∂a≥gu-v-) [4-5]
etadR tho∂ar (etadr, etadRN∆) pursue (v.t.); continue (U5: tho∂ar-gi∞-; tho∂ar-nth-; tho∂ar-v-) [100-101]
etaƒ tho∂u (etad, etaDƒ) touch (v.t.) (U4: tho∂u-gi∞-; tho†-†-; tho∂u-v-) [60-61]
etaƒ tho∂u (etaƒKk, etaƒT∆) connect (v.t.); string (beads) (U1: tho∂u-kki∞-; tho∂u-tth-; tho∂u-pp-) [58]
– 141 –
188 etawl tholai (etawlKk, etawlT∆) ruin (v.t.); lose (U1: tholai-kki∞-; tholai-tth-; tholai-pp-) [38-39]
189 etawl tholai (etawly, etawlN∆) be ruined (v.i.); be lost (U5: tholai-gi∞-; tholai-nth-; tholai-v-) [40-41]
EtaBƒ thö∫∂u (EtaBd, EtaBã) dig (v.t.)
120
000
275
276
121
(I: thö∫∂u-gi∞-; thö∫∂’-i√-; thö∫∂u-v-) [20-21]
EtaL thöl (Eta‰k, Eta‰›) be defeated (v.i.); lose (U1: thö∞-ki∞-; thö∞-∞-; thö∞-p-) [80-81]
Eta‰kã thö∞k’a∂i (-îãKk, -îãT∆) defeat (in competition) (U1: -a∂i-kki∞-; -a∂i-tth-; -a∂i-pp-) (v.t.) [42-43]
Eta‰›É thö∞∞uvi (-ÉKk, -ÉT∆) cause (v.t.); create (U1: ºvi-kki∞-; ºvi-tth-; ºvi-pp-) [42-43]
*Eta˜› thö√∞u (Eta˜®, Eta˜ó) appear (v.i.); seem (I: thö√∞u-gi∞-; thö√∞’-i√-; thö√∞u-v-) [*24-25]
000
096
021
022
335
097
144
277
373
023
024
385
122
nagar [nagaru] (nkr, nkRN∆) move aside (v.i.) (U5: nagar-gi∞-; nagar-nth-; nagar-v-) [100-101]
nkRT∆ nagartthu (nkRTt, nkRTç) move (v.t.), shift (sth.) (I: nagartthu-gi∞-; nagartth’-i√-; nagartthu-v-) [22-23]
n◊K¿ nasukku (n◊Kk, n◊Ká) crush (v.t.) (I: nasukku-gi∞-; nasukk’-i√-; nasukku-v-) [2-3]
n◊ı¿ nasu≥gu (n◊ık, n◊ıá) be crushed (I: nasu≥gu-gi∞-; nasu≥g’-i√-; nasu≥gu-v-) (v.i.) [4-5]
*nd na∂a (ndKk, ndN∆) walk (v.i.); behave; happen (U2: na∂a-kki∞-; na∂a-nth-; na∂a-pp-) [*88-89]
ndT∆ na∂atthu (ndTt, ndTç) manage (v.t.); direct (I: na∂atthu-gi∞-; na∂atth’-i√-; na∂atthu-v-) [22-23]
ndˆmaƒ na∂a√am-ä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) dance (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’-i√-; -ä∂u-v-) [20-21]
nã na∂i (nãKk, nãT∆) act; dance (U1: na∂i-kki∞-; na∂i-tth-; na∂i-pp-) [42-43]
nƒ na∂u (nd, nDƒ) plant (a tree, seedling) (v.t.); fix (a pole, post, etc.) (U4: na∂u-gi∞-; na†-†-; na∂u-v-) [60-61]
nƒK¿ na∂ukku (nƒKk, nƒKá) make tremble (v.t.) (I: na∂ukku-gi∞-; na∂ukk’-i√-; na∂ukku-v-) [2-3]
nƒı¿ na∂u≥gu (nƒık, nƒıá) tremble (v.i.) (I: na∂u≥gu-gi∞-; na∂u≥g’-i√-; na∂u≥gu-v-) [4-5]
nwd ep› na∂ai pe∞u (- ep®, - ep‰›) happen, take place (U4: pe∞u-gi∞-; pe∞-∞-; pe∞u-v-) [64-65]
nM» nambu (nMp, nMè) believe, trust (I: nambu-gi∞-; namb’-i√-; nambu-v-) [8-9]
025
026
278
341
098
146
190
191
279
099
érP» nirappu (érPp, érPè) fill (v.t.)
nkR [nkÃ]
058 naƒ nä∂u (nad, naã) seek; approach; opt for (I: nä∂u-gi∞-; nä∂’-i√-; nä∂u-v-) [20-21]
057 naDƒ n䆆u (naDd, naDã) establish (v.t.); install; plant; fix (I: n䆆u-gi∞-; n䆆’-i√-; n䆆u-v-) [18-19]
145 na› nä∞u (na®, naó) stink (v.i.) (I: nä∞u-gi∞-; nä∞’-i√-; nä∞u-v-) [16-17]
(I: nirappu-gi∞-; nirapp’-i√-; nirappu-v-) [6-7]
érM» nirambu (érMp, érMè) fill (v.i.) (I: nirambu-gi∞-; niramb’-i√-; nirambu-v-) [8-9]
éyê niyami (éyêKk, éyêT∆) appoint (v.t.) (U1: niyami-kki∞-; niyami-tth-; niyami-pp-) [42-43]
*éL(Õ) nil(lu) (é‰k, 阛) stop (v.i.); stay; stand (U2: ni∞-ki∞-; ni√-∞-; ni∞-p-) [*90-91] euphonic variant
é›T∆ ni∞utthu (é›Tt, é›Tç) stop (v.t.); arrest (I: ni∞utthu-gi∞-; ni∞utth’-i√-; ni∞utthu-v-) [22-23]
雌 ni∞uvu (é›v, é›É) base (v.t.); establish as fact (I: ni∞uvu-gi∞-; ni∞uv’-i√-; ni∞uvu-v-) [30-31]
éw® ni∞ai (éw®Kk, éw®T∆) fill (v.t.) (U1: ni∞ai-kki∞-; ni∞ai-tth-; ni∞ai-pp-) [38-39]
éw® ni∞ai (éw®y, éw®N∆) be or become full (v.i.); abound (U5: ni∞ai-gi∞-; ni∞ai-nth-; ni∞ai-v-) [40-41]
éwˆ ni√ai (éwˆKk, éwˆT∆) think; remember (U1: ni√ai-kki∞-; ni√ai-tth-; ni√ai-pp-) [38-39]
éwˆŒpƒT∆ ni√aivu-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) remind s.o. of sth. (v.t.) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22]
027
028
280
100
123
060
059
¥K¿ nïkku (¥Kk, ¥Ká) dismiss (I: nïkku-gi∞-; nïkk’-i√-; nïkku-v-) (v.t.) [2-3]
¥ı¿ nï≥gu (¥ık, ¥ıá) cease (hunger, illness, etc.) (v.i.), end (I: nï≥gu-gi∞-; nï≥g’-i√-; nï≥gu-v-) [4-5]
¥ã nï∂i (¥ãKk, ¥ãT∆) extend (time) (v.i.); last (U1: nï∂i-kki∞-; nï∂i-tth-; nï∂i-pp-) [42-43]
¥Dƒ nu (¥Dd, ¥Dã) extend (v.t.) (I: nu-gi∞-; n’-i√-; nu-v-) [18-19]
¥N∆ nïnthu (¥Nt, ¥Nç) swim (v.i.) (I: nïnthu-gi∞-; nïnth’-i√-; nïnthu-v-) [28-29]
¥¬ma¿ nï¬am-ägu (-Ak, -Aá) become protracted (v.i.); be lengthened (I: -ä’-gi∞-; -ä’-√-; -ä’-v-) [12-13]
¥¬maK¿ nï¬am-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) lengthen (v.t.); protract (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
281
Enâ nësi (EnâKk, EnâT∆) love (v.t.) (U1: nësi-kki∞-; nësi-tth-; nësi-pp-) [74-75]
ena›K¿ no∞ukku (ena›Kk, ena›Ká) crush (v.t.) (I: no∞ukku-gi∞-; no∞ukk’-i√-; no∞ukku-v-) [2-3]
192 «wz nuΩai («wzKk, «wzT∆) make enter (v.t.) (U1: nuΩai-kki∞-; nuΩai-tth-; nuΩai-pp-) [38-39]
193 «wz nuΩai («wzy, «wzN∆) enter (v.i.) (U5: nuΩai-gi∞-; nuΩai-nth-; nuΩai-v-) [40-41]
438 enY ney (enYy, enY∆) weave (U6: ney-gi∞-; ney-th-; ney-v-) [112-113]
029 enÃK¿ nerukku (enÃKk, enÃKá) squeeze (v.t.); press (I: nerukku-gi∞-; nerukk’-i√-; nerukku-v-) [2-3]
030 enÃı¿ neru≥gu (enÃık, enÃıá) approach (v.i.) (I: neru≥gu-gi∞-; neru≥g’-i√-; neru≥gu-v-) [4-5]
031
032 ena›ı¿ no∞u≥gu (ena›ık, ena›ıá) be crushed (v.i.) (I: no∞u≥gu-gi∞-; no∞u≥g’-i√-; no∞u≥gu-v-) [4-5]
– 142 –
404
282
283
284
223
222
101
347
450
128
348
374
102
285
433
000
103
375
286
287
323
336
Ena(¿) nö(gu) (Enak, enaN∆) ache (v.i.); hurt (U5: nö-gi∞-athu; no-nth-athu; nög-um) neuter
*p¿ pagu (p¿Kk, p¿T∆) share (v.t.); apportion; divide (U1: pagu-kki∞-; pagu-tth-; pagu-pp-) [*
*70-71]
pâ pasi (pâKk, pâT∆) be hungry (w/ dat.) (U1: pasi-kki∞-athu; pasi-tth-athu; pasikk’um) neuter
pã pa∂i (pãKk, pãT∆) read (v.t.); study (U1: pa∂i-kki∞-; pa∂i-tth-; pa∂i-pp-) [42-43]
*pƒ pa∂u (pd, pDƒ) experience; feel (after a noun) (U4: pa∂u-gi∞-; pa†-†-; pa∂u-v-) [*
*60-61]
*pƒ pa∂u (pƒKk, pƒT∆) lie (down) (U1: pa∂u-kki∞-; pa∂u-tth-; pa∂u-pp-) [*
*58-59]
*22-23]
*pƒT∆ pa∂utthu (pƒTt, pƒTç) cause to feel or suffer (v.t.) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [*
pDãòëà pa††i√i-y-iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) starve (v.i.) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
põ ecY pa∫i sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) serve (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
*pB≈ pa∫∫u (pBb, pBõ) do (v.t.); make (I: pa∫∫u-gi∞-; pa∫∫’-i√-; pa∫∫u-v-) [*
*26-27]
pyNçà payanth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) be afraid (U2: -iru-kki∞-athu; -iru-nth-athu; -irukk’-um) [86-87] neut.
pëíƒ payiri∂u (-id, -iDƒ) farm (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
prP» parappu (prPp, prPè) expand (v.t.); spread (I: parappu-gi∞-; parapp’-i√-; parappu-v-) [6-7]
[pí]Ecaç [pari-]söthi (-EcaçKk, -EcaçT∆) check (examine) (v.t.) (U1: ºthi-kki∞-; ºthi-tth-; ºthi-pp-) [42-43]
pímaóKekaÒ parimä∞i-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) exchange (v.t.) (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫-∂-; -ko¬-v-) [102-103]
píma› parimä∞u (píma®, pímaó) serve (food) (v.t.); exchange (I: ºmä∞u-gi∞-; ºmä∞’-i√-; ºmä∞u-v-) [16-17]
plPpƒT∆ bala-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) strengthen (I: -pa∂utthu-gi∞-; -pa∂utth’-i√-; -pa∂utthu-v-) [22-23]
pìëƒ bali-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) sacrifice (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
pï paΩi (pïKk, pïT∆) blame (v.t.); find fault (with) (U1: paΩi-kki∞-; paΩi-tth-; paΩi-pp-) [42-43]
p¤ paΩu (p¤Kk, p¤T∆) ripen (v.i.) (U1: paΩu-kki∞-athu; paΩu-tth-athu; paΩukk’-um) [58-59]
p¤∆ paR paΩuthu pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) fix (repair) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
p® pa∞a (p®Kk, p®N∆) fly; move swiftly (U2: pa∞a-kki∞-; pa∞a-nth-; pa∞a-pp-) [88-89]
paƒ pä∂u (pad, paã) sing
148
288
415
104
289
148
434
(I: pä∂u-gi∞-; pä∂’-i√-; pä∂u-v-) [20-21]
paç päthi (paçKk, paçT∆) affect (v.t.) (U1: päthi-kki∞-; päthi-tth-; päthi-pp-) [42-43]
paY päy (pay, paYN∆) jump (v.i.), leap (U5: päy-gi∞-; päy-nth-; päy-v-) [48-49]
paraDƒ pär䆆u (paraDd, paraDã) congratulate (v.t.) (I: pär䆆u-gi∞-; pär䆆’-i√-; parappu-v-) [18-19]
*paR pär (paRKk, paRT∆) look (v.t.), see; try (U1: pär-kki∞-; pär-tth-; pär-pp-) [42-43] [*
*76-77]
paRT∆ ¶¤∆ pärtthu eΩuthu (- ¶¤t, - ¶¤ç) copy (in writing) (I: - eΩuthu-gi∞-; - eΩuth’-i√-; - eΩuthu-v-) [28]
paRT∆KekaÒ pärtthu-k-ko¬ (- ekÒ¬, - ekaBƒ) watch over; take care of (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫-∂-; -ko¬-v-) [102]
315
290
000
376
194
195
000
337
338
416
èCwc EkÒ picchai kë¬ (- EkDk, - EkDƒ) beg (U1: - kë†-ki∞-; kë†-†-; kë†-p-) [78-79]
èã pi∂i (èãKk, èãT∆) seize (v.t.), catch, grab; like (U1: pi∂i-kki∞-; pi∂i-tth-; pi∂i-pp-) [42-43]
èãK¿M pi∂ikkum be pleasing (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
èryacPpƒ pirayäsa-p-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) try (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
èí piri (èíKk, èíT∆) separate (v.t.); divide (U1: piri-kki∞-; piri-tth-; piri-pp-) [42-43]
èí piri (èíy, èíN∆) be separated (v.i.); be divided; unravel; depart (U5: piri-gi∞-; piri-nth-; piri-v-) [44-45]
èíyM piriyam (be) pleased (Impersonal Verb Forms, see p. 147)
è¬ pi¬a (è¬Kk, è¬N∆) split (v.t.) (U5: pi¬a-gi∞-; pi¬a-nth-; pi¬a-v-) [88-89]
è® pi∞a (è®Kk, è®N∆) be born (v.i.); be issued (U2: pi∞a-gi∞-; pi∞a-nth-; pi∞a-pp-) [88-89]
è˜etadR pi√-tho∂ar (-etadr, -etadRN∆) chase (v.t.), follow (U5: º∂ar-gi∞-; º∂ar-nth-; º∂ar-v-) [100-101]
417
405
394
000
105
291
106
427
000
»kZ pugaΩ (»kz, »kZN∆) praise (v.t.), glorify
(U5: pugaΩ-gi∞-; pugaΩ-nth-; pugaΩ-v-) [56-57]
»¿ pugu (»k, »¿N∆) enter (U5: pugu-gi∞-; pugu-nth-; pugu-v-) [98-99]
»wk pugai (»wky, »wkN∆) smoke (emit smoke) (v.i.) (U5: pugai-gi∞-; pugai-nth-; pugai-v-) [40-41]
»wkPèã pugai-p-pi∂i (-èãKk, -èãT∆) smoke (cigarette, etc.) (U1: pi∂i-kki∞-; pi∂i-tth-; pi∂i-pp-) (v.t.) [42]
»BpƒT∆ pu∫-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) wound (v.t.), injure (U1: ºtthu-kki∞-; ºtthu-tth-; ºtthu-pp-) [22-23]
»wt puthai (»wtKk, »wtT∆) bury (v.t.) (U1: puthai-kki∞-; puthai-tth-; puthai-pp-) [38-39]
»rDƒ pura††u (»rDd, »rDã) overturn (v.t.) (I: pura††u-gi∞-; pura††’-i√-; pura††u-v-) [18-19]
»rÒ pura¬ (»r¬, »rBƒ) turn on one’s side (v.i.); overflow (U5: pura¬-gi∞-; pura∫-∂-; pura¬-v-) [102-103]
»íÀM puriyum be understood (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
– 143 –
124 »lM» pulambu (»lMp, »lMè) mourn (v.i.), lament (I: ºambu-gi∞-; ºamb’-i√-; ºambu-v-) [8-9]
377 »®Ppƒ pu∞a-p-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) start, set out (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
292 È pü (ÈKk, ÈT∆) flower, bloom, blossom (U1: pü-kki∞-athu; pü-tth-athu; pükk’-um) [60-61] neuter
451 Èwj ecY püjai sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) worship (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
107 ÈDƒ pü††u (ÈDd, ÈDã) lock (v.t.) (I: pü††u-gi∞-; pü††’-i√-; pü††u-v-) [18-19]
439 epY pey (epYy, epY∆) rain, shower (U6: pey-gi∞-; pey-th-; pey-v-) [112-113]
000 epÿ perugu (epÃk, epÃá) increase (v.i.); multiply (I: perugu-gi∞-; perug’-i√-; perugu-v-) [12-13]
000 epÃK¿ perukku (epÃKk, epÃKá) increase (v.t.); multiply (I: perukku-gi∞-; perukk’-i√-; perukku-v-) [2-3]
*64-65]
384 *ep› pe∞u (ep®, ep‰›) get (v.t.), receive; bear (give birth to) (U4: pe∞u-gi∞-; pe∞-∞-; pe∞u-v-) [*
*32-33]
149 *Ep◊ pësu (Epc, Epâ) speak (I: pësu-gi∞-; pës’-i√-; pësu-v-) [*
108 epaãyaK¿ po∂i-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (pound into) powder (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
293 epa› po∞u (epa›Kk, epa›T∆) endure (v.t.); tolerate; wait (U1: po∞u-kki∞-; po∞u-tth-; po∞u-pp-) [72-73]
349 epa›Tçà po∞utth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) be patient (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
157
378
379
000
150
*Epa pö (Epak, EpaY) go (v.i.) (I: pö-gi∞-; pö-√-; pö-v-) [*
*36-37] irregular
Epaƒ pö∂u (Epad, EpaDƒ) put (v.t.); throw; (of animals) give birth (U4: pö∂u-gi∞-; pö†-†-; pö∂u-v-) [ 60-61]
EpaDãëƒ pö††i-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) compete, contest (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
Epa∆M pöthum be sufficient (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
Eparaƒ pörä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) struggle, fight (I: pörä∂u-gi∞-; pörä∂’-i√-; pörä∂u-v-) [20-21]
418
294
033
034
395
419
339
295
196
197
296
316
máZ magiΩ (máz, máZN∆) rejoice (v.i.), be happy
(U5: magiΩ-gi∞-; magiΩ-nth-; magiΩ-v-) [56-57]
máZÉ magiΩvi (máZÉKk, máZÉT∆) cheer up (s.o.) (v.t.) (U1: magiΩvi-kki∞-; magiΩvi-tth-; magiΩvi-pp-) [42]
myK¿ mayakku (myKk, myKá) confuse, charm (others) (v.t.) (I: ºakku-gi∞-; ºakk’-i√-; ºakku-v-) [2-3]
myı¿ maya≥gu (myık, myıá) be confused, deluded (v.i.) (I: ºa≥gu-gi∞-; ºa≥g’-i√-; ºa≥gu-v-) [ 4-5]
myıá ɤ maya≥gi viΩu (- Éz, -ɤN∆) faint (v.i.); swoon (U5: - viΩu-gi∞-; - viΩu-nth-; - viΩu-v-) [98-99]
mlR malar (mlr, mlRN∆) flower (v.i.), bloom, blossom (U5: malar-gi∞-athu; malar-nth-athu; malar’-um) [100]
m® ma∞a (m®Kk, m®N∆) forget (v.t.) (U2: ma∞a-kki∞-; ma∞a-nth-; ma∞a-pp-) [88-89]
*m› ma∞u (m›Kk, m›T∆) refuse (v.t.); deny (U1: ma∞u-kki∞-; ma∞u-tth-; ma∞u-pp-) [*
*72-73]
mw® ma∞ai (mw®Kk, mw®T∆) hide (make disappear) (v.t.) (U1: ma∞ai-kki∞-; ma∞ai-tth-; ma∞ai-pp-) [38-39]
mw® ma∞ai (mw®y, mw®N∆) disappear (v.i.); be hidden (U5: ma∞ai-gi∞-; ma∞ai-nth-; ma∞ai-v-) [40-41]
m˜ò ma√√i (m˜òKk, m˜òT∆) excuse (v.t.), forgive (U1: ma√√i-kki∞-; ma√√i-tth-; ma√√i-pp-) [42-43]
m˜òP» EkÒ ma√√ippu kë¬ (- EkDk, - EkDƒ) ask forgiveness, apologize (U1: - ke†-ki∞-; - ke†-†-; - ke†-p-) [78]
198
199
000
380
109
…ã mu∂i (…ãKk, …ãT∆) finish (v.t.), complete
000
350
151
298
152
(U4: ºvi∂u-gi∞-; ºvi†-†-; ºvi∂u-v-) [62-63]
Îãëà mü∂i-y-iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) be closed (v.i.); be covered (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
΃ mü∂u (Îd, Îã) close (v.t.); cover (I: mü∂u-gi∞-; mü∂’-i√-; mü∂u-v-) [20-21]
ÎZkã müΩga∂i (-îãKk, -îãT∆) (cause to) drown (v.t.); dunk (U1: ºa∂i-kki∞-; ºa∂i-tth-; ºa∂i-pp-) [42-43]
ÎZ¿ müΩgu (ÎZk, ÎZá) drown (v.i.); sink, submerge (I: müΩgu-gi∞-; müΩg’-i√-; müΩgu-v-) [4-5]
062 ma› mä∞u (ma®, maó) change (v.i.) (I: mä∞u-gi∞-; mä∞’-i√-; mä∞u-v-) [16-17]
061 ma‰› mä∞∞u (ma‰®, ma‰ó) change (v.t.); exchange (I: mä∞∞u-gi∞-; mä∞∞’-i√-; mä∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
406 ê¿ migu (êk, ê¿N∆) increase (in size, number) (U5: migu-gi∞-; migu-nth-; migu-v-) [98-99]
340 êt mitha (êtKk, êtN∆) float (v.i.) (U2: mitha-kki∞-; mitha-nth-; mitha-pp-) [88-89]
297 êtKk wv mithakka vai (- wvKk, - wvT∆) float (v.t.) (U1: - vai-kki∞-; - vai-tth-; - vai-pp-) [38-39]
(U1: mu∂i-kki∞-; mu∂i-tth-; mu∂i-pp-) [42-43]
…ã mu∂i (…ãy, …ãN∆) finish (v.i.), end (U5: mu∂i-gi∞-; mu∂i-nth-; mu∂i-v-) [44-45]
…ãÀM mu∂iyum be able (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
…Ttêƒ muttham-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (give a) kiss (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
…˜Eˆ‰® pƒT∆ mu√√ë∞∞u pa∂utthu (- pƒTt, - pƒTç) improve (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
ÎC◊Ƀ mücchuvi∂u (-Éd, -ÉDƒ) breathe
– 144 –
299 emYPè meyppi (emYPèKk, emYPèT∆) prove (v.t.) (U1: meyppi-kki∞-; meyppi-tth-; meyppi-pp-) [42-43]
424 emL mel (emLl, em˜›) chew (U5: mel-gi∞-; me√-∞-; mel-v-) [104-105]
215 *EmY mëy (Emy, EmYN∆) graze (v.i.); eat (grass, etc.) (U5: mëy-gi∞-; mëy-nth-; mëy-v-) [*48-49]
214 *EmY mëy (EmYKk, EmYT∆) graze (v.t.), feed (cattle) (U1: mëy-kki∞-; mëy-tth-; mëy-pp-) [*46-47]
153 Ema∆ möthu (Emat, Emaç) clash (I: möthu-gi∞-; möth’-i√-; möthu-v-) [28-29]
324 EmaN∆ paR mönthu pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) smell (sth.) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
300
Eyaâ yösi (EyaâKk, EyaâT∆) consider; ponder (U1: yösi-kki∞-; yösi-tth-; yösi-pp-) [74-75]
râ rasi (râKk, râT∆) enjoy (U1: rasi-kki∞-; rasi-tth-; rasi-pp-) [74-75]
301
396 rTtM vã rattham va∂i (- vãy, -vãN∆) bleed (U5: - va∂i-gi∞-; - va∂i-nth-; - va∂i-v-) [44-45]
452 rT∆ ecY ratthu sey (- ecYy, -ecY∆) cancel (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
302
Ãâ paR rusi pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) taste (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
v¿ vagu (v¿Kk, v¿T∆) divide (v.t.); classify (U1: vagu-kki∞-; vagu-tth-; vagu-pp-) [70-71]
303
453
304
125
420
000
217
216
vâ vasi (vâKk, vâT∆) live (dwell) (U1: vasi-kki∞-; vasi-tth-; vasi-pp-) [74-75]
vücwˆ ecY vañja√ai sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) deceive; betray (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
vüâ vañji (vüâKk, vüâT∆) cheat (U1: vañji-kki∞-; vañji-tth-; vañji-pp-) [74-75]
vbı¿ va∫a≥gu (vbık, vbıá) bow (down); worship (I: va∫a≥gu-gi∞-; va∫a≥g’-i√-; va∫a≥gu-v-) [4-5]
vN∆ EcR vanthu sër (- Ecr, - EcRN∆) arrive (U5: - sër-gi∞-; - sër-nth-; - sër-v-) [52-53]
vï kaDƒ vaΩi k䆆u (- kaDd, -kaDã) show the way, guide; lead (I: k䆆u-gi∞-; k䆆’-i√-; k䆆u-v-) [18-19]
v¬R va¬ar (v¬r, v¬RN∆) grow (v.i.) (U5: va¬ar-gi∞-; va¬ar-nth-; va¬ar-v-) [52-53]
v¬R va¬ar (v¬RKk, v¬RT∆) (make) grow (v.t.); raise (U1: va¬ar-kki∞-; va¬ar-tth-; va¬ar-pp-) [50-51]
400
000
126
305
154
000
421
000
*va vä (vr, vN∆) come (v.i.) (U5: varu-gi∞-; va-nth-; varu-v-) [*106-107]
vaK¿Kekaƒ väkku-k-ko∂u (-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆) promise (U1: -ko∂u-kki∞-; -ko∂u-tth-; -ko∂u-pp-) [58-59]
vaı¿ vä≥gu (vaık, vaıá) buy (v.t.); get; receive (I: vä≥gu-gi∞-; vä≥g’-i√-; vä≥gu-v-) [4-5]
*vaâ väsi (vaâKk, vaâT∆) read (v.t.); study; play (an instrument) (U1: väsi-kki∞-; väsi-tth-; väsi-pp-) [*74]
vataƒ väthä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) argue (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’-i√-; -ä∂u-v-) [20-21]
vaNçeyƒ vänthi-y-e∂u (-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆) vomit (U1: -e∂u-kki∞-; -e∂u-tth-; -e∂u-pp-) [58-59]
vaZ väΩ (vaz, vaZN∆) prosper (v.i.); live (U5: väΩ-gi∞-; väΩ-nth-; väΩ-v-) [56-57]
vaZT∆ väΩtthu (vaZTt, vaZTç) congratulate (I: väΩtthu-gi∞-; väΩtth’-i√-; väΩtthu-v-) (v.t.) [22-23]
397
381
306
200
201
110
318
307
308
398
000
000
309
035
036
155
Éã vi∂i (Éãy, ÉãN∆) rise (e.g., as sun) (v.i.); dawn
(U5: vi∂i-gi∞-; vi∂i-nth-; vi∂i-v-) [44-45]
Ƀ vi∂u (Éd, ÉDƒ) release (let go) (v.t.); leave; abandon (U4: vi∂u-gi∞-; vi†-†-; vi∂u-v-) [62-63]
ÉmRâ vimarsi (ÉmRâKk, ÉmRâT∆) criticize (v.t.) (U1: vimarsi-kki∞-; vimarsi-tth-; vimarsi-pp-) [74-75]
Éí viri (ÉíKk, ÉíT∆) spread out (hair, etc.) (v.t.) (U1: viri-kki∞-; viri-tth-; viri-pp-) [42-43]
Éí viri (Éíy, ÉíN∆) expand (v.i.); open; extend (U5: viri-gi∞-; viri-nth-; viri-v-) [44-45]
ÉívaK¿ viri-v-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) expand (v.t.); improve (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
*ÉL vil (ɉk, ɉ›) sell (v.t.) (U1: - vi∞-ki∞-; vi∞-∞-; vi∞-p-) [*82-83] euphonic variant
Éví vivari (ÉvíKk, ÉvíT∆) describe (v.t.) (U1: vivari-kki∞-; vivari-tth-; vivari-pp-) [42-43]
Évaç viväthi (ÉvaçKk, ÉvaçT∆) argue; debate (U1: viväthi-kki∞-; viväthi-tth-; viväthi-pp-) [42-43]
*ɤ viΩu (Éz, ɤN∆) fall (v.i.) (U5: viΩu-gi∞-; viΩu-nth-; viΩu-v-) [*98-99]
ɤı¿ viΩu≥gu (ɤık, ɤıá) swallow (v.t.), gulp (down) (I: viΩu≥gu-gi∞-; viΩu≥g’-i√-; viΩu≥gu-v-) [4-5]
ɤN∆ ena›ı¿ viΩunthu no∞u≥gu (- ena›ık,-ena›ıá) fall down, smash (I: º≥gu-gi∞-; º≥g’-i√-; º≥gu-v-)[4]
ɬKkŒwr îñ vi¬akkavurai a¬i (- îñKk, - îñT∆) comment (on) (U1: - a¬i-kki∞-; - a¬i-tth-; - a¬i-pp-) [42]
ɬK¿ vi¬akku (ɬKk, ɬKá) explain (v.t.), illumine/illuminate (I: vi¬akku-gi∞-; vi¬akk’-i√-; vi¬akku-v-) [2]
ɬı¿ vi¬a≥gu (ɬık, ɬıá)be clear (v.i.); be renowned; flourish (I: vi¬a≥gu-gi∞-; vi¬a≥g’-i√-; vi¬a≥gu-v-)
Éw¬yaƒ vi¬ai-y-ä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) play (games, etc.), have fun (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’-i√-; -ä∂u-v-) [20-21]
310
™bã vï∫a∂i (-åãKk, -åãT∆) waste (i.e., not make use of) (v.t.)
