TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING HIMALAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT ON STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL COMPLEX Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering In the partial fulfillment of requirements for the Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering (Course Code: CE 755) SUPERVISOR Er. Debendra Dev Khanal SUBMITTED BY: Aagat Pyakurel (BCE/068/01) Abhigya Bhandari (BCE/068/03) Aman Dawadi (BCE/068/05) Dibas Kathayat (BCE/068/22) September, 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our humble and sincere gratitude to the Department of Civil Engineering of Himalaya college of Engineering for providing us the opportunity to choose “Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Complex” as the project work which is enlisted in the syllabus of 4th year II part as per the course designed by IOE, Tribhuwan University. We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks and gratitude to the college for arrangement and support for working in the academic project. We are particularly indebted to our project supervisor Er.Debendra Dev Khanal (M.Sc. in Structure Engineering) for his constructive and encouraging suggestion, regarding the project and leading us towards the goal of the project work. We also would like to sincerely acknowledge our hearty gratitude to H.O.D. of civil engineering Er. Kishor Bagale Thapa. We greatly value the love and financial support provided for the project work by the college administration. We would also like to acknowledge those persons who have indirectly helped to successfully complete this project and apologise them to whom we have left to extend acknowledgement unknowingly. Last but by no means least; we also would have high sense of appreciation to our own project group for a unit co-ordination among the group during the project work. ABSTRACT Kathmandu is an earthquake hot zone, topping the earthquake risk list (with Nepal ranked 11th globally), with Kathmandu's geological structure cited as the main reason for it being so. The entire part of Nepal falls in a high earthquake intensity belt, and National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET-Nepal) estimates that nearly 100,000 people would lose their lives in Kathmandu if the quake with equal magnitude of 1990 BS (8.4 Richter scale earthquake that killed 8519 people, destroyed 80893 building then) was repeated and nearly 60 per cent buildings would be collapsed. On top of that, the unplanned urbanization and unregulated building by-laws by the related government offices in Nepal has lead citizens to build unregulated and illegal structures in the city with almost a one-upmanship of outdoing others. The overwhelming interest of people in the rush to economic supremacy seeks and sucks the designer for his profound knowledge in his design. The trend of supermarkets and commercial malls in our municipal areas requires a well learned and adequately trained designers in a handsome quantity in near future. It is a responsibility of a young engineer to combat any circumstances that appear in his professional market. In light of all these, the project entitled “Structural Analysis and Design of Commercial Complex” is the need of time and an appropriate selection for the project work. The report starts with the seismic considerations being summed up that needs to be considered during the building design. Analysis works are done using SAP2000 v16 as analytical tool. Meanwhile MS-Excel is used for general calculations and Programming. Designs are carried as a special moment resisting framed building. The report owes a complete conformity with various stipulations in Indian Standards. The entire design works is ruled upon by the Limit State Design Philosophy; however capacity approaches are also adopted in required sections. Necessary Ductile Detailing is drafted using AutoCAD2007. Finally the report winds up with concluding thoughts at the end. Thus the report seems to be a valuable academic achievement from Civil Engineering perspective. PREFACE A course entitled “Civil Engineering Project” is prescribed by the TU, Institute of Engineering as a practicing of case study and helping tool to get familiar with the practical problems that every professional has to face in their professional life. This project is the practical use of theoretical knowledge that we acquire during the four years of civil engineering course with application of knowledge we gained from our respectable teachers and superiors. We have chosen the project “EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING”. The course offered on 4th year namely “Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure” is a strong base. This course really helped us while designing the structure and provided the knowledge to design the structure in terms of safety, economy, stability and efficiency. During the project work, we got to know thoroughly that how to analyze and tackle the problems and got the optimal result which will safe guard the lives of people and the structure itself in the state of seismic disasters. This project work also helped us to work with Team spirit and the coordination for the long-term work and getting through the problems effectively. In gist, it was a real enthusiasm and full supportive to work under the guidance of our project supervisor Er. Debendra Dev Khanal who always guided us with valuable tips while tackling the problem and gave in-depth knowledge of Structural Engineering. We believe that his valuable guidance and support is profoundly appreciable and will always help us in our future professional life. LIST OF SYMBOLS List of Symbols: Symbols Ac Ah Ag Ast Asc Asv bf bw D d Df fck fy I Ix.Iy hi k leff lx ly l lo Ld Mu Mulim Mux Muy Muxl Muyl P Pu pc pt Qi Sv T V Descriptions Area of concrete Horizontal seismic coefficient Gross area of section Area of tension reinforcement Area of compression reinforcement Area of vertical stirrup Effective width of flanged section Breadth of web in T or L-section Overall depth of the section Effective depth of the section Thickness of the flange ‘T or L-section’ Characteristics compressive strength of concrete Characteristics yield strength of steel Importance factor of the structure Moment of inertia about X and Y axis respectively Height of the ith floor base of frame Performance factor depending on the structural framing system and brittleness or ductility of the construction Effective length of the element Span of the slab in the shorter direction Span of slab in the longer direction Unsupported length or clear span of element Distance between point of inflection Development length of the bar Factored moment, design moment for limit state design Limiting moment of resistance Factored moment about X-axis Factored moment about Y-axis Maximum uni-axial moment capacity of the section with axial load, bending about X-axis. Maximum uni-axial moment capacity of the section section with axial load, bending about Y-axis Axial load on the element Factored axial load, Design axial load for limit state design Percentage of compression reinforcement Percentage of tension reinforcement Base shear distributed in the ith floor Spacing of stirrup Estimated natural of fundamental time period of the building Shear force Vu Vus Vb Wi Xu Xumax αx,αy Design shear force for limit sate design, Factored shear force Strength of shear reinforcement in the limit state of design Total base shear Lump load on the ith floor Depth of the neutral axis in limit state of collapse Maximum depth of neutral axis in limit state of design Bending moment coefficient for slab about X-axis and Y-axis respectively Coefficient depending upon the 1)span longer than 10m 2)soil foundation system Coefficient depending upon bf/bw ratio Coefficient depending upon percentage of compressive reinforcement Allowable shear stress in concrete Allowable bond stress in concrete Allowable maximum shear stress in concrete width shear reinforcement Nominal shear stress Diameter of bar β λ δ τc τbd τcmax τv Φ ABBREVIATIONS CM CR DL EQ IS LL RCC Center of Mass Center of Rigidity Dead Load Earthquake Load Indian Standard Live Load Reinforced Cement Concrete COPYRIGHT© The author has agreed that the library, Department of Civil Engineering, Himalaya College of Engineering may make this project freely available for inspection. Moreover the author agreed that the permission for the extensive copying of this project for scholarly purpose may by granted by the Supervisor who supervised the project work recorded here in or, in his absence by Head of Department concerning BCE program coordinator or principal of the Institute in which project work was done. It is understood that the recognition will be given to the author of this project and to the Department of Civil Engineering, Himalaya college of Engineering, in any use of the material of project. Copying or publication or other use of the material of this for financial gain without approval al of Department of Civil Engineering, Himalaya college of Engineering and author's written permission is prohibited. Request for permission to copy or to make any use of the material in this in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of Department civil Engineering Himalaya College of Engineering Chysal-9, Lalitpur, Nepal. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement Abstract Preface Symbols and abbreviations Copyright CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Background……………………………………..........................................................................1 2. Theme of Project Work………………………………………………………………………....1 3. Objectives………………………………………………………………………………………2 4. Scope…………………………………………………………………………………………...2 5. Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………...2 6. Time Schedule………………………………………………………………………………….5 CHAPTER 2: ASPECTS OF SEISMIC PERFORMANCE AND BUILDING DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................................................4 2.1 Seismic Performance of building.............................................................................................4 2.2 Configuration Issues in building ..............................................................................................5 2.3 Vertical Configuration .............................................................................................................6 2.4 Structural Ductility ..................................................................................................................6 2.5 Structural Layout .....................................................................................................................7 2.6 Isolation of Structure ...............................................................................................................7 2.7 General Principles for the design .............................................................................................7 CHAPTER 3: DESIGN METHOD................................................................................................9 3.1 Understanding and Design Philosophy ....................................................................................9 3.1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................9 3.1.2 Design Philosophies ..........................................................................................................9 3.2 Compression Members ..........................................................................................................10 3.3 Earthquake Resistance Design of Structure ...........................................................................10 3.4 Assessment of loads ...............................................................................................................11 3.5 Study of the Building .............................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 4: PRELIMINARY ANALAYSIS AND DESIGN .................................................14 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................14 4.2 Need of Preliminary Design ..................................................................................................14 4.3 Preliminary Design ................................................................................................................14 4.3.1 Slab .................................................................................................................................14 4.3.2 Beam ...............................................................................................................................15 4.3.3 Column ............................................................................................................................16 4.4 Centre of Mass…………………………………………………………………………….. 4.5 Centre of Stiffness 4.6 Base Shear..............................................................................................................................17 4.6.1 Base Shear Calculation ...................................................................................................19 4.6.2 Distribution of Base Shear ..............................................................................................20 4.6.2 Lumped Mass Calculation ..............................................................................................19 CHAPTER 5: STRUCTURAL ANALAYSIS 5.1 Salient feature of SAP2000 5.2 Load combinations 5.3 SAP application procedure 5.4 Analysis Features 5.5 Inputs and Outputs CHAPTER 6: STRUCTURAL DESIGN 6.1 Limit state method of Design 6.2 Slab 6.2.1 Flowchart of Slab Design 6.2.2 Design 6.3 Beam 6.3.1 Flowchart of Beam Design 6.3.2 Design Calculation 6.4 Column 6.4.1 Flow chart of Column Design 6.4.2 Design Calculation 6.5 Staircase 6.6 Foundation 6.6.1 Design of Mat Foundation 6.7 Design of Basement Wall 6.8 Design of Lift Shear Wall CALCULATION ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING CHAPTER 7: DETAILING OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENT CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION CHAPTER 9: RECOMMENDATION CHAPTER 10: BIBILOGRAPHY ANNEX A CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on physical structure and their components. Structures subject to this type of analysis include all that must withstand loads, such as buildings, bridges, vehicles, machinery, furniture, attire, soil strata, prostheses and biological tissue. Structural analysis incorporates the fields of applied mechanics, materials science and applied mathematics to compute a structure’s deformations, internal forces, stresses, support reactions, accelerations, and stability. The results of the analysis are used to verify a structure’s fitness for use, often saving physical tests. Structural analysis is thus a key part of the engineering design of structures. The project selected by our group is a multi-storey commercial building located at Teenkune, Kathmandu. According to IS 1893:2002, Kathmandu valley lies in Zone V, the severest one. Hence the effect of earthquake is predominant than the wind load. So, the building is analysed for earthquake as lateral load. The dynamic analysis method as stipulated in IS 1893:2002 is applied to analyze the building for earthquake. Especial reinforced concrete moment resisting frame is consider as the main structural system of building we might have in our hands in the future. The project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various stipulation in Indian standards, code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete IS 456:2000, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS456:2000(SP-16), Criteria Earthquake Resistant Design Structure IS 1893:2000, Ductile Detailing Of Reinforced Concrete Structure Subjected To Seismic ForcesCode Of Practice IS 13920:1993, Handbook On Concrete Reinforcement And Detailing SP34.Use of these codes have emphasized on providing sufficient safety, economy, strength and ductility besides satisfactory serviceability requirements of cracking and deflection in concrete structures. These codes are based on principles of Limit State Of Design. This project has been undertaken as a partial requirement for B.E. degree in Civil Engineering. This project work contains structural analysis, design and detailing of building located in Kathmandu District . All the theoretical knowledge on analysis and design acquired on the course work are utilized with practical application. The main objective of the project is to acquaint in the practical aspect of Civil Engineering. We, being the budding engineers of tomorrow, are interested in such analysis and design of structures which will, we hope, help us in similar jobs that we might have in our hands in the future. 2. Theme of Project Work This group under the project work has undertaken the structural analysis and design of multistoried commercial building. The main aim of the project work under the title is to acquire knowledge and skill with an emphasis of practical application. Besides the utilization of analytical methods and design approaches, exposure and application of various available codes of practices is another aim of the work. 3. Objectives The specific objectives of the project work are: Identification of structural arrangement of plan. Modeling of the building for structural analysis. Detail structural analysis using structural analysis program. Sectional design of structural components. Structural detailing of members and the system. 