325
– 145 –
(U1: ºa∂i-kki∞-; ºa∂i-tth-; ºa∂i-pp-) [42-43]
311
111
425
112
382
312
407
000
000
383
113
evã ve∂i (evãKk, evãT∆) burst (v.t.), explode
(U1: ve∂i-kki∞-; ve∂i-tth-; ve∂i-pp-) [42-43]
evDƒ ve††u (evDd, evDã) cut (v.t.), chop (I: ve††u-gi∞-; ve††’-i√-; ve††u-v-) [18-19]
evL vel (evLl, ev˜›) conquer (v.t.); triumph, win (U5: vel-gi∞-; ve√-∞-; vel-v-) [104-105]
evñKkaDƒ ve¬i-k-k䆆u (-kaDd, -kaDã) express (show outwardly) (v.t.) (I: º††u-gi∞-; º††’-i√-; º††u-v-) [18-19]
evñëƒ ve¬i-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) publish (v.t.) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
ev› ve∞u (ev›Kk, ev›T∆) hate (v.t.), dislike (U1: ve∞u-kki∞-; ve∞u-tth-; ve∞u-pp-) [72-73]
*Ev(¿) vë(gu) (Evk, evN∆) cook (boil, fry) (v.i.) (U5: vë-gi∞-; ve-nth-; vëgu-v-) [*
*108-109]
EvDwdyaƒ v놆ai-y-ä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) hunt (animals, etc.) (v.t.) (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’-i√-; -ä∂u-v-) [20-21]
EvBƒM vë∫∂um be needed (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 157)
Ev›pƒ vë∞u-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) differ (be different) (v.i.) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
Ev›pƒT∆ vë∞u-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) differentiate (v.t.) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
313 wv vai (wvKk, wvT∆) put (v.t.), place; keep; serve (U1: vai-kki∞-; vai-tth-; vai-pp-) [38-39]
435 wvT∆KekaÒ vaitthu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) keep; imagine (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫-∂-; -ko¬-v-) [102-103]
______________
000 iQdM i߆am like (with dative construction)
000 pâ pasi be hungry (with dative construction)
000 vì vali ache (3rd person singular, neuter)
– 146 –
Impersonal Verb Forms
Impersonal Verb Forms are identical in form either to ‘positive neuter future singular/plural’ verb forms or to ‘negative
neuter future singular/plural’ verb forms. But Impersonal Verb Forms are essentially tenseless! The contexts of the
sentences in which they appear will convey their implied tense or tenselessness (as habitual behavior). A comparison
between the example Tamil sentences, given below, and the ordinary English translations of them reveals that, in most of
them, what is felt to be the subject of the sentence, and translated in English as such, is actually in the dative case in Tamil.
1. etíÀM theriyum there is (a) knowledge of
etíya∆ theriyäthu there isn’t (a) knowledge of
w. or w.o. an inf.: (T. dat. = E. nom. [subj.]; E. acc. [dir. obj.] = T. acc. – tho’ its marker may be omitted with irrationals)
w. inf.: uık‹K¿T têZ EpcT etíyata? Don’t you know how to speak Tamil?
U≥ga¬ukku-t-thamiΩ pësa-t-theriyäthä? Id.: For-you, isn’t-there-(a)-knowledge-of speaking Tamil?
w.o. inf.: uık‹K¿ îvwˆT etíÀma? Do you know him?
U≥ga¬ukku ava√ai-t-theriyumä? Idiomatic: For-you, is-there-(a)-knowledge-of him?
2. EvBƒM vë∫∂um there is (a) need of/that
EvBdaM vë∫∂äm there isn’t (a) need of/that
w. or w.o. an infinitive (w. inf., nom. case in Tamil = nom. case, also, in English; w.o. inf., T. dat.. = E. nom.)
w. inf.: na˜ kwdK¿P Epak EvBƒM. I want to go to (the) store.
Na√ ka∂aikku-p- pöga vë∫∂um. Idiomatic: There-is-(a)-need-that I go to-(the)-store.
w.o. inf.: ¶ˆK¿ å∆ EvBdaM. I don’t want that.
E√akku athu vë∫∂äm. Idiomatic: For-me, there-isn’t-(a)-need-of that.
3. èãK¿M pi∂ikkum there is (a) liking of
èãKka∆ pi∂ikkäthu there isn’t (a) liking of
(T. dat. [ind. obj.] = E. nom. [subj.]; E. acc. [direct obj.] = T. acc., also – tho’ its marker may be omitted with irrationals)
uık‹K¿ îNtP »StkM èãK¿ma? Do you like that book?
U≥ga¬ukku antha-p-pusthagam pi∂ikkumä? Idiomatic: For-you, is-there-(a)-liking-of that book?
uık‹K¿ îvwˆP èãKkata? Don’t you like him?
U≥ga¬ukku ava√ai-p- pi∂ikkäthä? Idiomatic: For-you, isn’t-there-(a)-liking-of him?
4. »íÀM puriyum there is (an) understanding of
»íya∆ puriyäthu there isn’t (an) understanding of
never used w. an inf.! (T. dat. [ind. obj.] = E. subj.; E. acc. = T. acc., also – tho’ its marker may be omitted with irrationals)
uık‹K¿ îNtP »StkM »íyata? Don’t you understand that book?
U≥ga¬ukku antha-p-pusthagam puriyäthä? Id.: For-you, isn’t-there-(an)-understanding-of that book?
uık‹K¿ îvwˆP »íÀma? Do you understand him? Id.: For-you, is-there-(an)-understanding-of him?
5. áwdK¿M ki∂aikkum there is (an) obtainability of
áwdKka∆ ki∂aikkäthu there isn’t (an) obtainability of
never used w. an inf.! (T. dat. [ind. obj.] = E. subj.; E. acc. = T. acc., also – tho’ its marker may be omitted with irrationals)
uık‹K¿P pT∆ »StkM áwdKka∆. You can’t get ten books.
U≥ga¬ukku-p-patthu pusthagam ki∂aikkäthu. Idiomatic: There-isn’t-(an)-obtainability-of ten books for-you.
¶ˆK¿P pT∆ EvwlKkaRkw¬K áwdK¿ma? Can I get ten laborers?
E√akku-p-patthu vëlaikkärga¬ai-k- ki∂aikkumä? Id.: Is-there (an) obtainability of ten laborers for-me?
6. Epa∆M pöthum is sufficient
Epata∆ pöthäthu isn’t sufficient
never used with an infinitive! (and only with a dative [ind. obj.], never with an accusative [dir. obj.]!)
îvˆK¿ îVv¬Œ paL Epa∆M. That much milk is enough for him.
Ava√ukku avva¬avu päl pöthum. Idiomatic: For-him [dat.], that-much milk [nom.] is-sufficient.
îvˆK¿ îVv¬Œ paL Epata∆. That much milk isn’t enough for him.
Ava√ukku avva¬avu päl pöthäthu. Idiomatic: For-him, that-much milk isn’t-sufficient.
7. …ãÀM mu∂iyum is (a) possibility
…ãya∆ mu∂iyäthu isn’t (a) possibility
always used with an infinitive in its embedded verbal phrase; T. nom. [or instr.] = E. nom. [subj.]
¥ [or u˜ˆaL] îıEk Epak …ãÀma? Can you go there? Id. (You there to-go, is-it-[a]-possibility?)
Nï [or U√√äl] a≥gë pöga mu∂iyumä? Idiomatic, w/ instr.: [By-you there to-go, is-it-(a)-possibility?]
na˜ [or ¶˜ˆaL] naw¬K¿ vr …ãya∆. I can’t come tomorrow. (I tomor. to-come isn’t-[a]-possibility.)
Nä√ [or E√√al] nä¬aikku vara mu∂iyäthu. Id., w/ instr.: [By-me tomorrow to-come isn’t-(a)-possibility.]
– 147 –
English-Tamil Alphabetical Index of Verbs
Abandon (v.t.); leave; release 381 Ƀ vi∂u (Éd, ÉDƒ) (U4: vi∂u-gi∞-; vi†-†-; vi∂u-v-) [62-63]
be able 000 …ãÀM mu∂iyum (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
abound (v.i.); be or become full 191 éw® ni∞ai (éw®y, éw®N∆) (U5: ni∞ai-gi∞-; ni∞ai-nth-; ni∞ai-v-) [40-41]
abstain from (v.t.); avoid 267 tÉR thavir (tÉRKk, tÉRT∆) (U1: thavir-kki∞-; thavir-tth-; thavir-pp-) [76-77]
accept 430 oT∆KekaÒ otthu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko√-∞-; -ko¬-v-) [102-103]
accept 431 oP»KekaÒ oppu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko√-∞-; -ko¬-v-) [102-103]
accompany 160 ‡dPEpa kü∂a-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY) (I: -pö-gi∞-; -pö’-√-; -pö-v-) [36-37]
accrue (v.t.); get 078 áDƒ ki††u (áDd, áDã) (I: ki††u-gi∞-; ki††’-i√-; ki††u-v-) [18-19]
accuse 083 ¿‰®M caDƒ ku∞∞am s䆆u (- caDd, - caDã) (I: - s䆆u-gi∞-; - s䆆’-i√-; - s䆆u-v-) [18-19]
ache (v.i.); hurt 404 Ena(¿) nö(gu) (Enak, enaN∆) (U5: nö-gi∞-athu; no-nth-athu; nög’-um) [108-109] irregular
act; dance 277 nã na∂i (nãKk, nãT∆) (U1: na∂i-kki∞-; na∂i-tth-; na∂i-pp-) [42-43]
add (v.t.); gather; collect 053 ‡Dƒ kü††u (‡Dd, ‡Dã) (I: kü††u-gi∞-; kü††’-i√-; kü††u-v-) [18-19]
admit (v.t.) 228 îfimç a√umathi (îfimçKk, îfimçT∆) (U1: ºmathi-kki∞-; ºmathi-tth-; ºmathi-pp-) [42-43]
*50-51]
admit (v.t.); join; unite; collect 206 *EcR sër (EcRKk, EcRT∆) (U1: sër-kki∞-; sër-tth-; sër-pp-) [*
affect (v.t.) 288 paç päthi (paçKk, paçT∆) (U1: päthi-kki∞-; päthi-tth-; päthi-pp-) [42-43]
be afraid (v.i.); 348 pyNçà payanth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
*38-39]
agitate (v.t.); move; shake 164 *îwc asai (îwcKk, îwcT∆) (U1: asai-kki∞-; asai-tth-; asai-pp-) [*
agree; comply with 357 ud˜pƒ u∂a√-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
aim; point at 320 ¿ó paR ku∞i pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
be alarmed (v.i.), be startled 369 çƒKრthi∂ukki∂u (çƒKád, çƒKáDƒ) (U4: ºi∂u-gi∞-; ºi†-†-; ºi∂u-v-) [62-63]
amend (v.t.); correct 094 çÃT∆ thirutthu (çÃTt, çÃTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
announce (v.t.) 227 îóÉ a∞ivi (îóÉKk, îóÉT∆) (U1: a∞ivi-kki∞-; a∞ivi-tth-; a∞ivi-pp-) [42-43]
apologize, ask forgiveness 316 m˜òP» EkÒ ma√√ippu kë¬ (- EkDk, - EkDƒ) (U1: ke†-ki∞-; ke†-†-; ke†-p-) [78]
*24-25]
appear (v.i.); seem 121 *Eta˜› thö√∞u (Eta˜®, Eta˜ó) (I: thö√∞u-gi∞-; thö√∞’-i√-; thö√∞u-v-) [*
appoint (v.t.) 278 éyê niyami (éyêKk, éyêT∆) (U1: niyami-kki∞-; niyami-tth-; niyami-pp-) [42-43]
*70-71]
apportion (v.t.); share; divide 282 *p¿ pagu (p¿Kk, p¿T∆) (U1: pagu-kki∞-; pagu-tth-; pagu-pp-) [*
approach (v.i.) 030 enÃı¿ neru≥gu (enÃık, enÃıá) (I: neru≥gu-gi∞-; neru≥g’-i√-; neru≥gu-v-) [4-5]
approach (v.i.); obtain; reach 167 îwd a∂ai (îwdy, îwdN∆) (U5: a∂ai-gi∞-; a∂ai-nth-; a∂ai-v-) [40-41]
approach; seek; opt for 058 naƒ nä∂u (nad, naã) (I: nä∂u-gi∞-; nä∂’-i√-; nä∂u-v-) [20-21]
argue 154 vataƒ väthä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’i√-; -ä∂u-v-) [20-21]
argue; debate 308 Évaç viväthi (ÉvaçKk, ÉvaçT∆) (U1: viväthi-kki∞-; viväthi-tth-; viväthi-pp-) [142-43]
arouse (v.t.); excite; provoke 139 ᬛ ki¬a∞u (ᬮ, á¬ó) (I: ki¬a∞u-gi∞-; ki¬a∞’-i√-; ki¬a∞u-v-) [16-17]
arrange 441 ´‰paƒ ecY ë∞pä∂u sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
arrest (v.t.); stop 098 é›T∆ ni∞utthu (é›Tt, é›Tç) (I: ni∞utthu-gi∞-; ni∞utth’-i√-; ni∞utthu-v-) [22-23]
arrest (take into custody) (v.t.) 443 wk∆ ecY kaithu sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112]
arrive 420 vN∆ EcR vanthu sër (- Ecr, - EcRN∆) (U5: - sër-gi∞-; - sër-nth-; - sër-v-) [52-53]
ascend (v.t.), climb; get onto; enter (a vehicle); increase 050 ´› ë∞u (´®, ´ó) (I: ë∞u-gi∞-; ë∞’-i√-; ë∞u-v-) [32-33]
*78-79] euphonic variant
ask; listen; obey 314 *EkÒ kë¬ (EkDk, EkDƒ) (U1: ke†-ki∞-; ke†-†-; ke†-p-) [*
assemble (v.i.); join, unite; gather 054 ‡ƒ kü∂u (‡d, ‡ã) (I: kü∂u-gi∞-; kü∂’-i√-; kü∂u-v-) [20-21]
attack (v.t.) 015 taK¿ thäkku (taKk, taKá) (I: thäkku-gi∞-; thäkk’-i√-; thäkku-v-) [10-11]
be available (000) áwdK¿M ki∂aikkum (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
avoid (v.t.); abstain from 267 tÉR thavir (tÉRKk, tÉRT∆) (U1: thavir-kki∞-; thavir-tth-; thavir-pp-) [76-77]
awake (v.i.); get up; emerge 390 ¶¤ eΩu (¶z, ¶¤N∆) (U5: eΩu-gi∞-; eΩu-nth-; eΩu-v-) [98-99]
*6-7]
awaken (v.t.); make get up 005 *¶¤P» eΩuppu (¶¤Pp, ¶¤Pè) (I: ëΩuppu-gi∞-; ëΩupp’-i√-; ëΩuppu-v-) [*
go Bad, be spoiled 161 ekDƒ Epa ke††u pö (- Epak, - EpaY) (I: - pö-gi∞-; - pö’-√-; - pö-v-) [36-37]
balance (v.t.); compare 085 cméwlyaK¿ samanilai-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10]
bar (block) (v.t.) 265 tƒ tha∂u (tƒKk, tƒT∆) (U1: tha∂u-kki∞-; tha∂u-tth-; tha∂u-pp-) [58-59]
bark (v.i.) 252 ¿wr kurai (¿wrKk, ¿wrT∆) (U1: kurai-kki∞-; kurai-tth-; kurai-pp-) [38-39]
bark (v.i.) 253 ¿wl kulai (¿wlKk, ¿wlT∆) (U1: kulai-kki∞-; kulai-tth-; kulai-pp-) [38-39]
base (v.t.); establish as fact 146 雌 ni∞uvu (é›v, é›É) (I: ni∞uvu-gi∞-; ni∞uv’-i√-; ni∞uvu-v-) [30-31]
bathe (oneself) (v.i.) 254 ¿ñ ku¬i (¿ñKk, ¿ñT∆) (U1: ku¬i-kki∞-; ku¬i-tth-; ku¬i-pp-) [42-43]
– 148 –
bathe (v.t.); wash (a baby, etc.) 082 ¿ñPpaDƒ ku¬ipp’䆆u (-ADd, -ADã) (I: ºä††u-gi∞-; ºä††’-i√-; ºä††u-v-) [18-19]
*86-87]
be (v.i.); stay, remain; wait; have 328 *ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆) (U2: iru-kki∞-; iru-nth-; iru-pp-) [*
be 000 uBƒ u∫∂u (only form)
*12-13] irregular
be (v.i.), become 038 *A[¿] ä[gu] (Ak, Aá/AY) (I: ä’gi∞-; ä’-√-; ä’v-) [*
bear (fruit) (v.t.) 204 kaY käy (kaYKk, kaYT∆) (U1: käy-kki∞-; käy-tth-; käy-pp-) [46-47]
*64-65]
bear (give birth to) (v.t.); get, receive 384 *ep› pe∞u (ep®, ep‰›) (U4: pe∞u-gi∞-; pe∞-∞-; pe∞u-v-) [*
(of animals) give birth (v.t.); put; throw 378 Epaƒ pö∂u (Epad, EpaDƒ) (U4: pö∂u-gi∞-; pö†-†-; pö∂u-v-) [60-61]
*12-13] irregular
become (v.i.), be 038 *A[¿] ä[gu] (Ak, Aá/AY) (I: ä’gi∞-; ä’-√-; ä’v-) [*
become (v.i.) 042 uBda¿ u∫∂’ägu (-Ak, -Aá) (I: -ä’gi∞-; -ä’-√-; -ä’v-) [12-13]
beg 315 èCwc EkÒ picchai kë¬ (- EkDk, - EkDƒ) (U1: ke†-ki∞-; ke†-†-; ke†-p-) [78-79]
begin (v.i.) 000 etadı¿ tho∂a≥gu (etadık, etadıá) (I: tho∂a≥gu-gi∞-; tho∂a≥g’-i√-; tho∂a≥gu-v-) [4-5]
begin (v.t.) 230 ArMè ärambi (ArMèKk, ArMèT∆) (U1: ärambi-kki∞-; ärambi-tth-; ärambi-pp-) [42-43]
begin to be (v.i.); develop; evolve; be established 359 ´‰pƒ ë∞pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) (U4: pa∂u-gi∞-; pa†-†-; pa∂u-v-) [60]
*88-89]
behave (v.i.); walk; happen 335 *nd na∂a (ndKk, ndN∆) (U2: na∂a-kki∞-; na∂a-nth-; na∂a-pp-) [*
believe, trust 122 nM» nambu (nMp, nMè) (I: nambu-gi∞-; namb’-i√-; nambu-v-) [8-9]
belong 345 ecaNtmaëà sonthamäy-iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
betray; deceive 453 vücwˆ ecY vañja√ai sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
bind (v.t.), tie; build 072 kDƒ ka††u (kDd, kDã) (I: ka††u-gi∞-; ka††’-i√-; ka††u-v-) [18-19]
bite (v.t.); chew 180 kã ka∂i (kãKk, kãT∆) (U1: ka∂i-kki∞-; ka∂i-tth-; ka∂i-pp-) [42-43]
blame (v.t.); find fault (with) 286 pï paΩi (pïKk, pïT∆) (U1: paΩi-kki∞-; paΩi-tth-; paΩi-pp-) [42-43]
bleed 396 rTtM vã rattham va∂i (- vãy, - vãN∆) (U5: - va∂i-gi∞-; - va∂i-nth-; - va∂i-v-) [44-45]
bloom, flower, blossom 292 È pü (ÈKk, ÈT∆) (U1: pü-kki∞-athu; pü-tth-athu; pükk’-um) [68-69] neuter
bloom (v.i.), flower, blossom 419 mlR malar (mlr, mlRN∆) (U5: malar-gi∞-; malar-nth-; malar-v-) [100-101]
blossom, flower, bloom, 293 È pü (ÈKk, ÈT∆) (U1: pü-kki∞-athu; pü-tth-athu; pükk’-um) [68-69] neuter
blossom (v.i.), bloom, flower 419 mlR malar (mlr, mlRN∆) (U5: malar-gi∞-; malar-nth-; malar-v-) [100-101]
blow (e.g., as wind) (v.t.); hit; ring (bell) 224 îã a∂i (îãKk, îãT∆) (U1: a∂i-kki∞-; a∂i-tth-; a∂i-pp-) [42-43]
blow (wind, etc.) (v.i.) 133 U∆ üthu (Ut, Uç) (I: üthu-gi∞-; üth’-i√-; üthu-v-) [28-29]
boil (v.i.) 257 ekaç kothi (ekaçKk, ekaçT∆) (U1: kothi-kki∞-; kothi-tth-; kothi-pp-) [42-43]
boil (v.t.) 344 ekaçKkPpDãà kothikka-p-pa††’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
boil (v.t.); steam 172 îÉ avi (îÉKk, îÉT∆) (U1: avi-kki∞-; avi-tth-; avi-pp-) [42-43]
boil (v.i.); be steamed 173 îÉ avi (îÉy, îÉN∆) (U5: avi-gi∞-; avi-nth-; avi-v-) [44-45]
be born; give birth to 338 è® pi∞a (è®Kk, è®N∆) (U2: pi∞a-kki∞-; pi∞a-nth-; pi∞a-pp-) [88-89]
borrow 115 kd˜ vaı¿ ka∂a√ vä≥gu (- vaık, - vaıá) (I: - vä≥gu-gi∞-; - vä≥g’-i√-; - vä≥gu-v-) [4-5]
bow (down); worship 125 vbı¿ va∫a≥gu (vbık, vbıá) (I: va∫a≥gu-gi∞-; va∫a≥g’-i√-; va∫a≥gu-v-) [4-5]
bow to (v.t.); worship 363 ¿Mèƒ kumbi∂u (¿Mèd, ¿MèDƒ) (U4: kumbi∂u-gi∞-; kumbi†-†-; kumbi∂u-v-) [62-63]
break (v.t.) 176 uwd u∂ai (uwdKk, uwdT∆) (U1: u∂ai-kki∞-; u∂ai-tth-; u∂ai-pp-) [38-39]
break (come apart) (v.i.) 177 uwd u∂ai (uwdy, uwdN∆) (U5: u∂ai-gi∞-; u∂ai-nth-; u∂ai-v-) [40-41]
breathe 000 ÎC◊Ƀ mücchu-vi∂u (-Éd, -ÉDƒ) (U4: -vi∂u-gi∞-; -vi†-†-; -vi∂u-v-) [62-63]
bring (along) (v.t.) 401 ekaBƒ va ko∫∂u vä (- vr, - vN∆) (U5: - varu-gi∞-; - va-nth-; - varu-v-) [106-107]
bring down (v.t.); put down 003 i®K¿ i∞akku (i®Kk, i®Ká) (I: i∞akku-gi∞-; i∞akk’-i√-; i∞akku-v-) [2-3]
build (v.t.), tie; bind 072 kDƒ ka††u (kDd, kDã) (I: ka††u-gi∞-; ka††’-i√-; ka††u-v-) [18-19]
*42-43]
burn (something) (v.t.) 178 *¶í eri (¶íKk, ¶íT∆) (U1: eri-kki∞-; eri-tth-; eri-pp-) [*
*44-45]
burn (v.i.); glow 179 *¶í eri (¶íy, ¶íN∆) (U5: eri-gi∞-; eri-nth-; eri-v-) [*
burn, be hot; shoot 367 ◊ƒ su∂u (◊d, ◊Dƒ) (U4: su∂u-gi∞-; su†-†-; su∂u-v-) [60-61]
burn (sth) (v.t.); scorch (sth) 210 ≥Y thïy (≥YKk, ≥YT∆) (U1: thïy-kki∞-; thïy-tth-; thïy-pp-) [46-47]
burn (v.i.), be scorched 211 ≥Y thïy (≥y, ≥YN∆) (U5: thïy-gi∞-; thïy-nth-; thïy-v-) [48-49]
burst (v.t.), explode 311 evã ve∂i (evãKk, evãT∆) (U1: ve∂i-kki∞-; ve∂i-tth-; ve∂i-pp-) [42-43]
bury (v.t.) 291 »wt puthai (»wtKk, »wtT∆) (U1: puthai-kki∞-; puthai-tth-; puthai-pp-) [38-39]
buy (v.t.); get; receive 126 vaı¿ vä≥gu (vaık, vaıá) (I: vä≥gu-gi∞-; vä≥g’-i√-; vä≥gu-v-) [4-5]
Call (v.t.); shout 365 ‡Pèƒ küppi∂u (‡Pèd, ‡PèDƒ) (U4: küppi∂u-gi∞-; küppi†-†-; küppi∂u-v-) [62-63]
call (v.t.); invite 225 îwz aΩai (îwzKk, îwzT∆) (U1: aΩai-kki∞-; aΩai-tth-; aΩai-pp-) [38-39]
call on (someone) 321 ec˜› paR se√∞u pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
– 149 –
calm down (v.i.); heal 040 A› ä∞u (A®, Aó) (I: ä∞u-gi∞-; ä∞’-i√-; ä∞u-v-) [16-17]
cancel 452 rT∆ ecY ratthu sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
be careful, watch out 247 kvò kava√i (kvòKk, kvòT∆) (U1: kava√i-kki∞-; kava√i-tth-; kava√i-pp-) [42-43]
carry (v.t.); lift up; weigh 019 ÁK¿ thükku (ÁKk, ÁKá) (I: thükku-gi∞-; thükk’-i√-; thükku-v-) [2-3]
catch (v.t.), seize, grab 290 èã pi∂i (èãKk, èãT∆) (U1: pi∂i-kki∞-; pi∂i-tth-; pi∂i-pp-) [42-43]
cause (v.t.); create 276 Eta‰›É thö∞∞uvi (-ÉKk, -ÉT∆) (U1: ºvi-kki∞-; ºvi-tth-; ºvi-pp-) [42-43]
cause (v.t.); create; develop 069 ´‰pƒT∆ ë∞pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
caution (v.t.); warn 238 ¶Ccí ecchari (¶CcíKk, ¶CcíT∆) (U1: ecchari-kki∞-; ecchari-tth-; ecchari-pp-) [42-43]
cease (hunger, illness, etc.) (v.i.), end 028 ¥ı¿ nï≥gu (¥ık, ¥ıá) (I: nï≥gu-gi∞-; nï≥g’-i√-; nï≥gu-v-) [4-5]
change (v.i.) 062 ma› mä∞u (ma®, maó) (I: mä∞u-gi∞-; mä∞’-i√-; mä∞u-v-) [16-17]
change (v.t.); exchange 061 ma‰› mä∞∞u (ma‰®, ma‰ó) (I: mä∞∞u-gi∞-; mä∞∞’-i√-; mä∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
charm, confuse (others) (v.t.) 033 myK¿ mayakku (myKk, myKá) (I: mayakku-gi∞-; mayakk’-i√-; mayakku-v-) [2-3]
chase (v.t.), pursue 095 ∆rT∆ thuratthu (∆rTt, ∆rTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
chase (v.t.), follow 416 è˜etadR pi√-tho∂ar (-etadr, -etadRN∆) (U5: tho∂ar-gi∞-; tho∂ar-nth-; tho∂ar-v-) [100]
cheat 304 vüâ vañji (vüâKk, vüâT∆) (U1: vañji-kki∞-; vañji-tth-; vañji-pp-) [74-75]
*14-15]
cheat (v.t.) 047 *´ma‰› ëmä∞∞u (´ma‰®, ´ma‰ó) (I: ëmä∞∞u-gi∞-; ëmä∞∞’-i√-; ëmä∞∞u-v-) [*
*16-17]
be cheated (v.i.); get disappointed 048 *´ma› ëmä∞u (´ma®, ´maó) (I: ëmä∞u-gi∞-; ëmä∞’-i√-; ëmä∞u-v-) [*
check (examine) (v.t.) 285 [pí]Ecaç [pari-]söthi (-EcaçKk, -EcaçT∆) (U1: söthi-kki∞-; söthi-tth-; söthi-pp-) [42]
cheer up (s.o.) (v.t.) 294 máZÉ magiΩvi (máZÉKk, máZÉT∆) (U1: magiΩvi-kki∞-; magiΩvi-tth-; magiΩvi-pp-) [42]
chew 424 emL(Õ) mel(lu) (emLl, em˜›) (U5: mel-gi∞-; me√-∞-; mel-v-) [104-105] euphonic variant
chew (v.t.); bite 180 kã ka∂i (kãKk, kãT∆) (U1: ka∂i-kki∞-; ka∂i-tth-; ka∂i-pp-) [42-43]
choose (v.t.), select; elect 273 EtRNetƒ thërnth’e∂u (-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆) (U1: ºe∂u-kki∞-; ºe∂u-tth-; ºe∂u-pp-) [58]
chop (v.t.), cut 111 evDƒ ve††u (evDd, evDã) (I: ve††u-gi∞-; ve††’-i√-; ve††u-v-) [18-19]
clash 153 Ema∆ möthu (Emat, Emaç) (I: möthu-gi∞-; möth’-i√-; möthu-v-) [28-29]
classify (v.t.); divide 302 v¿ vagu (v¿Kk, v¿T∆) (U1: vagu-kki∞-; vagu-tth-; vagu-pp-) [70-71]
clean 446 ◊TtM ecY suttham sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
clean (grain, etc., with water) 392 kw¬ ka¬ai (kw¬y, kw¬N∆) (U5: ka¬ai-gi∞-; ka¬ai-nth-; ka¬ai-v-) [40-41]
be clear (v.i.); be renowned; flourish 036 ɬı¿ vi¬a≥gu (ɬık, ɬıá) (I: º≥gu-gi∞-; º≥g’-i√-; º≥gu-v-) [4-5]
climb (v.t.), ascend; get onto; enter (a vehicle); increase 050 ´› ë∞u (´®, ´ó) (I: ë∞u-gi∞-; ë∞’-i√-; ë∞u-v-) [32-33]
close (v.t.), shut; lock 166 îwd a∂ai (îwdKk, îwdT∆) (U1: a∂ai-kki∞-; a∂ai-tth-; a∂ai-pp-) [38-39]
close (v.t.), shut (door, etc.) 088 caT∆ sätthu (caTt, caTç) (I: sätthu-gi∞-; sätth’-i√-; sätthu-v-) [22-23]
close (v.t.); cover 151 ΃ mü∂u (Îd, Îã) (I: mü∂u-gi∞-; mü∂’-i√-; mü∂u-v-) [20-21]
be closed (v.i.); be covered 350 Îãëà mü∂i-y-iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
collect (v.t.); gather 093 çrDƒ thira††u (çrDd, çrDã) (I: thira††u-gi∞-; thira††’-i√-; thira††u-v-) [18-19]
collect (v.t.); gather; add 053 ‡Dƒ kü††u (‡Dd, ‡Dã) (I: kü††u-gi∞-; kü††’-i√-; kü††u-v-) [18-19]
*50-51]
collect (v.t.); join; unite; admit 206 *EcR sër (EcRKk, EcRT∆) (U1: sër-kki∞-; sër-tth-; sër-pp-) [*
*106-107] irregular
come (v.i.) 400 *va vä (vr, vN∆) (U5: varu-gi∞-; va-nth-; varu-v-) [*
come back; return 403 çÃMè va thirumbi vä (- vr, - vN∆) (U5: - varu-gi∞-; - va-nth-; - varu-v-) [106-107]
comfort (console) (v.t.) 039 A‰› ä∞∞u (A‰®, A‰ó) (I: ä∞∞u-gi∞-; ä∞∞’-i√-; ä∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
comfort (v.t.); console 055 Et‰› thë∞∞u (Et‰®, Et‰ó) (I: thë∞∞u-gi∞-; thë∞∞’-i√-; thë∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
command (v.t.) 355 Awbëƒ ä∫ai-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
command, order 361 kDdw¬ëƒ ka††a¬ai-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
comment (on) 309 ɬKkŒwr îñ vi¬akkavurai a¬i (- îñKk, - îñT∆) (U1: - a¬i-kki∞-;- a¬i-tth-; - a¬i-pp-) [42]
compare (v.t.); contrast 360 oPèƒ oppi∂u (-id, -iDƒ (U4: oppi∂u-gi∞-; oppi†-†-; oppi∂u-v-)) [62-63]
compare (v.t.); balance 085 cméwlyaK¿ samanilai-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10]
compete, contest 379 EpaDãëƒ pö††i-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
complete (v.t.), finish 198 …ã mu∂i (…ãKk, …ãT∆) (U1: mu∂i-kki∞-; mu∂i-tth-; mu∂i-pp-) [42-43]
comply with; agree 357 ud˜pƒ u∂a√-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
compromise 158 oT∆PEpa otthu-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY) (I: -pö-gi∞-; -pö-√-; -pö-v-) [36-37] irregular
compromise 444 cmrc ibKkM ecY samarasa i∫akkam sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-) [112]
conceive (get pregnant) (v.i.) 432 kÃKekaÒ karu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) (U5: ko¬-gi∞-; ko∫-∂-; ko¬-v-) [102]
– 150 –
conceive (get pregnant) (v.i.) 245 kÃTtí karutthari (kÃTtíKk, kÃTtíT∆) (U1: ºari-kki∞-; ºari-tth-; ºari-pp-) [42]
confer (talk together) 137 klN∆ Ep◊ kalanthu pësu (- Epc, - Epâ) (I: - pësu-gi∞-; - pës’-i√-; - pësu-v-) [32-33]
confirm (v.t.); prove 440 u›ç ecY u∞uthi sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
confuse, charm (others) (v.t.) 033 myK¿ mayakku (myKk, myKá) (I: mayakku-gi∞-; mayakk’-i√-; mayakku-v-) [23]
get confused, deluded (v.i.) 034 myı¿ maya≥gu (myık, myıá) (I: maya≥gu-gi∞-; maya≥g’i√-; maya≥gu-v-) [4-5]
confuse (others) (v.t.) 011 ¿zP» kuΩappu (¿zPp, ¿zPè) (I: kuΩappu-gi∞-; kuΩapp’i√-; kuΩappu-v-) [6-7]
get confused (v.i.) 012 ¿zM» kuΩambu (¿zMp, ¿zMè) (I: kuΩambu-gi∞-; kuΩamb’i√-; kuΩambu-v-) [8-9]
congratulate (v.t.) 000 vaZT∆ väΩtthu (vaZTt, vaZTç) (I: väΩtthu-gi∞-; väΩtth’i√-; väΩtthu-v-) [22-23]
congratulate (v.t.) 104 paraDƒ pär䆆u (paraDd, paraDã) (I: pär䆆u-gi∞-; pär䆆’i√-; pär䆆u-v-) [18-19]
connect (v.t.); string (beads, etc.) 220 etaƒ tho∂u (etaƒKk, etaƒT∆) (U1: tho∂u-kki∞-; tho∂u-tth-; tho∂u-pp-) [58]
conquer (v.t.); triumph, win 425 evL vel (evLl, ev˜›) (U5: vel-gi∞-; ve√-∞-; vel-v-) [104-105] euph. var.
consider; ponder 300 Eyaâ yösi (EyaâKk, EyaâT∆) (U1: yösi-kki∞-; yösi-tth-; yösi-pp-) [74-75]
consider (v.t.); think (of); count 127 ¶B≈ e∫∫u (¶Bb, ¶Bõ) (I: e∫∫u-gi∞-; e∫∫’-i√-; e∫∫u-v-) [26-27]
consider; think 136 kÃ∆ karuthu (kÃt, kÃç) (I: karuthu-gi∞-; karuth’i√--; karuthu-v-) [28-29]
console (v.t.); comfort 039 A‰› ä∞∞u (A‰®, A‰ó) (I: ä∞∞u-gi∞-; ä∞∞’-i√-; ä∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
console (v.t.); comfort 055 Et‰› thë∞∞u (Et‰®, Et‰ó) (I: thë∞∞u-gi∞-; thë∞∞’-i√-; thë∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
construct (v.t.); install; settle 168 îwm amai (îwmKk, îwmT∆) (U1: amai-kki∞-; amai-tth-; amai-pp-) [38-39]
contest, compete 379 EpaDãëƒ pö††i-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: ºi∂u-gi∞-; ºi†-†-; ºi∂u-v-) [62-63]
continue (v.t.); pursue; take up 413 etadR tho∂ar (etadr, etadRN∆) (U2: º∂ar-kki∞-; º∂ar-nth-; º∂ar-pp-) [100]
contrast (v.t.); compare 360 oPèƒ oppi∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: ºi∂u-gi∞-; ºi†-†-; ºi∂u-v-) [62-63]
control (v.t.); restrain 001 *îdK¿ a∂akku (îdKk, îdKá) (I: a∂akku-gi∞-; a∂akk’-i√-; a∂akku-v-) [*2-3]
cook (a meal) 000 cwm samai (cwmKk, cwmT∆) (U1: samai-kki∞-; samai-tth-; samai-pp-) [38-39]
cook (boil, fry) (v.i.) 407 *Ev(¿) vë(gu) (Evk, evN∆) (U5: vë-gi∞-; ve-nth-; vëgu-v-) [*108-109] irregular
co-operate 442 ‡dCecY kü∂a-c-chey (-ecYy, -ecY∆) (U6: -chey-gi∞-; -chey-th-; -chey-v-) [112-113]
copy (in writing) 148 paRT∆ ¶¤∆ pärtthu eΩuthu (- ¶¤t, - ¶¤ç) (I: - eΩuthu-gi∞-; - eΩuth-’i√-; - eΩuthu-v-) [28-29]
correct 087 cíyaK¿ sari-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
correct (v.t.); amend 094 çÃT∆ thirutthu (çÃTt, çÃTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
count (v.t.); think (of); consider 127 ¶B≈ e∫∫u (¶Bb, ¶Bõ) (I: e∫∫u-gi∞-; e∫∫’-i√-; e∫∫u-v-) [26-27]
cover (v.t.); close 151 ΃ mü∂u (Îd, Îã) (I: mü∂u-gi∞-; mü∂’-i√-; mü∂u-v-) [20-21]
be covered (v.i.); be closed 350 Îãëà mü∂i-y-iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
create (v.t.), make; effect 037 *AK¿ äkku (AKk, AKá) (I: äkku-gi∞-; äkk’-i√-; äkku-v-) [*10-11]
create (v.t.) 041 uBdaK¿ u∫∂’äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
create (v.t.) 000 uBƒ pB≈ u∫∂u pa∫∫u (- pBb, -pBõ) (I: - pa∫∫u-gi∞-; - pa∫∫’-i√-; - pa∫∫u-v-) [26-27]
create (v.t.); cause 276 Eta‰›É thö∞∞uvi (-ÉKk, -ÉT∆) (U1: ºvi-kki∞-; ºvi-tth-; ºvi-pp-) [42-43]
create (v.t.); develop; cause 069 ´‰pƒT∆ ë∞pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
criticize (v.t.) 306 ÉmRâ vimarsi (ÉmRâKk, ÉmRâT∆) (U1: vimarsi-kki∞-; vimarsi-tth-; vimarsi-pp-) [74-75]
criticize 000 ¿‰®M kaB ku∞∞am kä∫ (- kab, - kBƒ) (U3: - kä∫-gi∞-; - ka∫-∂-; - kä∫-b-) [92-93]
cross (over) (v.i.); pass 330X kd ka∂a (kdKk, kdN∆) (U2: ka∂a-kki∞-; ka∂a-nth-; ka∂a-pp-) [88-89]
crush (v.t.) 031 ena›K¿ no∞ukku (ena›Kk, ena›Ká) (I: no∞ukku-gi∞-; no∞ukk’-i√-; no∞ukku-v-) [2-3]
get crushed (v.i.) 032 ena›ı¿ no∞u≥gu (ena›ık, ena›ıá) (I: no∞u≥gu-gi∞-; no∞u≥g’-i√-; no∞u≥gu-v-) [4-5]
crush (v.t.) 021 n◊K¿ nasukku (n◊Kk, n◊Ká) (I: nasukku-gi∞-; nasukk’-i√-; nasukku-v-) [2-3]
get crushed (v.i.) 022 n◊ı¿ nasu≥gu (n◊ık, n◊ıá) (I: nasu≥gu-gi∞-; nasu≥g’-i√-; nasu≥gu-v-) [4-5]
cry (v.i.), weep 436 *î¤ aΩu (îz, î¤∆) (U6: aΩu-gi∞-; aΩu-th-; aΩu-v-) [*110-111]
cure (v.t.) 079 ¿bPpƒT∆ gu∫a-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: -pa∂utthu-gi∞-; -pa∂utth’-i√-; -pa∂utthu-v-) [22]
cure (v.t.) 080 ¿bmaK¿ gu∫am-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
cut (v.t.), chop 111 evDƒ ve††u (evDd, evDã) (I: ve††u-gi∞-; ve††u’-i√-; ve††u-v-) [18-19]
cut (v.t.); shorten; decrease 186 ¿w® ku∞ai (¿w®Kk, ¿w®T∆) (U1: ku∞ai-kki∞-; ku∞ai-tth-; ku∞ai-pp-) [38-39]
get cut (v.i.); become short 187 ¿w® ku∞ai (¿w®y, ¿w®N∆) (U5: ku∞ai-gi∞-; ku∞ai-nth-; ku∞ai-v-) [40-41]
Damage (v.t.); spoil 218 ekƒ ke∂u (ekƒKk, ekƒT∆) (U1: ke∂u-kki∞-; ke∂u-tth-; ke∂u-pp-) [58-59]
get damaged (v.i.); get spoiled 219 ekƒ ke∂u (ekd, ekDƒ) (U4: ke∂u-gi∞-; ke†-†-; ke∂u-v-) [60-61]
dance (v.i.); move 130 Aƒ ä∂u (Ad, Aã) (I: ä∂u-gi∞-; ä∂’-i√-; ä∂u-v-) [20-21]
– 151 –
dance 144 ndˆmaƒ na∂a√am-ä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’-i√-; -ä∂u-v-) [20-21]
dance; act 277 nã na∂i (nãKk, nãT∆) (U1: na∂i-kki∞-; na∂i-tth-; na∂i-pp-) [42-43]
dawn (v.i.); rise (e.g., as sun) 397 Éã vi∂i (Éãy, ÉãN∆) (U5: vi∂i-gi∞-; vi∂i-nth-; vi∂i-v-) [44-45]
debate; argue 308 Évaç viväthi (ÉvaçKk, ÉvaçT∆) (U1: viväthi-kki∞-; viväthi-tth-; viväthi-pp-) [42-43]
deceive; betray 453 vücwˆ ecY vañja√ai sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
decide 270 ≥Rmaò thïrmä√i (≥RmaòKk, ≥RmaòT∆) (U1: ºmä√i-kki∞-; ºmä√i-tth-; ºmä√i-pp-) [42-43]
decrease (v.t.); shorten; cut 186 ¿w® ku∞ai (¿w®Kk, ¿w®T∆) (U1: ku∞ai-kki∞-; ku∞ai-tth-; ku∞ai-pp-) [38-39]
defeat (in competition) (v.t.) 275 Eta‰kã thö∞k’a∂i (-îãKk, -îãT∆) (U1: -a∂i-kki∞-; -a∂i-tth-; -a∂i-pp-) [42-43]
be defeated (v.i.); lose 000 EtaL thöl (Eta‰k, Eta‰›) (U1: thö∞-ki∞-; thö∞-∞-; thö∞-p-) [80-81]
delay (v.t.) 268 tamç thämathi (tamçKk, tamçT∆) (U1: thämathi-kki∞-; thämathi-tth-; thämathi-pp-) [42-43]
delay (v.t.) 448 tamtM ecY thämatham sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
get deluded, confused (v.i.) 034 myı¿ maya≥gu (myık, myıá) (I: ºa≥gu-gi∞-; ºa≥g’-i√-; ºa≥gu-v-) [4-5]
denote (v.t.); mark 255 ¿ó ku∞i (¿óKk, ¿óT∆) (U1: ku∞i-kki∞-; ku∞i-tth-; ku∞i-pp-) [42-43]
*72-73]
deny (v.t.); refuse 295 *m› ma∞u (m›Kk, m›T∆) (U1: ma∞u-kki∞-; ma∞u-tth-; ma∞u-pp-) [*
depart (v.i.); be separated; be divided; unravel 195 èí piri (èíy, èíN∆) (U5: piri-gi∞-; piri-nth-; piri-v-) [44-45]
depend on 412 caR sär (car, caRN∆) (U5: sär-gi∞-; sär-nth-; sär-v-) [100-101]
descend from (v.i.); get down 004 i®ı¿ i∞a≥gu (i®ık, i®ıá) (I: i∞a≥gu-gi∞-; i∞a≥g’-i√-; i∞a≥gu-v-) [4-5]
descend (v.i.); become humble 209 taZ thäΩ (taz, taZN∆) (U5: thäΩ-gi∞-; thäΩ-nth-; thäΩ-v-) [56-57]
describe (v.t.) 307 Éví vivari (ÉvíKk, ÉvíT∆) (U1: vivari-kki∞-; vivari-tth-; vivari-pp-) [42-43]
design (v.t.), plan 370 çDdêƒ thi††am-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
destroy (v.t.) 174 îï aΩi (îïKk, îïT∆) (U1: aΩi-kki∞-; aΩi-tth-; aΩi-pp-) [42-43]
get destroyed (v.i.) 175 îï aΩi (îïy, îïN∆) (U5: aΩi-gi∞-; aΩi-nth-; aΩi-v-) [44-45]
develop (v.i.); evolve; begin to be; established 359 ´‰pƒ ë∞pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60]
develop (v.t.); create; cause 069 ´‰pƒT∆ ë∞pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
die (v.i.) 330 i® i∞a (i®Kk, i®N∆) (U2: i∞a-kki∞-; i∞a-nth-; i∞a-pp-) [88-89]
die (v.i.) 163 ecT∆PEpa setthu-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY) (I: -pö-gi∞-; -pö-√-; -pö-v-) [36-37]
*66-67] irregular
die (said of animals) (v.i.) 386 *ca(¿) sä(gu) (cak, ecT∆) (U4: sä-gi∞-; setth-; sä-v-) [*
differ (be different) (v.i.) 383 Ev›pƒ vë∞u-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
differentiate (v.t.) 113 Ev›pƒT∆ vë∞u-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
dig (v.t.) 120 EtaBƒ thö∫∂u (EtaBd, EtaBã) (I: thö∫∂u-gi∞-; thö∫∂’-i√-; thö∫∂u-v-) [20-21]
direct (v.t.); manage 097 ndT∆ na∂atthu (ndTt, ndTç) (I: na∂atthu-gi∞-; na∂atth’-i√-; na∂atthu-v-) [22-23]
disappear (v.i.); hide (oneself) 197 mw® ma∞ai (mw®y, mw®N∆) (U5: ma∞ai-gi∞-; ma∞ai-nth-; ma∞ai-v-) [40-41]
*16-17]
get disappointed (v.i.); be cheated 048 *´ma› ëmä∞u (´ma®, ´maó) (I: ëmä∞u-gi∞-; ëmä∞’-i√-; ëmä∞u-v-) [*
discharge (v.t.); spend (time); subtract 182 kï kaΩi (kïKk, kïT∆) (U1: kaΩi-kki∞-; kaΩi-tth-; kaΩi-pp-) [42-43]
discover (v.t.); find; solve 244 kBƒèã ka∫∂u-pi∂i (-èãKk, -èãT∆) (U1: -pi∂i-kki∞-; -pi∂i-tth-; -pi∂i-pp-) [42-43]
dislike (v.t.), hate 312 ev› ve∞u (ev›Kk, ev›T∆) (U1: ve∞u-kki∞-; ve∞u-tth-; ve∞u-pp-) [72-73]
dismiss (v.t.) 027 ¥K¿ nïkku (¥Kk, ¥Ká) (I: nïkku-gi∞-; nïkk’-i√-; nïkku-v-) [2-3]
be distinguished (v.i.); excel 333 â® si∞a (â®Kk, â®N∆) (U2: si∞a-kki∞-; si∞a-nth-; si∞a-pp-) [88-89]
disturb (v.t.); stir 007 klK¿ kalakku (klKk, klKá) (I: kalakku-gi∞-; kalakk’-i√-; kalakku-v-) [ 2-3]
become disturbed (v.i.); be stirred 008 klı¿ kala≥gu (klık, klıá) (I: ºa≥gu-gi∞-; ºa≥g’-i√-; ºa≥gu-v-) [4-5]
*70-71]
divide (v.t.); apportion; share 282 *p¿ pagu (p¿Kk, p¿T∆) (U1: pagu-kki∞-; pagu-tth-; pagu-pp-) [*
divide (v.t.); classify 302 v¿ vagu (v¿Kk, v¿T∆) (U1: vagu-kki∞-; vagu-tth-; vagu-pp-) [70-71]
divide (v.t.); separate 194 èí piri (èíKk, èíT∆) (U1: piri-kki∞-; piri-tth-; piri-pp-) [42-43]
be divided (v.i.); be separated; unravel; depart 195 èí piri (èíy, èíN∆) (U5: piri-gi∞-; piri-nth-; piri-v-) [44-45]
*112-113]
do (v.t.); make 437 *ecY sey (ecYy, ecY∆) (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-) [*
*26-27]
do (v.t.); make 128 *pB≈ pa∫∫u (pBb, pBõ) (I: pa∫∫u-gi∞-; pa∫∫’-i√-; pa∫∫u-v-) [*
doubt 261 cNEtá santhëgi (cNEtáKk, cNEtáT∆) (U1: santhëgi-kki∞-; santhëgi-tth-; santhëgi-pp-) [42-43]
drag (v.t.), pull; inhale; stretch 233 i¤ iΩu (i¤Kk, i¤T∆) (U1: iΩu-kki∞-; iΩu-tth-; iΩu-pp-) [72-73]
drink (v.t.) 250 ¿ã ku∂i (¿ãKk, ¿ãT∆) (U1: ku∂i-kki∞-; ku∂i-tth-; ku∂i-pp-) [42-43]
*94-95]
drink (v.t.); eat 353 *uB(≈) u∫(∫u) (uBb, uBƒ) (U3: u∫-gi∞-; u∫-∂-; u∫-b-) [*
*18-19]
drive (v.t.) 051 *ODƒ ö††u (ODd, ODã) (I: ö††u-gi∞-; ö††’-i√-; ö††u-v-) [*
drive (a vehicle) (v.t.) 091 ecÕT∆ selutthu (ecÕTt, ecÕTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
– 152 –
drown (v.i.); sink, submerge 152 ÎZ¿ müΩgu ( ÎZk, ÎZá) (I: müΩgu-gi∞-; müΩg’-i√-; müΩgu-v-) [4-5]
(cause to) drown (v.t.); dunk 298 ÎZkã müΩga∂i (-îãKk, -îãT∆) (U1: ºa∂i-kki∞-; ºa∂i-tth-; ºa∂i-pp-) [42-43]
dry (v.t.); wipe 271 ∆wd thu∂ai (∆wdKk, ∆wdT∆) (U1: thu∂ai-kki∞-; thu∂ai-tth-; thu∂ai-pp-) [38-39]
dry (v.i.); be heated 205 kaY käy (kay, kaYN∆) (U5: käy-gi∞-; käy-nth-; käy-v-) [48-49]
dry (v.t.) 249 kay wv käya vai (- wvKk, - wvT∆) (U1: - vai-kki∞-; - vai-tth-; - vai-pp-) [38-39]
dunk (v.t.); (cause to) drown 298 ÎZkã müΩga∂i (-îãKk, -îãT∆) (U1: ºa∂i-kki∞-; ºa∂i-tth-; ºa∂i-pp-) [42-43]
Earn 000 cMpaç sambäthi (cMpaçKk, cMpaçT∆) (U1: sambäthi-kki∞-; sambäthi-tth-; sambäthi-pp-) [42-43]
*94-95]
eat (v.t.); drink 353 *uB(≈) u∫(∫u) (uBb, uBƒ) (U3: u∫-gi∞-; u∫-∂-; u∫-b-) [*
eat (have a meal) 366 caPèƒ säppi∂u (caPèd, caPèDƒ) (U4: säppi∂u-gi∞-; säppi†-†-; säppi∂u-v-) [62-63]
*48-49]
eat (grass, etc.) (v.i.); graze 215 *EmY mëy (Emy, EmYN∆) (U5: mëy-gi∞-; mëy-nth-; mëy-v-) [*