4. Scopes To achieve above objectives, the following scope or work is planned. Identification of the building and the requirement of the space. Determination of the structural system of the building to undertake the vertical horizontal loads. Estimation of loads including those due to earthquake. Preliminary design for geometry of structural elements. Determination of fundamental time period by free vibration analysis. Calculation of base shear and vertical distribution of equivalent earthquake load. Identification of load cases and load combination cases. Finite element modeling of the building and input analysis. The structural analysis of the building by SAP2000 for different cases of loads. Review of analysis outputs for design of individual components. Detailing of individual members and preparation of drawings as a part of working construction document. and 5. Methodology A) Study of the Architectural Initially, the architectural drawing of the building was studied. Rooms within the building were allocated to various purposes. B) Preliminary Design Estimation of various structural elements such as beam, column were designed and checks were done with the help of deflection criteria and moment criteria. For the column, vertical axial capacity was taken for the design and percentage of steel was checked. C) Load Calculation After the study of architectural drawing and preliminary design, load calculation was done. In vertical direction, dead load was obtained by the size determined in preliminary design and live load was determined by using code for design loads (IS 875 part II). In horizontal direction, earthquake load was determined by calculating lumped mass at floor level for each frame and then horizontal base shear was calculated by Seismic Coefficient Method (IS 1893:2002). Earthquake load being pre-dominate between two lateral loads, its effect was only considered. D) Modeling and Analysis: The building is modeled as a space frame. SAP2000 is adopted as the basic tool for the execution of analysis. SAP2000 program is based on Finite Element Method. Due to possible actions in the building, the stresses, displacements and fundamental time periods are obtained using SAP2000 which is used for the design of the members: Lift wall, Staircase, Slabs are analyzed separately. Initially, the characteristics of the materials used were defined such as concrete M20, M25 and reinforcement- Fe500. Then, the load cases as well as their combination with load factors were introduced. Structures were then analyzed for different load combinations and the final output was determined in the form of Bending Moment, Shear Force, Torsion and Axial Force. E) Design: Design was done on the basis of limit state of design for collapse and serviceability. The sample calculations of various structural elements were done with numerous checks and with the help of MS-excel, the formulation was done for each and every structural member in the building. The following materials are adopted for the design of the elements: • Concrete Grade: M25 • Reinforcement Steel: Fe415 • Limit state method is used for the design of RC elements. The design is based on IS: 456-2000, SP-16, IS: 1893-2002. F) Detailing: Detailing was done by determining number, size, layout and location of reinforcement giving the element dimensions and areas of steel required. Certain details such as lap and development lengths, hook requirements, cut-off points etc. were covered by the code. The detailing is based on SP-34 and IS: 13920-1993. Time frame of our work completion: Activities Poush 1 1.Plan 2.Literature Review 3.Plan Modification 4.Load Calculation 5.Analysis and interpretation of result 6.Detail design 7.Structural drawing with ductile drawing 2 Magh 3 4 1 2 Falgun 3 4 1 2 Chaitra 3 4 1 2 3 Baishak 4 1 2 3 Jestha 4 1 2 Asar 3 4 1 2 Shrawn 3 4 1 2 Bhadra 3 4 1 2 CHAPTER 2: ASPECTS OF SEISMIC PERFORMANCE AND BUILDING DESCRIPTION Nepal has witnessed several major disasters due to earthquakes in the current decade. Earthquakes do not kill people but poorly designed or constructed buildings do. These earthquakes have clearly brought out that we need to have a comprehensive strategy for disaster mitigation which should include planning, design and construction of arthquake resistant buildings through strict compliance of Codal provisions for earthquake countermeasures. The general philosophy of earthquake resistant building design is that: Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the building that carry vertical and horizontal forces should not be damaged; however building parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable damage. Under moderate but occasional shaking, The main members may sustain repairable damage, while the other parts of the building may be damaged such that they may even have to be replaced after the earthquake. Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe (even irreparable) damage, but the building should not collapse. 2.1 Seismic Performance of building Level of Performance of a building in an earthquake depends upon its overall configuration. Generally it is common that an architect fixes the configuration i.e. shape size and geometry of a building and the structural engineer adds the structural design. Contribution of building configuration in seismic performance of building is rarely considered. It is a frequent mistake that earthquake load consideration in structural design guarantees earthquake resistance of a building regardless of the configuration. In this context the emphasis of Henry Degenkolb, a prominent American structural engineer may be noteworthy. He stressed that: “If we have a poor configuration to start with, all the engineer can do is to provide a band aid – improve a basically poor solution as best he can. Conversely, if we start up with a good configuration and a reasonable framing scheme, even a poor engineer can’t harm its ultimate performance too much” The building configuration stated thereof that effect the seismic performance of building are: Architectural shape and size. Type, size and location of structural elements. 2.2 Configuration Issues in Building Plan of building Size of Buildings: The horizontal movement of the floors during ground shaking is large in tall buildings. In short but very long buildings, the damaging effects during earthquake shaking are many. In buildings with large plan area, the horizontal seismic forces can be excessive to be carried by columns and walls. Symmetry: The building as a whole or its various blocks should be kept symmetrical about both the axes. Asymmetry leads to torsion during earthquakes and is dangerous. Symmetry is also desirable in the placing and sizing of door and window openings, as far as possible. Regularity: Simple rectangular shapes behave better in an earthquake than shapes with many projections. Torsional effects of ground motion are seen in long narrow rectangular blocks. Therefore, it is desirable to restrict the length of a block to three times its width. If longer lengths are required two separate blocks with sufficient separation in between should be provided. Separation of Blocks: Separation of a large building into several blocks may be required so as to obtain symmetry and regularity of each block. For preventing hammering or pounding damage between blocks a physical separation is advisable. Simplicity: Decoration invo1ving large cornices, vertical or horizontal cantilever projections etc. are dangerous and undesirable from a seismic viewpoint. Simplicity is the best approach. Where ornamentation is insisted upon, it must be reinforced with steel, which should be properly embedded or tied into the main structure of the building. Enclosed Area: A small building enclosure with properly interconnected walls acts like a rigid box. Since the earthquake strength which long walls derive from transverse walls increases as their length decreases. Therefore structurally it will be advisable to have separately enclosed rooms rather than one long room. Separate Buildings for Different Functions: In view of the difference in importance of buildings, it may be economical to plan separate blocks for different functions so as to affect economy in strengthening costs. 2.3 Vertical Configuration The earthquake forces developed at different floor levels in a building need to be brought down along the height to the ground by the shortest path. Any deviation or discontinuity in this load transfer path results in poor performance of the building. In addition, all sections in load paths should be detailed as ductile elements. Those parts of the load path that cannot be detailed as ductile elements must be designed to resist their forces elastically. In other words, non-ductile connections must be able to elastically resist forces greater than the maximum probable strength of the elements framing into the connection. Setbacks, unequal building Element height, discontinuous column, weak storey etc. are common examples of ill vertical configuration. 2.4 Structural Ductility Ductility is the most desirable quality for good earthquake performance and can be incorporated to some extent in brittle masonry constructions by introduction of steel reinforcing bars at critical sections. Some materials are ductile, such as steel, wrought iron and wood while others are not, such as cast iron, plain masonry, concrete, i.e. they break suddenly, without warning. Brittle materials can be made ductile, usually by the addition of modest amounts of ductile materials, Such as steel reinforcing in masonry and concrete constructions. For these ductile materials to achieve a ductile effect in the overall behavior of the component, they must be proportioned and placed so that they come in tension and are subjected to yielding. Thus, a necessary requirement for good earthquake resistant design is to have sufficient ductile materials at points of tensile stresses. 2.5 Structural Layout When creating a frame building, structural member in regard to their stiffness are to be uniformly distributed and these should be well framed up in both orthogonal directions with nearly uniform spans. It is always advisable to provide stiffer elements such as walls or bracings along the perimeter of the building rather than concentrating them in the center of the building, whatever be the structural system. It results in enhanced torsional resistance of the building giving it additional earthquake protection. It helps to maintain similar stiffness in both the directions. An additional force Viz. Torsion emerges when the center of Gravity does not coincides the center of stiffness. 2.6 Isolation of Structure Beside traditional approach of resisting the Seismic forces, an alternative approach which is presently emerging is to avoid these forces, by isolation of the structure from the ground motions which actually impose the forces on the structure. The concept of base isolation is explained through an example building resting on frictionless rollers. When the ground shakes, the rollers freely roll, but the building above does not move. Thus, no force is transferred to the building due to the shaking of the ground; simply, the building does not experience the earthquake. Now, if the same building is rested on the flexible pads that offer resistance against lateral movements (as shown in figure aside), then some effect of the ground shaking will be transferred to the building above. The main feature of the base isolation technology is that it introduces flexibility in the structure. 2.7 General Principles for the design On starring at the overview of structural action, mechanism of damage and modes of failure of buildings, we can come up with following considerations: Structures should not be brittle or collapse suddenly. Rather, they should be tough, able to deflect or deform a considerable amount. Resisting elements, such as bracing or shear walls, must be provided evenly throughout the building, in both directions side-to-side, as well as top to bottom. All elements, such as walls and the roof, should be tied together so as to act as an integrated unit during earthquake shaking, transferring forces across connections and preventing separation. The building must be well connected to a good foundation and the earth. Wet, soft soils Should be avoided, and the foundation must be well tied together, as well as tied to the wall. Where soft soils cannot be avoided, special strengthening must be provided. Care must be taken that all materials used are of good quality, and are protected from rain, sun, insects and other weakening actions, so that their strength lasts. Unreinforced earth and masonry have no reliable strength in tension, and are brittle in compression. Generally, they must be suitably reinforced by steel or wood. Adherence to above mentioned simple rules, a designer can give a structure that does not prevent all damage in moderate or large earthquakes, but life threatening collapses can be prevented, and damage limited to repairable proportions. These principles fall into several broad categories, some of which are listed as under: Planning and layout of the building involving consideration of the location of rooms and walls, openings such as doors and windows, the number of storeys, etc. At this stage, site and foundation aspects should also be considered. Layout and general design of the structural framing system with special attention to furnishing lateral resistance Consideration of highly loaded and critical sections with provision of reinforcement as required. CHAPTER 3: DESIGN METHOD 3.1 Understanding and Design Philosophy 3.1.1 Background The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structure being designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. We are mainly dealing with seismic analysis and structural design of RCC framed concrete structure. Structure and structural element shall normally be designed by limit state method. 3.1.2 Design Philosophies There are three philosophies for the design of reinforced concrete. i. ii. iii. Working stress method Ultimate load method Limit State method Working stress method: The working stress method of design is based on the behavior of structure at working load. The stress distribution in concrete and steel at working load is assumed to be linear. Hence the design is made by assuming the linear stress-strain relationship ensuring that the stresses in steel and concrete do not exceed their permissible values at service load which is taken as the fixed proportion of the ultimate or yield strength of the material. Ultimate load method: This is an aspect of limit design, which confines the structural usefulness up to the plastic strength or ultimate load carrying capacity. This method is based on failure condition rather than working load condition. In plastic design method, working load is multiplied by load factor and the cross section of members is selected and design on the basis of collapse Strength. Limit state method: It is a judicious amalgamation of working stress method and ultimate load method, removing the drawback of both of these methods but retaining their good points. In the method of design based on the limit state concept, the structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life; it shall also satisfied the serviceability requirements, such as limitation on deflection and cracking should be based on characteristic value for materials strength and applied load .The designed value are derived from characteristics value through, the use of partial factor of safety for load and strength. 3.2 Compression Members Limit state of collapse: The limit state of collapse of structure could be assessed from rupture of one or more critical section and from buckling due to elastic or plastic instability or overturning. The resistance bending, shear, torsion and axial load at every section should not be less than the value at the section produced by the most unfavorable combination of load using partial factor of safety. Limit state of serviceability: This state corresponds to the development of the excessive deformation and is use for checking members in which magnitude of deformation may limit the use of the structure or its component. This state may correspond to: a) Deflection b) Cracking c) Vibration 3.3 Earthquake Resistance Design of Structure Assumptions Earthquake causes impulsive ground motions, which are complex and irregular in character, changing in period and amplitude is lasting for a small duration. Therefore resonance of the type as visualized under steady state sinusoidal excitations will not occur as it would need time to build up such amplitudes. Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum flood or maximum sea waves. The value of elastic modulus of materials, wherever required, may be taken as for static analysis unless a more definite value is available for use in such condition. The criteria adopted by codes for fixing the level of the design seismic loading are generally as follows: Structure should be able to resist minor earthquake without damage. Structure should be able to resist moderate earthquake without significant structural damage, but with some non-structural damage and Structure should be able to resist major earthquake without collapse but with some structural as well as non- structural damage. There are basically two methods to determine the earthquake force in the building: o Seismic coefficient method or static method o Dynamic method. 