eat (said of animals); snack (said of humans) 352 ç˜(fi) thi√(√u) (瘈, 瘛) (U3: thi√-gi∞-; thi√-∞-; thi√-b-) [96]
educate, teach 246 kLÉyñ kalvi-y-a¬i (-îñKk, -îñT∆) (U1: -a¬i-kki∞-; -a¬i-tth-; -a¬i-pp-) [42-43]
*10-11]
effect (v.t.); create, make 037 *AK¿ äkku (AKk, AKá) (I: äkku-gi∞-; äkk’-i√-; äkku-v-) [*
elect (v.t.), select, choose 273 EtRNetƒ thërnth’e∂u (-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆) (U1: -e∂u-kki∞-; -e∂u-tth-; -e∂u-pp-) [58-59]
elucidate/illuminate (v.t.), explain 035 ɬK¿ vi¬akku (ɬKk, ɬKá) (I: vi¬akku-gi∞-; vi¬akk’-i√-; vi¬akku-v-) [2]
*84]
embrace (v.t.); switch or turn off 326 *îwb a∫ai (îwbKk, îwbT∆) (U1: a√ai-kki∞-; a√ai-tth-; a√ai-pp-) [*
emerge (v.i.); get up; awake 390 ¶¤ eΩu (¶z, ¶¤N∆) (U5: eΩu-gi∞-; eΩu-nth-; eΩu-v-) [98-99]
emerge (v.i.); rise; start 010 á¬M» ki¬ambu (á¬Mp, á¬Mè) (I: ki¬ambu-gi∞-; ki¬amb’-i√-; ki¬ambu-v-) [8-9]
end (v.i.), cease (hunger, illness, etc.) 028 ¥ı¿ nï≥gu (¥ık, ¥ıá) (I: nï≥gu-gi∞-; nï≥g’-i√-; nï≥gu-v-) [4-5]
end (v.i.), finish 199 …ã mu∂i (…ãy, …ãN∆) (U5: mu∂i-gi∞-; mu∂i-nth-; mu∂i-v-) [44-45]
endure (v.t.); tolerate; wait 293 epa› po∞u (epa›Kk, epa›T∆) (U1: po∞u-kki∞-; po∞u-tth-; po∞u-pp-) [72-73]
enforce 071 kDdayPpƒT∆ ka††äya-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
enjoy 301 râ rasi (râKk, râT∆) (U1: rasi-kki∞-; rasi-tth-; rasi-pp-) [74-75]
enter 405 »¿ pugu (»k, »¿N∆) (U5: pugu-gi∞-; pugu-nth-; pugu-v-) [98-99]
enter (a vehicle) (v.t.), ascend, climb; get on to; increase 050 ´› ë∞u (´®, ´ó) (I: ë∞u-gi∞-; ë∞’-i√-; ë∞u-v-) [32-33]
enter (v.i.) 193 «wz nuΩai («wzy, «wzN∆) (U5: nuΩai-gi∞-; nuΩai-nth-; nuΩai-v-) [40-41]
make enter (v.t.) 192 «wz nuΩai («wzKk, «wzT∆) (U1: nuΩai-kki∞-; nuΩai-tth-; nuΩai-pp-) [38-39]
*68-69]
equal (v.t.); resemble 240 *o o (oKk, oT∆) (U1: o-kki∞-; o-tth-; o-pp-) [*
establish as fact (v.t.); base 146 雌 ni∞uvu (é›v, é›É) (I: ni∞uvu-gi∞-; ni∞uv’-i√-; ni∞uvu-v-) [30-31]
establish (v.t.); install; plant; fix 057 naDƒ n䆆u (naDd, naDã) (I: n䆆u-gi∞-; n䆆’-i√-; n䆆u-v-) [18-19]
be established (v.i.); develop; evolve; begin to be 359 ´‰pƒ ë∞pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60]
evolve (v.i.); develop; be established; begin to be 359 ´‰pƒ ë∞pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60]
examine (v.t.); research 408 AraY äräy (Aray, AraYN∆) (U5: äräy-gi∞-; äräy-nth-; äräy-v-) [48-49]
examine (v.t.); test; search 264 Ecaç söthi (EcaçKk, EcaçT∆) (U1: söthi-kki∞-; söthi-tth-; söthi-pp-) [42-43]
excel (v.i.); be distinguished 333 â® si∞a (â®Kk, â®N∆) (U2: si∞a-kki∞-; si∞a-nth-; si∞a-pp-) [88-89]
exchange (v.t.); change 061 ma‰› mä∞∞u (ma‰®, ma‰ó) (I: mä∞∞u-gi∞-; mä∞∞’-i√-; mä∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
exchange (v.t.); serve (food) 000 píma› parimä∞u (píma®, pímaó) (I: -mä∞u-gi∞-; -mä∞’-i√-; -mä∞u-v-) [16-17]
exchange (v.t.) 433 pímaóKekaÒ parimä∞i-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫-∂-; -ko¬-v-) [102-103]
excite (v.t.); arouse; provoke 139 ᬛ ki¬a∞u (ᬮ, á¬ó) (I: ki¬a∞u-gi∞-; ki¬a∞’-i√-; ki¬a∞u-v-) [16-17]
excite (v.t.); stimulate; motivate 118 ÁBƒ thü∫∂u (ÁBd, ÁBã) (I: thü∫∂u-gi∞-; thü∫∂’-i√-; thü∫∂u-v-) [20-21]
excuse (v.t.), forgive 296 m˜ò ma√√i (m˜òKk, m˜òT∆) (U1: ma√√i-kki∞-; ma√√i-tth-; ma√√i-pp-) [42-43]
execute (carry out plan, orders) (v.t.) 090 ecyla‰› seyal-ä∞∞u (-A‰®, -A‰ó) (I: -ä∞∞u-gi∞-; -ä∞∞’-i√-; -ä∞∞u-v-) [14]
expand (v.i.); spread; open; extend 201 Éí viri (Éíy, ÉíN∆) (U5: viri-gi∞-; viri-nth-; viri-v-) [44-45]
expand (v.t.); improve 110 ÉívaK¿ viri-v-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
expand (v.t.); spread 102 prP» parappu (prPp, prPè) (I: parappu-gi∞-; parapp’-i√-; parappu-v-) [6-7]
expect (v.t.); wait for 319 ¶çR paR ethir pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
*60-61]
experience; feel (after a noun) 223 *pƒ pa∂u (pd, pDƒ) (U4: pa∂u-gi∞-; pa†-†-; pa∂u-v-) [*
explain (v.t.), elucidate/illuminate 035 ɬK¿ vi¬akku (ɬKk, ɬKá) (I: vi¬akku-gi∞-; vi¬akk’-i√-; vi¬akku-v-) [2]
explode (v.t.), burst 311 evã ve∂i (evãKk, evãT∆) (U1: ve∂i-kki∞-; ve∂i-tth-; ve∂i-pp-) [42-43]
express (v.t.); make known 272 etíÉ therivi (etíÉKk, etíÉT∆) (U1: ºvi-kki∞-; ºvi-tth-; ºvi-pp-) [42-43]
express (show outwardly) (v.t.) 112 evñKkaDƒ ve¬i-k-k䆆u (-kaDd, -kaDã) (I: -k䆆u-gi∞-; -k䆆’-i√-; -k䆆u-v-) [18]
– 153 –
extend (v.i.); spread; expand; open 201 Éí viri (Éíy, ÉíN∆) (U5: viri-gi∞-; viri-nth-; viri-v-) [44-45]
extend (time) (v.i.); last 280 ¥ã nï∂i (¥ãKk, ¥ãT∆) (U1: nï∂i-kki∞-; nï∂i-tth-; nï∂i-pp-) [42-43]
extend (v.t.) 100 ¥Dƒ nu (¥Dd, ¥Dã) (I: nu-gi∞-; n’-i√-; nu-v-) [18-19]
Faint (v.i.); swoon 395 myıá ɤ maya≥gi viΩu (- Éz, -ɤN∆) (U5: - viΩu-gi∞-; - viΩu-nth-; - viΩu-v-) [98-99]
*98-99]
fall (v.i.) 398 *ɤ viΩu (Éz, ɤN∆) (U5: viΩu-gi∞-; viΩu-nth-; viΩu-v-) [*
fall down & smash 000 ɤN∆ ena›ı¿ viΩunthu no∞u≥gu (- ena›ık, -ena›ıá) (I: º≥gu-gi∞-; º≥g’-i√-; º≥gu-v-) [4]
farm 374 pëíƒ payiri∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: payiri∂u-gi∞-; payiri†-†-; payiri∂u-v-) [62-63]
grow fat (v.i.) 258 eka¤ koΩu (eka¤Kk, eka¤T∆) (U1: koΩu-kki∞-; koΩu-tth-; koΩu-pp-) [70-71]
find fault (with); blame (v.t.) 286 pï paΩi (pïKk, pïT∆) (U1: paΩi-kki∞-; paΩi-tth-; paΩi-pp-) [42-43]
fear, be afraid 114 îü◊ añju (îüc, îüâ) (I: añju-gi∞-; añj’-i√-; añju-v-) [32-33]
*46-47]
feed (cattle) (v.t.), graze 214 *EmY mëy (EmYKk, EmYT∆) (U1: mëy-kki∞-; mëy-tth-; mëy-pp-) [*
feel (v.i.); realize; recognize 410 ubR u∫ar (ubr, ubRN∆) (U5: u∫ar-gi∞-; u∫ar-nth-; u∫ar-v-) [100-101]
*60-61]
feel (after a noun); experience 223 *pƒ pa∂u (pd, pDƒ) (U4: pa∂u-gi∞-; pa†-†-; pa∂u-v-) [*
*22-23]
cause to feel or suffer (v.t.) 101 *pƒT∆ pa∂utthu (pƒTt, pƒTç (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [*
fight, struggle 150 Eparaƒ pörä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) (I: ºä∂u-gi∞-; ºä∂’-i√-; ºä∂u-v-) [20-21]
fight (v.i.) 000 cBwd Epaƒ sa∫∂ai pö∂u (- Epad, - EpaDƒ) (U4: - pö∂u-gi∞-; - pö†-†-; - pö∂u-v-) [60-61]
fill (v.t.) 190 éw® ni∞ai (éw®Kk, éw®T∆) (U1: ni∞ai-kki∞-; ni∞ai-tth-; ni∞ai-pp-) [38-39]
be or become full (v.i.); abound 191 éw® ni∞ai (éw®y, éw®N∆) (U5: ni∞ai-gi∞-; ni∞ai-nth-; ni∞ai-v-) [40-41]
fill (v.t.) 025 érP» nirappu (érPp, érPè) (I: nirappu-gi∞-; nirapp’-i√-; nirappu-v-) [6-7]
fill (v.i.) 026 érM» nirambu (érMp, érMè) (I: nirambu-gi∞-; niramb’-i√-; nirambu-v-) [8-9]
find (v.t.); discover; solve 244 kBƒèã ka∫∂u-pi∂i (-èãKk, -èãT∆) (U1: -pi∂i-kki∞-; -pi∂i-tth-; -pi∂i-pp-) [42-43]
*92-93] irregular
find out (v.t.); see 354 *kaB kä∫ (kab, kBƒ) (U3: kä∫-gi∞-; ka∫-∂-; kä√-b-) [*
finish (v.t.), complete 198 …ã mu∂i (…ãKk, …ãT∆) (U1: mu∂i-kki∞-; mu∂i-tth-; mu∂i-pp-) [42-43]
finish (v.i.), end 199 …ã mu∂i (…ãy, …ãN∆) (U5: mu∂i-gi∞-; mu∂i-nth-; mu∂i-v-) [44-45]
be finished (v.i.) 213 ≥R thïr (≥r, ≥RN∆) (U5: thïr-gi∞-; thïr-nth-; thïr-v-) [52-53]
fix (repair) 323 p¤∆ paR paΩuthu pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
fix (a pole, post, etc.) (v.t.); plant (a tree, seedling) 373 nƒ na∂u (nd, nDƒ) (U4: na∂u-gi∞-; na†-†-; na∂u-v-) [60-61]
fix (v.t.); establish; install; plant 057 naDƒ n䆆u (naDd, naDã) (I: n䆆u-gi∞-; n䆆’-i√-; n䆆u-v-) [18-19]
flee; run away 159 OãPEpa ö∂i-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY) (I: -pö-gi∞-; -pö’-√-; -pö-v-) [36-37]
float (v.i.) 340 êt mitha (êtKk, êtN∆) (U2: mitha-kki∞-; mitha-nth-; mitha-pp-) [88-89]
float (v.t.) 297 êtKk wv mithakka vai (- wvKk, -wvT∆) (U1: - vai-kki∞-; - vai-tth-; - vai-pp-) [38-39]
flourish (v.i.); be clear; be renowned 036 ɬı¿ vi¬a≥gu (ɬık, ɬıá) (I: º≥gu-gi∞-; º≥g’-i√-; º≥gu-v-) [4-5]
flow (v.i.); ooze; leak 135 o¤¿ oΩugu (o¤k, o¤á) (I: oΩugu-gi∞-; oΩug’-i√-; oΩugu-v-) [4-5]
flow (v.i.); ooze 046 U› ü∞u (U®, Uó) (I: ü∞u-gi∞-; ü∞’-i√-; ü∞u-v-) [16-17]
flow down (v.t.); pour 045 U‰› ü∞∞u (U‰®, U‰ó) (I: ü∞∞u-gi∞-; ü∞∞’-i√-; ü∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
flower, bloom, blossom 292 È pü (ÈKk, ÈT∆) (U1: pü-kki∞-athu; pü-tth-athu; pükk’-um) [60-61] neuter
flower (v.i.), bloom, blossom 419 mlR malar (mlr, mlRN∆) (U5: malar-gi∞-; malar-nth-; malar-v-) [100-101]
fly; move swiftly 336 p® pa∞a (p®Kk, p®N∆) (U2: pa∞a-kki∞-; pa∞a-nth-; pa∞a-pp-) [88-89]
follow (v.t.), chase 416 è˜etadR pi√-tho∂ar (-etadr, -etadRN∆) (U5: º∂ar-gi∞-; º∂ar-nth-; º∂ar-v-) [100-101]
*104-105] euphonic variant
follow (v.i.); go 423 *ecL sel (ecLl, ec˜›) (U5: sel[lu]-gi∞-; se√-∞-; sel[lu]-v-) [*
forget (v.t.) 339 m® ma∞a (m®Kk, m®N∆) (U2: ma∞a-kki∞-; ma∞a-nth-; ma∞a-pp-) [88-89]
forgive (v.t.), excuse 296 m˜ò ma√√i (m˜òKk, m˜òT∆) (U1: ma√√i-kki∞-; ma√√i-tth-; ma√√i-pp-) [42-43]
ask forgiveness, apologize 316 m˜òP» EkÒ ma√√ippu kë¬ (- EkDk, - EkDƒ) (U1: - ke†-ki∞-; - ke†-†-; - ke†-p-) [78]
frown (v.i.); wrinkle; shrink 014 ◊Ãı¿ suru≥gu (◊Ãık, ◊Ãıá) (I: suru≥gu-gi∞-; suru≥g’-i√-; suru≥gu-v-) [4-5]
have fun, play (games, etc.) 155 Éw¬yaƒ vi¬ai-y-ä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’-i√-; -ä∂u-v-) [20-21]
Gallop; jump 251 ¿ç kuthi (¿çKk, ¿çT∆) (U1: kuthi-kki∞-; kuthi-tth-; kuthi-pp-) [42-43]
gather (v.t.); collect 093 çrDƒ thira††u (çrDd, çrDã) (I: thira††u-gi∞-; thira††’-i√-; thira††u-v-) [18-19]
gather (v.t.); collect; add 053 ‡Dƒ kü††u (‡Dd, ‡Dã) (I: kü††u-gi∞-; kü††’-i√-; kü††u-v-) [18-19]
gather (v.i.); unite; join; assemble 054 ‡ƒ kü∂u (‡d, ‡ã) (I: kü∂u-gi∞-; kü∂’-i√-; kü∂u-v-) [20-21]
get (v.t.); receive; buy 126 vaı¿ vä≥gu (vaık, vaıá) (I: vä≥gu-gi∞-; vä≥g’-i√-; vä≥gu-v-) [4-5]
*64-65]
get (v.t.), receive; bear (give birth to) 384 *ep› pe∞u (ep®, ep‰›) (U4: pe∞u-gi∞-; pe∞-∞-; pe∞u-v-) [*
– 154 –
get (v.t.); accrue 078 áDƒ ki††u (áDd, áDã) (I: ki††u-gi∞-; ki††’-i√-; ki††u-v-) [18-19]
get down (v.i.); descend from 004 i®ı¿ i∞a≥gu (i®ık, i®ıá) (I: i∞a≥gu-gi∞-; i∞a≥g’-i√-; i∞a≥gu-v-) [4-5]
get up (v.i.); awake; emerge 390 ¶¤ eΩu (¶z, ¶¤N∆) (U5: eΩu-gi∞-; eΩu-nth-; eΩu-v-) [98-99]
get up (v.i.) 342 ¶¤Nçà eΩunth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
*6-7]
make get up (v.t.); awaken 005 *¶¤P» eΩuppu (¶¤Pp, ¶¤Pè) (I: eΩuppu-gi∞-; eΩupp’-i√-; eΩuppu-v-) [*
give (v.t.) 256 ekaƒ ko∂u (ekaƒKk, ekaƒT∆) (U1: ko∂u-kki∞-; ko∂u-tth-; ko∂u-pp-) [58-59]
give (v.t.) 399 ta thä (tr, tN∆) (U5: tharu-gi∞-; tha-nth-; tharu-v-) [106-107] irregular
give (v.t.); offer; render 226 îñ a¬i (îñKk, îñT∆) (U1: a¬i-kki∞-; a¬i-tth-; a¬i-pp-) [42-43]
glorify (v.t.), praise 417 »kZ pugaΩ (»kz, »kZN∆) (U5: pugaΩ-gi∞-; pugaΩ-nth-; pugaΩ-v-) [56-57]
glow (v.i.); burn 179 *¶í eri (¶íy, ¶íN∆) (U5: eri-gi∞-; eri-nth-; eri-v-) [*
*44-45]
*36-37] irregular
go (v.i.) 157 *Epa pö (Epak, EpaY) (I: pö-gi∞-; pö’-√-; pö-v-) [*
*104-105]
go (v.i.); follow 423 *ecL[Õ] sel[lu] (ecLl, ec˜›) (U5: sel[lu]-gi∞-; se√-∞-; sel[lu]-v-) [*
go about (v.i.); wander 388 îwl alai (îwly, îwlN∆) (U5: alai-gi∞-; alai-nth-; alai-v-) [40-41]
*8-9]
go up (v.i.); rise 006 *¶¤M» eΩumbu (¶¤Mp, ¶¤Mè) (I: eΩumbu-gi∞-; eΩumb’-i√-; eΩumbu-v-) [*
grab (v.t.), catch, seize 290 èã pi∂i (èãKk, èãT∆) (U1: pi∂i-kki∞-; pi∂i-tth-; pi∂i-pp-) [42-43]
*46-47]
graze (v.t.), feed (cattle) 214 *EmY mëy (EmYKk, EmYT∆) (U1: mëy-kki∞-; mëy-tth-; mëy-pp-) [*
*48-49]
graze (v.i.); eat (grass, etc.) 215 *EmY mëy (Emy, EmYN∆) (U5: mëy-gi∞-; mëy-nth-; mëy-v-) [*
grind (v.t.) 170 îwr arai (îwrKk, îwrT∆) (U1: arai-kki∞-; arai-tth-; arai-pp-) [38-39]
be ground (v.i.) 171 îwr arai (îwry, îwrN∆) (U5: arai-gi∞-; arai-nth-; arai-v-) [40-41]
grow (v.i.) 217 v¬R va¬ar (v¬r, v¬RN∆) (U5: va¬ar-gi∞-; va¬ar-nth-; va¬ar-v-) [52-53]
(make) grow (v.t.); raise 216 v¬R va¬ar (v¬RKk, v¬RT∆) (U1: va¬ar-kki∞-; va¬ar-tth-; va¬ar-pp-) [50-51]
guide, show the way; lead 000 vï kaDƒ vaΩi k䆆u (- kaDd, - kaDã) (I: k䆆u-gi∞-; k䆆’-i√-; k䆆u-v-) [18-19]
gulp (down) (v.t.), swallow 000 ɤı¿ viΩu≥gu (ɤık, ɤıá) (I: º≥gu-gi∞-; º≥g’-i√-; º≥gu-v-) [4-5]
Hang (suspend) (v.t.) 372 etaıkɃ tho≥ga-vi∂u (-Éd, -ÉDƒ) (U4: -vi∂u-gi∞-; -vi†-†-; -vi∂u-v-) [62-63]
hang (be suspended) (v.i.) 119 etaı¿ tho≥gu (etaık, etaıá) (I: tho≥gu-gi∞-; tho≥g’-i√-; tho≥gu-v-) [4-5]
hang (execute) (v.t.) 371 ÁKáL Epaƒ thükkil pö∂u (- Epad, - EpaDƒ) (U4: - pö∂u-gi∞-; - pö†-†-; - pö∂u-v-) [60-61]
*88-89]
happen (v.i.); walk; behave 335 *nd na∂a (ndKk, ndN∆) (U2: na∂a-kki∞-; na∂a-nth-; na∂a-pp-) [*
happen, take place 385 nwd ep› na∂ai pe∞u (- ep®, - ep‰›) (U4: - pe∞u-gi∞-; - pe∞-∞-; - pe∞u-v-) [64-65]
be happy (v.i.), rejoice 418 máZ magiΩ (máz, máZN∆) (U5: magiΩ-gi∞-; magiΩ-nth-; magiΩ-v-) [56-57]
hasten (v.i.) 000 îvcrPpƒ avasara-p-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
hate (v.t.), dislike 312 ev› ve∞u (ev›Kk, ev›T∆) (U1: ve∞u-kki∞-; ve∞u-tth-; ve∞u-pp-) [72-73]
*86-87]
have (v.i.); be; stay, remain; wait 328 *ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆) (U2: iru-kki∞-; iru-nth-; iru-pp-) [*
heal (v.i.); calm down 040 A› ä∞u (A®, Aó) (I: ä∞u-gi∞-; ä∞’-i√-; ä∞u-v-) [16-17]
be heated (v.i.); dry 205 kaY käy (kay, kaYN∆) (U5: käy-gi∞-; käy-nth-; käy-v-) [48-49]
help (v.t.) 131 utŒ uthavu (utv, utÉ) (I: uthavu-gi∞-; uthav’-i√-; uthavu-v-) [30-31]
help 000 utÉ ecY uthavi sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
hide (make disappear) (v.t.) 196 mw® ma∞ai (mw®Kk, mw®T∆) (U1: ma∞ai-kki∞-; ma∞ai-tth-; ma∞ai-pp-) [38-39]
hide (oneself) (v.i.); disappear 197 mw® ma∞ai (mw®y, mw®N∆) (U5: ma∞ai-gi∞-; ma∞ai-nth-; ma∞ai-v-) [40-41]
hit (v.t.); ring (bell); blow (e.g., as wind) 224 îã a∂i (îãKk, îãT∆) (U1: a∂i-kki∞-; a∂i-tth-; a∂i-pp-) [42-43]
be hot, burn; shoot 367 ◊ƒ su∂u (◊d, ◊Dƒ) (U4: su∂u-gi∞-; su†-†-; su∂u-v-) [60-61]
become humble (v.i.); descend 209 taZ thäΩ (taz, taZN∆) (U5: thäΩ-gi∞-; thäΩ-nth-; thäΩ-v-) [56-57]
humiliate (v.t.) 208 taZ thäΩ (taZKk, taZT∆) (U1: thäΩ-kki∞-; thäΩ-tth-; thäΩ-pp-) [54-55]
be hungry 283 pâ pasi (pâKk, pâT∆) (U1: pasi-kki∞-athu; pasi-tth-athu; pasikk’-um) neuter
hunt (animals, etc.) (v.t.) 000 EvDwdyaƒ v놆ai-y-ä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’-i√-; -ä∂u-v-) [20-21]
hurl (v.t.), throw, toss 391 ¶ó e∞i (¶óy, ¶óN∆) (U5: e∞i-gi∞-; e∞i-nth-; e∞i-v-) [44-45]
hurt (v.i.); ache 404 Ena(¿) nö(gu) (Enak, enaN∆) (U5: nö-gi∞-athu; no-nth-athu; nög’-um) neuter
Imagine; keep
435 wvT∆KekaÒ vaitthu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫-∂-; -ko¬-v-) [102-103]
improve 109 …˜Eˆ‰® pƒT∆ mu√√ë∞∞u pa∂atthu (- pƒTt, - pƒTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
improve (v.t.); expand 110 ÉívaK¿ viri-v-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
incite (v.t.); start (a car or machine) 009 á¬P» ki¬appu (á¬Pp, á¬Pè) (I: ºppu-gi∞-; ºpp’-i√-; ºppu-v-) [6-7]
include (v.t.) 067 uÒ¬dK¿ u¬¬’a∂akku (-îdKk, -îdKá) (I: -a∂akku-gi∞-; -a∂akk’-i√-; -a∂akku-v-) [2-3]
– 155 –
increase (v.t.); multiply 000 epÃK¿ perukku (epÃKk, epÃKá) (U1: ºkku-gi∞-; ºkk’-i√-; ºkku-v-) [2-3]
increase (v.i.); multiply 000 epÿ perugu (epÃk, epÃá) (I: perugu-gi∞-; perug’-i√-; perugu-v-) [12-13]
increase (v.t.); ascend, climb; get onto; enter (a vehicle) 050 ´› ë∞u (´®, ´ó) (I: ë∞u-gi∞-; ë∞’-i√-; ë∞u-v-) [32-33]
increase (in size, number) 406 ê¿ migu (êk, ê¿N∆) (U5: migu-gi∞-; migu-nth-; migu-v-) [98-99]
influence (v.t.) 263 ecLvaKkñ selväkk’a¬i (-îñKk, -îñT∆) (U1: -a¬i-kki∞-; -a¬i-tth-; -a¬i-pp-) [42-43]
inhale (v.t.), pull, drag; stretch 233 i¤ iΩu (i¤Kk, i¤T∆) (U1: iΩu-kki∞-; iΩu-tth-; iΩu-pp-) [72-73]
inoculate (v.t.) 358 Uâ Epaƒ üsi pö∂u (- Epad, - EpaDƒ) (U4: - pö∂u-gi∞-; - pö†-†-; - pö∂u-v-) [60-61]
install (v.t.); construct; settle 168 îwm amai (îwmKk, îwmT∆) (U1: amai-kki∞-; amai-tth-; amai-pp-) [38-39]
install (v.t.); establish; plant; fix 057 naDƒ n䆆u (naDd, naDã) (I: n䆆u-gi∞-; n䆆’-i√-; n䆆u-v-) [18-19]
invite (v.t.); call 225 îwz aΩai (îwzKk, îwzT∆) (U1: aΩai-kki∞-; aΩai-tth-; aΩai-pp-) [38-39]
be issued (v.i.); be born 338 è® pi∞a (è®Kk, è®N∆) (U2: pi∞a-kki∞-; pi∞a-nth-; pi∞a-pp-) [88-89]
Join (v.i.); unite; gather; assemble 054 ‡ƒ kü∂u (‡d, ‡ã) (I: kü∂u-gi∞-; kü∂’-i√-; kü∂u-v-) [20-21]
*52-53]
join (with) (v.i.); reach 207 *EcR sër (Ecr, EcRN∆) (U5: sër-gi∞-; sër-nth-; sër-v-) [*
*50-51]
join (v.t.); unite; admit; collect 206 *EcR sër (EcRKk, EcRT∆) (U1: sër-kki∞-; sër-tth-; sër-pp-) [*
judge (v.t.) 269 ≥RPpñ thïrpp’a¬i (-îñKk, -îñT∆) (U1: -a¬i-kki∞-; -a¬i-tth-; -a¬i-pp-) [42-43]
pass judgment 142 ≥RP»K‡› thïrppu-k-kü∞u (- ‡®, - ‡ó) (I: -kü∞u-gi∞-; -kü∞’-i√-; -kü∞u-v-) [16-17]
jump (v.i.), leap 415 paY päy (pay, paYN∆) (U5: päya-gi∞-; päya-nth-; päya-v-) [48-49]
jump; gallop 251 ¿ç kuthi (¿çKk, ¿çT∆) (U1: kuthi-kki∞-; kuthi-tth-; kuthi-pp-) [42-43]
Keep (v.t.); possess; take 426 *ekaÒ ko¬ (ekaÒ¬, ekaBƒ) (U5: ko¬-gi∞-; ko∫-∂-; ko¬-v-) [**102-103] euph. var.
keep (v.t.); put, place; serve 313 wv vai (wvKk, wvT∆) (U1: vai-kki∞-; vai-tth-; vai-pp-) [38-39]
keep; imagine 435 wvT∆KekaÒ vaitthu-k-ko¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫-∂-; -ko¬-v-) [102-103]
kill (v.t.) 422 ekaL kol (ekaLl, eka˜›) (U5: kol-gi∞-; ko√-∞-; kol-v-) [104-105]
(give a) kiss 380 …Ttêƒ muttham-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
know, understand 389 îó a∞i (îóy, îóN∆) (U5: a∞i-gi∞-; a∞i-nth-; a∞i-v-) [44-45]
know; understand; see 393 etí theri (etíy, etíN∆) (U5: theri-gi∞-; theri-nth-; theri-v-) [44-45]
be known; be seen 000 etíÀM theriyum (See Impersonal Verbs, p. 147)
make known (v.t.); express 272 etíÉ therivi (etíÉKk, etíÉT∆) (U1: ºvi-kki∞-; ºvi-tth-; ºvi-pp-) [42-43]
Lament (v.i.), mourn 124 »lM» pulambu (»lMp, »lMè) (I: pulambu-gi∞-; pulamb’-i√-; pulambu-v-) [8-9]
last (to wear well) (v.i.); work, toil 237 uwz uΩai (uwzKk, uwzT∆) (U1: uΩai-kki∞-; uΩai-tth-; uΩai-pp-) [38-39]
last (extend in time) (v.i.) 280 ¥ã nï∂i (¥ãKk, ¥ãT∆) (U1: nï∂i-kki∞-; nï∂i-tth-; nï∂i-pp-) [42-43]
laugh (v.i.); smile 262 âí siri (âíKk, âíT∆) (U1: siri-kki∞-; siri-tth-; siri-pp-) [42-43]
lead; show the way, guide 000 vï kaDƒ vaΩi k䆆u (- kaDd, -kaDã) (I: - k䆆u-gi∞-; - k䆆’-i√-; - k䆆u-v-) [18-19]
leak (v.i.); flow; ooze 135 o¤¿ oΩugu (o¤k, o¤á) (I: oΩugu-gi∞-; oΩug’-i√-; oΩugu-v-) [4-5]
leap (v.i.), jump 415 paY päy (pay, paYN∆) (U5: päy-gi∞-; päy-nth-; päy-v-) [48-49]
*80-81] euphonic variant
learn (v.t.); study 317 *kL kal (k‰k, k‰›) (U1: ka∞-ki∞-; ka∞-∞-; ka∞-p-) [*
leave (v.t.); release (let go); abandon 381 Ƀ vi∂u (Éd, ÉDƒ) (U4: vi∂u-gi∞-; vi†-†-; vi∂u-v-) [62-63]
lengthen (v.t.); protract 059 ¥¬maK¿ nï¬am-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) 10-11]
lengthen (v.i.); become protracted 060 ¥¬ma¿ nï¬am-ägu (-Ak, -Aá) (I: -ä’-gi∞-; -ä’-√-; -ä’-v-) [12-13]
lie around (v.i.); remain 332 ád ki∂a (ádKk, ádN∆) (U2: ki∂a-kki∞-; ki∂a-nth-; ki∂a-pp-) [88-89]
*58-59]
lie (down) 222 *pƒ pa∂u (pƒKk, pƒT∆) (U1: pa∂u-kki∞-; pa∂u-tth-; pa∂u-pp-) [*
lift up (v.t.); carry; weigh 019 ÁK¿ thükku (ÁKk, ÁKá) (I: thükku-gi∞-; thükk’-i√-; thükku-v-) [2-3]
like (v.t.) èãK¿M pi∂ikkum (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
*78-79] euphonic variant
listen; ask; obey 314 *EkÒ kë¬ (EkDk, EkDƒ) (U1: ke†-ki∞-; ke†-†-; ke†-p-) [*
live (dwell) 303 vâ vasi (vâKk, vâT∆) (U1: vasi-kki∞-; vasi-tth-; vasi-pp-) [74-75]
live (v.i.); prosper 421 vaZ väΩ (vaz, vaZN∆) (U5: väΩ-gi∞-; väΩ-nth-; väΩ-v-) [56-57]
lock (v.t.) 107 ÈDƒ pü††u (ÈDd, ÈDã) (I: pü††u-gi∞-; pü††’-i√-; pü††u-v-) [18-19]
lock (v.t.); close, shut 166 îwd a∂ai (îwdKk, îwdT∆) (U1: a∂ai-kki∞-; a∂ai-tth-; a∂ai-pp-) [38-39]
*76-77]
look (v.t.), see; try 289 *paR pär (paRKk, paRT∆) (U1: pär-kki∞-; pär-tth-; pär-pp-) [*
lose (be unable to keep) (v.t.) 329 iz iΩa (izKk, izN∆) (U2: iΩa-kki∞-; iΩa-nth-; iΩa-pp-) [88-89]
lose (v.i.); be defeated 000 EtaL thöl (Eta‰k, Eta‰›) (U1: thö∞-ki∞-; thö∞-∞-; thö∞-p-) [80-81] euphonic variant
– 156 –
lose (v.t.); ruin 188 etawl tholai (etawlKk, etawlT∆) (U1: tholai-kki∞-; tholai-tth-; tholai-pp-) [38-39]
be lost (v.i.); be ruined 189 etawl tholai (etawly, etawlN∆) (U5: tholai-gi∞-; tholai-nth-; tholai-v-) [40-41]
love (v.t.) 281 Enâ nësi (EnâKk, EnâT∆) (U1: nësi-kki∞-; nësi-tth-; nësi-pp-) [74-75]
love (v.t.) 428  ekaÒ a√bu ko¬ (- ekaÒ¬, - ekaBƒ) (U5: - ko¬-gi∞-; - ko∫-∂-; - ko¬-v-) [102-103]
Make (v.t.); do
*112-113]
437 *ecY sey (ecYy, ecY∆) (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-) [*
*26-27]
make (v.t.); do 128 *pB≈ pa∫∫u (pBb, pBõ) (I: pa∫∫u-gi∞-; pa∫∫’-i√-; pa∫∫u-v-) [*
*10-11]
make (v.t.), create; effect 037 *AK¿ äkku (AKk, AKá) (I: äkku-gi∞-; äkk’-i√-; äkku-v-) [*
manage (v.t.); direct 097 ndT∆ na∂atthu (ndTt, ndTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
mark (v.t.); denote 255 ¿ó ku∞i (¿óKk, ¿óT∆) (U1: ku∞i-kki∞-; ku∞i-tth-; ku∞i-pp-) [42-43]
get married 449 çÃmbM ecY thiruma∫am sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
measure (v.t.) 327 î¬ a¬a (î¬Kk, î¬N∆) (U2: a¬a-kki∞-; a¬a-nth-; a¬a-pp-) [88-89]
meet 260 cNç santhi (cNçKk, cNçT∆) (U1: santhi-kki∞-; santhi-tth-; santhi-pp-) [42-43]
melt (v.i.) 044 uÿ urugu (uÃk, uÃá) (I: urugu-gi∞-; urug’-i√-; urugu-v-) [4-5]
melt (v.t.) 043 uÃK¿ urukku (uÃKk, uÃKá) (I: urukku-gi∞-; urukk’-i√-; urukku-v-) [2-3]
mention (v.t.); specify 364 ¿óPèƒ ku∞ipp’i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
mingle with; mix (v.t.) 331 kl kala (klKk, klN∆) (U2: kala-kki∞-; kala-nth-; kala-pp-) [88-89]
mix (v.t.) 074 klwvyaK¿ kalavai-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
mix (v.t.); mingle with 331 kl kala (klKk, klN∆) (U2: kala-kki∞-; kala-nth-; kala-pp-) [88-89]
motivate (v.t.); stimulate; excite 118 ÁBƒ thü∫∂u (ÁBd, ÁBã) (I: thü∫∂u-gi∞-; thü∫∂’-i√-; thü∫∂u-v-) [20-21]
mourn (v.i.), lament 124 »lM» pulambu (»lMp, »lMè) (I: pulambu-gi∞-; pulamb’-i√-; pulambu-v-) [8-9]
*38-39]
move (v.t.); agitate; shake 164 *îwc asai (îwcKk, îwcT∆) (U1: asai-kki∞-; asai-tth-; asai-pp-) [*
*40-41]
move (v.i.) 165 *îwc asai (îwcy, îwcN∆) (U5: asai-gi∞-; asai-nth-; asai-v-) [*
move (v.i.); dance 130 Aƒ ä∂u (Ad, Aã) (I: ä∂u-gi∞-; ä∂’-i√-; ä∂u-v-) [20-21]
move away (v.t.); push 000 tÒ‹ tha¬¬u (tÒ¬, tÒñ) (I: tha¬¬u-gi∞-; tha¬¬’-i√-; tha¬¬u-v-) [26-27]
move aside (v.i.) 000 nkR [nkÃ] nagar [nagaru] (nkr, nkRN∆) (U5: nagar-gi∞-; nagar-nth-; nagar-v-) [100-101]
move (v.t.), shift (sth.) 096 nkRT∆ nagartthu (nkRTt, nkRTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
move swiftly; fly 336 p® pa∞a (p®Kk, p®N∆) (U2: pa∞a-kki∞-; pa∞a-nth-; pa∞a-pp-) [88-89]
multiply (v.t.); increase 000 epÃK¿ perukku (epÃKk, epÃKá) (I: perukku-gi∞-; perukk’-i√-; perukku-v-) [2-3]
multiply (v.i.); increase 000 epÿ perugu (epÃk, epÃá) (I: perugu-gi∞-; perug’-i√-; perugu-v-) [12-13]
(be) Needed 000 EvBƒM vë∫∂um (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
Obey (v.i.); be restrained
*4-5]
002 *îdı¿ a∂a≥gu (îdık, îdıá) (I: a∂a≥gu-gi∞-; a∂a≥g’-i√-; a∂a≥gu-v-) [*
*78-79] euphonic variant
obey; ask; listen 314 *EkÒ kë¬ (EkDk, EkDƒ) (U1: ke†-ki∞-; ke†-†-; ke†-p-) [*
obtain (v.i.); reach; approach 167 îwd a∂ai (îwdy, îwdN∆) (U5: a∂ai-gi∞-; a∂ai-nth-; a∂ai-v-) [40-41]
(be) obtainable 000 áwdK¿M ki∂aikkum (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
occupy (space) (v.i.) 429 idıekaÒ i∂a≥go¬ (-ekaÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) (U5: ºgo¬-gi∞-; ºgo∫-∂-; ºgo¬-v-) [102-103]
offer (v.t.); give; render 226 îñ a¬i (îñKk, îñT∆) (U1: a¬i-kki∞-; a¬i-tth-; a¬i-pp-) [42-43]
ooze (v.i.); flow 046 U› ü∞u (U®, Uó) (I: ü∞u-gi∞-; ü∞’-i√-; ü∞u-v-) [16-17]
ooze (v.i.); flow; leak 135 o¤¿ oΩugu (o¤k, o¤á) (I: oΩugu-gi∞-; oΩug’-i√-; oΩugu-v-) [4-5]
open (v.t.) 334 ç® thi∞a (ç®Kk, ç®N∆) (U2: thi∞a-kki∞-; thi∞a-nth-; thi∞a-pp-) [88-89]
open (v.i.); expand; spread; extend 201 Éí viri (Éíy, ÉíN∆) (U5: viri-gi∞-; viri-nth-; viri-v-) [44-45]
opt for; seek; approach 058 naƒ nä∂u (nad, naã) (I: nä∂u-gi∞-; nä∂’-i√-; nä∂u-v-) [20-21]
order, command 361 kDdw¬ëƒ ka††a¬ai-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
*56-57]
overturn (v.i.) 203 *kÉZ kaviΩ (kÉz, kÉZN∆) (U5: kaviΩ-gi∞-; kaviΩ-nth-; kaviΩ-v-) [*
overturn (v.t.) 106 »rDƒ pura††u (»rDd, »rDã) (I: pura††u-gi∞-; pura††’-i√-; pura††u-v-) [18-19]
be overturned (v.i.); revolve 427 »rÒ pura¬ (»r¬, »rBƒ) (U5: pura¬-gi∞-; pura∫-∂-; pura¬-v-) [102-103]
Pass; cross (over)
331X kd ka∂a (kdKk, kdN∆) (U2: ka∂a-kki∞-; ka∂a-nth-; ka∂a-pp-) [58-59]
pass (said of time, days) (v.i.) 183 kï kaΩi (kïy, kïN∆) (U5: kaΩi-gi∞-; kaΩi-nth-; kaΩi-v-) [44-45]
pass (an exam); qualify 056 Et› thë∞u (Et®, Etó) (I: thë∞u-gi∞-; thë∞’-i√-; thë∞u-v-) [16-17]
be patient 349 epa›Tçà po∞utth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
– 157 –
pick up (v.t.); take; remove 239 ¶ƒ e∂u (¶ƒKk, ¶ƒT∆) (U1: e∂u-kki∞-; e∂u-tth-; e∂u-pp-) [58-59]
*62-63]
place (v.t.); put 356 *iƒ i∂u (id, iDƒ) (U4: i∂u-gi∞-; i†-†-; i∂u-v-) [*
place (v.t.), put; keep; serve 313 wv vai (wvKk, wvT∆) (U1: vai-kki∞-; vai-tth-; vai-pp-) [38-39]
plan (v.t.), design 370 çDdêƒ thi††am-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
plant (a tree, seedling) (v.t.); fix (a pole, post, etc.) 373 nƒ na∂u (nd, nDƒ) (U4: na∂u-gi∞-; na†-†-; na∂u-v-) [60-61]
plant (v.t.); install; establish; fix 057 naDƒ n䆆u (naDd, naDã) (I: n䆆u-gi∞-; n䆆’-i√-; n䆆u-v-) [18-19]
play (games, etc.), have fun 155 Éw¬yaƒ vi¬ai-y-ä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) (I: -ä∂u-gi∞-; -ä∂’-i√-; -ä∂u-v-) [20-21]
*74]
play (an instrument) (v.t.); study; read 305 *vaâ väsi (vaâKk, vaâT∆) (U1: väsi-kki∞-; väsi-tth-; väsi-pp-) [*
be pleasing 000 èãK¿M pi∂ikkum (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
be pleasing 000 èíyM piriyam (predicate)
point at; aim 320 ¿ó paR ku∞i pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
ponder, consider 300 Eyaâ yösi (EyaâKk, EyaâT∆) (U1: yösi-kki∞-; yösi-tth-; yösi-pp-) [74-75]
*102-103] euph. var.