3.4 Assessment of Loads a) Dead load The correct assessment and calculation of dead loads is a most important step. This can be done precisely if the architectural drawings are complete and include the roof, ceiling, floor, wall finishes, parapet and railings, overhead water storage tanks placed on the roof, position thickness and specifications of fixed partitions, etc The correct thickness/size of structural member (i.e. slab, beams and columns) cannot be ascertained before the structural analysis and design are finalized. Thus , some sizes need to be assigned by experience and architectural considerations to begin with, checked and modified during preliminary design, and finalized during analysis and checking. The dead load of each member has been separately calculated as per IS 875 (part 1): 1987 for obtaining seismic weight and compute design base shear and compare it with the actual base shear obtained from SAP2000. b) Live load These are to be chosen from codes as IS: 875(part 2) for carious occupancies where required. These codes permit certain modifications in the load intensities where large contributory areas are involved, or when the building consists of many stories. For economy in design, such reductions should be utilized. Lateral and vertical loads on parapets and railings, and higher loads intensities on entrance halls, stairs, must be considered. It will be useful to mark the design load classes or intensities on small- scale. c) Wind load Wind pressure occurs on all exposed surfaces and acts normal to the surface. The intensities of the pressure specified by the coefficient of wind pressure Cp in Is 875(part 3) depends on a large number of parameter such as direction of wind relative to the axes of the building, its shape in plan and elevation, and size of exposed individual elements. The terrain and building height, the topography etc. IS 875(Part 3) is an attempt to codify the wind-tunnel perimental results by considering the various parameters. It gives a very exhaustive treatment and thus may appear complex for simple application to building of usual shape and size. When adopting IS 875(Part 3) for Nepal, the wind velocity zoning of the country require will be that applicable to 10m height, peak gust velocity averaged over a three second, and a return period of 50 years. d) Seismic load Seismic weight is the total dead load plus appropriate amount of specified imposed load. While computing the seismic load weight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in any story shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey. The seismic weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors. It has been calculated according to IS: 1893(Part I) – 2002. Seismic load or earthquake load on a building depends upon its geographical location, lateral stiffness and mass, and is reversible. During an earthquake, the mass is imparted by the building whereas the acceleration is imparted by the ground disturbance. In order to have minimum force, the mass of the building should be as low as possible. The point of application of this inertial force is the centre of gravity of the mass on each floor of the building. This load on a structure is a function of the site dependent probable maximum earthquake intensity or string ground- motion and the local soil, the stiffness, and its orientation in relation to the incident seismic waves. For designing purpose, the resultant effects are usually represented by the horizontal and vertical seismic coefficient αh, αv. Alternatively, a dynamics analysis of the building is required under the action of the specified ground motion or design response spectra. Since the probable maximum earthquake occurrences are not so frequent, designing building for such earthquake so as to ensure that they remain elastic and damage- free is not considered economically prudent. Instead, reliance is placed on kinetic energy dissipation in the structure through plastic deformation of elements and joints. Thus, the philosophy of a seismic design is to obtain no collapse of structure rather than a no damage of structure. 3.5 Study of the Building Structural and Architectural Features of the Building Type of the building Commercial building Location Tinkune, Kathnmandu Plinth Area 299.64 sq.m Building Perimeter 99.01 m Structural system Moment Resisting Frame structure Soil type Medium Soil Seismic zone Zone V Foundation Mat Foundation Number of storey Basement + Ground floor + 5 Stories Basement height 3 m Ground storey height 3m Floor to floor height 3m Width of wall 230 mm Types of loads i. Dead Load ii. Live Load as per IS 875 part II iii. Earthquake induced load as per IS 1893 Analysis Tools SAP2000 v16 Size of Beam 400 X 450 mm Size of Column 550 X 550 mm Depth of Slab 175 mm Type of Staircase Open well Staircase Grade of Concrete M25 Grade of Steel Fe4150 No. of Beam from ground to 5th floor 24 nos. No. of Beam in 6th floor 4 nos. No. Column from basement to 5th floor 16 nos. No. of Column in 6th floor 4 nos. CHAPTER 4: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 4.1 Introduction This deals about preliminary analysis and design of structure. To begin with, the size of basic structural members, unit weights, live loads, earthquake loads and wind loads are assessed. Based on these dimensions and loads, the structure is analyzed and stresses on members are calculated. From these calculated loads adequacy of the assumed sections is checked. In due course, a tradeoff is also identified for material type to be used in the structural members. For preliminary purpose torsion analysis is not done. 4.2 Need of Preliminary Design It is necessary to know the preliminary section of the structure for the detail analysis. As the section should be given initially while doing analysis in almost all software, the need of preliminary design is vital. Only dead loads and live loads are considered while doing preliminary design. Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the structural members before analysis of structure. 4.3 Preliminary Design 4.3.1 Slab Slab design are assumed to be monolithically casted with beams. Hence all slabs are designed as continuous slabs as per end conditions defined in IS 456:2000. Dimension of the biggest room=7.468m*4.953m Shorter span=4.953m Depth of slab, Dmin =shorter span/(basic value*modification factor); IS 456:2000 Cl. 23.2.1 Where ; Modification factor=1.2 ; Basic value=26; continuous beam Provide depth, d=124.83mm <125mm , provide depth=125mm So for 125mm secondary beam is not needed 4.3.2 BEAM Main Beam Maximum span of main beam in X- direction, L=4953mm Depth of beam =L/18 =275.17mm Clear cover =25.00mm Overall depth, D=315.67mm Provide overall depth, D=350mm Provide width of beam, B=350/2=175mm So B=200mm 4.3.3COLUMN From Load Calculation Method: Working load (P) = 2710.1475KN Ultimate load (Pu) =1.5*P=4065.22KN We know: Pu=0.4Fck*Ac+0.67* Fy* Asc Provide 2% steel Size of column =514.44mm Adopting greater size. Provide sq column of 520mm*520mm 4.4 Calculation of Center of mass Center of mass in x-dir. (Cmx) = = ∑Mi ∑Mi∗Xi of slab+∑Mi∗Xi ofbeam+∑Mi∗Xi of column+∑Mi∗Xi of wall ∑Mi of slab+∑Mi of beam+∑Mi of column+∑Mi of wall Center of mass in y-dir. (Cmy) = = ∑Mi∗Xi ∑Mi∗Yi ∑Mi ∑Mi∗Yi of slab+∑Mi∗Yi ofbeam+∑Mi∗Yi of column+∑Mi∗Yi of wall ∑Mi of slab+∑Mi of beam+∑Mi of column+∑Mi of wall Center of mass (Cmx,Cmy) = (7.207, 10.330) 4.5 Calculation of Center of stiffness Center of stiffness In x-dir.(Csx)= In y-dir.(Csy)= ∑EIx∗Xi ∑EIx ∑EIy∗Yi ∑EIy = = ∑EIx∗Xi of column ∑EIx of column ∑EIy∗Yi of column ∑EIy of column Center of stiffness (Csx, Csy) = (7.201, 10.573) m Static eccentricity: Static eccentricity in x-dir.(esx)= Cmx- Csx = 7.207-7.201= 0.006m Static eccentricity in y-dir.(esy)= Cmy- Csy = 10.573-10.33= 0.243m Minimum eccentricity (emin) = 5% of smaller dimension of building. =5/100*14.402 = 0.7201 m 4.6. Lateral load calculation (Seismic Load): Seismic load: Seismic weight is the total dead load plus approximate amount of specified superimposed load. While computing the seismic weight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey (equals to half the storey height). The seismic weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors. It has been calculated according to IS 1893: 2002 (Part I). Seismic load or earthquake load on a building depends upon its geographical location, lateral stiffness and mass, and is reversible. Its effect should be considered along both axes of building taken at a time. A force is defined as the product of mass and acceleration. During an earthquake, the mass is imparted by the building whereas the acceleration is imparted by the ground disturbance. In order to have minimum force, the mass of the building should be as low as possible. The point of application of this inertial force is the centre of mass of each floor of the building. There are two methods to determine the earthquake force in a building: 1. Seismic coefficient method (static method) 2. Response spectrum method or modal analysis method of spectral acceleration method (dynamic method) The seismic coefficient method is generally applicable to buildings up to 40m in height and those are more or less symmetrical in plan and elevation. A building may be modeled as a series of 2D plane frames into orthogonal direction. Each node will have 3 degrees of freedom: two translations and one rotation. Alternatively, a building may be modeled as a 3D space frame. Each node will have 6 degrees of freedom: 3 translations and 3 rotations. Response Spectrum The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree of freedom system having certain period of vibration and damping during earthquake is referred to as response spectrum. The maximum response, i.e., maximum absolute acceleration, maximum velocity or maximum relative displacement of the single degree of freedom system is plotted against the undamped natural period and for various damping values. Calculation of FUNDAMNETAL natural period (Ta): The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta) in seconds, of a Moment resisting frame building panels may be estimated by the empirical expression: Ta = 0.075h 0.75 (without Brick infill) = 0.09h/√Ds (with Brick infill panels) (IS 1893: 2002 Clause 7.6.1) (IS 1893: 2002 Clause 7.6.2) Where, h = Height of building in m. This excludes the basement storey, where basement walls are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns but it includes the basement storey, when they are not so connected. Ds = Dimension of building in meter in a direction parallel to the applied earthquake force 4.6.1. Calculation of base shear And Design lateral force: Base shear (Vb) = Ah W (IS 1893: 2002 Clause 7.5.3) Where, Ah = Design horizontal seismic coefficient h = Height of building (m) Ah Z I Sa 2R g (IS 1893: 2002 Clause 6.4.2) Where, Z = zone factor as give (IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002) I = importance factor, depending upon the functional use of the structure R = response reduction factor Sa/g = Average Response Acceleration W = Seismic Weight of the building (KN) which include a. Floor wise dead load consisting of weight of floor, beams, parapet, fixed permanent equipment and half the walls and columns etc above and below. b. Reduce live load on building (25 % of live load for live load ≤ 3 KN/m 2 and 50 % for live load > 3 KN/m2) After calculating the base shear VB, the distribution of earthquake force on different floor is determined as follows: Wi hi Qi = VB 2 Wi hi Where, Qi = horizontal force acting at any floor i Wi = weight of ith storey assumed to be lumped at ith floor hi = height of ith floor above base of frame Calculation: Storey height = 3 m W = seismic weight of building = 25152.885 KN (from table of Lateral Load Calculation) Z = Zone factor = 0.36 (From Table 2, IS 1893: 2002 Clause 6.4.2) For zone V (very severe) I = Importance factor = 1.0 (Table 6, s1 No. 1( i ), IS 1893: 2002 Clause 6.4.2) R = Response reduction factor = 5.0 for Zone V Assuming the frame to be special moment resisting (table 7) For medium soil sites 1 15T 0.00 T 0.10 Sa 2.5 0.10 T 0.55 g 1.36 0.55 T 4.00 T The fundamental time period of the vibration Ta = 0.075 h0.75 (assuming no brick infill faces) (IS 1893: 2002 Clause 7.6.1) h = 3 7 =21 m Ta = 0.736sec The fundamental time period of vibration, Ta=0.736 sec Hence, Sa 1.36 / Ta 1.848 g Ah ZIS a 0.36 1 1.364 = 0.0665 25 2 Rg Now, seismic base shear (IS 1893: 2000 Clause 6.4.2) Vb Ah W = .0665 x 25152.885 =1672.67 KN Base Shear =1672.67 KN 4.6.2 LUMPED MASS CALCULATION: LUMPED MASS CALCULATION FLOOR SLAB BEAM Ground 1310.77 554.480 COLUMN WALL MASS(KN) 363.000 915.787 3144.037 1st 1310.77 554.480 363.000 1831.330 4059.580 2nd 1310.77 554.480 363.000 1831.330 4059.580 3rd 1310.77 554.480 363.000 1831.330 4059.580 4th 1310.77 554.480 363.000 1831.330 4059.580 5th 1310.77 554.480 226.875 1071.396 3163.521 45.375 155.609 442.101 cover 146.9 94.217 4.6.3 BASE SHEAR DISTRIBUTION: Base Shear (Vb) =1673.370 KN Distribution of Base Shear:((Wi*hi2)/sum(Wi*hi2))*Vi Level 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Wi (KN) 442.100 3163.519 4435.623 4435.623 4435.623 4435.623 3804.774 hi (m) 21.000 18.000 15.000 12.000 9.000 6.000 3.000 Wi*hi2 194966.100 1024980.156 998015.175 638729.712 359285.463 159682.428 34242.966 3409902.000 Qi 95.677 502.997 489.764 313.449 176.315 78.362 16.804 Vi 95.677 598.675 1088.439 1401.888 1578.203 1656.566 1673.370 Chapter: 5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 5.1 Salient feature of SAP2000 SAP2000 represents the most sophisticated and user-friendly release of SAP series of computer programs. Creation and modification of the model, execution of the analysis, and checking and optimization of the design are all done through this single interface. Graphical displays of the results, including real-time display of time-history displacements are easily produced. The finite element library consists of different elements out of which the three dimensional FRAME element was used in this analysis. The Frame element uses a general, threedimensional, beam-column formulation which includes the effects of biaxial bending, torsion, axial deformation, and biaxial shear deformations. Structures that can be modeled with this element include: • Three-dimensional frames • Three-dimensional trusses • Planar frames • Planar grillages • Planar trusses A Frame element is modeled as a straight line connecting two joints. Each element has its own local coordinate system for defining section properties and loads, and for interpreting output. Each Frame element may be loaded by self-weight, multiple concentrated loads, and multiple distributed loads. End offsets are available to account for the finite size of beam and column intersections. End releases are also available to model different fixity conditions at the ends of the element. Element internal forces are produced at the ends of each element and at a user-specified number of equally-spaced output stations along the length of the element. Loading options allow for gravity, thermal and pre-stress conditions in addition to the usual nodal loading with specified forces and or displacements. Dynamic loading can be in the form of a base acceleration response spectrum, or varying loads and base accelerations. 1.1. Load combinations Different load cases and load combination cases as per IS 875 are considered to obtain most critical element stresses in structure in the course of analysis. There are altogether six load cases considered for the structural analysis and are mentioned as below: i. Dead load (DL) ii. Live load (LL) iii. Earthquake load in X-direction (EQx) iv. Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQy) v. Response spectrum in X-direction (RSx) vi. Response spectrum in Y-direction (RSy) Following load combinations are adopted: 1. COMB1 = 1.5 DL 2. COMB2 = l.5 ( DL + LL) 3. COMB3 = 1.2 ( DL + LL + EQx) 4. COMB4 = 1.2 ( DL + LL – EQx) 5. COMB5 = l.2 ( DL +LL+ EQy) 6. COMB6 = 1.2 ( DL+LL – EQy) 7. COMB7 = 1.5 ( DL + EQx) 8. COMB8 = l.5 ( DL –EQx) 9. COMB9 = l.5 ( DL + EQy) 10. COMB10 = l.5 ( DL – EQy) 11. COMB11 = 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQx 12. COMB12 = 0.9 DL – 1.5 EQx 13. COMB13 = 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQy 14. COMB14 = 0.9 DL – 1.5 EQy 15. COMB15= 1.5 DL 16. COMB16= l.5 ( DL + LL) 17. COMB17= 1.2 ( DL + LL + RSx) 18. COMB18= l.2 ( DL + LL+ RSy) 19. COMB19= 1.5 ( DL + RSx) 20. COMB20= 1.5 ( DL + RSy) 21. COMB21= 0.9 DL + 1.5 RSx 22. COMB22=0.9 DL + 1.5 RSy 23. Envelope (Max. of all combinations) 5.2. SAP application procedure Construction of structural framework (Grid model) according to given drawing Assigning size, material, name etc. of the members used in the structure Loading all the vertical loads to every horizontal member according to their location, whether it is point load, triangular, trapezoidal or uniformly distributed (rectangular load) Assigning calculated earthquake forces with their magnitude at particular location (Centre of mass) to each floor level in both X and Y directions. For this slab is considered as rigid by constructing diaphragm at different floor level Fix the structure to the ground Run the program Check each and every elements and verify if they safely pass through assigned loads Modification of geometry of elements, property of materials, reinforcement in case of inadequacy of previous ones Export the required diagrams and data from SAP Filtering of the data by making small programs 5.3. Analysis Features The CSI analysis engine offers the following features; 1. Static and dynamic analysis 2. Linear and non-linear 3. Dynamic seismic analysis and static push over analysis 4. Vehicle live load analysis for bridge 5. Geometric non linearity, including P-delta and large- displacement effects 6. Staged (incremental) construction 7. Creep, shrink age and aging effects 8. Buckling analysis 9. Steady state and power-spectral-density analysis 10. Frame and shell structural elements, including beams, column truss, membrane and plate behavior. 