possess (v.t.); keep; take 426 *ekaÒ ko¬ (ekaÒ¬, ekaBƒ) (U5: ko¬-gi∞-; ko∫-∂-; ko¬-v-) [*
postpone (v.t.); put aside 368 tÒñ Epaƒ tha¬¬i pö∂u (- Epad, - EpaDƒ) (U4: - pö∂u-gi∞-; - pö†-†-; - pö∂u-v-) [60]
pound (v.t.); smash; thunder 231 iã i∂i (iãKk, iãT∆) (U1: i∂i-kki∞-; i∂i-tth-; i∂i-pp-) [42-43]
pour (v.t.); flow down 045 U‰› ü∞∞u (U‰®, U‰ó) (I: ü∞∞u-gi∞-; ü∞∞’-i√-; ü∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
(pound into) powder 108 epaãyaK¿ po∂i-y-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
praise (v.t.), glorify 417 »kZ pugaΩ (»kz, »kZN∆) (U5: pugaΩ-gi∞-; pugaΩ-nth-; pugaΩ-v-) [56-57]
pray 447 ejpM ecY jebam sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
prepare 000 AyTtM pB≈ äyattham pa∫∫u (- pBb, - pBõ) (I: pa∫∫u-gi∞-; pa∫∫’-i√-; pa∫∫u-v-) [26-27]
press (v.t.); squeeze 029 enÃK¿ nerukku (enÃKk, enÃKá) (I: nerukku-gi∞-; nerukk’-i√-; nerukku-v-) [2-3]
proclaim (v.t.); propose 140 ‡› kü∞u (‡®, ‡ó) (I: kü∞u-gi∞-; kü∞’-i√-; kü∞u-v-) [16-17]
promise 000 vaK¿Kekaƒ väkku-k-ko∂u (-ekaƒKk, -ekaƒT∆) (U1: -ko∂u-kki∞-; -ko∂u-tth-; -ko∂u-pp-) [58-59]
be proper (v.i.); be suitable 346 t¿Nçà thagunth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
propose (v.t.); proclaim 140 ‡› kü∞u (‡®, ‡ó) (I: kü∞u-gi∞-; kü∞’-i√-; kü∞u-v-) [16-17]
prosper (v.i.); live 421 vaZ väΩ (vaz, vaZN∆) (U5: väΩ-gi∞-; väΩ-nth-; väΩ-v-) [56-57]
protect (v.t.); save 077 kaPpa‰› käppä∞∞u (kaPpa‰®, kaPpa‰ó) (I: käppä∞∞u-gi∞-; käppä∞∞’-i√-; käppä∞∞u-v-) [14]
protect (v.t.); save 232 irDâ ira†chi (irDâKk, irDâT∆) (U1: ira†chi-kki∞-; ira†chi-tth-; ira†chi-pp-) [42-43]
protract (v.t.); lengthen 059 ¥¬maK¿ nï¬am-äkku (-AKk, -AKá) (I: -äkku-gi∞-; -äkk’-i√-; -äkku-v-) [10-11]
become protracted (v.i.); be lengthened 060 ¥¬ma¿ nï¬am-ägu (-Ak, -Aá) (I: -ä’-gi∞-; -ä’-√-; -ä’-v-) [12-13]
prove (v.t.) 299 emYPè meyppi (emYPèKk, emYPèT∆) (U1: meyppi-kki∞-; meyppi-tth-; meyppi-pp-) [42-43]
prove (v.t.); confirm 440 u›ç ecY u∞uthi sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
provoke (v.t.); excite; arouse 139 ᬛ ki¬a∞u (ᬮ, á¬ó) (I: ki¬a∞u-gi∞-; ki¬a∞’-i√-; ki¬a∞u-v-) [16-17]
publish (v.t.) 382 evñëƒ ve¬i-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
pull (v.t.), drag; inhale; stretch 233 i¤ iΩu (i¤Kk, i¤T∆) (U1: iΩu-kki∞-; iΩu-tth-; iΩu-pp-) [72-73]
pump (water, etc.) (v.t.); raise 049 ´‰› ë∞∞u (´‰®, ´‰ó) (I: ë∞∞u-gi∞-; ë∞∞’-i√-; ë∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
punish (v.t.) 266 tBã dha∫∂i (tBãKk, tBãT∆) (U1: dha∫∂i-kki∞-; dha∫∂i-tth-; dha∫∂i-pp-) [42-43]
pursue (v.t.), chase 095 ∆rT∆ thuratthu (∆rTt, ∆rTç) (I: thuratthu-gi∞-; thuratth’-i√-; thuratthu-v-) [22-23]
pursue (v.t.); continue; take up 413 etadR tho∂ar (etadr, etadRN∆) (U5: º∂ar-gi∞-; º∂ar-nth-; º∂ar-v-) [100-101]
push (v.t.); move away 000 tÒ‹ tha¬¬u (tÒ¬, tÒñ) (I: tha¬¬u-gi∞-; tha¬¬’-i√-; tha¬¬u-v-) [26-27]
put (v.t.); throw; (of animals) give birth 378 Epaƒ pö∂u (Epad, EpaDƒ) (U4: pö∂u-gi∞-; pö†-†-; pö∂u-v-) [60-61]
put (v.t.), place; keep; serve 313 wv vai (wvKk, wvT∆) (U1: vai-kki∞-; vai-tth-; vai-pp-) [38-39]
*62-63]
put (v.t.); place 356 *iƒ i∂u (id, iDƒ) (U4: i∂u-gi∞-; i†-†-; i∂u-v-) [*
put aside (v.t.); postpone 368 tÒñ Epaƒ tha¬¬i pö∂u (- Epad, - EpaDƒ) (U4: - pö∂u-gi∞-; - pö†-†-; - pö∂u-v-) [60]
put down (v.t.); bring down 003 i®K¿ i∞akku (i®Kk, i®Ká) (I: i∞akku-gi∞-; i∞akk’-i√-; i∞akku-v-) [2-3]
put on (v.t.), wear 235 uƒ u∂u (uƒKk, uƒT∆) (U1: u∂u-kki∞-; u∂u-tth-; u∂u-pp-) [58-59]
put on (v.t.), wear 064 uƒT∆ u∂utthu (uƒTt, uƒTç) (I: u∂utthu-gi∞-; u∂utth’-i√-; u∂utthu-v-) [22-23]
put on (v.t.); wear 387 îõ a∫i (îõy, îõN∆) (U5: a∫i-gi∞-; a∫i-nth-; a∫i-v-) [44-45]
Qualify; pass (an exam) 056 Et› thë∞u (Et®, Etó) (I: thë∞u-gi∞-; thë∞’-i√-; thë∞u-v-) [16-17]
be quiet (v.i.); become settled; suit 169 îwm amai (îwmy, îwmN∆) (U5: amai-gi∞-; amai-nth-; amai-v-) [40-41]
Rain, shower 439 epY pey (epYy, epY∆) (U6: pey-gi∞-; pey-th-; pey-v-) [112-113]
– 158 –
raise (v.t.) 065 uyRT∆ uyartthu (uyRTt, uyRTç) (I: uyartthu-gi∞-; uyartth’-i√-; uyartthu-v-) [22-23]
raise (v.t.); pump (water, etc.) 049 ´‰› ë∞∞u (´‰®, ´‰ó) (I: ë∞∞u-gi∞-; ë∞∞’-i√-; ë∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
raise (v.t.); (make) grow 216 v¬R va¬ar (v¬RKk, v¬RT∆) (U1: va¬a®-kki∞-; va¬a®-tth-; va¬a®-pp-) [50-51]
reach (v.i.); obtain; approach 167 îwd a∂ai (îwdy, îwdN∆) (U5: a∂ai-gi∞-; a∂ai-nth-; a∂ai-v-) [40-41]
reach; reach (for) 068 ¶Dƒ e††u (¶Dd, ¶Dã) (I: e††u-gi∞-; e††’-i√-; e††u-v-) [18-19]
read (v.t.); study 284 pã pa∂i (pãKk, pãT∆) (U1: pa∂i-kki∞-; pa∂i-tth-; pa∂i-pp-) [42-43]
*74]
read (v.t.); study; play (an instrument) 305 *vaâ väsi (vaâKk, vaâT∆) (U1: väsi-kki∞-; väsi-tth-; väsi-pp-) [*
realize (v.i.); recognize; feel 410 ubR u∫ar (ubr, ubRN∆) (U5: u∫ar-gi∞-; u∫ar-nth-; u∫ar-v-) [100-101]
receive (v.t.); get; buy 126 vaı¿ vä≥gu (vaık, vaıá) (I: vä≥gu-gi∞-; vä≥g’-i√-; vä≥gu-v-) [4-5]
*64-65]
receive (v.t.), get; bear (give birth to) 384 *ep› pe∞u (ep®, ep‰›) (U4: pe∞u-gi∞-; pe∞-∞-; pe∞u-v-) [*
recognize (v.i.); realize; feel 410 ubR u∫ar (ubr, ubRN∆) (U5: u∫ar-gi∞-; u∫ar-nth-; u∫ar-v-) [100-101]
recollect (v.i.), remember 092 ùapkPpƒT∆ ñäbaga-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22]
*72-73]
refuse (v.t.); deny 295 *m› ma∞u (m›Kk, m›T∆) (U1: ma∞u-kki∞-; ma∞u-tth-; ma∞u-pp-) [*
reject (v.t.); discharge; spend (time); subtract 182 kï kaΩi (kïKk, kïT∆) (U1: kaΩi-kki∞-; kaΩi-tth-; kaΩi-pp-) [42]
rejoice (v.i.), be happy 418 máZ magiΩ (máz, máZN∆) (U5: magiΩ-gi∞-; magiΩ-nth-; magiΩ-v-) [56-57]
release (let go) (v.t.); leave; abandon 381 Ƀ vi∂u (Éd, ÉDƒ) (U4: vi∂u-gi∞-; vi†-†-; vi∂u-v-) [62-63]
*86-87]
remain (v.i.), stay; wait; be; have 328 *ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆) (U2: iru-kki∞-; iru-nth-; iru-pp-) [*
remain (v.i.); lie around 332 ád ki∂a (ádKk, ádN∆) (U2: ki∂a-kki∞-; ki∂a-nth-; ki∂a-pp-) [88-89]
remember (v.i.), recollect 092 ùapkPpƒT∆ ñäbaga-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22]
remember; think 279 éwˆ ni√ai (éwˆKk, éwˆT∆) (U1: ni√ai-kki∞-; ni√ai-tth-; ni√ai-pp-) [38-39]
remind s.o. of sth. (v.t.) 099 éwˆŒpƒT∆ ni√aivu-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22]
remove (v.t.); pick up; take 239 ¶ƒ e∂u (¶ƒKk, ¶ƒT∆) (U1: e∂u-kki∞-; e∂u-tth-; e∂u-pp-) [58-59]
remove (v.t.), take off (clothes, etc.) 075 kz‰› kaΩa∞∞u (kz‰®, kz‰ó) (I: ºa∞∞u-gi∞-; ºa∞∞’-i√-; ºa∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
render (v.t.); give; offer 226 îñ a¬i (îñKk, îñT∆) (U1: a¬i-kki∞-; a¬i-tth-; a¬i-pp-) [42-43]
be renowned (v.i.); be clear; flourish 036 ɬı¿ vi¬a≥gu (ɬık, ɬıá) (I: º≥gu-gi∞-; º≥g’-i√-; º≥gu-v-) [4-5]
repair; set right 445 cí ecY sari sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: sey-gi∞-; sey-th-; sey-v-) [112-113]
repair; set right 086 cíPpƒT∆ sari-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: -pa∂atthu-gi∞-; -pa∂atth’-i√-; -pa∂atthu-v-) [22]
repeat/reproduce (from memory) 241 oPè oppi (oPèKk, oPèT∆) (U1: oppi-kki∞-; oppi-tth-; oppi-pp-) [42-43]
reprimand, scold 181 kã ka∂i (kãy, kãN∆) (U5: ka∂i-gi∞-; ka∂i-nth-; ka∂i-v-) [44-45]
*68-69]
resemble (v.t.); equal 240 *o o (oKk, oT∆) (U1: o-kki∞-; o-tth-; o-pp-) [*
resolve (a problem, etc.) (v.t.) 212 ≥R thïr (≥RKk, ≥RT∆) (U1: thïr-kki∞-; thïr-tth-; thïr-pp-) [50-51]
rest (v.i.); stay 117 tı¿ tha≥gu (tık, tıá) (I: tha≥gu-gi∞-; tha≥g’-i√-; tha≥gu-v-) [4-5]
*2-3]
restrain (v.t.); control 001 *îdK¿ a∂akku (îdKk, îdKá) (I: a∂akku-gi∞-; a∂akk’-i√-; a∂akku-v-) [*
*4-5]
be restrained (v.i.); obey 002 *îdı¿ a∂a≥gu (îdık, îdıá) (I: a∂a≥gu-gi∞-; a∂a≥g’-i√-; a∂a≥gu-v-) [*
return (v.i.); turn 018 çÃM» thirumbu (çÃMp, çÃMè) (I: thirumbu-gi∞-; thirumb’-i√-; thirumbu-v-) [8-9]
return; come back 403 çÃMè va thirumbi vä (- vr, - vN∆) (U5: - varu-gi∞-; - va-nth-; - varu-v-) [106-107]
revolve; be overturned (v.i.) 427 »rÒ pura¬ (»r¬, »rBƒ) (U5: pura¬-gi∞-; pura∫-∂-; pura¬-v-) [102-103] euph. var.
ring (bell) (v.t.); hit; blow (e.g., as wind) 224 îã a∂i (îãKk, îãT∆) (U1: a∂i-kki∞-; a∂i-tth-; a∂i-pp-) [42-43]
rip (v.t.) 184 áï kiΩi (áïKk, áïT∆) (U1: kiΩi-kki∞-; kiΩi-tth-; kiΩi-pp-) [42-43]
be ripped (v.i.) 185 áï kiΩi (áïy, áïN∆) (U5: kiΩi-gi∞-; kiΩi-nth-; kiΩi-v-) [44-45]
ripen (v.i.) 287 p¤ paΩu (p¤Kk, p¤T∆) (U1: paΩu-kki∞-; paΩu-tth-; paΩu-pp-) [58-59]
*8-9]
rise (v.i.); go up 006 *¶¤M» eΩumbu (¶¤Mp, ¶¤Mè) (I: eΩumbu-gi∞-; eΩumb’-i√-; eΩumbu-v-) [*
rise (v.i.); start; emerge 010 á¬M» ki¬ambu (á¬Mp, á¬Mè) (I: ki¬ambu-gi∞-; ki¬amb’-i√-; ki¬ambu-v-) [8-9]
rise (e.g., as sun) (v.i.); dawn 397 Éã vi∂i (Éãy, ÉãN∆) (U5: vi∂i-gi∞-; vi∂i-nth-; vi∂i-v-) [44-45]
rob (grand larceny) (v.t.) 259 ekaÒw¬yã ko¬¬ai-y-a∂i (-îãKk, -îãT∆) (U1: -a∂i-kki∞-; -a∂i-tth-; -a∂i-pp-) [42]
roll (make roll) (v.t.) 066 uÃDƒ uru††u (uÃDd, uÃDã) (I: uru††u-gi∞-; uru††’-i√-; uru††u-v-) [18-19]
rub (sth. against sth.) (v.t.) 000 EtY thëy (EtYKk, EtYT∆) (U1: thëy-kki∞-; thëy-tth-; thëy-pp-) [46-47]
ruin (v.t.); lose 188 etawl tholai (etawlKk, etawlT∆) (U1: tholai-kki∞-; tholai-tth-; tholai-pp-) [38-39]
be ruined (v.i.); be lost 189 etawl tholai (etawly, etawlN∆) (U5: tholai-gi∞-; tholai-nth-; tholai-v-) [40-41]
*20-21]
run (v.i.) 052 *Oƒ ö∂u (Od, Oã) (I: ö∂u-gi∞-; ö∂’-i√-; ö∂u-v-) [*
run away; flee 159 OãPEpa ö∂i-p-pö (-Epak, -EpaY) (I: -pö-gi∞-; -pö-√-; -pö-v-) [36-37]
– 159 –
Sacrifice
375 pìëƒ bali-y-i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
save (v.t.); protect 077 kaPpa‰› käppä∞∞u (kaPpa‰®, kaPpa‰ó) (I: ºpä∞∞u-gi∞-; ºpä∞∞’-i√-; ºpä∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
save (v.t.); protect 232 irDâ ira†chi (irDâKk, irDâT∆) (U1: ira†chi-kki∞-; ira†chi-tth-; ira†chi-pp-) [42-43]
say (v.i.); tell 156 *ecaL[Õ] sol[lu] (ecaLl, ecaLì) (I: sol-gi∞-; so√-√-; sol-v-) [*34-35] irregular
*96-97]
say; tell 351 *¶˜(fi) e√(√u) (¶˜ˆ, ¶˜›) (U3: e√-gi∞-; e√-∞-; e√-b-) [*
scold, reprimand 181 kã ka∂i (kãy, kãN∆) (U5: ka∂i-gi∞-; ka∂i-nth-; ka∂i-v-) [44-45]
scorch (sth) (v.t.); burn (sth) 210 ≥Y thïy (≥YKk, ≥YT∆) (U1: thïy-kki∞-; thïy-tth-; thïy-pp-) [46-47]
be scorched (v.i.), be burnt 211 ≥Y thïy (≥y, ≥YN∆) (U5: thïy-gi∞-; thïy-nth-; thïy-v-) [48-49]
scream 129 îl› ala∞u (îl®, îló) (I: ala∞u-gi∞-; ala∞’-i√-; ala∞u-v-) [16-17]
search (v.t.); examine; test 264 Ecaç söthi (EcaçKk, EcaçT∆) (U1: söthi-kki∞-; söthi-tth-; söthi-pp-) [42-43]
search for (v.t.); seek 143 Etƒ thë∂u (Etd, Etã) (I: thë∂u-gi∞-; thë∂’-i√-; thë∂u-v-) [20-21]
search for; seek 322 EtãPpaR thë∂i-p-pär (-paRKk, -paRT∆) (U1: -pär-kki∞-; -pär-tth-; -pär-pp-) [76-77]
*76-77]
see (v.t.), look; try 289 *paR pär (paRKk, paRT∆) (U1: pär-kki∞-; pär-tth-; pär-pp-) [*
*92-93]
see (v.t.); find out 354 *kaB kä∫ (kab, kBƒ) (U3: kä∫-gi∞-; ka∫-∂-; kä√-b-) [*
see (v.t.); understand; know 393 etí theri (etíy, etíN∆) (U5: theri-gi∞-; theri-nth-; theri-v-) [44-45]
be seen; be known 000 etíÀM theriyum (see Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
seek (v.t.); search for 143 Etƒ thë∂u (Etd, Etã) (I: thë∂u-gi∞-; thë∂’-i√-; thë∂u-v-) [20-21]
seek; search for 322 EtãPpaR thë∂i-p-pär (-paRKk, -paRT∆) (U1: -pär-kki∞-; -pär-tth-; -pär-pp-) [76-77]
seek; approach; opt for 058 naƒ nä∂u (nad, naã) (I: nä∂u-gi∞-; nä∂’-i√-; nä∂u-v-) [20-21]
*24-25]
seem (v.i.); appear 121 *Eta˜› thö√∞u (Eta˜®, Eta˜ó) (I: thö√∞u-gi∞-; thö√∞’-i√-; thö√∞u-v-) [*
seize (v.t.), catch, grab; like 290 èã pi∂i (èãKk, èãT∆) (U1: pi∂i-kki∞-; pi∂i-tth-; pi∂i-pp-) [42-43]
select (v.t.), choose; elect 273 EtRNetƒ thërnth’e∂u (-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆) (U1: -e∂u-kki∞-; -e∂u-tth-; -e∂u-pp-) [58]
*82-83] irregular
sell (v.t.) 318 *ÉL vil (ɉk, ɉ›) (U1: - vi∞-ki∞-; vi∞-∞-; vi∞-p-) [*
send (v.t.) 063 îfiP» a√uppu (îfiPp, îfiPè) (I: a√uppu-gi∞-; a√upp’-i√-; a√uppu-v-) [6-7]
separate (v.t.); divide 194 èí piri (èíKk, èíT∆) (U1: piri-kki∞-; piri-tth-; piri-pp-) [42-43]
be separated (v.i.); be divided; unravel; depart 195 èí piri (èíy, èíN∆) (U5: piri-gi∞-; piri-nth-; piri-v-) [44-45]
serve 450 põ ecY pa∫i sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
serve (food) (v.t.); exchange 000 píma› parimä∞u (píma®, pímaó) (I: ºmä∞u-gi∞-; ºmä∞’-i√-; ºmä∞u-v-) [16-17]
serve (v.t.); put, place; keep; 313 wv vai (wvKk, wvT∆) (U1: vai-kki∞-; vai-tth-; vai-pp-) [38-39]
set out, start 377 »®Ppƒ pu∞a-p-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
set right; repair 445 cí ecY sari sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
set right; repair 086 cíPpƒT∆ sari-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: ºtthu-gi∞-; ºtth’-i√-; ºtthu-v-) [22-23]
settle (v.t.); construct; install 168 îwm amai (îwmKk, îwmT∆) (U1: amai-kki∞-; amai-tth-; amai-pp-) [38-39]
become settled (v.i.); suit; be quiet 169 îwm amai (îwmy, îwmN∆) (U5: amai-gi∞-; amai-nth-; amai-v-) [40-41]
sew (v.t.), stitch 274 wt thai (wtKk, wtT∆) (U1: thai-kki∞-; thai-tth-; thai-pp-) [38-39]
*38-39]
shake (v.t.); move; agitate 164 *îwc asai (îwcKk, îwcT∆) (U1: asai-kki∞-; asai-tth-; asai-pp-) [*
shake (v.i.); tremble 024 nƒı¿ na∂u≥gu (nƒık, nƒıá) (I: na∂u≥gu-gi∞-; na∂u≥g’-i√-; na∂u≥gu-v-) [4-5]
shake out (dust, water) (v.t.) 132 ut› utha∞u (ut®, utó) (I: utha∞u-gi∞-; utha∞’-i√-; utha∞u-v-) [16-17]
*70-71]
share (v.t.); apportion; divide 282 *p¿ pagu (p¿Kk, p¿T∆) (U1: pagu-kki∞-; pagu-tth-; pagu-pp-) [*
shift (sth.) (v.t.), move 096 nkRT∆ nagartthu (nkRTt, nkRTç) (I: ºrtthu-gi∞-; ºrtth’-i√-; ºrtthu-v-) [22-23]
shoot; burn, be hot 367 ◊ƒ su∂u (◊d, ◊Dƒ) (U4: su∂u-gi∞-; su†-†-; su∂u-v-) [60-61]
shorten (v.t.); decrease; cut 186 ¿w® ku∞ai (¿w®Kk, ¿w®T∆) (U1: ku∞ai-kki∞-; ku∞ai-tth-; ku∞ai-pp-) [38-39]
become short (v.i.); be cut 187 ¿w® ku∞ai (¿w®y, ¿w®N∆) (U5: ku∞ai-gi∞-; ku∞ai-nth-; ku∞ai-v-) [40-41]
shout 073 kT∆ katthu (kTt, kTç) (I: katthu-gi∞-; katth’-i√-; katthu-v-) [22-23]
shout (v.t.); call 365 ‡Pèƒ küpp’i∂u (‡Pèd, ‡PèDƒ) (U4: küppi∂u-gi∞-; küppi†-†-; küppi∂u-v-) [62-63]
show (point out) (v.t.) 076 kaDƒ k䆆u (kaDd, kaDã) (I: k䆆u-gi∞-; k䆆’-i√-; k䆆u-v-) [18-19]
show the way, guide; lead 000 vï kaDƒ vaΩi k䆆u (- kaDd, - kaDã) (I: - k䆆u-gi∞-; - k䆆’-i√-; - k䆆u-v-) [18-19]
shower, rain, 439 epY pey (epYy, epY∆) (U6: pey-gi∞-; pey-th-; pey-v-) [112-113]
shrink (make small) (v.t.) 013 ◊ÃK¿ surukku (◊ÃKk, ◊ÃKá) (I: surukku-gi∞-; surukk’-i√-; surukku-v-) [2-3]
shrink (v.i.); wrinkle; frown 014 ◊Ãı¿ suru≥gu (◊Ãık, ◊Ãıá) (I: suru≥gu-gi∞-; suru≥g’-i√-; suru≥gu-v-) [4-5]
shut (v.t.), close; lock 166 îwd a∂ai (îwdKk, îwdT∆) (U1: a∂ai-kki∞-; a∂ai-tth-; a∂ai-pp-) [38-39]
– 160 –
shut (door, etc.) (v.t.), close 088 caT∆ sätthu (caTt, caTç) (I: sätthu-gi∞-; sätth’-i√-; sätthu-v-) [22-23]
sing 147 paƒ pä∂u (pad, paã) (I: pä∂u-gi∞-; pä∂’-i√-; pä∂u-v-) [20-21]
sink (v.i.), submerge; drown 152 ÎZ¿ müΩgu (ÎZk, ÎZá) (I: müΩgu-gi∞-; müΩg’-i√-; müΩgu-v-) [4-5]
*100-101]
sit, (v.i.) 409 *uDkaR u†kär (uDkar, uDkaRN∆) (U5: u†kär-gi∞-; u†kär-nth-; u†kär-v-) [*
sleep (v.i) 020 Áı¿ thü≥gu (Áık, Áıá) (I: thü≥gu-gi∞-; thü≥g’-i√-; thü≥gu-v-) [4-5]
smash (v.t.); pound; thunder 231 iã i∂i (iãKk, iãT∆) (U1: i∂i-kki∞-; i∂i-tth-; i∂i-pp-) [42-43]
smell (sth.) (v.t.) 324 EmaN∆ paR mönthu pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
smile (v.i.); laugh 262 âí siri (âíKk, âíT∆) (U1: siri-kki∞-; siri-tth-; siri-pp-) [42-43]
smoke (a cigarette, etc.) (v.t.) 000 »wkPèã pugai-p-pi∂i (-èãKk, -èãT∆) (U1: pi∂i-kki∞-; pi∂i-tth-; pi∂i-pp-) [42]
smoke (emit smoke) (v.i.) 394 »wk pugai (»wky, »wkN∆) (U5: pugai-gi∞-; pugai-nth-; pugai-v-) [40-41]
snack (said of humans); eat (said of animals) 352 ç˜(fi) thi√(√u) (瘈, 瘛) (U3: thi√-gi∞-; thi√-∞-; thi√-b-) [96]
solve (v.t.); discover; find 244 kBƒèã ka∫∂u-pi∂i (-èãKk, -èãT∆) (U1: -pi∂i-kki∞-; -pi∂i-tth-; -pi∂i-pp-) [42-43]
sound (v.t.) 242 oì oli (oìKk, oìT∆) (U1: oli-kki∞-; oli-tth-; oli-pp-) [42-43]
*32-33]
speak 149 *Ep◊ pësu (Epc, Epâ) (I: pësu-gi∞-; pës’-i√-; pësu-v-) [*
specify (v.t.); mention 364 ¿óPèƒ ku∞ipp’i∂u (-id, -iDƒ) (U4: -i∂u-gi∞-; -i†-†-; -i∂u-v-) [62-63]
spend (time) (v.t.); discharge; subtract 182 kï kaΩi (kïKk, kïT∆) (U1: kaΩi-kki∞-; kaΩi-tth-; kaΩi-pp-) [42-43]
spill (v.t.) 116 âN∆ sinthu (âNt, âNç) (I: sinthu-gi∞-; sinth’-i√-; sinthu-v-) [28-29]
split (v.t.) 337 è¬ pi¬a (è¬Kk, è¬N∆) (U2: pi¬a-kki∞-; pi¬a-nth-; pi¬a-pp-) [88-89]
spoil (v.t.); damage 218 ekƒ ke∂u (ekƒKk, ekƒT∆) (U1: ke∂u-kki∞-; ke∂u-tth-; ke∂u-pp-) [58-59]
be spoiled (v.i.); be damaged 219 ekƒ ke∂u (ekd, ekDƒ) (U4: ke∂u-gi∞-; ke†-†-; ke∂u-v-) [60-61]
*36-37] irregular
be spoiled, go bad 161 ekDƒ Epa ke††u pö (- Epak, - EpaY) (I: - pö-gi∞-; - pö-√-; - pö-v-) [*
spread (v.i.); expand; open; extend 201 Éí viri (Éíy, ÉíN∆) (U5: viri-gi∞-; viri-nth-; viri-v-) [44-45]
spread out (hair, etc.) (v.t.) 200 Éí viri (ÉíKk, ÉíT∆) (U1: viri-kki∞-; viri-tth-; viri-pp-) [42-43]
squeeze (v.t.); press 029 enÃK¿ nerukku (enÃKk, enÃKá) (I: nerukku-gi∞-; nerukk’-i√-; nerukku-v-) [2-3]
stab (v.t.) 081 ¿T∆ kutthu (¿Tt, ¿Tç) (I: kutthu-gi∞-; kutth’-i√-; kutthu-v-) [22-23]
*90-91] euphonic variant
stand (v.i.); stay; stop 341 *éL(Õ) nil(lu) (é‰k, 阛) (U2: ni∞-ki∞-; ni√-∞-; ni∞-p-) [*
start, set out 377 »®Ppƒ pu∞a-p-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa††-; -pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
start (a car or machine) (v.t.); incite 009 á¬P» ki¬appu (á¬Pp, á¬Pè) (I: ki¬appu-gi∞-; ki¬app’-i√-; ki¬appu-v-) [6-7]
start (v.i.); rise; emerge 010 á¬M» ki¬ambu (á¬Mp, á¬Mè) (I: ki¬ambu-gi∞-; ki¬amb’-i√-; ki¬ambu-v-) [8-9]
be startled (v.i.), be alarmed 369 çƒKრthi∂ukki∂u (çƒKád, çƒKáDƒ)(U4: ºki∂u-gi∞-; ºki†-†-; ºki∂u-v-) [62-63]
starve (v.i.) 347 pDãòëà pa††i√i-y-iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
stay (v.i.); rest 117 tı¿ tha≥gu (tık, tıá) (I: tha≥gu-gi∞-; tha≥g’-i√-; tha≥gu-v-) [4-5]
*90-91] euphonic variant
stay (v.i.); stop; stand 341 *éL(Õ) nil(lu) (é‰k, 阛) (U2: ni∞-ki∞-; ni√-∞-; ni∞-p-) [*
*86-87]
stay (v.i.), remain; wait; be; have 328 *ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆) (U2: iru-kki∞-; iru-nth-; iru-pp-) [*
steal (v.t.) 141 çà thiru∂u (çÃd, çÃã) (I: thiru∂u-gi∞-; thiru∂’-i√-; thiru∂u-v-) [20-21]
steam (v.t.); boil 172 îÉ avi (îÉKk, îÉT∆) (U1: avi-kki∞-; avi-tth-; avi-pp-) [42-43]
be steamed (v.i.); be boiled 173 îÉ avi (îÉy, îÉN∆) (U5: avi-gi∞-; avi-nth-; avi-v-) [44-45]
stick (make adhere to) (v.t.) 070 oDƒ o††u (oDd, oDã) (I: o††u-gi∞-; o††’-i√-; o††u-v-) [18-19]
stimulate (v.t.); excite; motivate 118 ÁBƒ thü∫∂u (ÁBd, ÁBã) (I: thü∫∂u-gi∞-; thü∫∂’-i√-; thü∫∂u-v-) [20-21]
stink (v.i.) 145 na› nä∞u (na®, naó) (I: nä∞u-gi∞-; nä∞’-i√-; nä∞u-v-) [16-17]
stir (v.t.); disturb 007 klK¿ kalakku (klKk, klKá) (I: kalakku-gi∞-; kalakk’-i√-; kalakku-v-) [2-3]
be stirred (v.i.); be disturbed 008 klı¿ kala≥gu (klık, klıá) (I: kala≥gu-gi∞-; kala≥g’-i√-; kala≥gu-v-) [4-3]
stitch (v.t.), sew 274 wt thai (wtKk, wtT∆) (U1: thai-kki∞-; thai-tth-; thai-pp-) [38-39]
*90-91] euphonic variant
stop (v.i.); stay; stand 341 *éL(Õ) nil(lu) (é‰k, 阛) (U2: ni∞-ki∞-; ni√-∞-; ni∞-p-) [*
stop (v.t.); arrest 098 é›T∆ ni∞utthu (é›Tt, é›Tç) (I: ni®utthu-gi∞-; ni®utth’-i√-; ni®utthu-v-) [22-23]
strengthen 103 plPpƒT∆ bala-p-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: -pa∂utthu-gi∞-; -pa∂utth’-i√-; -pa∂utthu-v-) [22-23]
stretch (v.t.); pull, drag; inhale 233 i¤ iΩu (i¤Kk, i¤T∆) (U1: iΩu-kki∞-; iΩu-tth-; iΩu-pp-) [72-73]
string (beads, etc.) (v.t.); connect 220 etaƒ tho∂u (etaƒKk, etaƒT∆) (U1: tho∂u-kki∞-; tho∂u-tth-; tho∂u-pp-) [58]
struggle, fight 150 Eparaƒ pör’ä∂u (-Ad, -Aã) (I: pörä∂u-gi∞-; pörä∂’-i√-; pörä∂u-v-) [20-21]
study (v.t.); read 284 pã pa∂i (pãKk, pãT∆) (U1: pa∂i-kki∞-; pa∂i-tth-; pa∂i-pp-) [42-43]
*80-81] euphonic variant
study (v.t.); learn 317 *kL kal (k‰k, k‰›) (U1: ka∞-ki∞-; ka∞-∞-; ka∞-p-) [*
– 161 –
*74]
study (v.t.); read; play (an instrument) 305 *vaâ väsi (vaâKk, vaâT∆) (U1: väsi-kki∞-; väsi-tth-; väsi-pp-) [*
submerge (v.i.), sink; drown 152 ÎZ¿ müΩgu (ÎZk, ÎZá) (I: müΩgu-gi∞-; müΩg’-i√-; müΩgu-v-) [4-5]
subtract (v.t.); spend (time); discharge 182 kï kaΩi (kïKk, kïT∆) (U1: kaΩi-kki∞-; kaΩi-tth-; kaΩi-pp-) [42-43]
be sufficient 000 Epa∆M pöthum (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
suit (v.i.); become settled; be quiet 169 îwm amai (îwmy, îwmN∆) (U5: amai-gi∞-; amai-nth-; amai-v-) [40-41]
be suitable (v.i.); be proper 346 t¿Nçà thagunth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
support (v.t.); sustain 229 Atí äthari (AtíKk, AtíT∆) (U1: äthari-kki∞-; äthari-tth-; äthari-pp-) [42-43]
surround (v.t.) 089 ◊‰› su∞∞u (◊‰®, ◊‰ó) (I: su∞∞u-gi∞-; su∞∞’-i√-; su∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
sustain (v.t.); support 229 Atí äthari (AtíKk, AtíT∆) (U1: äthari-kki∞-; äthari-tth-; äthari-pp-) [42-43]
sustain 016 taı¿ thä≥gu (taık, taıá) (I: thä≥gu-gi∞-; thä≥g’-i√-; thä≥gu-v-) [4-5]
swallow (v.t.), gulp (down) 000 ɤı¿ viΩu≥gu (ɤık, ɤıá) (I: viΩu≥gu-gi∞-; viΩu≥g’i√-; viΩu≥gu-v-) [4-5]
be sweet (v.i.) 234 iò i√i (iòKk, iòT∆) (U1: i√i-kki∞-; i√i-tth-; i√i-pp-) [42-43]
swim (v.i.) 123 ¥N∆ nïnthu (¥Nt, ¥Nç) (I: nïnthu-gi∞-; nïnth’-i√-; nïnthu-v-) [28-29]
*84]
switch off (v.t.), turn off; embrace 326 *îwb a∫ai (îwbKk, îwbT∆) (U1: a∫ai-kki∞-; a∫ai-tth-; a∫ai-pp-) [*
swoon (v.i.); faint 395 myıá ɤ maya≥gi viΩu (- Éz, - ɤN∆) (U5: - viΩu-gi∞-; - viΩu-nth-; - viΩu-v-) [98-99]
Take (v.t.); pick up; remove 239 ¶ƒ e∂u (¶ƒKk, ¶ƒT∆) (U1: e∂u-kki∞-; e∂u-tth-; e∂u-pp-) [58-59]
*102-103] euph. var.
take (v.t.); possess; keep 426 *ekaÒ ko¬ (ekaÒ¬, ekaBƒ) (U5: ko¬-gi∞-; ko∫-∂-; ko¬-v-) [*
*102]
take care of; watch over 434 paRT∆KekaÒ pärtthu-k-ko¬ (-ekÒ¬, -ekaBƒ) (U5: ko¬-gi∞-; ko∫-∂-; ko¬-v-) [*
take (away) (v.t.) 162 ekaBƒ Epa ko∫∂u pö (- Epak, - EpaY) (I: - pö-gi∞-; - pö-√-; - pö-v-) [36-37]
take off (clothes, etc.) (v.t.), remove 075 kz‰› kaΩa∞∞u (kz‰®, kz‰ó) (I: ºa∞∞u-gi∞-; ºa∞∞’-i√-; ºa∞∞u-v-) [14-15]
take up (v.t.); continue; pursue 413 etadR tho∂ar (etadr, etadRN∆) (U5: º∂ar-gi∞-; º∂ar-nth-; º∂ar-v-) [100-101]
take place, happen 385 nwd ep› na∂ai pe∞u (- ep®, - ep‰›) (U4: - pe∞u-gi∞-; - pe∞-∞-; - pe∞u-v-) [64-65]
taste 325 Ãâ paR rusi pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
teach, educate 246 kLÉyñ kalvi-y-a¬i (-îñKk, -îñT∆) (U1: -a¬i-kki∞-; -a¬i-tth-; -a¬i-pp-) [42-43]
teach 248 k‰›K ekaƒ ka∞∞u-k-ko∂u (- ekaƒKk, - ekaƒT∆) (U1: -ko∂u-kki∞-; -ko∂u-tth-; -ko∂u-pp-) [58-59]
teach 000 ecaLìK ekaƒ solli-k-ko∂u (- ekaƒKk, - ekaƒT∆) (U1: -ko∂u-kki∞-; -ko∂u-tth-; -ko∂u-pp-) [58-59]
teach 402 ecaLìT ta solli-t-thä (- tr, - tN∆) (U5: -tharu-gi∞-; -tha-nth-; -tharu-v-) [106-107] irregular
tell (v.i.); say 156 *ecaL[Õ] sol[lu] (ecaLl, ecaLì) (I: sol-gi∞-; so√-√-; sol-v-) [*34-35] irregular
*96-97]
tell; say 351 *¶˜(fi) e√(√u) (¶˜ˆ, ¶˜›) (U3: e√-gi∞-; e√-∞-; e√-b-) [*
test (v.t.); examine; search 264 Ecaç söthi (EcaçKk, EcaçT∆) (U1: söthi-kki∞-; söthi-tth-; söthi-pp-) [42-43]
think; consider 136 kÃ∆ karuthu (kÃt, kÃç) (I: karuthu-gi∞-; karuth’-i√-; karuthu-v-) [28-29]
think (of) (v.t.); consider; count 127 ¶B≈ e∫∫u (¶Bb, ¶Bõ) (I: e∫∫u-gi∞-; e∫∫’-i√-; e∫∫u-v-) [26-27]
think; remember 279 éwˆ ni√ai (éwˆKk, éwˆT∆) (U1: ni√ai-kki∞-; ni√ai-tth-; ni√ai-pp-) [38-39]
throw (v.t.), hurl, toss 391 ¶ó e∞i (¶óy, ¶óN∆) (U5: e∞i-gi∞-; e∞i-nth-; e∞i-v-) [44-45]
throw (v.t.); put; (of animals) give birth 378 Epaƒ pö∂u (Epad, EpaDƒ) (U4: pö∂u-gi∞-; pö†-†-; pö∂u-v-) [60-61]
thunder (v.t.); pound; smash 231 iã i∂i (iãKk, iãT∆) (U1: i∂i-kki∞-; i∂i-tth-; i∂i-pp-) [42-43]
tie (v.t.), bind; build 072 kDƒ ka††u (kDd, kDã) (I: ka††u-gi∞-; ka††’-i√-; ka††u-v-) [18-19]
tire (become tired) (v.i.); cease; desist 411 OY öy (Oy, OYN∆) (U5: öy-gi∞-; öy-nth-; öy-v-) [48-49]
toil (v.i.), work; last (to wear well) 237 uwz uΩai (uwzKk, uwzT∆) (U1: uΩai-kki∞-; uΩai-tth-; uΩai-pp-) [38-39]
tolerate (v.t.); endure; wait 293 epa› po∞u (epa›Kk, epa›T∆) (U1: po∞u-kki∞-; po∞u-tth-; po∞u-pp-) [72-73]
toss (v.t.), throw, hurl 391 ¶ó e∞i (¶óy, ¶óN∆) (U5: e∞i-gi∞-; e∞i-nth-; e∞i-v-) [44-45]
touch (v.t.) 221 etaƒ tho∂u (etad, etaDƒ) (U4: tho∂u-gi∞-; tho†-†-; tho∂u-v-) [60-61]
tremble (v.i.) 024 nƒı¿ na∂u≥gu (nƒık, nƒıá) (I: na∂u≥gu-gi∞-; na∂u≥g’-i√-; na∂u≥gu-v-) [4-5]
make tremble (v.t.) 023 nƒK¿ na∂ukku (nƒKk, nƒKá) (I: na∂ukku-gi∞-; na∂ukk’-i√-; na∂ukku-v-) [2-3]
triumph (v.t.), win; conquer 425 evL vel (evLl, ev˜›) (U5: vel-gi∞-; ve√-∞-; vel-v-) [104-105] euph. var.
trust, believe 122 nM» nambu (nMp, nMè) (I: nambu-gi∞-; namb’-i√-; nambu-v-) [8-9]
try 376 èryacPpƒ pirayäsa-p-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [60-61]
*76-77]
try (v.t.), look, see 289 *paR pär (paRKk, paRT∆) (U1: pär-kki∞-; pär-tth-; pär-pp-) [*
turn (v.i.); return 018 çÃM» thirumbu (çÃMp, çÃMè) (I: thirumbu-gi∞-; thirumb’-i√-; thirumbu-v-) [8-9]
(cause to) turn (v.t.) 017 çÃP» thiruppu (çÃPp, çÃPè) (I: thiruppu-gi∞-; thirupp’-i√-; thiruppu-v-) [6-7]
*84]
turn off (v.t.), switch off; embrace 326 *îwb a∫ai (îwbKk, îwbT∆) (U1: a∫ai-kki∞-; a∫ai-tth-; a∫ai-pp-) [*
*54-55]
turn over (v.t.) 202 *kÉZ kaviΩ (kÉZKk, kÉZT∆) (U1: kaviΩ-kki∞-; kaviΩ-tth-; kaviΩ-pp-) [*
– 162 –
Understand, know
389 îó a∞i (îóy, îóN∆) (U5: a∞i-gi∞-; a∞i-nth-; a∞i-v-) [44-45]
understand (v.t.); know; see 393 etí theri (etíy, etíN∆) (U5: theri-gi∞-; theri-nth-; theri-v-) [44-45]
be understood 000 »íÀM puriyum (See Impersonal Verb Forms, p. 147)
unite (v.i.); join; gather; assemble 054 ‡ƒ kü∂u (‡d, ‡ã) (I: kü∂u-gi∞-; kü∂’-i√-; kü∂u-v-) [20-21]
*50-51]
unite (v.t.); join; admit; collect 206 *EcR sër (EcRKk, EcRT∆) (U1: sër-kki∞-; sër-tth-; sër-pp-) [*
unravel (v.i.); be divided; be separated; depart 195 èí piri (èíy, èíN∆) (U5: piri-gi∞-; piri-nth-; piri-v-) [44-45]
use (v.t.) 236 upEyaá upayögi (upEyaáKk, upEyaáT∆) (U1: ºyögi-kki∞-; ºyögi-tth-; ºyögi-pp-) [42-43]
Vomit 000 vaNçeyƒ vänthi-y-e∂u (-¶ƒKk, -¶ƒT∆) (U1: -e∂u-kki∞-; -e∂u-tth-; -e∂u-pp-) [58-59]
Wait (v.i.); stay, remain; be; have 328 *ià iru (iÃKk, iÃN∆) (U2: iru-kki∞-; iru-nth-; iru-pp-) [**86-87]
wait 343 kaTçà kätth’iru (-iÃKk, -iÃN∆) (U2: -iru-kki∞-; -iru-nth-; -iru-pp-) [86-87]
wait (v.t.); endure; tolerate 293 epa› po∞u (epa›Kk, epa›T∆) (U1: po∞u-kki∞-; po∞u-tth-; po∞u-pp-) [72-73]
wait for (v.t.); expect 319 ¶çR paR ethir pär (- paRKk, - paRT∆) (U1: - pär-kki∞-; - pär-tth-; - pär-pp-) [76-77]
*88-89]
walk (v.i.); behave; happen 335 *nd na∂a (ndKk, ndN∆) (U2: na∂a-kki∞-; na∂a-nth-; na∂a-pp-) [*
wander (v.i.); go about 388 îwl alai (îwly, îwlN∆) (U5: alai-gi∞-; alai-nth-; alai-v-) [40-41]
warn (v.t.); caution 238 ¶Ccí ecchari (¶CcíKk, ¶CcíT∆) (U1: ecchari-kki∞-; ecchari-tth-; ecchari-pp-) [42-43]
*30-31]
wash (not laundry) 138 *k¤Œ kaΩuvu (k¤v, k¤É) (I: kaΩuvu-gi∞-; kaΩuv’-i√-; kaΩuvu-v-) [*
waste (i.e., not make use of) (v.t.) 310 ™bã vï∫a∂i (-åãKk, -åãT∆) (U1: ºa∂i-kki∞-; ºa∂i-tth-; ºa∂i-pp-) [42-43]
watch out, be careful 247 kvò kava√i (kvòKk, kvòT∆) (U1: kava√i-kki∞-; kava√i-tth-; kava√i-pp-) [42-43]
watch over; take care of 434 paRT∆KekaÒ pärtthu-k-ko¬ (- ekÒ¬, - ekaBƒ) (U5: -ko¬-gi∞-; -ko∫-∂-; -ko¬-v-) [102]
wear (v.t.), put on 235 uƒ u∂u (uƒKk, uƒT∆) (U1: u∂u-kki∞-; u∂u-tth-; u∂u-pp-) [58-59]
wear (v.t.), put on 064 uƒT∆ u∂utthu (uƒTt, uƒTç) (I: u∂utthu-gi∞-; u∂utth’-i√-; u∂utthu-v-) [22-23]
wear (v.t.); put on 387 îõ a∫i (îõy, îõN∆) (U5: a∫i-gi∞-; a∫i-nth-; a∫i-v-) [44-45]
wear away (by being rubbed) (v.i.) 000 EtY thëy (Ety, EtYN∆) (U5: thëy-gi∞-; thëy-nth-; thëy-v-) [48-49]
weave 438 enY ney (enYy, enY∆) (U6: ney-gi∞-; ney-th-; ney-v-) [112-113]
*110-111]
weep (v.i.), cry 436 *î¤ aΩu (îz, î¤∆) (U6: aΩu-gi∞-; aΩu-th-; aΩu-v-) [*
weigh (v.t.); carry; lift up 019 ÁK¿ thükku (ÁKk, ÁKá) (I: thükku-gi∞-; thükk’-i√-; thükku-v-) [2-3]
win (v.t.), triumph; conquer 425 evL vel (evLl, ev˜›) (U5: vel-gi∞-; ve√-∞-; vel-v-) [104-105]
wipe (v.t.); dry 271 ∆wd thu∂ai (∆wdKk, ∆wdT∆) (U1: thu∂ai-kki∞-; thu∂ai-tth-; thu∂ai-pp-) [38-39]
work (v.i.), toil; last (to wear well) 237 uwz uΩai (uwzKk, uwzT∆) (U1: uΩai-kki∞-; uΩai-tth-; uΩai-pp-) [38-39]
worry (v.i.) 362 kvwlPpƒ kavalai-p-pa∂u (-pd, -pDƒ) (U4: -pa∂u-gi∞-; -pa†-†-; -pa∂u-v-) [58-59]
worship; bow (down) 125 vbı¿ va∫a≥gu (vbık, vbıá) (I: va∫a≥gu-gi∞-; va∫a≥g’-i√-; va∫a≥gu-v-) [4-5]
worship (v.t.); bow to 363 ¿Mèƒ kumbi∂u (¿Mèd, ¿MèDƒ) (U4: kumbi∂u-gi∞-; kumbi†-†-; kumbi∂u-v-) [62-63]
worship 451 Èwj ecY püjai sey (- ecYy, - ecY∆) (U6: - sey-gi∞-; - sey-th-; - sey-v-) [112-113]
wound 105 »BpƒT∆ pu∫-pa∂utthu (-pƒTt, -pƒTç) (I: -pa∂utthu-gi∞-; -pa∂utth’-i√-; -pa∂utthu-v-) [22-23]
wrinkle (v.i.); frown; shrink 014 ◊Ãı¿ suru≥gu (◊Ãık, ◊Ãıá) (I: suru≥gu-gi∞-; suru≥g’-i√-; suru≥gu-v-) [4-5]
*28-29]
write 134 *¶¤∆ eΩuthu (¶¤t, ¶¤ç) (I: eΩuthu-gi∞-; eΩuth’-i√-; eΩuthu-v-) [*
______________
ache 000 vì vali (3rd person singular, neuter)
be hungry 000 pâ pasi (with dative construction)
like 000 iQdM i߆am (with dative construction)
– 163 –
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ÈJyM
o˜›
irBƒ
Θ›
naÕ
WN∆
A›
´¤
¶Dƒ
o˜p∆
büjyam
o√∞u
ira∫∂u
mü√∞u
nälu
ainthu
ä∞u
ëΩu
e††u
o√bathu
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
pT∆
patthu
pçeˆa˜› pathi√-o√∞u
p˜òrBƒ pa√√-ira∫∂u
pçΘ›
pathi-mü√∞u
pçˆaÕ
pathi-Êlu
pçwˆN∆
pathi√-ainthu
pçˆa›
pathi√-ä∞u
pçEˆ¤
pathi√-ëΩu
pçeˆDƒ
pathi√-e††u
pTeta˜p∆ patth’-o√bathu
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
iÃp∆
iÃpT∆ o˜›
iÃpT∆ irBƒ
iÃpT∆ Θ›
iÃpT∆ naÕ
iÃpT∆ WN∆
iÃpT∆ A›
iÃpT∆ ´¤
iÃpT∆ ¶Dƒ
iÃpT∆ o˜p∆
irubathu
irubatth’ o√∞u
irubatth’ ira∫∂u
irubatthu mü√∞u
irubatthu nälu
irubatthu ainthu
irubatth’ ä∞u
irubatth’ ëΩu
irubatth’ e††u
irubatth’ o√bathu
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
…Pp∆
…PpT∆ o˜›
…PpT∆ irBƒ
…PpT∆ Θ›
…PpT∆ naÕ
…PpT∆ WN∆
…PpT∆ A›
…PpT∆ ´¤
…PpT∆ ¶Dƒ
…PpT∆ o˜p∆
40
41
42
43
na‰p∆
na‰pT∆ o˜›
na‰pT∆ irBƒ
na‰pT∆ Θ›
nä∞pathu
nä∞patthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
mü√∞u, etc.
"
50
51
52
53
WMp∆
WMpT∆ o˜›
WMpT∆ irBƒ
WMpT∆ Θ›
muppathu
muppatth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
mü√∞u
"
nälu
"
ainthu
"
ä∞u
"
ëΩu
"
e††u
"
o√bathu
"
aimbathu
aimbatth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
mü√∞u, etc.
"
60
61
62
63
å›p∆
å›pT∆ o˜›
å›pT∆ irBƒ
å›pT∆ Θ›
a∞ubathu
a∞ubatth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
mü√∞u, etc.
"
70
71
72
73
¶¤p∆
¶¤pT∆ o˜›
¶¤pT∆ irBƒ
¶¤pT∆ Θ›
eΩubathu
eΩubatth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
mü√∞u, etc.
"
80
81
82
83
¶Bp∆
e∫bathu
¶BpT∆ o˜›
e∫batth’ o√∞u
¶BpT∆ irBƒ
ira∫∂u
"
¶BpT∆ Θ›
mü√∞u, etc.
"
etaBÊ›
tho∫∫ü∞u
etaBʉ› o˜›
tho∫∫ü∞∞’ o√∞u
etaBʉ› irBƒ
ira∫∂u
"
etaBʉ› Θ›
mü√∞u
"
etaBʉ› naÕ
nälu
"
etaBʉ› WN∆
ainthu
"
etaBʉ› A›
ä∞u
"
ëΩu
etaBʉ› ´¤
"
etaBʉ› ¶Dƒ
e††u
"
etaBʉ› o˜p∆
o√bathu
"
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
– 164 –
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
Ë›
ˉ› o˜›
ˉ› irBƒ
ˉ› Θ›
ˉ› naÕ
ˉ› WN∆
ˉ› A›
ˉ› ´¤
ˉ› ¶Dƒ
ˉ› o˜p∆
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
ˉ› pT∆
ˉ› pçeˆa˜›
ˉ› p˜òrBƒ
ˉ› pçΘ›
ˉ› pçˆaÕ
ˉ› pçwˆN∆
ˉ› pçˆa›
ˉ› pçEˆ¤
ˉ› pçeˆDƒ
ˉ› pTeta˜p∆
nü∞∞u patthu
" pathi√-o√∞u
" pa√√-ira∫∂u
" pathi-mü√∞u
" pathi-Êlu
" pathi√-ainthu
" pathi√-ä∞u
" pathi√-ëΩu
" pathi√-e††u
" patth-o√bathu
120
121
122
123
124
125
ˉ› iÃp∆
ˉ› iÃpT∆ o˜›
ˉ› iÃpT∆ irBƒ
ˉ› iÃpT∆ Θ›
ˉ› iÃpT∆ naÕ
ˉ› iÃpT∆ WN∆
nü∞∞u irubathu
nü∞∞u irubatth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
"
mü√∞u
"
"
nälu
"
"
ainthu, etc.
"
"
130
131
132
133
134
135
ˉ› …Pp∆
ˉ› …PpT∆ o˜›
ˉ› …PpT∆ irBƒ
ˉ› …PpT∆ Θ›
ˉ› …PpT∆ naÕ
ˉ› …PpT∆ WN∆
nü∞∞u muppathu
nü∞∞u muppatth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
"
mü√∞u
"
"
nälu
"
"
ainthu,
etc.
"
"
140
141
142
143
144
145
ˉ› na‰p∆
ˉ› na‰pT∆ o˜›
ˉ› na‰pT∆ irBƒ
ˉ› na‰pT∆ Θ›
ˉ› na‰pT∆ naÕ
ˉ› na‰pT∆ WN∆
nü∞∞u nä∞pathu
nü∞∞u nä∞patth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
"
mü√∞u
"
"
nälu
"
"
ainthu, etc.
"
"
nü∞u
nü∞∞’ o√∞u
" ira∫∂u
" mü√∞u
" nälu
" ainthu
" ä∞u
" ëΩu
" e††u
" o√bathu
– 165 –
150
151
152
153
154
155
ˉ› WMp∆
ˉ› WMpT∆ o˜›
ˉ› WMpT∆ irBƒ
ˉ› WMpT∆ Θ›
ˉ› WMpT∆ naÕ
ˉ› WMpT∆ WN∆
nü∞∞u aimbathu
nü∞∞u aimbatthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
"
mü√∞u
"
"
nälu
"
"
ainthu,
etc.
"
"
160
161
162
163
164
165
ˉ› å›p∆
ˉ› å›pT∆ o˜›
ˉ› å›pT∆ irBƒ
ˉ› å›pT∆ Θ›
ˉ› å›pT∆ naÕ
ˉ› å›pT∆ WN∆
nü∞∞u a∞ubathu
nü∞∞u a∞ubatthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
"
mü√∞u
"
"
nälu
"
"
ainthu, etc.
"
"
170
171
172
173
174
175
ˉ› ¶¤p∆
ˉ› ¶¤pT∆ o˜›
ˉ› ¶¤pT∆ irBƒ
ˉ› ¶¤pT∆ Θ›
ˉ› ¶¤pT∆ naÕ
ˉ› ¶¤pT∆ WN∆
nü∞∞u eΩubathu
nü∞∞u eΩubatthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
"
mü√∞u
"
"
nälu
"
"
ainthu,
etc.
"
"
180
181
182
183
184
185
ˉ› ¶Bp∆
ˉ› ¶BpT∆ o˜›
ˉ› ¶BpT∆ irBƒ
ˉ› ¶BpT∆ Θ›
ˉ› ¶BpT∆ naÕ
ˉ› ¶BpT∆ WN∆
190
191
192
193
194
195
ˉ› etaBÊ›
ˉ› etaBʉ› o˜›
ˉ› etaBʉ› irBƒ
ˉ› etaBʉ› Θ›
ˉ› etaBʉ› naÕ
ˉ› etaBʉ› WN∆
200
201
202
203
204
205
iÃË›
iÃˉ› o˜›
iÃˉ› irBƒ
iÃˉ› Θ›
iÃˉ› naÕ
iÃˉ› WN∆
210 iÃˉ› pT∆
211 iÃˉ› pçeˆa˜›
212 iÃˉ› p˜òrBƒ
nü∞∞u e∫bathu
nü∞∞u e∫batthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
"
mü√∞u
"
"
nälu
"
"
ainthu, etc.
"
"
nü∞∞u tho∫∫ü∞u
nü∞∞u tho∫∫ü∞∞u o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
"
mü√∞u
"
"
nälu
"
"
ainthu,
etc.
"
"
irunü∞u
irunü∞∞u o√∞u
ira∫∂u
"
mü√∞u
"
nälu
"
ainthu, etc.
"
irunü∞∞u patthu
pathi√-o√∞u
"
pa√√-ira∫∂u, etc.