11. Two dimensional plane and axis symmetrical solid elements 12. Three dimensional solid elements 13. Non linear link and support elements 14. Frequency –dependent link and support properties 15. Multiple co-ordinates systems 16. Many types of constraints 17. Wide verity of loading options The following general steps are required to analyze and design a structure using SAP200: 1. Create or modify a model that numerically defines the geometry, properties, loading, and analysis parameters for the structure. 2. Perform an analysis of the model. 3. Review the results of the analysis. 4. Check and optimize the design of the structure. Constraints: Constraints are used to enforce certain types of rigid-body behavior, to connect together different parts of the model, and to impose certain types of symmetry conditions. A constraint consists of a set of two or more constrained joints. The displacements of each pair of joints in the constraint are related by constraint equations. The types of behavior that can be forced by constraints are: 1. Rigid body behavior, in which the constrained joints translate and rotate together as if connected by links. The types of rigid behavior that can be modeled are: a. Rigid Body: fully rigid for all displacements. b. Rigid Diaphragm: rigid for membrane behavior in plane. c. Rigid plate: rigid of plate bending in a plane. d. Rigid rod: rigid for extension along an axis. e. Rigid beam: rigid for beam bending on an axis. 2. Equal displacement behavior, in which the translations and rotations are equal at the constrained joints. 3. Symmetry and anti – symmetry conditions: The use of constraints reduces the number of equations in the system to be solved and will usually result in increased computational efficiency. Most constraints types must be defined with respect to some fixed co -ordinate system. The co ordinate system may be the global co ordinate system or an alternate co ordinate system, or it may be automatically determined from the location of the constrained joints. The local constraint does not use a fixed co ordinate system, but references each joints using its own local co ordinate system. Body constraint: A body constraint causes all of its constrained joints to move together as a three dimensional rigid body. By default, all degree freedom at each connected joint participates. However, you can select a sub set of the degrees of freedom to be constrained. This constraint can be used to: 1. Model rigid connections, such as where several beams and column or frame together. 2. Connect together different parts of the structural model that were defined using separate meshes. 3. Connect frame elements that are acting as eccentric stiffeners to shell elements. 5.4. Inputs and Outputs The design of earthquake resistant structure should aim at providing appropriate dynamic and structural characteristics so that acceptable response level results under the design earthquake. The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate durability and adequate resistance to the effects of misuse and fire. For the purpose of seismic analysis of our building we used the structural analysis program SAP2000. SAP2000 has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm system. A floor diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y plane, so that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in X-Y plane. This type of modeling is very useful in the lateral dynamic analysis of building. The base shear and response spectra are calculated as per code IS 1893(part1)2002 and response spectra is implemented in SAP2000 for analysis and design SOME OUTPUT DIAGRAM FROM SAP: A) 3D MODEL Fig: Axial Force Diagram Fig: Shear Force Diagram Fig:Deformed structure Fig: Bending Moment Diagram CHAPTER: 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN The structure should be designed in such a way that it fulfills the targeted requirement throughout its life. The objective of structural design is to design such kind of building that gives complete resonance with Safety (in terms of Strength, Stability and Structural integrity), adequate Serviceability (in terms of deflection and crack) and economy. It is necessary that reinforced concrete structure should satisfy the Serviceability limit state, i.e. if a section is of sufficient Strength to support the design loads, there should not be excessive deformation, deflection, cracking etc., which may affect its appearance. Safety implies that the likelihood of (partial or total) collapse of the structure is acceptably low not only under the normal expected loads (service load) but also under abnormal but probable overloads (such as earthquake or extreme wind). The objective here is to minimize the likelihood of progressive collapse. But through the increment of design margins we can resist the problem regarding structural failure but at the same time cost also increases with the increase in design margins for Safety and Serviceability. So, considering overall economy the cost associated with increased Safety and Serviceability should be weighed against the potential losses and the best cost is selected. Limit state method of design: Limit state is the state of impending failure beyond which structure ceases to perform its intended function satisfactorily in terms of either safety or serviceability. The limit state method of design is based on the behavior or structure at different limit state insuring adequate Safety against each limit state. The two principle limit states are the ultimate limit state and the Serviceability limit state. The ultimate limit state is reached when the structure collapses. It requires that structure must withstand the load for which it is designed with adequate factor of Safety without collapse. The limit state of Serviceability corresponds to development of excessive deformation and is used for checking members in which magnitude of deformation may limit the use of structure or its components .The limit state corresponds to deflection, cracking and vibration. It requires that the appearance, durability and of structure must not be effected by deflection and cracking. i. ii. iii. iv. v. Assumptions for flexure members ( IS 456:2000, clause 38.1) Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending. The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fiber is 0.0035. The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the results of text. For design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristics strength .The partial Safety fact γm = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this . The tensile strength of concrete is ignored. The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve for the type of steel used. For the design purposes the partial Safety factor γ m = 1.15 shall be applied. vi. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less than: i. 0.002+0.87 fy/Es Where, fy = characteristics strength of steel Es =modulus of elasticity of steel Limit state of collapse for compression (IS 456:2000, clause 39.1) Assumptions: In addition to the assumptions given above from (a) to (e) for flexure, the following shall be assumed: a. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002 b. The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected to axial compression and bending and when there is no tension on the section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fiber. The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis for different grades of steel based on the assumptions are as follows: Fy xu,max 250 0.53d 415 0.48d 500 0.46d Materials adopted in our design: Concrete M25 Reinforcement Fe 415 5.3. Slab Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of building and carrying distributed loads primarily by flexure. Inclined slabs may be used as ramps for multistory car parks. Soffit of staircases can be considered as inclined slabs. A slab may be supported by beams or walls or continuous over one or more supports. One-way Slabs are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth. A one way slab can be simply supported or continuous.When slabs are those supported on four sides, two way spanning action occurs. Such slabs may be simply supported or continuous on any or all sides. A two way slab may be considered to consist of a series of interconnected beams. Flow chart of slab design: Determine factored load w=1.5(DL+LL) w D = 1.5DL w L =1.5LL Determine ratio l y /lx No if l y/lx <2 One way slab Yes Determine moment coefficient IS code 456, Table 12 Two way slab Determine type of panel e.g. Two adjacent cont. edge Determine moment coefficients, IS code 456, Table 26, e.g. long, short span, edge, mid Calculate moment at mid, edge M=MD+ML MD= α D wl x 2 ML= αL wl x 2 A s >A Calculate M x =α x wl x 2 M y = αy wl x 2 Calculate area of steel A M = 0.87 f Y A s (d - f Y A s t t s t fck r b) / Determine spacing of bars S v = A ba /A gross ×1000 st min t =0.12%bD S v < 300mm or 3d Calculation of slab: Slab Panel S1 1. Design data Clear span Edge condition Material Concrete grade : : : : two adjacent edge continuous Fe 415 grade steel M25 2. Relevant codes IS 456: 2000 and IS 875: 1987 (part1&2) 3. Allowable stresses fy = 415 N/mm2 fck = 25 N/mm2 4. Assumed slab depth and local calculation The slab depth, assumed to calculate the self weight, is taken as 175mm as per preliminary design. Taking effective cover as 30 mm and assuming reinforcement bar of 10 mm diameter Effective Depth: dx = 175 – 30 – 10/2 = 140 mm dy = 140 – 10/2 – 10/2 = 130 mm Effective Span: lxe = 4953 + 140mm or 4953 + 230/2 + 230/2 = 5093 mm or 5183 mm Since 5093 < 5183, Adopt lxe = 5093mm lye = 7010+ 130 or 7010+ 230/2 + 230/2 = 7140 mm or 7240 mm Since7140 < 7240 Adopt lye = 7140 mm Calculation of loads on slab: Self weight = 25 * 0.175 * 1 = 4.375KN/m Live load = 4 KN/m2 * 1 = 4 KN/m Floor finish and partition = 1.115 KN/m2 * 1 = 1.115 KN/m Total load = 9.49 KN/ m Factored load (Wu) = 1.5 × 9.49 = 14.235 KN/ m Moment coefficient from IS 456: 2000 Table 26 l ey Long span to short span ratio, = 1.40(Two way slab) l ex For negative moment: (x) = 0.071 (y) = 0.047 For positive moment: (x) = 0.053 (y) = 0.035 Moment Calculation: At mid span Mx = (x)×w×lx2 = 0.053 × 14.235 × 5.0932 = 19.57 KNm /m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.035 × 14.235 × 5.0932 =12.92 KNm/m At edge Mx = (x)×w×lx2 = 0.071 × 14.235 × 5.0932 = 26.22KNm/m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.047 × 14.235× 5.0932 = 17.35 KNm/m As moment is critical at support, checking depth taking maximum moment at support, Mx d 0.138 f ck b 26.22 1000 1000 0.138 25 1000 = 87.18mm < 140mm O.K. d Reinforcement Area Calculation: At Middle Strip (For positive moment) A) Calculation of reinforcement in short(X) direction: A st x f y M ux 0.87 f y A st x dx 1 b d f ck Astx 415 19.57 106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this Quadratic equation, (Ast) x = 406.78mm2 B) Calculation of reinforcement in long (Y) direction: A st y f y M uy 0.87 f y A st y dy 1 b dy f ck A st y 415 12.92 106 0.87 415 A st y 115 1 1000 115 25 Solving quadratic equation (Ast) y = 285.69 mm2 Similarly, as above, At Edge (Ast)x = 555.29 mm2 (Ast)y = 388.97 mm2 Minimum Reinforcement 0.12 = 1000×175 = 210 mm2 <(Ast) x , (Ast)y (OK) 100 (IS 456: 2000 clause 26.5.2.1) 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 285.69 = 274.94 mm <3d = 3×130 = 390 mm or 300 mm (Smaller) Therefore take Spacing as 250 mm. Provide 10mm bar @ 250 mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 314.16 mm2. Spacing required = π ×102/4× Hence Finally Adopted a) At mid Span: Reinforcement in X - direction 10 mm bars @ 150mm c/c, Area = 523.6mm2. Reinforcement in Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 150mm c/c, Area= 523.6 mm2. b) At Edge: Reinforcement in X And Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 130mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 604.15 mm2 Check for shear (Along Short Span) 1 Shear force, V w l x 2 1 V 14.235 5.093 = 36.23KN 2 36.23 10 V v u = 0.259 N/mm2 b d 1000 140 3 Shear strength of concrete is given by, Percentage of tension steel, Pt 100 Ast bd 100 604.15 = 0.43% 1000 140 Design shear strength for 0.43% steel and M25 concrete from IS 456: 2000 Table19, c = 0.454 N/mm2 The value of K from IS 456: 2000, Clause 40.2.1 For slab overall depth of 175 mm, K (modification factor) = 1.25 K x c = 1.25 x 0.454 = 0.568N/mm2 > v O.K. (Hence safe in shear). Check for Development length at short edge: Moment of resistance offered by 10mm bars @ 130mm c/c A st f y M1 0.87 f y A st d 1 b f ck d 604.15 415 M1 0.87 415 302.1*140 * 1 1000 140 25 2 = 14.72 10 6 N-mm M1 +Lo V σs Also development length L d = 4 τ bd Development length, Ld = 1.3 (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.1) (IS 456: 2000 page 44) (IS 456: 2000 Clause 26.2.1.1) τbd = 1.4 N/mm2 σ s = 0.87 x 415 MPa 14.72 106 σs = 1.3 +80 36.23 103 4 τ bd 47.011 x ϕ = 608.18mm = 12.94 mm > 10 mm Check for Deflection L = d A Pt 100 st bd (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3) (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c) OK. (IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1) 604.15 = 0.43% 1000 140 A Required f s 0.58 f y st A st Provided 555.29 f s 0.58 415 604.15 = 221.23 KN Pt 100 Value of Coefficients from Code IS 456: 2000, Clause 24.1 = 26 (For continuous slab, IS: 456-2000, Clause 24.1(a)) =1.5 (IS 456: 2000, Fig 4) =1, =1, =1 (IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1(b, c, d)) L We have, = d min Lx dmin = αβγλδ 5093 dmin = = 130.59 < 175mm Hence safe in Deflection. 26 1 1.5 1 1 For Temperature bar (for Ast min): 1000 1000 Spacing required = π ×82/4× = π ×82/4× =335 or 450 mm (smaller) A st 150 (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.3.3.b.2) Provide 8mm bar @ 300 mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 167.551 mm2/m Slab Panel S2 1. Design data Clear span Edge condition Material Concrete grade : : : : one short edge discontinuous Fe 415 grade steel M25 2. Relevant codes IS 456: 2000 and IS 875: 1987 (part1&2) 3. Allowable stresses fy = 415 N/mm2 fck = 25 N/mm2 4. Assumed slab depth and local calculation The slab depth, assumed to calculate the self weight, is taken as 175mm as per preliminary design. Taking effective cover as 30 mm and assuming reinforcement bar of 10 mm diameter Effective Depth: dx = 175 – 30 – 10/2 = 140 mm dy = 140 – 10/2 – 10/2 = 130 mm Effective Span: lxe = 4496 + 140mm or 4496 + 230/2 + 230/2 = 4636 mm or 4726 mm Since 4636 < 4726, Adopt lxe = 4636mm lye = 7010+ 130 or 7010+ 230/2 + 230/2 = 7140 mm or 7240 mm Since7140 < 7240 Adopt lye = 7140 mm Calculation of loads on slab: Self weight = 25 * 0.175 * 1 = 4.375KN/m Live load = 3 KN/m2 * 1 = 3 KN/m Floor finish and partition = 1.115 KN/m2 * 1 = 1.115 KN/m Total load = 8.49 KN/ m Factored load (Wu) = 1.5 × 8.49 = 12.735 KN/ m Moment coefficient from IS 456: 2000 Table 26 l ey Long span to short span ratio, = 1.54(Two way slab) l ex For negative moment: (x) = 0.0581 (y) = 0.037 For positive moment: (x) = 0.0446 (y) = 0.028 Moment Calculation: At mid span Mx = (x)×w×lx2 = 0.0446× 12.735 × 4.6362 = 12.21 KNm /m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.028 × 12.735 ×4.6362 =7.66 KNm/m At edge Mx = (x)×w×lx2 = 0.0581× 12.735 × 4.6362 = 15.90KNm/m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.037× 12.735 × 4.6362 = 10.13KNm/m As moment is critical at support, checking depth taking maximum moment at support, Mx d 0.138 f ck b 15.90 1000 1000 0.138 25 1000 = 67.88mm < 140mm O.K. d Minimum Reinforcement 0.12 1000×175 = 210 mm2 . = 100 (IS 456: 2000 clause 26.5.2.1) Reinforcement Area Calculation: At Middle Strip (For positive moment) A) Calculation of reinforcement in short(X) direction: A st x f y M ux 0.87 f y A st x dx 1 b d f ck For ‘x’ +ve Astx 415 12.21 106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this Quadratic equation, (Ast) x = 248.90 mm2 For -ve Astx 415 15.90 KNm/m 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this eqn, (Ast)x =327.26mm2 B) Calculation of reinforcement in long (Y) direction: For +ve A st y f y M uy 0.87 f y A st y dy 1 b dy f ck A st y 415 7.66 106 0.87 415 A st y 130 1 1000 130 25 Solving quadratic equation (Ast) y = 166.75 mm2 Adopt +ve (Ast) y = 210 mm2 For –ve, Ast y 415 10.13 106 0.87 415 Ast y 115 1 1000 130 20 Solving (Ast) y =222.12mm2 Spacing required: For x +ve Spacing = π ×102/4× 1000 248.9 =315.55mm Adopt spacing 250mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =261.67mm 250 spacing -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 327.26 =240mm Adopt spacing 200mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× For y 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =392.7mm spacing 200 +ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 210 = 373.81 mm > 3d = 3×140 = 420 mm or 300 mm (Smaller) Therefore take Spacing as 300 mm. 1000 1000 Actual area= π ×102/4× = π ×102/4× =261.67mm 300 spacing -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 222.12 =353.6mm Adopt spacing 300mm Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =261.67mm 300 spacing Provide 10 mm bar @ 300 mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 261.67mm Hence Finally Adopted a) At mid Span: Reinforcement in X - direction 10 mm bars @ 250mm c/c, Area = 261.67mm2. Reinforcement in Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 300mm c/c, Area= 261.67mm2. b) At Edge: Reinforcement in X And Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 200mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 392.7mm2 and 300mm c/c area=261.67mm2 respectively. Check for shear (Along Short Span) 1 Shear force, V w l x 2 1 V 12.735 4.636 = 29.52KN 2 29.52 10 V v u = 0. 