"
– 166 –
220 iÃˉ› iÃp∆
221 iÃˉ› iÃpT∆ o˜›
222 iÃˉ› iÃpT∆ irBƒ
irunü∞∞u irubathu
irunü∞∞u irubatthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
230 iÃˉ› …Pp∆
231 iÃˉ› …PpT∆ o˜›
232 iÃˉ› …PpT∆ irBƒ
irunü∞∞u muppathu
irunü∞∞u muppatthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
240 iÃˉ› na‰p∆
241 iÃˉ› na‰pT∆ o˜›
242 iÃˉ› na‰pT∆ irBƒ
irunü∞∞u nä∞pathu
irunü∞∞u nä∞patthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
250 iÃˉ› WMp∆
251 iÃˉ› WMpT∆ o˜›
252 iÃˉ› WMpT∆ irBƒ
irunü∞∞u aimbathu
irunü∞∞u aimbatthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
260 iÃˉ› å›p∆
261 iÃˉ› å›pT∆ o˜›
262 iÃˉ› å›pT∆ irBƒ
irunü∞∞u a∞ubathu
irunü∞∞u a∞ubatthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
270 iÃˉ› ¶¤p∆
271 iÃˉ› ¶¤pT∆ o˜›
272 iÃˉ› ¶¤pT∆ irBƒ
irunü∞∞u eΩubathu
irunü∞∞u eΩubatthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
280 iÃˉ› ¶Bp∆
281 iÃˉ› ¶BpT∆ o˜›
282 iÃˉ› ¶BpT∆ irBƒ
irunü∞∞u e∫bathu
irunü∞∞u e∫batthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
290 iÃˉ› etaBÊ›
irunü∞∞u tho∫∫ü∞u
291 iÃˉ› etaBʉ› o˜›
irunü∞∞u tho∫∫ü∞∞u o√∞u
292 iÃˉ› etaBʉ› irBƒ
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
300 …NË›
301 …Nˉ› o˜›
302 …Nˉ› irBƒ
munnü∞u
munnü∞®u o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
310 …Nˉ› pT∆
311 …Nˉ› pçeˆa˜›
312 …Nˉ› p˜òrBƒ
munnü∞∞u patthu
pathi√-o√∞u
"
pa√√-ira∫∂u,
etc.
"
320 …Nˉ› iÃp∆
321 …Nˉ› iÃpT∆ o˜›
322 …Nˉ› iÃpT∆ irBƒ
munnü∞∞u irubathu
munnü∞∞u irubatthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
330 …Nˉ› …Pp∆
331 …Nˉ› …PpT∆ o˜›
332 …Nˉ› …PpT∆ irBƒ
munnü∞∞u muppathu
munnü∞∞u muppatthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
– 167 –
340 …Nˉ› na‰p∆
341 …Nˉ› na‰pT∆ o˜›
342 …Nˉ› na‰pT∆ irBƒ
350 …Nˉ› WMp∆
351 …Nˉ› WMpT∆ o˜›
352 …Nˉ› WMpT∆ irBƒ
munnü∞∞u nä∞pathu
munnü∞∞u nä∞patth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
munnü∞∞’ aimbathu
munnü∞∞’ aimbatthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
360 …Nˉ› å›p∆
361 …Nˉ› å›pT∆ o˜›
362 …Nˉ› å›pT∆ irBƒ
munnü∞∞’ a∞ubathu
munnü∞∞’ a∞ubatth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
370 …Nˉ› ¶¤p∆
371 …Nˉ› ¶¤pT∆ o˜›
372 …Nˉ› ¶¤pT∆ irBƒ
munnü∞∞’ eΩubathu
munnü∞∞’ eΩubatth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
380 …Nˉ› ¶Bp∆
381 …Nˉ› ¶BpT∆ o˜›
382 …Nˉ› ¶BpT∆ irBƒ
munnü∞∞’ e∫bathu
munnü∞∞’ e∫batth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
munnü∞∞u tho∫∫ü∞u
munnü∞∞u tho∫∫ü∞∞’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
390 …Nˉ› etaBÊ›
391 …Nˉ› etaBʉ› o˜›
392 …Nˉ› etaBʉ› irBƒ
400 naÿ›
nä√ü∞u
500 WNË›
700 ¶¤Ë›
eΩunü∞u
800 ¶BÊ› e∫∫ü∞u
900
901
902
999
ainnü∞u
600 å›Ë›
a∞unü∞u
etaÒ¬aërM
tho¬¬äyiram
etaÒ¬aërT∆ o˜›
tho¬¬äyiratth’ o√∞u
etaÒ¬aërT∆ irBƒ
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
etaÒ¬aërT∆T etaBʉ› o˜p∆ tho¬¬äyiratthu-t- tho∫∫ü∞∞’ o√bathu
1000
1001
1002
1100
1101
1200
1201
AërM
AërT∆ o˜›
AërT∆ irBƒ
AërT∆ (oÃ) Ë›
AërT∆ (oÃ) ˉ› o˜›
AërT∆ ià ˛
AërT∆ ià ˉ› o˜›
äyiram
äyiratth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
äyiratthu (oru) nü∞u
äyiratthu (oru) nü∞∞u o√∞u, etc.
äyiratth’ iru nü∞u
äyiratth’ iru nü∞∞’ o√∞u, etc.
1999 AërT∆T etaÒ¬aërT∆T etaBʉ› o˜p∆
äyiratthu-t-tho¬¬äyiratthu-t- tho∫∫ü∞∞’
o√bathu
2000
2001
2002
2100
2101
irBdaërM
irBdaërT∆ o˜›
irBdaërT∆ irBƒ
irBdaërT∆ (oÃ) Ë›
irBdaërT∆ (oÃ) ˉ› o˜›
ira∫∂’äyiram
ira∫∂’äyiratth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
ira∫∂’äyiratthu (oru) nü∞u
ira∫∂’äyiratthu (oru) nü∞∞’ o√∞u, etc.
– 168 –
3000 …vaërM
3001 …vaërT∆ o˜›
3002 …vaërT∆ irBƒ
muväyiram
muväyiratth’ o∞u
ira∫∂u, etc., etc.
"
4000 nalaërM
4001 nalaërT∆ o˜›
4002 nalaërT∆ irBƒ
näl’äyiram
näl’äyiratth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc., etc.
"
"
5000 WyaërM
5001 WyaërT∆ o˜›
5002 WyaërT∆ irBƒ
aiyäyiram
aiyäyiratth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc., etc.
"
6000 A®aërM
6001 A®aërT∆ o˜›
6002 A®aërT∆ irBƒ
ä∞’äyiram
ä∞’äyiratth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc., etc.
"
"
7000 ´zaërM
7001 ´zaërT∆ o˜›
7002 ´zaërT∆ irBƒ
8000 ¶ˇ†aërM
8001 ¶ˇ†aërT∆ o˜›
8002 ¶ˇ†aërT∆ irBƒ
ëΩ’äyiram
ëΩ’äyiratth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc., etc.
"
"
e††’äyiram
e††’äyiratth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc., etc.
"
"
9000 o˜ptaërM
9001 o˜ptaërT∆ o˜›
9002 o˜ptaërT∆ irBƒ
o√bath’äyiram
o√bath’äyiratth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
9999 o˜ptaërT∆T etaÒ¬aërT∆T etaBʉ› o˜p∆
o√bath’äyiratthu-t-tho¬¬äyiratthu-ttho∫∫ü∞∞’
o√bathu
10,000
10,001
10,002
11,000
11,001
12,000
12,001
pTtaërM
pTtaërT∆ o˜›
pTtaërT∆ irBƒ
pçeˆa˜®aërM
pçeˆa˜®aërT∆ o˜›
p˜òrBdaërM
p˜òrBdaërT∆ o˜›
patth’äyiram
patth’äyiratthu o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc.
"
"
pathi√o√∞’äyiram
pathi√o√∞’äyiratth’ o√∞u, etc.
pa√√ira∫∂’äyiram
pa√√ira∫∂’äyiratth’ o√∞u, etc., etc.
tho∫∫ü∞’äyiram
tho∫∫ü∞’äyiratth’ o√∞u
ira∫∂u, etc., etc.
"
"
99,999 etaBÊ®aërT∆ o˜ptaërT∆T etaÒ¬aërT∆T etaBʉ› o˜p∆
tho∫∫ü∞’äyiratth’ o√bath’äyiratthu-t-tho¬¬äyiratthu-t- tho∫∫ü∞∞’
o√bathu
90,000 etaBÊ®aërM
90,001 etaBÊ®aërT∆ o˜›
90,002 etaBÊ®aërT∆ irBƒ
– 169 –
1,00,000 Ë®aërM nü∞’äyiram or lxM lakßam (‘lakh’ = 100 x 1000)
2,00,000 iÃË®aërM irunü∞’äyiram or irBƒ lxM ira∫∂u lakßam (2 lakhs)
8,00,000 ¶BÊ®aërM e∫∫ü∞’äyiram or ¶Dƒ lxM e††u lakßam (eight lakhs)
9,00,000 o˜p∆ lxM o√bathu lakßam (nine lakhs)
10,00,000 pT∆ lxM patthu lakßam (ten lakhs or one million)
90,00,000 etaBÊ› lxM tho∫∫ü∞u lakßam (ninety lakhs or nine million)
1,00,00,000 Ë› lxM or oà Ekaã ‘nü∞u lakßam’ or ‘oru kö∂i’ (100 lakhs = 1 kö∂i)
[lxM lakßam is Sanskritic; lDcM la†cham is a more Tamilized form; lakh is English]
All Tamil numbers (positive integers) have noun forms and adjective forms. Here is a sampling:
Noun (ital.) & Adj. (rom. bold)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1000
ÈJyM
o˜›
irBƒ
Θ›
naÕ
WN∆
A›
´¤
¶Dƒ
o˜p∆
büjyam
o√∞u
ira∫∂u
mü√∞u
nälu
ainthu
ä∞u
ëΩu
e††u
o√bathu
–
–
ira∫∂u
mü√∞u
nälu
ainthu
ä∞u
ëΩu
e††u
o√bathu
(Exclusively) Adj. (rom. normal)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
–
oÃ, oRiÃ-, IR…-, Îna(L)W -, WM囶¤ ¶Bo˜pT∆
pT∆
patthu
patthu
10
–
pçeˆa˜›
pathi√-o√∞u
–
11 pçeˆaÃ
p˜òrBƒ
pa√√-ira∫∂u
pa√√-ira∫∂u
pçΘ›
pathi-mü√∞u
pathi-mü√∞u
pçˆaÕ
pathi-Êlu
pathi-Êlu
pçwˆN∆
pathi√-ainthu pathi√-ainthu
pçˆa›
pathi√-ä∞u
pathi√-ä∞u
pçEˆ¤
pathi√-ëΩu
pathi√-ëΩu
pçeˆDƒ
pathi√-e††u
pathi√-e††u
pTeta˜p∆
patth-o√bathu patth-o√bathu
iÃp∆
irubathu irubathu
20 iÃpT∆
…Pp∆
muppathu muppathu 30 …PpT∆
na‰p∆
nä®pathu nä®pathu
40 na‰pT∆
WMp∆
aimbathu aimbathu 50 WMpT∆
å›p∆
a∞ubathu a∞ubathu
60 å›pT∆
¶¤p∆
eΩubathu eΩubathu
70 ¶¤pT∆
¶Bp∆
e∫bathu e∫bathu
80 ¶BpT∆
etaBÊ›
tho∫∫ü∞u tho∫∫ü∞u
90 etaBʉ›
Ë›
nü∞u nü∞u
100 ˉ›
AërM
äyiram äyiram
1000 AërT∆
– 170 –
–
oru, oriru-, ïrmu-, münä(l)ai-, aima∞ueΩue∫o√batthu
–
pathi√-o∞u
irubatthu
muppatthu
nä®patthu
aimbatthu
a∞ubatthu
eΩubatthu
e∫batthu
tho∫∫ü∞∞u
nü∞∞u
äyiratthu
To build up a large number, all the words for the various amounts which the digits represent are
put down in order from the largest to the smallest. For example, consider the following number:
9999 ‘nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine’ can be analyzed into:
(thousands) 9000 = o˜ptaërT∆
o√bath’äyiratthu (nine thousand)
(hundreds) 900 = etaÒ¬aërT∆
tho¬¬äyiratthu
(nine hundred)
(tens) 90 = etaBʉ›
tho∫∫ü∞∞u
(ninety)
(units)
9 = o˜p∆
o√bathu
(nine)
9999 o˜ptaërT∆T etaÒ¬aërT∆T etaBʉ› o˜p∆
o√bath’äyiratthu-t- tho¬¬äyiratthu- t- tho∫∫ü∞∞’ o√bathu
All of these element words must be put in an adjectival form except the last (o˜p∆ o√bathu)
which is in its noun form. Consider another four digit number:
7777 ‘seven thousand seven hundred seventy seven’ can be analyzed into:
(thousands) 7000 = ´zaërT∆
ëΩ’äyiratthu
(seven thousand)
(hundreds) 700 = ¶¤Ë‰›
eΩunü∞∞u
(seven hundred)
(tens) 70 = ¶¤pT∆
eΩubatthu
(seventy)
(units) 7 = ´¤
ëΩu
(seven)
7777 ´zaërT∆ ¶¤Ë‰› ¶¤pT∆ ´¤
ëΩ’äyiratth’ eΩunü∞∞’ eΩubatth’ ëΩu
Consider the even larger number below:
99,999 etaBÊ®aërT∆ o˜ptaërT∆T etaÒ¬aërT∆T etaBʉ› o˜p∆
tho∫∫ü∞’äyiratth’ o√bath’äyiratthu-t-tho¬¬äyiratthu-t- tho∫∫ü∞∞’ o√bathu
(tens of thousands) 90,000 = etaBÊ®aërT∆ tho∫∫ü∞’äyiratthu (ninety thousand)
(thousands)
9000 = o˜ptaërT∆
o√bath’äyiratthu (nine thousand)
(hundreds)
900 = etaÒ¬aërT∆
tho¬¬äyiratthu
(nine hundred)
(tens)
90 = etaBʉ›
tho∫∫ü∞∞u
(ninety)
(units)
9 = o˜p∆
o√bathu
(nine)
The exclusively adjectival forms of numbers are presented above in roman, normal type.
The nouns, all of which (excepting o˜› o√∞u) have isomorphic adjectival counterpart forms,
are presented in italics. The adjectival forms which are isomorphic with their counterpart
noun forms are presented in roman bold type – and are only used to modify ‘äyiram’,
‘lakßam’, and ‘kö∂i’. And, in the case of ‘äyiram’, only six out of the nine single digit forms
of this type are used:
‘2’ in
‘4’ in
‘6’ in
‘7’ in
‘8’ in
‘9’ in
2000
4000
6000
7000
8000
9000
irBdaërM
nalaërM
A®aërM
´zaërM
¶DdaërM
o˜ptaërM
ira∫∂’äyiram
näl’äyiram
ä∞’äyiram
ëΩ’äyiram
e††’äyiram
o√bath’äyiram
– 171 –
Archaic Negative Verbs
It is peculiar to this language [Tamil], to have a mode, whereby, without any particle importing negation, they express the negative sense of every verb. The Tamilians [give to this] negation [the name]
¶çRmw®emaï [ethir-ma∞ai-moΩi]. – Joseph Beschi, 1728*
Tamil, however, far more commonly, does import a negative particle iLwl (illai), in the same
way that English imports the negative particle ‘no’ or ‘not’. But in the ‘Archaic’ type of negation, nothing is
imported. Instead, the middle segment of an affirmative indicative verb is simply left out, thus transforming
it into a negative verb. This form of negation is considered ‘archaic’, as it has, largely, fallen into disuse.
The venerable G.U. Pope has characterized this Archaic Negative (which he calls an ‘absolute
negative’) in these words:
The Tamil has a peculiarity nearly confined to the family of South Indian dialects: it has a negative
inflexion of the verb. And this is formed by adding to the root the personal terminations without any
particle indicative of time. Compare:
pã + Ká› + ´˜ = pãKáE®˜ , I read
pã + 0 + ´˜ = pãEy˜ , I do not read
The learner may imagine, if he please, that the absence of any middle particle denoting time signifies
that the action of the verb takes place in no time whatever; and so an absolute negative for all times is
formed.1
The Tamil word ¶çR (ethir) has, prominently, two meanings, ‘future’ and ‘opposite’. All negative
verbs are esentially tenseless in themselves. There is no element in them to indicate tense. The sense of tense
must therefore come from outside of Archaic Negative verbs. It can be supplied by other time-indicating
words within the sentence containing them or by an assumed time-framework established earlier. Therefore,
in the present context, I would interpret ethir as meaning ‘opposite’, not ‘future’.
The Tamil transitive form of the verb mw® (ma∞ai) has the meaning of ‘withhold’, ‘suppress’,
‘block out’. My interpretation of the Tamil expression, ¶çRmw®emaï [ethir-ma∞ai-moΩi], therefore, is:
‘Words [moΩi] (changed into their) opposites [ethir] (by) blocking out [ma∞ai]’. You can see below how the
‘blocking out’ of the middle segment (the time-indicating Infixes: -tth-, -kki∞-, and -pp-) of affirmative
verbs converts them into opposite, negative verbs.
AFFIRMATIVE
paRTEt˜ pär-tth-ë√
paRKá®aY pär-kki∞-äy
paRPpa˜ pär-pp-ä√
paRPpaÒ pär-pp-ä¬
I saw
you see
he will see
she will see
ARCHAIC NEGATIVE (tense to be trans. accd. to context)
paEr˜ pär-ë√ I didn’t/don’t/won’t see
paraY pär-äy you didn’t/don’t/won’t see
para˜ pär-ä√ he didn’t/doesn’t/won’t see
paraÒ pär-ä¬ she didn’t/doesn’t/won’t see
Below is Beschi’s example sentence (p. 57) which demonstrates how two different time-indicating
words (mu√√um ‘before’ and i√iyum ‘in the future’) within a single sentence can determine that the identical
form of an Archaic Negative verb is to be translated both in the past tense and again in the future tense:
‘…˜fiN çÃEd˜ iòÀN çÃEd˜!’
‘Mu√√un- thiru∂ë√- i√iyun- thiru∂ë√!’
‘I have neither been accustomed to steal [thiru∂ë√] before [mu√√um], nor will I steal [thiru∂ë√] in future [i√iyum].’
–––––––––––––––
*This quotation is from p. 56 of the English translation by George William Mahon of the original
(1728) Latin work by Constantius Joseph Beschi. Its English title is A Grammar of the Common Dialect of
the Tamul Language, Called ekaƒNtêZ (Madras: The Christian Knowledge Society’s Press, 1848).
1A
Handbook of the Tamil Language, 7th edition, 1904 (AES reprint), p. 94.
– 172 –
Here is another example sentence illustrating an Archaic Negative verb which absorbs its sense of
past tense ‘by association’ with the preceding past participle Etã (thë∂i):
¶˜ Epˆawv ¶ı¿ EtãÀM kaEbaM.2
E√ pë√ävai e≥gu thë∂iyum kä∫öm.
(Though) having searched everywhere for my pen, we didn’t find (it).
AFFIRMATIVE (past tense)
kBEdaM ka∫-∂-öm we did find
ARCHAIC NEGATIVE (trans. past tense due to thë∂i)
kaEbaM kä∫-öm we didn’t find
In modern usage, the original meaning of the pronominal ending ‘öm’ (‘we’), in kä∫-öm, seems to
have been replaced with such translations as: ‘My pen is not to be seen’, or ‘ I can’t find my pen’.
Conjugation of an Affirmative Verb together with its opposite Archaic Negative
AFFIRMATIVE
ecYáE®˜
sey-gi∞-ë√
ecYá®aY
sey-gi∞-äy
ecYá®a˜
sey-gi∞-ä√
ecYá®aÒ
sey-gi∞-ä¬
ecYá®∆
sey-gi∞-athu
ecYáE®aM sey-gi∞-öm
ecYáΩR(kÒ) sey-gi∞-ïr(ga¬)
ecYá®aR(kÒ) sey-gi∞-är(ga¬)
ecYᘮˆ sey-gi√∞-a√a
I do
you do
he does
she does
it does
we do
you do
they do
they do
ARCHAIC NEGATIVE
(Tense accd. to external context)
ecYEy˜
seyy-ë√
I didn’t/don’t/won’t do
ecYyaY
seyy-äy
you didn’t/don’t/won’t do
ecYya˜
seyy-ä√
he didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do
ecYyaÒ
seyy-ä¬
she didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do
ecYya∆
seyy-äthu
it didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do
ecYEyaM
seyy-öm
we didn’t/don’t/won’t do
ecY∑R(kÒ) seyy-ïr(ga¬) you didn’t/don’t/won’t do
ecYyaR(kÒ) seyy-är(ga¬) they didn’t/don’t/won’t do
ecYya
seyy-ä
they didn’t/don’t/won’t do
ecYEt˜
ecYtaY
ecYta˜
ecYtaÒ
ecYt∆
ecYEtaM
ecY≥R(kÒ)
ecYtaR(kÒ)
ecYtˆ
sey-th-ë√
sey-th-äy
sey-th-ä√
sey-th-ä¬
sey-th-athu
sey-th-öm
sey-th-ïr(ga¬)
sey-th-är(ga¬)
sey-th-a√a
I did
you did
he did
she did
it did
we did
you did
they did
they did
ecYEy˜
ecYyaY
ecYya˜
ecYyaÒ
ecYya∆
ecYEyaM
ecY∑R(kÒ)
ecYyaR(kÒ)
ecYya
seyy-ë√
seyy-äy
seyy-ä√
seyy-ä¬
seyy-äthu
seyy-öm
seyy-ïr(ga¬)
seyy-är(ga¬)
seyy-ä
I didn’t/don’t/won’t do
you didn’t/don’t/won’t do
he didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do
she didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do
it didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do
we didn’t/don’t/won’t do
you didn’t/don’t/won’t do
they didn’t/don’t/won’t do
they didn’t/don’t/won’t do
ecYEv˜
ecYvaY
ecYva˜
ecYvaÒ
ecYÀM
ecYEvaM
ecY™R(kÒ)
ecYvaR(kÒ)
ecYÀM
sey-v-ë√
sey-v-äy
sey-v-ä√
sey-v-ä¬
seyy-um
sey-v-öm
sey-v-ïr(ga¬)
sey-v-är(ga¬)
seyy-um
I’ll do
you’ll do
he’ll do
she’ll do
it’ll do
we’ll do
you’ll do
they’ll do
they’ll do
ecYEy˜
ecYyaY
ecYya˜
ecYyaÒ
ecYya∆
ecYEyaM
ecY∑R(kÒ)
ecYyaR(kÒ)
ecYya
seyy-ë√
seyy-äy
seyy-ä√
seyy-ä¬
seyy-äthu
seyy-öm
seyy-ïr(ga¬)
seyy-är(ga¬)
seyy-ä
I didn’t/don’t/won’t do
you didn’t/don’t/won’t do
he didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do
she didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do
it didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do
we didn’t/don’t/won’t do
you didn’t/don’t/won’t do
they didn’t/don’t/won’t do
they didn’t/don’t/won’t do
–––––––––––––––
2This
example sentence has been taken from the Cre-A Dictionary of Contemporary Tamil
(Kíyaɘ t‰kalT têZ åkraç), p. 288, under the verb kaB (kä∫)]:
– 173 –
Over the centuries, the use of the Archaic Negative Verb in its full conjugational glory may have
fallen out of favor, but its important relics are very much with us today in the realm of Tamil Negation.
I give, with some modification, G.U. Pope’s examples of different types of ‘Negative Verbs’, in his
‘Synopsis of the Tamil Verb’ (lessons 37-40):
NEGATIVE
weak form
strong form
1) ABSOLUTE
ecYEy˜ I didn’t/don’t/won’t do,
ecYyaY you didn’t/don’t/won’t do,
ecYya˜ he didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do, &c.
pãEy˜ I didn’t/don’t/won’t learn
pãyaY you didn’t/don’t/won’t learn
pãya˜ he didn’t/doesn’t/won’t learn, &c.
2) COMPOUND
ecYyÉLwl (I-they) didn’t/do(es)n’t do
pãKkÉLwl (I-they) didn’t/do(es)n’t learn
3) VERBAL NOUN ecYá®çLwl (I-they) do(es)n’t do
+ iLwl
ecYtçLwl (I-they) didn’t do
ecYvçLwl (I-they)won’t do
pãKá®çLwl (I-they) do(es)n’t learn
pãTtçLwl (I-they) didn’t learn
pãPpçLwl (I-they) won’t learn
4) ADVERBIAL
ecYya∆ not doing
pãya∆ not learning
pãyamL not learning
5) ADJECTIVAL
ecYyat that does not
pãyat that learns not
pãya that learns not
6) VERBAL
ecYyawm (the) not doing
ecYyatv˜ he who didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do
ecYyatvÒ she who didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do
ecYyat∆ that which didn’t/doesn’t/won’t do
pãyawm (the) not learning
pãyatv˜ he who didn’t/doesn’t/won’t learn
pãyatvÒ she who didn’t/doesn’t/won’t learn
pãyat∆ that which didn’t/doesn’t/won’t learn
ecYyaEt do not
pãyaEt learn not
PARTICIPLES ecYyamL not doing
PARTICIPLES ecYya that does not
NOUNS
7) IMPERATIVE
The examples 4), 5), 6), and 7) are all derived from the third person neuter singular of the Archaic
Negatives: ecYya∆ and pãya∆. The middle element, the tense-indicating Infix, is absent in all Archaic
Negative forms. The suffixes and inflections are joined directly to the ROOT of these two verbs, without any
tense-indicating Infix. On the pages of my Verb Tables (pp. 2-113), however, I have given examples for 4)
through 7) for each verb, where, instead, the suffixes and inflections are joined directly to the INFINITIVE
STEM. There will be no noticeable difference with such verbs as ecY sey, where its INFINITIVE STEM and
ROOT are identical. But with verbs like pã pa∂i, the form of the ‘INFINITIVE’ version will be quite different:
NEGATIVE
INFINITIVE STEM + suffixes
ROOT + suffixes
4) ADVERBIAL
pãKka∆ not learning
pãya∆ not learning
pãyamL not learning
5) ADJECTIVAL
pãKkat that learns not
pãyat that learns not
pãya that learns not
6) VERBAL
pãKkawm (the) not learning
pãKkatv˜ he who didn’t/doesn’t/won’t learn
pãKkatvÒ she who didn’t/doesn’t/won’t learn
pãKkat∆ that which didn’t/doesn’t/won’t learn
pãyawm (the) not learning
pãyatv˜ he who didn’t/doesn’t/won’t learn
pãyatvÒ she who didn’t/doesn’t/won’t learn
pãyat∆ that which didn’t/doesn’t/won’t learn
pãKkaEt learn not
pãyaEt learn not
PARTICIPLES pãKkamL not learning
PARTICIPLES pãKka that learns not
NOUNS
7) IMPERATIVE
Is there any difference in using the ‘INFINITIVE’ version?
Consider: If your friend is sitting in his car on a hot summer day, you might say to him: ¶íyaEt!
(eriyäthë!), ‘Don’t burn up!’ But if you saw a child about to set fire to something he shouldn’t, you could
shout: ¶íKkaEt! (erikkäthë!), ‘Don’t set fire!
In the case of a verb’s ROOT (such as ¶í eri) which is capable of being conjugated either transitively or intransitively, the ‘INFINITIVE’ version will better express the sense of transitivity in the one,
against the intransitivity of the other.
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