211N/mm2 1000 140 bd 3 Shear strength of concrete is given by, Percentage of tension steel, Pt 100 Ast bd 100 392.7 1000 140 = 0.281% Design shear strength for 0.281 % steel and M25 concrete from IS 456: 2000 Table19, c = 0.376 N/mm2 The value of K from IS 456: 2000, Clause 40.2.1 For slab overall depth of 175 mm, K (modification factor) = 1.25 K×c = 1.25×0.376 = 0.47 N/mm2 > v O.K. (Hence safe in shear). Check for Development length at short edge: Vu = 29.52 KN Moment of resistance offered by 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c A st f y M1 0.87 f y A st d ' b f ck 196.35 415 M1 0.87 415 196.35140 1000 25 = 9.69 10 6 N-mm Ld = 1.3 M1 +Lo V (IS 456; 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3) Development length L d = σs 4 τ bd Assuming Lo = 4 +4 =8 So L0=8*10=80mm τbd = 1.6*1.2 N/mm2 σs = 0.87 x 415 MPa (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.1) (IS 456: 2000, page 44) (IS 456: 2000, clause 26.2.1.1) M1 +Lo V 9.69 106 σs = 1.3 +80 29.52 103 4 τ bd Now, Ld =1.3 47.011 x ϕ = 506.72 = 10.77 mm > 10 mm (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c) OK. Check for Deflection L = d Pt 100 Ast bd 100 (From IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1) 392.7 1000 140 = 0.281% A st Required A st Provided 327.26 f s 0.58 415 392.7 = 200.6 KN f s 0.58 f y Value of Coefficients from Code = 26 =1.75 =1, =1, =1 L We have, = d min 4636 L/d= 140 IS 456: 2000, Clause 24.1 (For continuous slab, IS: 456 2000 Clause 24.1(a)) (IS 456: 2000, Fig 4) (IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1(b, c, d)) =33.11 =26*1*1.75*1=45.5mm Provide 10mm bar @ 300 mm c/c spacing giving total Area =261.67mm2/mm Slab Panel S3 1. Design data Clear span Edge condition Material Concrete grade : : : : Two Adjacent edge discontinuous Fe 415 grade steel M25 2. Relevant codes IS 456: 2000 and IS 875: 1987 (part1&2) 3. Allowable stresses fy = 415 N/mm2 fck = 25 N/mm2 4. Assumed slab depth and local calculation The slab depth, assumed to calculate the self weight, is taken as 175mm as per preliminary design. Taking effective cover as 30 mm and assuming reinforcement bar of 10 mm diameter Effective Depth: dx = 175 – 30 – 10/2 = 140 mm dy = 140 – 10/2 – 10/2 = 130 mm Effective Span: lxe = 4953 + 140mm or 4953 + 230/2 + 230/2 = 5093 mm or 5183 mm Since 5093 < 5183, Adopt lxe = 5093mm lye = 7010+ 130 or 7010+ 230/2 + 230/2 = 7140 mm or 7240 mm Since7140 < 7240 Adopt lye = 7140 mm Calculation of loads on slab: Self weight = 25 * 0.175 * 1 = 4.375KN/m Live load = 3 KN/m2 * 1 = 3 KN/m Floor finish and partition = 1.115 KN/m2 * 1 = 1.115 KN/m Total load = 8.49 KN/ m Factored load (Wu) = 1.5 × 8.49 = 12.735 KN/ m Moment coefficient from IS 456: 2000 Table 26 l ey Long span to short span ratio, = 1.40(Two way slab) l ex For negative moment: (x) = 0.071 (y) = 0.047 For positive moment: (x) = 0.053 (y) = 0.035 Moment Calculation: At mid span Mx = (x)×w×lx2 =0.053 × 12.735 × 5.0932 = 17.51 KNm /m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.035 × 12.735 ×5.0932 =11.56 KNm/m At edge Mx = (x)×w×lx2 = 0.071× 12.735 × 5.0932 = 23.45KNm/m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.047× 12.735 × 5.0932 = 15.53KNm/m As moment is critical at support, checking depth taking maximum moment at support, d Mx 0.138 f ck b 23.45 1000 1000 0.138 25 1000 =82.44mm < 140mm O.K. d Minimum Reinforcement 0.12 = 1000×175 = 210 mm2 . 100 (IS 456: 2000 clause 26.5.2.1) Reinforcement Area Calculation: At Middle Strip (For positive moment) A) Calculation of reinforcement in short(X) direction: A st x f y M ux 0.87 f y A st x dx 1 b d f ck For ‘x’ +ve Astx 415 17.51 106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this Quadratic equation, (Ast) x = 361.94 mm2 For -ve Astx 415 23.45 *106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this eqn, (Ast)x =492.71mm2 B) Calculation of reinforcement in long (Y) direction: For +ve A st y f y M uy 0.87 f y A st y dy 1 b dy f ck Ast y 415 11.56 106 0.87 415 Ast y 130 1 1000 130 25 Solving quadratic equation (Ast) y = 254.57 mm2 Adopt +ve (Ast) y = 210 mm2 For –ve, A st y 415 15.53 106 0.87 415 A st y 115 1 1000 130 20 Solving (Ast) y =346.17mm2 Spacing required: For x +ve Spacing = π ×102/4× 1000 361.94 =217mm Adopt spacing 150mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =523.6 mm2 spacing 150 -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 492.71 =159.40mm Adopt spacing 150mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =523.6 mm2 spacing 150 For y +ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 254.57 = 308 mm < 3d = 3×130 = 390 mm or 300 mm (Smaller) Therefore take Spacing as 300 mm. 1000 1000 Actual area= π ×102/4× = π ×102/4× =261.67 mm2 300 spacing -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 346.17 =226.88mm Adopt spacing 200mm Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =392.7 mm2 spacing 200 Provide 10 mm bar @ 300 mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 261.67mm Hence Finally Adopted a) At mid Span: Reinforcement in X - direction 10 mm bars @ 150mm c/c, Area = 523.6mm2. Reinforcement in Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 300mm c/c, Area= 261.67mm2. b) At Edge: Reinforcement in X And Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 150mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 523.6mm2 and 200mm c/c area=392.7mm2 respectively. Check for shear (Along Short Span) 1 Shear force, V w l x 2 1 V 12.735 5.093 = 32.43KN 2 32.43 103 Vu v Shear strength of concrete is given by, = 0. 2316N/mm2 b d 1000 140 Percentage of tension steel, Pt 100 Ast bd 100 523.6 = 0.374% 1000 140 Design shear strength for 0.374% steel and M25 concrete from IS 456: 2000 Table19, c = 0.425 N/mm2 The value of K from IS 456: 2000, Clause 40.2.1 For slab overall depth of 175 mm, K (modification factor) = 1.25 K×c = 1.25×0.425 = 0.531 N/mm2 > v O.K. (Hence safe in shear). Check for Development length at short edge: Vu = 32.43 KN Moment of resistance offered by 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c A st f y M1 0.87 f y A st d ' b f ck 261.8 415 M1 0.87 415 261.8140 1000 25 = 12.82 10 6 N-mm Ld = 1.3 M1 +Lo V (IS 456; 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3) Development length L d = σs 4 τ bd Assuming Lo = 4 +4 =8 So L0=8*10=80mm τbd = 1.6*1.2 N/mm2 σs = 0.87 x 415 MPa (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.1) (IS 456: 2000, page 44) (IS 456: 2000, clause 26.2.1.1) M1 +Lo V 12.82 106 σs = 1.3 +80 32.43 103 4 τ bd Now, Ld =1.3 (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c) 47.011 x ϕ = 593.90 = 12.63 mm > 10 mm OK. Check for Deflection L = d Pt 100 Ast bd 100 (From IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1) 523.6 = 0.374% 1000 140 A st Required A st Provided 492.71 f s 0.58 415 523.6 2 = 226.5 N/mm f s 0.58 f y Value of Coefficients from Code = 26 IS 456: 2000, Clause 24.1 (For continuous slab, IS: 456 2000 Clause 24.1(a)) =1.62 =1, =1, =1 L We have, = d min 5093 L/d= 140 (IS 456: 2000, Fig 4) (IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1(b, c, d)) =36.38 =26*1*1.62*1=42.12mm L/d< Hence safe in deflection. Slab Panel S4 1. Design data Clear span Edge condition Material Concrete grade : : : : Two Adjacent edge discontinuous Fe 415 grade steel M25 2. Relevant codes IS 456: 2000 and IS 875: 1987 (part1&2) 3. Allowable stresses fy = 415 N/mm2 fck = 25 N/mm2 4. Assumed slab depth and local calculation The slab depth, assumed to calculate the self weight, is taken as 175mm as per preliminary design. Taking effective cover as 30 mm and assuming reinforcement bar of 10 mm diameter Effective Depth: dx = 175 – 30 – 10/2 = 140 mm dy = 140 – 10/2 – 10/2 = 130 mm Effective Span: lxe = 4953 + 140mm or 4953 + 230/2 + 230/2 = 5093 mm or 5183 mm Since 5093 < 5183, Adopt lxe = 5093mm lye = 7468+ 130 or 7468+ 230/2 + 230/2 = 7598 mm or 7698 mm Since7598 < 7698 Adopt lye = 7598 mm Calculation of loads on slab: Self weight = 25 * 0.175 * 1 = 4.375KN/m Live load = 2.5 KN/m2 * 1 = 2.5KN/m Floor finish and partition = 1.115 KN/m2 * 1 = 1.115 KN/m Total load = 7.99 KN/ m Factored load (Wu) = 1.5 × 7.99 = 11.985 KN/ m Moment coefficient from IS 456: 2000 Table 26 l ey Long span to short span ratio, = 1.49(Two way slab) l ex For negative moment: (x) = 0.0666 (y) = 0.037 For positive moment: (x) = 0.0506 (y) = 0.028 Moment Calculation: At mid span Mx = (x)×w×lx2 =0.0506× 11.985 × 5.0932 = 15.73 KNm /m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.028 × 11.985 ×5.0932 =8.704 KNm/m At edge Mx = (x)×w×lx2 = 0.0666× 11.985 × 5.0932 = 20.704KNm/m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.037× 11.985 × 5.0932 = 11.502KNm/m As moment is critical at support, checking depth taking maximum moment at support, Mx d 0.138 f ck b d 20.70 1000 1000 0.138 25 1000 =77.47mm < 140mm O.K. Minimum Reinforcement (IS 456: 2000 clause 26.5.2.1) = 0.12 1000×175 = 210 mm2 . 100 Reinforcement Area Calculation: At Middle Strip (For positive moment) A) Calculation of reinforcement in short(X) direction: A st x f y M ux 0.87 f y A st x dx 1 b d f ck For ‘x’ +ve Astx 415 15.73 106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this Quadratic equation, (Ast) x = 323.61 mm2 For -ve Astx 415 20.704 *106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this eqn, (Ast)x =431.7mm2 B) Calculation of reinforcement in long (Y) direction: For +ve A st y f y M uy 0.87 f y A st y dy 1 b dy f ck Ast y 415 8.704 106 0.87 415 A st y 130 1 1000 130 25 Solving quadratic equation (Ast) y = 190.05 mm2 Adopt +ve (Ast) y = 210 mm2 For –ve, Ast y 415 11.502 106 0.87 415 Ast y 115 1 1000 130 20 Solving (Ast) y =253.24mm2 Spacing required: For x +ve Spacing = π ×102/4× 1000 323.61 =242.70mm Adopt spacing 200mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =392.7 mm2 spacing 200 -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 431.7 =181.93mm Adopt spacing 150mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =523.6 mm2 spacing 150 For y +ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 210 = 374 mm < 3d = 3×130 = 390 mm or 300 mm (Smaller) Therefore take Spacing as 300 mm. 1000 1000 Actual area= π ×102/4× = π ×102/4× =261.67 mm2 300 spacing -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 253.54 =309.77mm Adopt spacing 300mm Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =261.8 mm2 spacing 300 Provide 10 mm bar @ 300 mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 261.67mm Hence Finally Adopted a) At mid Span: Reinforcement in X - direction 10 mm bars @ 200mm c/c, Area = 392.7mm2. Reinforcement in Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 300mm c/c, Area= 261.67mm2. b) At Edge: Reinforcement in X And Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 150mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 523.6mm2 and 300mm c/c area=261.67mm2 respectively. Check for shear (Along Short Span) 1 Shear force, V w l x 2 1 V 11.985 5.093 = 30.52KN 2 30.52 103 Vu Shear strength of concrete is given by, = 0. 218N/mm2 v b d 1000 140 Percentage of tension steel, Pt 100 Ast bd 100 523.6 1000 140 = 0.374% Design shear strength for 0.374% steel and M25 concrete from IS 456: 2000 Table19, c = 0.425 N/mm2 The value of K from IS 456: 2000, Clause 40.2.1 For slab overall depth of 175 mm, K (modification factor) = 1.25 K×c = 1.25×0.425 = 0.531 N/mm2 > v O.K. (Hence safe in shear). Check for Development length at short edge: Vu = 30.52 KN Moment of resistance offered by 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c A st f y M1 0.87 f y A st d ' b f ck 261.8 415 M1 0.87 415 261.8140 1000 25 = 12.82 10 6 N-mm Ld = 1.3 M1 +Lo V (IS 456; 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3) Development length L d = σs 4 τ bd Assuming Lo = 4 +4 =8 So L0=8*10=80mm τbd = 1.6*1.2 N/mm2 σs = 0.87 x 415 MPa (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.1) (IS 456: 2000, page 44) (IS 456: 2000, clause 26.2.1.1) M1 +Lo V 12.82 106 σs = 1.3 +80 30.52 103 4 τ bd Now, Ld =1.3 (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c) 47.011 x ϕ = 626.15 = 13.12 mm > 10 mm OK. Check for Deflection L = d Pt 100 Ast bd 100 (From IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1) 523.6 = 0.374% 1000 140 A st Required A st Provided 431.7 f s 0.58 415 523.6 = 198.45 N/mm2 f s 0.58 f y Value of Coefficients from Code = 26 =1.7 =1, =1, =1 L We have, = d min 5093 L/d= 140 =36.38 =26*1*1.7*1=44.2mm IS 456: 2000, Clause 24.1 (For continuous slab, IS: 456 2000 Clause 24.1(a)) (IS 456: 2000, Fig 4) (IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1(b, c, d)) L/d< Hence safe in deflection. Slab Panel S6 1. Design data Clear span Edge condition Material Concrete grade : : : : One long edge discontinuous Fe 415 grade steel M25 2. Relevant codes IS 456: 2000 and IS 875: 1987 (part1&2) 3. Allowable stresses fy = 415 N/mm2 fck = 25 N/mm2 4. Assumed slab depth and local calculation The slab depth, assumed to calculate the self weight, is taken as 175mm as per preliminary design. Taking effective cover as 30 mm and assuming reinforcement bar of 10 mm diameter Effective Depth: dx = 175 – 30 – 10/2 = 140 mm dy = 140 – 10/2 – 10/2 = 130 mm Effective Span: lxe = 4953 + 140mm or 4953 + 230/2 + 230/2 = 5093 mm or 5183 mm Since 5093 < 5183, Adopt lxe = 5093mm lye = 7468+ 130 or 7468+ 230/2 + 230/2 = 7598 mm or 7698 mm Since7598 < 7698 Adopt lye = 7598 mm Calculation of loads on slab: Self weight = 25 * 0.175 * 1 = 4.375KN/m Live load = 3 KN/m2 * 1 = 3 KN/m Floor finish and partition = 1.115 KN/m2 * 1 = 1.115 KN/m Total load = 8.49 KN/ m Factored load (Wu) = 1.5 × 8.49 = 12.735 KN/ m Moment coefficient from IS 456: 2000 Table 26 l ey Long span to short span ratio, = 1.49(Two way slab) l ex For negative moment: (x) = 0.0666 (y) = 0.037 For positive moment: (x) = 0.0506 (y) = 0.028 Moment Calculation: At mid span Mx = (x)×w×lx2 =0.0506× 12.735 × 5.0932 = 16.715 KNm /m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.028 × 12.735 ×5.0932 =9.249 KNm/m At edge Mx = (x)×w×lx2 = 0.0666× 12.735 × 5.0932 = 22 KNm/m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.037× 12.735 × 5.0932 = 12.22 KNm/m As moment is critical at support, checking depth taking maximum moment at support, Mx d 0.138 f ck b d 22 1000 1000 0.138 25 1000 =79.85 mm < 140mm O.K. Minimum Reinforcement 0.12 1000×175 = 210 mm2 . = 100 (IS 456: 2000 clause 26.5.2.1) Reinforcement Area Calculation: At Middle Strip (For positive moment) A) Calculation of reinforcement in short(X) direction: A st x f y M ux 0.87 f y A st x dx 1 b d f ck For ‘x’ +ve Astx 415 16.715 106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this Quadratic equation, (Ast) x = 344.78 mm2 For -ve Astx 415 22 *106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this eqn, (Ast)x =460.37mm2 B) Calculation of reinforcement in long (Y) direction: For +ve A st y f y M uy 0.87 f y A st y dy 1 b dy f ck Ast y 415 9.249 106 0.87 415 Ast y 130 1 1000 130 25 Solving quadratic equation (Ast) y = 202.28mm2 Adopt +ve (Ast) y = 210 mm2 For –ve, Ast y 415 12.22 106 0.87 415 Ast y 130 1 1000 130 20 Solving (Ast) y =269.68mm2 Spacing required: For x +ve Spacing = π ×102/4× 1000 344.78 =227.79mm Adopt spacing 200mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =392.7 mm2 spacing 200 -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 460.37 =170.6mm Adopt spacing 150mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =523.6 mm2 spacing 150 For y +ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 210 = 374 mm < 3d = 3×130 = 390 mm or 300 mm (Smaller) Therefore take Spacing as 300 mm. 1000 1000 Actual area= π ×102/4× = π ×102/4× =261.67 mm2 300 spacing -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 269.68 =291.23mm Adopt spacing 200mm Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =392.7 mm2 spacing 200 Provide 10 mm bar @ 200 mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 392.7 mm2 Hence Finally Adopted a) At mid Span: Reinforcement in X - direction 10 mm bars @ 200mm c/c, Area = 392.7mm2. Reinforcement in Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 300mm c/c, Area= 261.67mm2. b) At Edge: Reinforcement in X - direction 10 mm bars @ 150mm c/c, Area = 523.6mm2 Reinforcement in Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 200mm c/c, Area= 392.7mm2. Check for shear (Along Short Span) 1 Shear force, V w l x 2 1 V 12.735 5.093 = 32.43KN 2 32.43 103 Vu Shear strength of concrete is given by, = 0. 232N/mm2 v b d 1000 140 Percentage of tension steel, Pt 100 Ast bd 100 523.6 1000 140 = 0.374% Design shear strength for 0.374% steel and M25 concrete from IS 456: 2000 Table19, c = 0.425 N/mm2 The value of K from IS 456: 2000, Clause 40.2.1 For slab overall depth of 175 mm, K (modification factor) = 1.25 K×c = 1.25×0.425 = 0.531 N/mm2 > v O.K. (Hence safe in shear). Check for Development length at short edge: Vu = 32.43 KN Moment of resistance offered by 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c A st f y M1 0.87 f y A st d ' b f ck 261.8 415 M1 0.87 415 261.8140 1000 25 = 12.82 10 6 N-mm Ld = 1.3 M1 +Lo V Development length L d = σs 4 τ bd Assuming Lo = 4 +4 =8 So L0=8*10=80mm τbd = 1.6*1.2 N/mm2 σs = 0.87 x 415 MPa Now, Ld =1.3 M1 +Lo V (IS 456; 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3) (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.1) (IS 456: 2000, page 44) (IS 456: 2000, clause 26.2.1.1) 12.82 106 σs = 1.3 +80 32.43 103 4 τ bd (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c) 47.011 x ϕ = 593.91 = 12.63 mm > 10 mm OK. Check for Deflection L = d Pt 100 Ast bd (From IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1) 100 523.6 = 0.374% 1000 140 A st Required A st Provided 460.36 f s 0.58 415 523.6 = 211.63 N/mm2 f s 0.58 f y Value of Coefficients from Code = 26 =1.68 =1, =1, =1 L We have, = d min 5093 L/d= 140 IS 456: 2000, Clause 24.1 (For continuous slab, IS: 456 2000 Clause 24.1(a)) (IS 456: 2000, Fig 4) (IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1(b, c, d)) =36.38 =26*1*1.7*1=43.68mm L/d< Hence safe in deflection. Slab Panel S7 1. Design data Clear span : Edge condition Material Concrete grade : : : One long edge discontinuous Fe 415 grade steel M25 2. Relevant codes IS 456: 2000 and IS 875: 1987 (part1&2) 3. Allowable stresses fy = 415 N/mm2 fck = 25 N/mm2 4. Assumed slab depth and local calculation The slab depth, assumed to calculate the self weight, is taken as 175mm as per preliminary design. Taking effective cover as 30 mm and assuming reinforcement bar of 10 mm diameter Effective Depth: dx = 175 – 30 – 10/2 = 140 mm dy = 140 – 10/2 – 10/2 = 130 mm Effective Span: lxe = 4953 + 140mm or 4953 + 230/2 + 230/2 = 5093 mm or 5183 mm Since 5093 < 5183, Adopt lxe = 5093mm lye = 6325+ 130 or 6325+ 230/2 + 230/2 = 6455 mm or 6555 mm Since 6455 < 6555 Adopt lye = 6455mm Calculation of loads on slab: Self weight = 25 * 0.175 * 1 = 4.375KN/m Live load = 2.5 KN/m2 * 1 = 2.5 KN/m Floor finish and partition = 1.115 KN/m2 * 1 = 1.115 KN/m Total load = 7.99 KN/ m Factored load (Wu) = 1.5 × 7.99 = 11.985 KN/ m Moment coefficient from IS 456: 2000 Table 26 l ey Long span to short span ratio, = 1.27(Two way slab) l ex For negative moment: (x) = 0.06335 (y) = 0.047 For positive moment: (x) = 0.04768 (y) = 0.035 Moment Calculation: At mid span Mx = (x)×w×lx2 =0.04768× 11.985 × 5.0932 = 14.823 KNm /m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.035× 11.985 ×5.0932 =10.881 KNm/m At edge Mx = (x)×w×lx2 0.06335× 11.985 × 5.0932 =19.694 KNm/m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.047× 11.985 × 5.0932 = 14.611 KNm/m As moment is critical at support, checking depth taking maximum moment at support, Mx d 0.138 f ck b 19.694 1000 1000 0.138 25 1000 =75.55 mm < 140mm O.K. d Minimum Reinforcement 0.12 1000×175 = 210 mm2 . = 100 (IS 456: 2000 clause 26.5.2.1) Reinforcement Area Calculation: At Middle Strip (For positive moment) A) Calculation of reinforcement in short(X) direction: A st x f y M ux 0.87 f y A st x dx 1 b d f ck For ‘x’ +ve Astx 415 14.823 106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this Quadratic equation, (Ast) x = 304.27 mm2 For -ve Astx 415 19.694 *106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this eqn, (Ast)x =409.5mm2 B) Calculation of reinforcement in long (Y) direction: For +ve A st y f y M uy 0.87 f y A st y dy 1 b dy f ck Ast y 415 10.881 106 0.87 415 Ast y 130 1 1000 130 25 Solving quadratic equation (Ast) y = 221.06mm2 For –ve, Ast y 415 14.611 106 0.87 415 Ast y 130 1 1000 130 20 Solving (Ast) y =299.71mm2 Spacing required: For x +ve Spacing = π ×102/4× 1000 304.27 =258.12mm Adopt spacing 200mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =392.7 mm2 spacing 200 -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 409.5 =191.79mm Adopt spacing 150mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =523.6 mm2 spacing 150 For y +ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 221.06 = 355.28 mm < 3d = 3×130 = 390 mm or 300 mm (Smaller) Therefore take Spacing as 300 mm. 1000 1000 Actual area= π ×102/4× = π ×102/4× =261.67 mm2 300 spacing -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 299.71 =262.05 mm Adopt spacing 200mm Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =392.7 mm2 spacing 200 Provide 10 mm bar @ 200 mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 392.7 mm2 Hence Finally Adopted a) At mid Span: Reinforcement in X - direction 10 mm bars @ 200mm c/c, Area = 392.7mm2. Reinforcement in Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 300mm c/c, Area= 261.67mm2. b) At Edge: Reinforcement in X - direction 10 mm bars @ 150mm c/c, Area = 523.6mm2 Reinforcement in Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 200mm c/c, Area= 392.7mm2. Check for shear (Along Short Span) 1 Shear force, V w l x 2 1 V 11.985 5.093 = 30.52KN 2 30.52 103 Vu v Shear strength of concrete is given by, = 0. 218N/mm2 b d 1000 140 Percentage of tension steel, Pt 100 Ast bd 100 523.6 1000 140 = 0.374% Design shear strength for 0.374% steel and M25 concrete from IS 456: 2000 Table19, c = 0.425 N/mm2 The value of K from IS 456: 2000, Clause 40.2.1 For slab overall depth of 175 mm, K (modification factor) = 1.25 K×c = 1.25×0.425 = 0.531 N/mm2 > v O.K. (Hence safe in shear). Check for Development length at short edge: Vu = 30.52 KN Moment of resistance offered by 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c A st f y M1 0.87 f y A st d ' b f ck 261.8 415 M1 0.87 415 261.8140 1000 25 = 12.82 10 6 N-mm Ld = 1.3 M1 +Lo V (IS 456; 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3) Development length L d = σs 4 τ bd Assuming Lo = 4 +4 =8 So L0=8*10=80mm τbd = 1.6*1.2 N/mm2 σs = 0.87 x 415 MPa (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.1) (IS 456: 2000, page 44) (IS 456: 2000, clause 26.2.1.1) M1 +Lo V 12.82 106 σs = 1.3 +80 30.52 103 4 τ bd Now, Ld =1.3 47.011 x ϕ = 626.153 = 13.31 mm > 10 mm Check for Deflection L = d (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c) OK. (From IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1) Pt 100 Ast bd 100 523.6 = 0.374% 1000 140 A st Required A st Provided 409.5 f s 0.58 415 523.6 = 188.4 N/mm2 f s 0.58 f y Value of Coefficients from Code = 26 =1.8 =1, =1, =1 L We have, = d min 5093 L/d= 140 IS 456: 2000, Clause 24.1 (For continuous slab, IS: 456 2000 Clause 24.1(a)) (IS 456: 2000, Fig 4) (IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1(b, c, d)) =36.38 =26*1*1.8*1=46.8mm L/d< Hence safe in deflection. Slab Panel S8 1. Design data Clear span Edge condition Material Concrete grade : : : : One long edge discontinuous Fe 415 grade steel M25 2. Relevant codes IS 456: 2000 and IS 875: 1987 (part1&2) 3. Allowable stresses fy = 415 N/mm2 fck = 25 N/mm2 4. Assumed slab depth and local calculation The slab depth, assumed to calculate the self weight, is taken as 175mm as per preliminary design. Taking effective cover as 30 mm and assuming reinforcement bar of 10 mm diameter Effective Depth: dx = 175 – 30 – 10/2 = 140 mm dy = 140 – 10/2 – 10/2 = 130 mm Effective Span: lxe = 4496 + 140mm or 4496 + 230/2 + 230/2 = 4636 mm or 4726 mm Since 4636< 4726, Adopt lxe = 4636mm lye = 6325+ 130 or 6325+ 230/2 + 230/2 = 6455 mm or 6555 mm Since 6455 < 6555 Adopt lye = 6455mm Calculation of loads on slab: Self weight = 25 * 0.175 * 1 = 4.375KN/m Live load = 4 KN/m2 * 1 =4 KN/m Floor finish and partition = 1.115 KN/m2 * 1 = 1.115 KN/m Total load = 9.49 KN/ m Factored load (Wu) = 1.5 × 9.49 = 14.235 KN/ m Moment coefficient from IS 456: 2000 Table 26 l ey Long span to short span ratio, = 1.4(Two way slab) l ex For negative moment: (x) = 0.055 (y) = 0.037 For positive moment: (x) = 0.041 (y) = 0.028 Moment Calculation: At mid span Mx = (x)×w×lx2 =0.041× 14.235 × 4.636 2 = 12.544 KNm /m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.028× 14.235 × 4.636 2 =8.566 KNm/m At edge Mx = (x)×w×lx2 =0.055× 14.235 × 4636 2 =16.827 KNm/m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.037× 14.235 × 4636 2 = 11.32 KNm/m As moment is critical at support, checking depth taking maximum moment at support, d Mx 0.138 f ck b 16.827 1000 1000 0.138 25 1000 =69.84 mm < 140mm O.K. d Minimum Reinforcement 0.12 = 1000×175 = 210 mm2 . 100 (IS 456: 2000 clause 26.5.2.1) Reinforcement Area Calculation: At Middle Strip (For positive moment) A) Calculation of reinforcement in short(X) direction: A st x f y M ux 0.87 f y A st x dx 1 b d f ck For ‘x’ +ve Astx 415 12.54 106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this Quadratic equation, (Ast) x = 255.93 mm2 For -ve Astx 415 16.827 *106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this eqn, (Ast)x =347.19mm2 B) Calculation of reinforcement in long (Y) direction: For +ve A st y f y M uy 0.87 f y A st y dy 1 b dy f ck Ast y 415 8.556 106 0.87 415 A st y 130 1 1000 130 25 Solving quadratic equation (Ast) y = 186.96mm2 Adopt area 210 mm2 For –ve, Ast y 415 11.32 106 0.87 415 Ast y 130 1 1000 130 20 Solving (Ast) y =249.10 mm2 Spacing required: For x +ve Spacing = π ×102/4× 1000 255.93 =306.88mm Adopt spacing 200mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =392.7 mm2 spacing 200 -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 347.18 =226.22mm Adopt spacing 150mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =523.6 mm2 spacing 150 For y +ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 210 = 374 mm < 3d = 3×130 = 390 mm or 300 mm (Smaller) Therefore take Spacing as 300 mm. 1000 1000 Actual area= π ×102/4× = π ×102/4× =261.67 mm2 300 spacing -ve spacing= π ×102/4× Adopt spacing 250mm 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 249.1 =315.3 mm Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =314.16 mm2 spacing 250 Hence Finally Adopted a) At mid Span: Reinforcement in X - direction 10 mm bars @ 200mm c/c, Area = 392.7mm2. Reinforcement in Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 300mm c/c, Area= 261.67mm2. b) At Edge: Reinforcement in X - direction 10 mm bars @ 150mm c/c, Area = 523.6mm2 Reinforcement in Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 250mm c/c, Area= 314.16mm2. Check for shear (Along Short Span) 1 Shear force, V w l x 2 1 V 14.235 4.636 = 33KN 2 33 10 V v u = 0. 236N/mm2 1000 140 bd 3 Shear strength of concrete is given by, Percentage of tension steel, Pt 100 Ast bd 100 523.6 1000 140 = 0.374% Design shear strength for 0.374% steel and M25 concrete from IS 456: 2000 Table19, c = 0.425 N/mm2 The value of K from IS 456: 2000, Clause 40.2.1 For slab overall depth of 175 mm, K (modification factor) = 1.25 K×c = 1.25×0.425 = 0.531 N/mm2 > v O.K. (Hence safe in shear). Check for Development length at short edge: Vu = 30.52 KN Moment of resistance offered by 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c A st f y M1 0.87 f y A st d ' b f ck = 12.82 10 6 N-mm 261.8 415 M1 0.87 415 261.8140 1000 25 Ld = 1.3 M1 +Lo V (IS 456; 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3) Development length L d = σs 4 τ bd Assuming Lo = 4 +4 =8 So L0=8*10=80mm τbd = 1.6*1.2 N/mm2 σs = 0.87 x 415 MPa (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.1) (IS 456: 2000, page 44) (IS 456: 2000, clause 26.2.1.1) M1 +Lo V 12.82 106 σs = 1.3 +80 33 103 4 τ bd Now, Ld =1.3 (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c) 47.011 x ϕ = 585.03 = 12.44 mm > 10 mm OK. Check for Deflection L = d Pt 100 Ast bd 100 (From IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1) 523.6 = 0.374% 1000 140 A st Required A st Provided 347.19 f s 0.58 415 523.6 2 = 160 N/mm f s 0.58 f y Value of Coefficients from Code = 26 =2 =1, =1, =1 L We have, = d min 4636 L/d= 140 =33.11 =26*1*2*1=52mm IS 456: 2000, Clause 24.1 (For continuous slab, IS: 456 2000 Clause 24.1(a)) (IS 456: 2000, Fig 4) (IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1(b, c, d)) L/d< Hence safe in deflection. Slab Panel S9 1. Design data Clear span Edge condition Material Concrete grade : : : : Two Adjacent edge discontinuous Fe 415 grade steel M25 2. Relevant codes IS 456: 2000 and IS 875: 1987 (part1&2) 3. Allowable stresses fy = 415 N/mm2 fck = 25 N/mm2 4. Assumed slab depth and local calculation The slab depth, assumed to calculate the self weight, is taken as 175mm as per preliminary design. Taking effective cover as 30 mm and assuming reinforcement bar of 10 mm diameter Effective Depth: dx = 175 – 30 – 10/2 = 140 mm dy = 140 – 10/2 – 10/2 = 130 mm Effective Span: lxe = 4953 + 140mm or 4953 + 230/2 + 230/2 = 5093 mm or 5183 mm Since 5093< 5183, Adopt lxe = 5093mm lye = 6325+ 130 or 6325+ 230/2 + 230/2 = 6455 mm or 6555 mm Since 6455 < 6555 Adopt lye = 6455mm Calculation of loads on slab: Self weight = 25 * 0.175 * 1 = 4.375KN/m Live load = 4 KN/m2 *1 =4 KN/m Floor finish and partition = 1.115 KN/m2 * 1 = 1.115 KN/m Total load = 9.49 KN/ m Factored load (Wu) = 1.5 × 9.49 = 14.235 KN/ m Moment coefficient from IS 456: 2000 Table 26 Long span to short span ratio, l ey l ex = 1.27(Two way slab) For negative moment: (x) = 0.0635 (y) = 0.047 For positive moment: (x) = 0.0478 (y) = 0.035 Moment Calculation: At mid span Mx = (x)×w×lx2 =0.0478× 14.235 × 5.093 2 = 17.65 KNm /m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.035× 14.235 × 5.093 2 =12.92 KNm/m At edge Mx = (x)×w×lx2 =0.0635× 14.235 × 5.093 2 =23.45 KNm/m My = (y)×w×lx2 = 0.047× 14.235 × 5.093 2 = 17.35 KNm/m As moment is critical at support, checking depth taking maximum moment at support, Mx d 0.138 f ck b 23.45 1000 1000 0.138 25 1000 =82.44 mm < 140mm O.K. d Minimum Reinforcement 0.12 1000×175 = 210 mm2 . = 100 (IS 456: 2000 clause 26.5.2.1) Reinforcement Area Calculation: At Middle Strip (For positive moment) A) Calculation of reinforcement in short(X) direction: A st x f y M ux 0.87 f y A st x dx 1 b d f ck For ‘x’ +ve Astx 415 17.65 106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this Quadratic equation, (Ast) x = 364.97 mm2 For -ve Astx 415 23.45 *106 0.87 415 Astx 140 1 1000 140 25 Solving this eqn, (Ast)x =492.71mm2 B) Calculation of reinforcement in long (Y) direction: For +ve A st y f y M uy 0.87 f y A st y dy 1 b dy f ck Ast y 415 12.92 106 0.87 415 Ast y 130 1 1000 130 25 Solving quadratic equation (Ast) y = 285.69mm2 For –ve, Ast y 415 17.35 106 0.87 415 A st y 130 1 1000 130 20 Solving (Ast) y =388.97 mm2 Spacing required: For x +ve Spacing = π ×102/4× 1000 364.97 =215.2mm Adopt spacing 200mm Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =392.7 mm2 spacing 200 -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 492.71 =159.40mm Adopt spacing 150mm, Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =523.6 mm2 spacing 150 For y +ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 285.69 = 274.91 mm Therefore take Spacing as 200 mm. 1000 1000 Actual area= π ×102/4× = π ×102/4× =392.7 mm2 300 spacing -ve spacing= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× Ast 388.97 =201.92 mm Adopt spacing 150mm Actual area= π ×102/4× 1000 1000 = π ×102/4× =523.6 mm2 spacing 150 Hence Finally Adopted a) At mid Span: Reinforcement in X - direction 10 mm bars @ 200mm c/c, Area = 392.7mm2. Reinforcement in Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 200mm c/c, Area= 392.7 mm2. b) At Edge: Reinforcement in X - direction 10 mm bars @ 150mm c/c, Area = 523.6mm2 Reinforcement in Y- direction 10 mm bars @ 150mm c/c, Area= 523.6mm2. Check for shear (Along Short Span) 1 Shear force, V w l x 2 1 V 14.235 5.093 = 36.25KN 2 36.25 103 Vu v Shear strength of concrete is given by, = 0. 259N/mm2 b d 1000 140 Percentage of tension steel, Pt 100 Ast bd 100 523.6 1000 140 = 0.374% Design shear strength for 0.374% steel and M25 concrete from IS 456: 2000 Table19, c = 0.425 N/mm2 The value of K from IS 456: 2000, Clause 40.2.1 For slab overall depth of 175 mm, K (modification factor) = 1.25 K×c = 1.25×0.425 = 0.531 N/mm2 > v O.K. (Hence safe in shear). Check for Development length at short edge: Vu = 36.25 KN Moment of resistance offered by 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c A st f y M1 0.87 f y A st d ' b f ck 261.8 415 M1 0.87 415 261.8140 1000 25 = 12.82 10 6 N-mm Ld = 1.3 M1 +Lo V (IS 456; 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3) Development length L d = σs 4 τ bd Assuming Lo = 4 +4 =8 So L0=8*10=80mm τbd = 1.6*1.2 N/mm2 σs = 0.87 x 415 MPa (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.1) (IS 456: 2000, page 44) (IS 456: 2000, clause 26.2.1.1) M1 +Lo V 12.82 106 σs = 1.3 +80 36.25 103 4 τ bd Now, Ld =1.3 47.011 x ϕ = 539.82 = 11.48 mm > 10 mm Check for Deflection L = d (IS 456: 2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c) OK. (From IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1) Pt 100 Ast bd 100 523.6 = 0.374% 1000 140 A st Required A st Provided 492.71 f s 0.58 415 523.6 = 226.5 N/mm2 f s 0.58 f y Value of Coefficients from Code = 26 =1.7 =1, =1, =1 L We have, = d min 5093 L/d= =36.38 140 IS 456: 2000, Clause 24.1 (For continuous slab, IS: 456 2000 Clause 24.1(a)) (IS 456: 2000, Fig 4) (IS 456: 2000, Clause 23.2.1(b, c, d)) =26*1*1.7*1=44.2mm L/d< Hence safe in deflection. 6.2. Beam: Beam is horizontal structural flexural member which carries the load transferred from the slab and ultimately transfers to the column. They are usually designed for the induced bending moment due to combination of dead load, live load, partition load etc. The design of beam requires the determination of steel for the section fixed from the safe design from SAP analysis. The design of section may result as a singly or doubly reinforced section which may be ascertained by comparing the design moment (Mu) with the moment of resistance for balanced section (Mlim) and the section is usually designed as under reinforced section. 6.2.1 FLOWCHART FOR DESIGN OF BEAM: Take moment of each beam (Mu) Calculate Muli Mulim = 0.133fckbd2 Mlim=0.133fckbd2 No If Mu< Mulim Yes Ast >Ast min= 0.12% 0f bD Under reinforced section Calculate Ast2 by Ast2=M/(0.87*fy*(d-d’)) Calculate Ast from Mu= 0.87fy Ast(d-0.42xu) Calculate Asc by Asc=M/(fsc*(dd’)) Calculate numbers of bars = Ast/Abar Calculate Ast1 from Mulim by Ast1= Mulim / (0.87*fy*(d-0.42*xulim)) Ast >Ast min= 0.12% of bD Calculate numbers of bars = Ast/Abar Fig: Flowchart of Beam Design SECOND FLOOR FOR BEAM ID 82 Ref. Calculations Output Characteristic strength of concrete(fck)=25MPA Grade of steel(Fy)=415MPA Dimension of beam; Breadth=350mm Depth=450mm IS 456 C.L. 26.5 Eff.cover(d')=30mm d=450-30=420mm Check for member size=b/d=350/450=0.778>0.3 From 13920 Minimum area of tensile reinforcement=0.85*b*d/fy =301.08mm2 Maximum area of tensile reinforcement=0.04bD =6300mm2 Minimum area of tension reinforcement=0.24 =455.421 mm √𝐟𝐜𝐤 𝐟𝐲 *b*D 2 Check for depth=L/D=7468/450=16.6>4(OK) IS 456 Limiting moment of resistence for single reinforced rectangular section=0.138fckbd2 =213KN-M At L=0m; Torsion(Tu)=20.7501KnM Maximum Moment=28.5717Knm Minimum Moment=-213.9095Knm Max shear=-167.968Kn Moment due to Torsion; 1+𝐷/𝑏 or, (Mt)=Tu * 1.7 1+450/350 =20.7501* 1.7 =27.899 kn-m Total moment(+ve)(Md+)=28.5717+27.899 =56.4707KnM Total moment(-ve)(Md-)=-213.9095-27.899 =241.8085KnM For +ve Moment; Md+<Mu then; Beam is design as singly reinforced section. For single reinforced beam; 𝐴𝑠𝑡 or, Md =0.87fyAst(d-fy*𝑏∗𝐹𝑐𝑘 ) 𝐴𝑠𝑡 From 13920 56.4707*106=0.87*415*Ast(420-415*420∗25) or, Ast=386.45mm2<455.421mm2(Not ok) So take Ast=455.421 mm2 Provide 2 nos.of 20mm dia bars.Then area of steel provided=628.318 mm2 For compression bar. area of compressive bars required=0.5*Ast =314.158 mm2 Provide 2 nos. of 20mm bars. For –ve Moment; Md-<Mu then; Beam is design as doubly reinforced section. Area of tension steel corresponding to limiting moment; Or,Ast1=Mu,lim/(0.87fy*(d-0.46xu,lim) Or, Ast1=213/(0.87*415*(420-0.46*201.6) or, Ast1=1802.66mm2 Remaining moment=Mu-Mu,lim =241.8085-213 =28.8085Kn-m Ast2=M/(0.87*fy*(d-d’)) =(28.8085*106)/(0.87*415*(420-30)) =190 mm2 IS 456 Ast=Ast1+Ast2 Or ,Ast =1802.66+190 =1992.66mm2 Provide 7-20mm dia bars in tension Ast provided=2199.11mm2 Asc=M/(fsc*(d-d’)) For fsc; Esc=0.0035(1-d’/xu,lim) Or,Esc=0.00297 For Esc=0.00297,fsc=353.505N/mm2 Asc=(28.8085*106)/(353.505*(420-30)) =208.96 mm2 Provide 2-20 mm dia bars in compression Asc provided=402.12mm2 At L=3.734m; Torsion(Tu)=-2.4953KnM Maximum Moment=38.2491Knm Minimum Moment=22.6128Knm Max shear=Kn Moment due to Torsion; 1+𝐷/𝑏 or,(Mt)=Tu * 1.7 1+450/350 =-2.4953* 1.7 =-3.84Kn-m Total moment(+ve)(Md+)=38.2491+3.84 =42.089KnM For +ve Moment; Md+<Mu then; Beam is design as single reinforced section. For single reinforced beam; 𝐴𝑠𝑡 or, Md =0.87fyAst(d-fy*𝑏∗𝐹𝑐𝑘 ) 𝐴𝑠𝑡 42.089*106=0.87*415*Ast(420-415*350∗25) or, Ast=286.848mm2<455.421mm2(not ok) hence,Ast=455.421mm2. Provide 2 nos.of 20mm dia bars. For compression bar; Provide 2 nos. of 20mm dia bars. At L=7.468m; Torsion(Tu)=-21.0243KnM Maximum Moment=30.9546Knm Minimum Moment=-210.342Knm Max shear=166.422Kn Moment due to Torsion; 1+𝐷/𝑏 or,(Mt)=Tu * 1.7 1+450/350 =-21.0243* 1.7 =-2.42Kn-m Total moment(+ve)(Md+)=30.9546+2.42 =33.3746KnM Total moment(-ve)(Md-)=-210.342-2.42 =212.762KnM For +ve Moment; Md+<Mu then; Beam is design as single reinforced section. For single reinforced beam; 𝐴𝑠𝑡 or, Md =0.87fyAst(d-fy*𝑏∗𝐹𝑐𝑘 ) 𝐴𝑠𝑡 33.3746*106=0.87*415*Ast(420-415*350∗25) or, Ast=225.85mm2<455.421mm2(not ok) so Ast=455.421mm2 Provide 2 nos.of 20mm dia bars. For compression bar; Provide 2 nos. of 20mm dia bars. For –ve Moment; Md-<Mu then; Beam is design as single reinforced section. For single reinforced beam; 𝐴𝑠𝑡 or, Md =0.87fyAst(d-fy*𝑏∗𝐹𝑐𝑘 ) 𝐴𝑠𝑡 212.762*106=0.87*415*Ast(420-415*350∗25) or, Ast=1748.177mm2>455.421mm2(ok) Provide 6 nos.of 20mm dia bars. Ast provided=1884.96mm2 For compression bar; Provide 3 nos. of 20mm bars. Summary L=0m L=3.734m L=7.468m IS 456 table 20 IS 456 table 19 Bar dia.(d) Tens. bar no.(n) Bar dia. Com.bar. 20mm 20mm 20mm 7 2 6 20 20 20 2 2 3 Shear & Torsion Reinforcement: Equivalent shear: Ve=V+1.6(TU /b) =167.968+1.6(20.75/0.35) =262.825Kn Equivalent shear stress: tve=ve/bd=262.825*103/350*420=1.788N/mm2 Maximum shear stress for M25,tc max=3.1N/mm2 Area of longitudinal steel =2199.11mm2 % of steel=Ast/bd*100%=1.396>0.12% <4% Shear strength of concrete (tc)=0.7234N/mm2 since, tve> tc & tve< tc max (ok) or,Asv =TU * Sv/b1d1(0.87fy) +VuSv/2.5d1(0.87fy) Assume dia. of stirrups as 8mm. From or, d1=450-(30*2)-(8+8)=374mm SP16 table62 or, b1=350-2(30+8)=274mm then,area of two legs of the stirrups should satisfy the following: or,Asv(0.87fy)/Sv =20.75*106/(274*374 ) + 167.968 *103/(2.5*374) =382.13N/mm =3.82Kn/cm From Area of all legs of the stirrups should satisfy condition that Asv/Sv should not 13920 be less than (tve- tc)*b(0.87fy) C.L. or, Asv(0.87fy)/Sv=(tve- tc)*b 6.3.5 =(1.788-0.7234)*350 =372.61 Nmm(Ok) Provide 8mm ø two legged vertical stirrups at 100mm spacing. Spacing of stirrups shall not not exceed X1,(X1+Y1)/4 and 300mm. where X1 &Y1 are the short & long dimensions of the stirrups. or,X1=350-2(30-4)=298mm orY1=450-2(30-4)=398mm or,(X1+Y1)/4 =174mm Hence,provide 8mmø two legged stirrups at 100mm spacing. The spacing of hopps over a length of 2d=840mm at either end of beam From IS shall not exceed a)d/4 =420/4 =105mm b)8ø=160mm c)and not less than 100mm hence,provide hoops at 150mm spacing at a distance of 2d from each end with first hoop at a distance of 50mm from the joint face. Also,Vertical hoops spacing shall not exceed d/2=210mm Hence,provide vertical hoops at 150mm spacing over a length of 2d=840mm After, the distance of 2d=840mm.Provide minimum spacing of vertical stirrups of ; From IS or, X=Asv *0.87*fy/0.4*b =259.26mm 456 C.L 26.2.1 Hence,provide spacing at 200mm after the length of 2d from the end support. 456 C.L 26.5.1.6 Check for development length; Design bond stress tbd for tension for M25=2.24N/mm2 Design bond stress tbd for compression for M25=2.8N/mm2 Development length(Ld)=ø(0.87fy)/4 tbd = 0.87*415*20/4*2.24 =805.92mm At joint the bottom and the top bars of the beam shall be provided with anchorage length,beyond the innerface of column equal to the development length in tension plus 10 times the bar diameter minus the allowance for the 90◦ bend. i.e.anchorage length=Ld+10ø=1005.92mm Check for deflection: L=7.468m (L/d)< αβɣ∆λ; α=26 λ =from IS 456:2000(clause 23.2.1 e) fs=0.58*fy*(Ast required/Ast provided) =0.58*415*(1992.66/2199.11) =218.1 At 1.39% & 220.24; λ =1.01 β=1 ∆=1 ɣ=1 then; (7468/420) < 26*1*1*1*1.01 17.78<26.26 (OK) Special confinement: Special confinement in beam is provided at the L/6 from the face of support. LAP SPLICE: The longitudinal bars shall be splice. ▪Not more than 50% of the bars shall be splices at one section. Lap splice shall not be spliced within; ▪ Joint ▪Distance (2*d'eff) from face of joint ▪Quarter length of member where flexural yeiding may occur. 6.3. Column: Columns are the vertical members that are subjected to axial loads and moment acting from two directions (Bi-axially). All columns are subjected to some moment which may be due to accidental eccentricity or due to end restraint imposed by monolithically placed beams or slabs. The strength of column depends upon the strength of the material, shape and size of the cross section, length and the degree of positional and directional restraint at its ends. The column section may be rectangular, square or circular shaped depending upon the architectural or structural requirements. A column may be classified as follows based on types of loading: a. Axially loaded column b. A column subjected to axial load and Uniaxial bending and c. A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending The design of column section for given axial load and biaxial moments can be made by pre assigning the section and then checking adequacy. The design of column depends upon the eccentricity of loading and the moment acting in different directions. The minimum eccentricity specified by the IS 456: 2000 Clause 39.2 is: e min Where, Lo D but not less than 20mm 500 30 L o = unsupported length of column D = lateral dimension in plane of bending If emin is less than 0.05D, then column is designed as axially loaded column .If the eccentricity exceeds 0.05D, then column is designed for both moment and axial load. Select Maximum Mu= |M2| + |M3| Mux = |M2| Muy = |M3| 6.3.1.Flow chart of column design : Take corresponding axial load (Pu) Calculate minimum eccentricity ex and ey Calculate moment due to minimum eccentricity by Muxe = Pu × ey and Muye = Pu × ex C Take, Mux = Max. of Mux and Muxe Calculate Pu/Puz Muy = Max. of Muy and Muye Design as biaxial bending Determine αn from table from Pu/Puz and αn Assume d’ and find ratio d’/D If (Mux/Mux1) +αn + (Mux/Mux1) αn >1 Assume suitable Asc and find p = Asc/(B×D) Yes Calulate the ratios Pu/(fck×BD) and p/fck Determine Muxl, Muyl using appropriate chart from SP-16 with ratios p/fck, d’/D and Pu/ (fck×BD) C IncreaseAsc (steel reinforcement) and find p. No The assumed reinforcement is OK. 6.4 Foundation: Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the buildings or individuals columns to the earth. Foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential settlement. Foundations are classified as: a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. e. Isolated footing Combined footing Raft or mat foundation Pile foundation The type of foundations to be used in a given situation depends on a number of factors: Soil strata Bearing capacity of soil Type of structure Type of loads Permissible differential settlement and Economy f. CALCULATION OF BEARING PRESSURE OF SOIL col ID. size (m) Approx. Size of Provide Axial BCS Area footing size load (KN) (KN/m2) (m) (m) (m) c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 1118.447 1108.856 1085.503 1237.274 1093.477 1957.679 1816.765 1271.094 1000.985 1820.820 1834.211 1246.235 516.278 952.367 1014.653 688.245 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 8.202 8.132 7.960 9.073 8.019 14.356 13.323 9.321 7.341 13.353 13.451 9.139 3.786 6.984 7.441 5.047 2.864 2.852 2.821 3.012 2.832 3.789 3.650 3.053 2.709 3.654 3.668 3.023 1.946 2.643 2.728 2.247 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.9 3.8 3.7 3.1 2.8 3.7 3.7 3.1 2 2.7 2.8 2.3 Factored Axial load(KN) Net soil pressure (KN/m2) 1677.67 1663.284 1628.254 1855.911 1640.216 2936.519 2725.148 1906.641 1501.477 2731.23 2751.317 1869.353 774.417 1428.55 1521.98 1032.367 199.485 197.775 193.609 193.123 195.032 203.360 199.061 198.402 191.515 199.505 200.973 194.522 193.604 195.960 194.130 195.154 Actual Area of footing (m2) 8.41 8.41 8.41 9.61 8.41 14.44 13.69 9.61 7.84 13.69 13.69 9.61 4 7.29 7.84 5.29 150.24 PLINTH AREA OF BUILDING=14.402*20.803=299.6m^2 Since, area occupied by isolated footing is greater than 50% of plan area. So, we use mat Foundation. Since, area occupied by isolated footing is greater than 50% of plan area. So, we use Mat Foundation. DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATION Calculation of Corner stresses of mat foundation Location of Geometric Centroid (From bottom corner of grid 1-1) x y 7.201 m 10.402 m Since, area occupied by isolated footing is greater than 50% of plan area. So, we use Mat Foundation. DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATION Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil (SBC) = 150 KN/m2 For Load Combination (DL+LL) Summation of Forces (Σpi) = 19762.889KN Column C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 reaction(P) x 1118.447 1108.856 1085.503 1237.274 1093.477 1957.679 1816.765 1271.094 1000.985 1820.820 1834.211 1246.235 516.278 952.367 1014.653 688.245 19762.889 Y 0 4.953 9.449 14.402 0 4.953 9.449 14.402 0 4.953 9.449 14.402 0 4.953 9.449 14.402 C.G. of Column Load = (7.451,9.84) ex = 7.451-7.201 = 0.25 m ey = 10.402-9.84 = 0.562 m Now, 0 0 0 0 7.01 7.01 7.01 7.01 14.478 14.478 14.478 14.478 20.803 20.803 20.803 20.803 p*x p*y 0 5492.164 10256.91 17819.22 0 9696.386 17166.62 18306.3 0 9018.521 17331.46 17948.28 0 4717.072 9587.459 9912.1 147252.5 0 0 0 0 7665.276 13723.33 12735.52 8910.369 14492.26 26361.83 26555.71 18043 10740.13 19812.08 21107.83 14317.55 194464.9 b=14.902 m and d=21.303 m Moment of inertia (assuming 0.50 m projection from corner column) Ix = (b*d^3)/12 = 12006.454mm Iy = (d*b^3)/12 = 5875.984 mm4 A = b*d = 317.478 m2 Factored load(P)=29644.334 KN Mx = P*ey = 16660.116KNm My = P*ex = 7411.08KNm P/A =29644.334/317.478 =93.374 KN/m2 Now, Stress (σ)=(P/A) ± (Mx/Ix)* y ± (My/Iy)* x Column C1 C2 C3 C4 C13 C14 C15 C16 C5 C9 C8 C12 X(m) Y(m) STRESS(KN/m^2) -7.201 -10.42 117.11 -2.248 -10.42 110.24 2.248 7.201 -7.201 -2.248 2.248 7.201 -7.201 -7.201 7.201 7.201 -10.42 -10.42 10.383 10.383 10.383 10.383 -3.41 4.058 -3.41 4.058 110.24 117.11 117.06 110.19 110.19 117.06 108.27 109.08 108.27 109.08 Note: Here the maximum upward soil pressure (117.11KN/m2) is less than safe bearing capacity (150 KN/m2) of foundation soil so it is not necessary to increase the strength of the foundation soil by using geotechnical soil stabilizing process like certain depth of granular material packing, grouting, etc. Design of Mat Foundation Concrete Grade = M25 Steel Grade = Fe415 Reference S.N Calculations Output 1 Known Data: q= Upward Soil Pressure, q = 117.01KN/m2 117.01 Max Span Length, L = 7.468 m KN/m2 Maximum soil pressure in Ydirection ( For Strip 4-4) Moment Calculation: Maximum Bending Moment, M = q L2 / 10 Ms=652. Ms = 117.01x 7.468 2 / 10 57KNm/ = 652.57KNm/m m 2 Known Data: Upward Soil Pressure, q = 117.01 KN/m2 q= Max Span Length, L = 4.953 m 117.01 Maximum soil pressure in X direction ( For Strip A-A) Moment Calculation: Maximum Bending Moment, M = q L2 / 10 Ms = 117.01x 4.9532 / 10 = 287.05KNm/m 3 Size of column is 550 * 550 mm IS 456 : 2000, Cl. 31.6.3.1 Known Data: Upward Soil Pressure, q = 108.27 KN/m2 Max Span Length, L = 4.953 m Maximum soil pressure in X direction ( For Strip C-C) Moment Calculation: Maximum Bending Moment, M = q L2 / 10 Ms = 125.64 x 4.9532 / 10 = 265.61KNm/m Depth from two way shear consideration: Considering intermediate column: τv’=Vu/b0d Vu= 1.5*1957.679=2936.52KN d/2 d/2 d/2 KN/m2 Ms = 287.05KN m/m q = 108.27 KN/m2 Ms = 265.61 KNm/m IS 456 : 2000, Cl. 31.6.2.1 d/2 b0=2(d+550)+2(d+550) =4d+2100 550X τv’=0.25*√𝑓𝑐𝑘 550 2 τv’=0.25 *250.5 =1.25N/mm Ks =1.5>1 so Ks=1 then, τv’ = 1.25*1 = 1.25 1.12=(1957.679*1.5*1000)/(d*(2100+4d)) Upon Solving we get d=547.57mm IS 456 : 2000, Cl. 31.6.3.1 d=547.5 72 mm Considering corner column(C1): τv’=Vu/b0d Vu=1.5*1118.47KN d/2=275 550 IS 456 : 2000, Cl. 31.6.2.1 b0=2(d/2+775) =d+1550 ’ τv =0.25*√𝑓𝑐𝑘 τv’=0.25 *250.5 =1.25N/mm2 Ks =1.5>1 so Ks=1 then,τv’ = 1.25*1 = 1.25 1.25=(1118.47*1.5*1000)/(d*(1550+d)) Upon Solving we get d=618.84 mm Provide d=650mm IS 456 : 2000 Cl. 31.6.3.1 d=618.84 mm Considering edge column(C2): τv’=Vu/b0d Vu=1663.284KN d/2 d/2 d/2 550 IS 456 : 2000, Annex G Cl. 38.1 G 1.1 b 4 500 b0=[(d+550)+2(d/2+775)] =(2100+2d) ’ τv =0.25*√𝑓𝑐𝑘 τv’=0.25 *250.5 =1.25N/mm2 Ks =1.5>1 so Ks=1 then,τv’ = 1.25*1 = 1.25 1.25=(1663.284*1000)/(d*(2100+2d)) Upon Solving we get d=445.02mm On comparing d =618.20m m adopt d=650mm IS 456 : 2000, Cl. 26.5.2.1 Taking highest of 3 depths. Keep overall D=690mm giving 40mm effective cover. IS 456 : 2000, Cl. 26.2.1 D= 690mm Calculation of Steel reinforcement: Moment=0.87σyAt(d-σy*At/(σck*b)) 652.57*106=0.87*415*At(650415*At/(25*1000)) Upon solving this we get: At= 3012.4mm2 Minimum Steel=0.12*690*1000/100=828mm2 Provide, 28mm φ reinforcement bars. Spacing = (1000/3012.4)*∏*282/4 = 204.41mm Provide 28 mm φ rod @170mm c/c For all strips along both directions in top and bottom. Development length = (0.87*415*28)/(4*1.6*1.4) = 1128.28mm Min Ast=828 mm2 Ast provided= 3622.07 mm2 Ld= 1128.28m m Summary of Design of the Mat Foundation Concrete Grade: M25 Safe Bearing Capacity: 150 KN/m2 Total Depth of Mat: 690 mm Clear Cover: 26 mm Effective cover: 40mm Strips All strips Bottom Reinforcement Diameter Spacing 28mm 170mm Steel Grade: Fe415 Top Reinforcement Diameter Spacing 28mm 170mm 6.5 Design of Staircase: In this case landing slab A is spanning longitudinally along sec. 11 of Fig.9.20.21. Landing slab B is common to spans of sec. 11 and sec. 22, crossing at right angles. Distribution of loads on landing slab B shall be made 50 per cent in each direction (cl. 33.2 of IS 456). The effective span for sec. 11 shall be from the centre line of edge beam to centre line of brick wall, while the effective span for sec. 22 shall be from the centre line of landing slab B to centre line of landing slab C (cl. 33.1b of IS 456). A. (A) Design of landing slab A and going. step 1: Effective span and depth of slab The effective span = 115 + 1220 + 1140 + 610 = 3085mm. The depth of waist slab is assumed as 3085/20 = 154.25 mm, say 175mm. The effective depth = 175208/2 = 151mm. The landing slab is also assumed to have a total depth of 175 mm and effective depth of 151 mm. Step 2: Calculation of loads (Fig.9.20.22) (i) Loads on going (on projected plan area) (a) Self weight of waist slab = 25*(0.175)*(322.06/285) = 4.944 kN/m (b) Self weight of steps = 25*(0.5)*(0.15) = 1.875 kN/m (c) Finish loads = 1.115 kN/m (d) Live loads = 5.0 kN/m Total = 12.934 kN/m 2 2 2 2 So, the factored loads = 1.5(12.934) = 19.401 kN/m (ii) Landing slab A (a) Self weight of slab = 25(0.175) = 4.375 kN/m (b) Finish loads = 1.115 kN/m (c) Live loads = 5.00 kN/m Total = 10.49 kN/m 2 2 2 2 2 2 Factored loads = 1.5(10.49) = 15.735 kN/m 2 (iii) Landing slab B = 50 per cent of loads of landing slab A = 7.868 kN/m The total loads of (i), (ii) and (iii) are shown in Fig.9.22. Total loads (i) going = 19.401*(1.14)(1.22) = 26.983 kN Total loads (ii) landing slab A = 15.735*(1.335)*(1.22) = 25.63 kN Total loads (iii) landing slab B = 7.868*(0.61)*(1.22) = 5.855 kN Total loads = 58.468 kN The loads are shown in Fig. 9.20.22. 2 Step 3: Bending moment and shear force (width = 1.22 m) V = {25.63*(3.085-0.6675) + 26.983(3.085 – 2.055) + 5.855(0.305)}/3.085 P = 29.672 kN VJ = 58.468 – 29.672 = 28.796 kN The distance x where the shear force is zero is obtained from: 29.672 – 25.63 – 19.401*(1.22)*(x – 1.335) = 0 or x = 1.506 m Maximum bending moment at x = 1.506 m (width = 1.22 m) = 29.672(1.506) – 25.63*(1.506-0.668) – (19.401)(1.22)(0.171)(0.171)(0.5) = 22.862 kNm Maximum shear force = 29.672 kN Step 4: Checking of depth ½ 3 From the maximum moment d = {22.862(10 )/1.22*(2.76)} = 85.5 mm < 175 mm. Hence o.k. 2 From the maximum shear force, vτ = 29672/1220(175) = 0.139 N/mm . For the depth of slab as 175 mm, k = 1.25(cl. 40.2.1.1 of IS 456) and cτ = 1.25(0.29) = 0.3625 N/mm 2 2 (Table 19 of IS 456). maxcτ = 3.1 N/mm (Table 20 of IS 456). Since, vτ < cτ < maxcτ, the depth of slab as 175 mm is safe Step 5: Determination of areas of steel reinforcement Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*(d-fy*Ast/bd*fck) Or, Ast=361.89mm2 2 Provide 8 mm diameter @ 120 mm c/c (= 418.88 mm ). Distribution steel: The distribution steel is provided for both the slab as in waist slab. The amount is =0.12*1220*175/100=256.2mm^2 Provide 8mm@180mm c/c (279.25mm^2) Step 6: Checking of development length Ld = 0.87fy∗∅ 4τbd = 0.87∗415∗∅ 4∗2.24 = 40.3∅ For the slabs M1 for 8 mm diameter @ 120 mm c/c = (418.88)(22.862)/361.89 = 26.46 kNm.Shear force = 29.672 kN. Hence, 40.3 φ ≤ 1.3(26.46)/29.672 ≤ 1159.27 mm or the diameter of main bar φ 28.76 mm. Hence, 8 mm diameter is o.k. The reinforcing bars are shown in Fig.9.20.23. (B) Design of landing slabs B and C and going (sec. 22 of Fig.9.20.21) Step 1: Effective span and depth of slab The effective span from the centre line of landing slab B to the centre line of landing slab C = 610 + 2280 + 610 = 3500 mm. The depths of waist slab and landing slabs are maintained as 175 mm like those of sec. 11. Step 2: Calculation of loads (Fig.9.20.24) (i) Loads on going (Step 2(i) of A) = 19.401 kN/m 2 (ii) Loads on landing slab B (Step 2(iii)) = 7.868 kN/m 2 (iii) Loads on landing slab C (Step 2(iii)) = 7.868 kN/m Total factored loads are: (i) Going = 19.401(2.28)(1.22) = 53.965 kN (ii) Landing slab B = 7.868(0.61)(1.22) = 5.855 kN (iii) Landing slab C = 7.868(0.61)(1.12) = 5.855 kN Total = 65.675 kN The loads are shown in Fig.9.20.24. 2 Step 3: Bending moment and shear force (width = 1.22 m, Fig.9.20.24) The total load is 65.675 kN and symmetrically placed to give VG = VH = 32.8375 kN. The maximum bending moment at x = 1.75 m (centre line of the span 3.5 m = 32.8375(1.75) – 5.855(1.75 – 0.305) – 19.401(1.22)(1.14)(1.14)(0.5) = 33.625 kNm. Maximum shear force = 32.8375 kN. Step 4: Determination of areas of steel reinforcement Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*(d-fy*Ast/bd*fck) Or, Ast=532.30mm2 2 Provide 8 mm diameter @ 90 mm c/c (= 558.505 mm ). Step 5: Checking of development length For the slab reinforcement 8 mm dia. @ 90 mm c/c, M1 = (558.505)(33.625)/532.3 = 35.28 kNm, V = 32.8375 kN. So, the diameter of main bar φ= {(1.3)(35.28)/(32.8375)}/40.3, i.e., ≤34.65 mm. Hence, 8 mm diameter bars are o.k. Distribution steel shall remain the same as in sec. 11, i.e., 8 mm diameter @ 90 mm c/c. 6.6. Design of basement wall Introduction Basement wall is constructed to retain the earth and to prevent moisture from seeping into the building. Since the basement wall is supported by the mat foundation, the stability is ensured and the design of the basement wall is limited to the safe design of vertical stem. Basement walls are exterior walls of underground structures (tunnels and other earth sheltered buildings), or retaining walls must resist lateral earth pressure as well as additional pressure due to other type of loading. Basement walls carry lateral earth pressure generally as vertical slabs supported by floor framing at the basement level and upper floor level. The axial forces in the floor structures are , in turn, either resisted by shear walls or balanced by the lateral earth pressure coming from the opposite side of the building. Although basement walls act as vertical slabs supported by the horizontal floor framing , keep in mind that during the early construction stage when the upper floor has not yet been built the wall may have to be designed as a cantilever. Design of vertical stem The basement wall is designed as the cantilever wall with the fixity provided by the mat foundation. Soil Pressure Due to Surcharge Basement Wall (Rear Face) (Front Face) Mat Footing 9.5 KN/m 23 KN/m KN/m2 Fig: Basement Wall Design of Basement Wall Design Constants: Concrete Grade = M25 Steel Grade = Fe415 Clear height between the floor (h) =3.0m unit weight of soil, γ = 17 KN/m3 Angle of internal friction of the soil, ө = 300 surcharge produced due to vehicular movement is Ws = 10 KN/m2 Safe bearing capacity of soil , qs = 150 KN/m2 Moment calculation Ka 1 sin 1 sin 30 0.333 1 sin 1 sin 30 Lateral load due to soil pressure, Pa = Ka x γ x h2/2 = 0.333x17x32/2 = 25.47 KN/m Lateral Load due to surcharge load, Ps = Ka x Ws x h = 0.333x10x3 = 10 KN/m Characteristic Bending moment at the base of wall , Since weight of wall gives insignificant moment ,so this can be neglected in the design. Mc = Pa x h/3 + Ps x h/2 = 25.47x3/3 + 10x3/2 = 40.47 KN-m Design moment, M = 1.5*40.47=60.705KN-m Approximate design of section Let effective depth of wall = d BM = 0.136 ƒckbd2 1.1(C) IS 456:2000 ANNEX G 60.705x106 = 0.136x25x1000xd2 d = 133.62 mm Let Clear cover is 30mm & bar is 20mm-Ф Overall depth of wall , D =133.62+30+10 = 173.62mm Take D = 200mm So , d = 200 – 30- 10 = 160 mm Calculation of Main Steel Reinforcement Ast= Ast= bdf ck 2xf y 1 1 4.6M f ck bd 2 IS 456:2000 ANNEX G 1.1(b) 1000 x160 x 25 4.6 x60.705 x10 6 1 1 2 x 415 25 x1000 x160 2 Ast = 1635.94 mm2 Min. Ast = 0.0012xbxD = 0.0012x1000x200 IS 456:2000 clause 26.5.2.1 = 240 mm2 < Ast No. of bar = 1635.94 𝜋𝑥 202 4 = 5.21 Spacing of the vertical reinforcement bars=1000/5.21 =191.94mm Max. Spacing = 3d = 3x160 = 480 mm or 300mm whichever is small. Max. Dia. of bar = D/8 = 200/8 = 25 mm Provide 20mm-Ф bar @180 mm c/c So, Provided Ast = 𝜋𝑥202 1000 4 x 180 = 1745.33 mm2 % 0f steel, Pt =1745.33 x100/(1000x160) = 1.09 % Provide nominal vertical reinforcement 8mmФ@300mm c/c at the front face. Check for Shear The critical section for shear strength is taken at a distance of ‘d ’ from the face of support .Thus , critical section is at d = 0.16 m from the top of isolated foundation. i.e. at (3- 0.16) = 2.84m below the top edge of wall. Shear force at critical section is, Vu = 1.5x(Ka x Ws x Z + Ka x γ x Z2/2) = 1.5x(0.333x10x2.84 + 0.333x17x2.842/2) = 48.48KN Nominal shear stress , u Vu bd IS 456:2000 clause 40.1 = 44.17 x1000/(1000x160) = 0.303 N/mm2 For, Pt=1.09% Permissible shear stress , 1.09−1 τc = 0.64+1.25−1 (0.7 − 0.64)=0.662 N/mm2 τc > τu , Hence safe. IS456:2000,Table-19 Check for Deflection Leff = 3+d = 3+0.16 = 3.16m Allowable deflection = leff/250 = 3160/250 IS456:2000,clause 23.2(a) = 12.64mm Actual Deflection = p s l 4 eff p a l 4 eff 8EI 30 EI = 3160 4 10 25.47 1000 x 200^3 8 30 x5000 25 12 =12.56<12.64 Which is less than allowable deflection, hence safe. Calculation of Horizontal Reinforcement steel bar Area of Hz. Reinforcement = 0.002Dh = 0.002x200x3000 = 1200 mm2 As the temperature change occurs at front face of basement wall, 2/3 of horizontal reinforcement is provided at front face and 1/3 of horizontal reinforcement is provided in inner face. Front face Horizontal Reinforcement steel, = 2/3x1200 = 800 mm2 Providing 12mm-Ф bar No. of bar required, N =800 /113.1 = 7.07=8 Spacing = (h-clear cover at both sides- Ф)/(N-1) = (3000-30-12)/(8-1) = 422.57 mm Provide 12mm-Ф bar @ 400 mm c/c IS456:2000 clause.32.5.d Inner face Horizontal Reinforcement steel, = 1/3x1140 = 380 mm2 Providing 8mm-Ф bar No. of bar required, N = 300/50.27 = 7.559≈ 8 nos. Spacing = (h-clear cover at both sides- Ф)/(N-1) = (2850-30-8)/(8-1) = 401.71 mm 6.7DESIGN OF SHEAR LIFT WALL: Table: Lateral Load Calculation FLOOR Baseme nt Ground F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 LUMP MASS Wi, (kN) HEIGHT hi, m hi2 100.238 100.238 100.238 100.238 100.238 100.238 100.238 100.238 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 0 9 36 81 144 225 324 441 801.904 Vb= 0.0665*801.9 0 53.33KN Wi*hi2 0.000 902.142 3608.568 8119.278 14434.272 22553.550 32477.112 44204.958 126299.88 0 Lateral force Qi (kN) Moment (kN-m) 0 0.38090714 1.52362857 3.42816429 6.09451429 9.52267857 13.7126571 18.66445 895.894 754.196 577.074 422.807 278.824 153.125 55.993 0.000 53.327 3137.913 Load Calculation for Lift Wall Design 25 Mpa f= Reference Step Calculation 1 Basement Lift wall Characteristic load = 25(5.94*0.15*3) = 66.825 kN Factored load = 1.5 x 66.825= 2 IS1893(Par t 1) :2002 Cl.7.6.1 IS1893(Par t 1) :2002 100.237 kN 5 Load Calculation Total Weight, ∑Wi = 6*100.2375 = 601.425 kN Total Height, h = 6*3 21 m Time Period, Ta = 0.075h^0.75 = Table 2 Table 6 Table 7 For Ta = 0.655 sec Sa/g = 1.67/Ta 2.550 = Z= 0.36 I= 1 R= 5 Cl.6.4.2 Ah = (ZISa/2Rg)= Cl.7.6.1 100.237 kN 5 Intermediate Floor Lift wall Characteristic load = 25(5.94*0.15*3) = 66.825 kN Factored load = 1.5 x 66.825 = 3 Result 0.0665 0.655 sec Vb = Ah * ∑Wi = 0.0665 * 801.904 = Cl.7.5.3 53.327 kN Vb = 53.327 Kn Design of Lift Wall Reference IS 456-2000 Cl. 32.2.4 Ste Calculation p 1 Known Data Perimeter of lift wall= Floor Height, H= Assume wall thickness, t = Result 5.94 m 3 m 150 mm 2 Check for Slenderness ratio Effective height, Heff= 0.75*H = = IS 456-2000 Cl. 32.2.3 Slenderness ratio = 0.75* 3 2.25 m Heff/t = = IS 456-2000 Cl. 32.2.2 3 Minimum Ecentrcity IS 456-2000 Cl. 32.2.5 4 Additional ecentrcity ea = H2/(2500t) = 3^2/(2500*0.15) = 15 15.000 < 30 e= emin=0.05t = 0.05*150 5 = O.K. 7.5 mm 24.000 mm Ultimate load carrying capacity Ultimate load carrying capacity per unit length of wall, Puw= 0.3(t-1.2e-2ea)*fck 0.3(150-1.2*5-2*24)*25 = 549.000 N/mm 6 Calculation of Main Vertical Pu w= 549.00 0 N/mm reinforcement When lateral load is actiong in Ydirection Assume clear cover = 15 Using rod of dia, Φ = 16 effective cover, d' = 23 Mu = 3137.914 = Vu = 53.327/2 = Pu = 601.425/3 = SP-16 Chart 31 mm mm mm 3137.914 KN-m 26.664 KN 200.475 kN d'/D = 0.0126 ≈0.05 Rectangular Section-Reinforcement Equally distributed on both sides Mu/fckbD2 = (3137.914*106)/(25*150*1830^2) = Pu/fckbD = (200.475*1000)/(25*150*1830) = so, Pt/fck = 0.165 Pt = 4.125 % 11323.12 Asreq= mm2 5 IS 456:2000 4.13% = 0.12% * 100* 1830 = Provide bar of Φ = Area of single bar= No. of bars, n = Spacing of bar, Svy = Cl 32.5 b Pt = Minimum area of steel, Asmin = 0.12% of bD Cl 32.5 a IS 456:2000 0.25 0 0.02 9 329.4 mm2 18 mm 254.469 mm2 44.497 ≈45 (1830/45) = 41 mm Maximum spacing = 3t or 450 mm = 3*150 or 450 mm = 450 or 450 Hence, provide 45-18 mm Φ bars @ 40 mm mm c/c. Hence, provide 18 mm Φ bars @ 40 mm on both faces of wall. When lateral load is actiong in Xdirection Mu = 1568.957 KN-m Vu = 26.664 KN Pu = 601.425*(3/2) 400.950 kN = SP-16 Chart 31 d'/D = 0.0126 ≈0.05 Rectangular Section-Reinforcement Equally distributed on both sides Mu/fckbD2 = (1568.957*106)/(25*150*18302) = Pu/fckbD = (400.95*1000)/(25*150*1830) = so, Pt/fck = 0.14 Pt = 3.5 % Asreq= 9607.5 mm2 IS 456:2000 3.50% = 0.12% * 150* 1830 = Provide bar of Φ = Area of single bar= No. of bars, n = Spacing of bar, Svx = Cl 32.5 b Pt = Minimum area of steel, Asmin = 0.12% of bD Cl 32.5 a IS 456:2000 0.12 5 0.05 8 329.4 mm2 18 mm 254.469 mm2 37.755 40 1830/40 46 mm Maximum spacing = 3t or 450 mm = 3*150 or 450 mm = 450 or 450 mm Hence, provide 40-18 mm Φ bars @ 46 mm c/c Hence, provide 18 mm Φ bars @ 46 mm on both faces of wall. 7 IS 456:2000 Calculation of Horizontal steel reinforcement Area of horizontal steel reinforcement = 0.2% of bH Cl 32.5 c = 0.2% of 150*3000 900 mm2 = Providing 12 mm dia rods, No. of rods, n = 900/113.09 = 7.95826 ≈8 3 Spacing of horizontal bars, S = 3000/8 = IS 456:2000 375 mm Maximum spacing = 3t or 450 mm Cl 32.5 d = 3*150 or 450 mm = 450 or 450 mm Hence, provide 12 mm Φ bars @ 375mm on both faces of wall. IS 456:2000 Cl 32.4.2 IS 456:2000 Cl 32.4.2.1 8 Check for Shear When lateral load is actiong in Ydirection Nominal Shear Stress, τv = Vu/td =(53.327*1000)/(150*0.8*1830)= τalw = 0.17fck = 0.17*25 = 4.25 N/mm2 > τv Hw/Lw=3000/1830 = IS 456:2000 1.639 >1 (High Wall) 0.24 N/mm 3 2 O.K. Hence, provide 12 mm Φ bars @ 350 mm c/c. Cl. 32.4.3 τcw should be lesser of a. b. τcw = (3-(Hw/Lw))*K1*√fck = (3(1.639))*0.2*√25 = 1.361 N/mm2 τcw = K2*√fck*(((Hw/Lw)+1)/((Hw/Lw)1)) = 0.929 N/mm2 but, should not be less than 0.15*√fck = 0.15*√f20= τcw = 1.361 N/mm2 0.75 N/mm 2 > τv Hence, safe in Shear. When lateral load is actiong in Xdirection Nominal Shear Stress, τv = Vu/td =(26.664*1000)/(152*0.8*1980)= τalw = 0.17fck = 0.17*20 IS 456:2000 Cl 32.4.2.1 = 4.25 N/mm2 Hw/Lw=3000/1830 = IS 456:2000 Cl. 32.4.3 1.639 > τv 0.12 N/mm 1 2 O.K . >1 (High Wall) τcw should be lesser of a. b. τcw = (3-(Hw/Lw))*K1*√fck = (3(1.639))*0.2*√25 = 1.361 N/mm2 τcw = K2*√fck*(((Hw/Lw)+1)/((Hw/Lw)1)) = 0.929 N/mm2 but, should not be less than 0.15*√fck = 0.15*√25= τcw = 1.361N/mm2 > τv O.K. 0.75 N/mm 2 Hence, safe in Shear. CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION After the completion of “Structural Analysis and Design of Multistoried Building”, we have gained in-depth knowledge about the design of RCC Building. The purpose of this project, though purely academic oriented, we have made every effort to make it feasible for the real construction. During our entire work, we were able to play with various codes for the Seismic design and Analysis of Composite loads, moments, deflections, nature of impacts on each and every member of the section through SAP Analysis. Conclusion on Beam Design: In case of design of beam sections, following conclusions can be extracted: For the analysis of beam, the envelope is taken as governing combinations. Negative moments is higher in support sides rather than in mid of the beam. So at support sides we provided sufficient reinforcement. For tension reinforcement, curtailment was made at specified distance from edge of the support as per IS 13920. For compression reinforcement, curtailment was made at mid part of beam. Spacing of stirrups are also designed as prescribed by Ductility Code i.e. IS 13920:1993. Conclusion on Column Design: With increase in load with time, steel will attain yield strength before concrete attains its full strength. The column will carry further load because steel will sustain yield stress while concrete will carry additional load until it attains its full strength. The maximum axial load and moments acting along the length of the column was considered for the design of the column section by Limit State Method. The design required determination of area of longitudinal steel (load carrying capacity) and its distribution and transverse steel (lateral support against buckling to every longitudinal bar and confine concrete). Conclusion on Slab Design: Most of the slab panels were found to be two-way. The entire slab panel are safe in Deflection and Shear check. Conclusion on Staircase Design: Both geometrical design as well as structural designs was done by conservative methods and not in SAP analysis. CHAPTER 9: RECOMMENDATION Design and analysis are two important tasks for the the project to be successful. Each part should be done with great care and wisely to minimize the error. Manual calculation is the initial job and it is with the reference to basic design principle and various codes. But it is difficult for multi-storied building hence the use of computer aided design and analysis is to be used. SAP 2000 version 16 and AutoCAD provide almost accuracy and time saving in the analysis of the structure and other software like ETABS also can be used. The design and analysis should be practically possible in construction materials and method. Economic consideration should be considered for the analysis. During our project, there were certain limitation and constraints which are enumerated here in along with appropriate recommendations: In the project only static analysis is done but dynamic analysis of the structure should be done for more efficient result. In the project the bearing capacity of the soil is assumed but for accurate analysis the bearing capacity of soil should be measured in site. Mostly IS codes are referred in the project but we should also refer NBC for more accurate data. Staircase modeling can be done for more precise analysis. CHAPTER 10: BIBLIOGRAPHY Menon, D. & Pillai S. U.: Reinforced Concrete Design,Tata Mcgraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., 2012 Jain , A.K.: Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, Nem Chand &Bros, 2012 Chopra, A.K.: Dynamics of Structure, Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc, 2014 Sinha, S.N.: Reinforced Concrete Design, Tata Mcgraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., 2011 Reynolds, C.E. & Steedmann, J.C.: Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook Agarwal, P. & Shrikhande, M.: Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure, Asoke k. Gosh, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2013 Arora, K.R.: Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Standard publishers distributors, 2011 Shah, H.J. & Jain, S.K.: IITK-GSDMA Project on Building Codes C.V.R. Murty: IITK-bmtpc Earthquake Tips, Learning Earthquake Design and construction,National information canter of Earthquake engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 2005 IS 456:2000, Plain & Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice IS 875:1987, Code of Practice for Design Loads Part 1: Dead Loads IS 875:1987, Code of Practice for Design Loads Part 2: Imposed Loads IS 1893(Part I):2002, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure SP 16, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete SP 34(S & T):1987, Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement & Detailing IS 13920:(1993), Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures