MyGrammarLab
www.mygrammarlab.com
Mark Foley • Diane Hall
ALWAYS LEARN I NG
PEARSON
Contents
Introduction
Glossary
Nouns and articles
MUs.£U MSAND
GAlURIES
,
Nouns
2
3
4
5
Articles a/an, the, no article
Special uses of a/an and the
Article or no article?
Demonstratives this, that. these, those
DIAGNOSTIC
;11 tile19505, 011 Ihe le(tlrigllt, at
t/lfet'
Revi ew
14
16
DIAGNOSII( I[Sf
17
10
some, any, all, most, no, none of
Matt mId lane's lIew /wuse, a map oft/le city
your/yours, our/ours
WI/;cl1 ones WOII/(/ yOIl like?
yourself, ourselves; eaell otiler; you/one/tlley
NOlle of tile bread is fresh
,1
Indefinite pronouns
someolle/a IlYOlle/llo ol1e/CWl}'OlIe
26
28
12
13
much, many, a lot of, (aJ little, (aJ few
both, either, neither; each, every
loo mallY people, 1101 enQl/gh
30
Possessive forms of nouns
Possessive adjectives and pronouns
8
Pronouns one/ones; another/the other (one)
Reflexive and other pronouns
16
17
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
"
24
32
Review
34
Test
38
General form and use; prepositions of place
Prepositions of movement
Prepositions of time
Prepositions with other meanings
Common prepositional phrases
Review
Test
DIAGNO,IIC If, 1
at, ill, aixJve, beside, between
into, Ollto, off, alollg, across
at, 011, Imti/, for, durillg
I'm workillg as a tOllr SlIide.
byellallce, 0/1 lime, 0111 of dale
Adjectives with nouns and verbs; -ed and -jng
form s
Order of adjectives; stronger and weaker
meanings
Comparison of adjecti ves
Comparative structures
Types of adverb
Adverbs and word order
Comparison of adverbs
Review
40
44
46
48
50
54
DIA(JrjQ" TIC
TEST
26
27
28
29
be, have and have got
Prese nt simple
Present co ntinuous
Present simple or continuous?
Rev iew
Test
55
He seems interested/illteresting.
56
a comforlable old cllair; really bearltiflll, ratiler cold
58
large, larger, (the) largest
the same aSldifferellt from; a lot bigger ilIa"
slowly, IIsually, last week, upstairs, straigllt 011
They I/sl/ally work here. He's of/m late.
morelless of/en; Wllo's been IlIere tile most?
60
62
64
66
68
70
T,.
Present tenses
39
52
Adjectives and adverbs
19
18
20
food
Botl! rlislles are tasty and neilller;s expensive.
Prepositions
14
15
ii
2
6
8
10
12
Test
6
7
9
TRAVEL
o'clOCK, by traill
Is this seat free? I remember that day.
Possessives. pronouns and quantifiers
FOOOANO
DRIN K
TEST
tourist/tourists; sOllle advice, (/ lil7e of petrol
{/ caft/mr hOl/r; I've got the pllO/us.
She's a stlldellt at art sclloo/. Tilt: ricl1/poor/Frel!ch
74
DIAC,NO',JI(
I'm married and I've got/l ImVl' two cilildren.
My sister lives ill Oxford. I dOIl't liw there.
Are yOIl watellillg TV?
SlIe works ill a factory. She iSII'1 workillg today.
TtC,T
75
76
78
80
82
86
88
CONTENTS
"'"
30
31
32
33
34
35
Past tenses
Past simple
Past continuous
Past simple or continuous?
used to and would
Past perfect simple
Past perfect continuous
'J'j. ,,~(),. (
]I ,;
I Saw that {ilm. Wllicll film did you Sl!C'?
Wr W('re living ill Paris the".
92
Hr saw UII a(cillelll ....1,111' Ire was driving to work.
f used to work 011 a {cmn (lmll would get
up III 4 ,1.1,/.
5/11' had bee" there before.
TIle}'
hadll't bee" workillS hard.
Review
Ten
Present perfect
36
Present perfect for past elC periences and
present results
37
38
39
40
Present perfect for situations up to the present
Present perfed or past simple?
Present perfect continuous
Present perfect simple or continuous?
"90
,\ '.',
I
-",1
Hm'e you driven 0/1 automatic car Ix{orr?
Ilmven't {oulld that book yet.
He's worked Ilrre (or two years.
He's oouSllt a IIt'W (ar. He oouSIIt it yesterdllY.
9.
96
98
100
102
104
105
106
11 0
112
I 've beell waitillS (or /lOllrs.
We've played six gllllles. We'yt hem playil'S (or three
"'".,"
'AA'
11.
116
Iwurs.
11 8
120
Review
Test
Future forms
41
going to, present continuous and will
42
Future continuous
Future perfect: simple and continuous
43
I,'·
121
We're goillS to buy a tmt. We're Clllllpillg this SIIml/ler.
Will you come wlll, lIS?
122
I'll be sailing all day tOll/arrow.
126
128
',C'J),II
n,ey wU/ /rQl'e fillislled by tomorrow.
IiOUOAYS
W/rt'l/ I get hOllle, I'll IraVI' 11«11 trawffillg (or 35 IIOllrs.
44 Present simple with future meaning
45 Other ways to talk about the future
Ollr flight amves at 9.45.
lverf going to ... (b/lt) ...
It's likely toldlle /olaoolll/o leavt'.
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
132
Review
13.
T.n
136
Modal verbs
46
130
n,ey
Ability and possi bitity
Making a guess (1)
Making a guess (2)
Rules
Necessary and unnecessary actions
Advice and criticism
Permission
Requests and suggestions; offers, promises
and warnings
",IF,llr
,.
CO/lld, be able to
may, miglll, COllld, I/I//$t, COli '" sllollld
I/1I1$t, migllt, colIlII, s/lOlIld + IIIIYe
CQII,
I/1I1St, IIIIIStll't, have ~ot) to
lleed, Iludrr't, dOII 't have to/llced to
Everythillg's fille - YOII Ilret/II 't h(/ve wo"ied.
ShOllld, alight to, must, /lIId hetter
may, might, (ollld, be Ill/owed to
call, (011111, would, will, shllll
152
156
160
Conditionals
,'I','.' J'
I'
"
I( we talk to the baby, sill' smiles.
If it raills tomorrow, we WOII't go.
55
56
If we moved Ollt of tire dty, " 'e'(1 be SIIfer-.
If we'd aml'ed on time, we wouldll't IIm-e missed tile
fligllt.
(fyou Irat/II't woken me, J might still be ill bed.
Review
Test
TEO!NOlOGY
15'
54 Present and future conditions
57 Milled conditionals
58 I wish, if only, it's time ...
11
150
CQ/I,
Review
Test
Unlikely/unrea l conditions
Past conditions
137
138
142
144
146
148
I wisll we werr still 011 /rolie/ay.
ft's time fOil did tllis yourself
161
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
'"
ID]
,~,
CONTENTS
m
"M'
Word order and sentence patterns
[JIArJNO')TI( Tl,)!
59
Word order in statements
n,l' III lIsemll has made {J6Qple interested ill Bilbao.
60
61
62
there and it
There's (I new cinema in IOWI!.
Yes/No questions
Wh- questions
63
how. which / what, who and whose
/s the water from Cl bottle? Yes, it is.
Wllell was Ihe Taj Malml bllilt?
How did IlIey bl/lld it? W/w/ was it like?
It'.~
got si.x screens.
Review
Test
III
HOBBIES AND
Verbs with -ing forms and infinitives
64
65
66
Verb + -iog form
Verb + infinitive
Verb (+ object) + infinitive; make and let
67
Verb + infinitive or -jog form
A,CTMlIES
!)IAC,No)W HST
HflS
lie givetJ lip Imokins?
17'
176
180
182
184
18'
188
190
191
192
We decided IQ IC(lve. We'd ratiler go by pIal/C.
194
We ask('{/ tllcm to /rave.
5/11' makes him practise every day.
19'
t rem ember teaming to swim.
198
Remember to lock the door.
200
Review
Test
DJ
lli£ MEDIA
m
EIOOKSAND
lITERATURE
202
Reported speech
DI,\(,ND"jll iL)]
Reported statements
1Jlfty said they worked (or tile town cOJlllcil.
204
69
70
71
Reported questions
Reported orders, requests and advice
Reporting verb patterns
He asked i( f was going tu buy the book.
Tile Ii(egllard wtlr/II'd us 1101 to swim /I,ere.
He remillded lIIe to book 1111' 110tel.
5111' apolugised (or losl118 my IImbrella.
208
21'
Relative. participle and other clauses
72
73
74
77
OIA.C,r-.O-.' I( Tt) 1
217
Relative clauses (11
Relative clauses (2)
This is tile book 1/101 he wrole.
nil' play, w/lic/llle wrote ill 1922, is still (amous
loday.
218
222
Clauses after the noun
Participle clauses
Infinitive clauses
Other noun structures
It's a IIovel based a / I a tn/e story.
T/leyeS(:aped, leavillg everythillg bellind.
It was tlw [irst book to sell a millioll copies.
It describes what Ii(e was like the/!.
224
linking words
78 Reason and purpose
79 Causes and results
80 Adding information and giving alternatives
81 Showing differences
Ordering events
DI!\\JNU, rll IF'> 1
because, sillce, ill order to, so tlmt, etc.
there(ore, so; There's lIot ellollgh f(li/! to grow crops.
1101 ollly ... but ,lis,,; eit/ler ... or
while, wllere(ls, evell though, /Iowever
before, as Sooll as, wlle'l, while
Review
To"
230
237
238
240
242
244
24'
248
250
UIA.L)~mlIL Il~T
Passive forms
83
84
85
The passive
Passives with modal and other verbs
have something done
71lis dress was (Iesigm,' by Arm"'l;'
This shirt JIII/st be washet/ by /lam/.
We IlIId our /tal/se painted lasl year. We got l/trm to
painl the wai/s.
86
Passive reporting verbs
He's 1110IIgllt 10 be very riell.
Tlwy are expecled 10 will.
Review
Test
226
228
232
236
Review
Test
82
21 0
212
214
Review
Test
75
76
TIiEWEATHER
203
68
251
252
256
258
260
262
264
CONTENTS
""'
Word combinations
-
...
~:: m
nm a brlSill(ss, make friemls with, (I little /iSIrt raill
SlIrprised by, keen all; WIUlt's the IIl(ltter with .. .1
Ne congratulated her 011 Irer success.
268
We rail into some friends (It Ihe shops.
272
91
Common collocations
Adjective or noun + preposition
Verb + preposition (1)
Verb + preposition (2)
Phrasal verbs
work Ollt, rake of{, look (orwtlrd to, pllr lip will!
274
92
93
94
Confusing verbs (1)
Confusing verbs (2)
Confusing adjectives
make/do, have/take, get
278
come/gQ, bring/take, live/stay. keep, lI'uW'
280
jllirtredllwrl, amllsillg/en;oyable
282
87
88
89
90
270 SPORTS
Review
284
288
T",
Word formation
. .
95
Forming nouns
visit/ visitor, Po/aml/Polisll, decide/decision
96
Forming adjectives
97
Forming verbs
music/musical, comfort/comfortable; hOllest/lIls/wllest
mocfeml modemise, slwrt/s/wrte/J; pay/rept'Y
dishwasher, slwppin!!, centre; self-emplvyed
98
Compound nouns and adjectives
292 1 . 1 a J
294 [OUCATlON
296 AND
",""'<G
Review
298
300
T.rt
~:. ,'.:'~
Forma l and written English
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
~".
Punctuation
Ways to avoid repeating words
Using linking words in writing
Using word order for emphasis
Organising information in writing
Umise bou!!,/It a CD; Allily, wlw Ilt/fes music, didrr't buy IIIrytlrill!!,.
I play the violin, b'lt my brotlwr does,,'t
after that, fil/ally, ill tile e/ld; fllrt/lermore
tll fact it waS Pillk Floyd who (('Corded tiwt album.
n'e sons was writtCIJ ill 1988. It was recorded by morr I/lall fifty
(Irtists over tI,e nexl Iwenty years.
Using nouns instead of verbs
Formallanguage
Review
T.rt
TJley decided to split up - T/leir decision to split Ill' ...
Your application will W assessed by lire mam'Set.
Spoken English
'
106 Spoken question forms
101 Agreeing and disagreeing
108 expressing our feelings and ideas
109 Emphasis
110 Other spoken features
QUICK CHECK 1
APPENDIX 4
:~: IIII
306
308
Prepositions
QUICK CHECK 3
Verb tenses
QUICK CHECK 4
Modal verbs
QUICK CHECK S
Conditionals
QUICK CHECK 6
Verbs + -ing form and infinitive
QUICK CHECI( 7
linkin9 words
QUICK CHECK 8
Verbs + prepositions
Phrasal verbs
Irregular verbs
Spelling rules
British and American English
Index
Pronunciation table
MUSK
310
312
314
316
320
"'
3"
322
326
328
330
332
337
Pronouns
QUICK CHECK 2
QUICK CHECK 9
APPENDIX 3
304 .-
334
336
Grammar check
APPENDIX 2
.',
The doctor didll'/ say lIluch, did /le?
So/Neit/'er do I. No it iSIl't.
That's awful/wonderful! To be /Wllest ...
You do say some silly thil'Ss! That was sltch (I S()(}(I/wUday.
Don't brow. Really? He's kind of slIY.
Review
Test
APPENDIX 1
:::II!I
338
338
340
342
344
345
346
347
347
348
350
352
354
inside back cover
v
EmI
H€AlTfl
Introduction to MyGrammarLab
Welcome to MyGrammarLab - a three-level grammar series that teaches and practises grammar th rough a
unique blend of book, on line and mobile resources. We recommend that you read this introduction along
with the gUide on the inside front cover to find out how to get the most out of your course.
What level is MyGrammarLab?
The MyGrammarLab st'ries takes learners from elementary to advanced grammar, each level benchmarked
against the Common Eu ropean Framework and providing grammar pracllce for Cambridge ESOL exams:
,
level description
(EFR level
Grammar practice for exams
Elementary
elementary to prc-intermediate
Al /Al
KET
Intermediate
pre-intermediate to upper intermediate
811B2
upper intermediate to advanced
C1/C2
PET
FCE
CAE
I£lTS
What is unique about MyGrammarLab?
MyGr.tmmarl..ab offers every learner of English the opportunity to study grammar in the way that best
suits their needs - and provides as much practice as necessary to ensure that each gra mmar point is learn t
and can be used in the context of real communication .
At each level, learners have access to a variety of materials:
=
book
•
c1ea.T and simple ex planations based on the Longman Dictionaries Defining Vocabulary of just 2000
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
words 10 ensure full understanding of the grammar
natural examples to illustrate the grammar points, based on the Longman Corpus Network
a topiC-based approach that presents grammar in context
a variety of exercise types - from driUs to contextualised and personalised practice
a review sectio n at the end of each module to revise the key grammar points
an exit test at the end of each module to check that the grammar has been fu lly understood
in formation on the pronunciation of gramma r items
information on common errors and how to avoid making them
a grammar c heck section for quickly checking specific grammar poi nts
a glossary of grammar l'erms used in the explanations
la online
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
a grammar teac her who explains key gra mmar points through short video presentations
a full diagnostic test to identify the gram mar points that need to be lea rnt
m ore practice fo r every unit of the book
regular p rogress tests to check that the gra mmar has been understood
cat ch-up exercises for lea rners who fail the progress tests - to ensure that eve ry lea rner has the
opportunity to master the grammar
a full exit test at the end of each module
automatic ma rking and feedback
pronunciation practice of grammar items
the optio n to listen and c heck the a nswers for practice exercises from the book
additional granuna r practice for exams
11 mobile
• downloadable exercises for practice anywhere, an y time
• the ability to create exercises from a bank of practice questions
• automatic ma rking and feedbac k for wrong ans\vcrs
INTRODUCTION
What is a Mylab?
A MyLab is a Learning Management System - an online platform that enables learners and teachers to
manage the learning process via a number of online tools such as automatic marking, the recording of
grades in a gradebook and the ability to customise a course.
How (an I get the most out of MyGrammarlab?
To the Student:
If }'OU ale using MyGramma rLab in class, your teacher will tell you wh ich units to study and which
6ercises to do.
H you are usi ng MyGrammarLab fo r self study, you can work through the book from Module I to Module
20. Or you ca n choose a grammar point that you want to study and go to a spedfic unit. Here is a good
~'ay to study a complete module:
=
The modules in the book start wi th a text such as an advert, an email or a magaZine article. The
text in troduces the grammar fo r the module. The grammar is highlighted in the text, and then
t here is a short exercise. The exerclse shows you the units you need to study in o rder to learn
m OTe about the main grammar pOinu.
Loo,
-e~ ik fo r this instruction at the bottom of the first page of each
;;;;g;;;;:;u,,_
I
then click on the feedback button to see which unit to go to for
=
The gramma r information in the book is usually on the left, with the practice exerCises on the
right. It Is therefore easy to check and read the grammar while you are doing the exercises. In a
few units, there are two pages of grammar informati on followed by two of practice exercises.
IJ
For more inIormation about the grammar, go o nline to watch the grammar videos in each unit
and lislcn 10 your grammar teacher.
IJ
If you would like more grammar and listening practice, you ca n listen to Ihe correct answers for
some of the practice exercises in the book. Look for this symbol: c.IIiI tinen and check. If you
have the book with answer key, you can check all the answers at the back of the book.
Look for this instruction al the cnd of the practice exercises in the book.
~;;;:;;.5-'~'; different to the exercises in the book. They are marked automatically.
Your grades are recorded in your own gradebook.
Look for this symbol on the grammar information pages in the book: c.II!I. This means that
there is some Information on a pronunciation point. Go ontlne to hear the information and
practise the pronunciation.
Look for th is instruction al the cnd of the practice exercises in the book.
The on line progress tests show you if you have understood the grammar points in the units that
you have studied. If you r grade Is low, do the catch-up exercises onli.ne. If your grade is good, you
probably don't need to do these.
=
=
For practice away from your computer, download the catch-up exercises questions to your mobile
phone. You ca n create you r own practice tests. Go to www.mygra mma rlab.com to download.
At the end of each module there is a two-page review section. The review exercises bring together
all the grammar points In the module.
At the end of each modu le, there is also a test. The test shows you how much you know and if
you need more practice.
lDok for this instruction at the end of the exlt test in the book.
vii
INTRODUCTION
To the Teacher:
If you are using MyGrammarLab with a class of students, you can either work through the book fro m the
fi rst to the last module, o r you can select the a reas that you would like your students to focus o n.
You can wo rk through a module as o utlined o n the previous page - but as a teacher, you are able to assign
tests and view all the scores fro m your class in o ne gradebook. This will e nable you to see at a glance which
areas are difficult fo r your students - and will let you know which of your students a re falling behind.
r::l mJ
For pronund ation practice in class, audio CDs are available. The disk and track number for each
explanation are given in the book. Look fo r this symbol: c.IIiI
All tests (diagnostic, progress and exit) are hidden from students. Assign these when you want
your class to ta ke the test. Marking is automatic - as is the reporting of grades into the class
gradebook.
Some practice exercises - such as written tasks· reqUire teacher marking. These are hidden fro m
your students so you sho uld o nly assign these if you want them to submit their answers to you
fo r marking. The grades are reported automatically into the gradebook.
Key to symbols
This highlights a grammar point that learners find particularly difficult and
often gives common errors that students make.
NATURAL ENGLISH
Sometimes a sentence may be grammatically correct, but It does not sound
natural. These notes will help you to produce natural English.
fORMAUlY CHECK
This Introduces infonnation about the formality o r informality of a
particular grammar point or item of vocabulary.
GRAMMAR IN USE
This Indicates an exercise which practises grammar in a typical context,
ofte n a longer passage or dialogue.
1:1 Pronundation >- 1.10
CIIII!J Uston and chock.
short form
viii
This Indicates where you will find pronunciation practice on the audio COS
and In the MyLab.
This Indicates that there is a recorded answer onllne. You can check your
answer by listening to the recoK1lng. or, If you are using the edition with
answer key, by looking in the key at the back of the book.
Some words in the explanations are shown in blue. This indicates that they
are included In the glossary on p. Ix. Look in the glossary to find out what
these words mean.
Glossary
action verb a verb that describes an action ralher than a
slate, e.g. wall:, drive, cook. We can usually use iKtion
verbs In both simple and conti nuous forms.
- statewrb
active a verb o r sentence is active If the person o r thing
doing the action is the subject of the verb. In the
sentence The pI(lY'"d~ the ball, the ~b drop is
active. - passive
adjective a word that describes a noun, c.g. friendly,
I'd/uab/e, intnesttd, troplCG/
~erb a word thal describes o r adds to the meaning of
a verb, an adJective, another adverb, o r a sentence.
There are different types of adverbs: manner: quickly.
k.indly. bNuti{illly; degree: completely, dt(inittly;
f'requency: always. often, ~ place: line, the";
time: rww, thel; ~ntence adverb: upparently,
(ommuuly
adverbial a word or phrase that Is used as an adverb
and ansW1!fS ques tions, such as How? When? and
Where? e.g. by trI~in. yesterday, in the south Of Fnmce
artide the word tIle (definite article), or the words a or
an (indefinite article)
auxiliary verb a verb that we use with another verb to
form questions, negative sentences, tenses and the
passive. Common au.dllary verbs are~, do and "a\lf!.
- main verb. modal Yefb
capital letter the large form of a letter of the alphabet,
that we use at the beginning of a name or sentence,
e.g. Bnot b
dause a group of words that contains a verb and
usually a subject. A clause may be a sentence o r part
of a sentence. - main clause. relative clause, 5lJbordinate
dause. Infinitive clause, partk ipie clause
collocation a combination o f words that are often used
together, e.g. mak.~ the b«I (verb + nou n), hulvy traffic
(adjective + noun)
wmparative adjective niar, iwttu, ~tter, mart
com{onablt, etc. We use comparative adlectives for
comparing two people o r things.
- superlative adjectl'le
complemenl a word o r phrase that follows a particular
type of verb, e.g. ~, become, look, setm, ap~r, re-main
and dncribe. In the S<!ntence That cak.1! looks dl!UdollS,
the adjective ddidorlS Is a complement.
compound adjective an adiective that is made from
two or mo re words, e.g. well·known (well + known),
user·friendly (UMr + {Hendly}
compound noun a noun that Is made from two or more
words, e.g. whlteboDrd (while + boord), dining room
(dining + room). office r1IQ1J/lgtr (o{ficr + managa)
consonant any of the sounds and lettm of the Engllsll
alphabet, except a, t, i, 0, u - vowel
continuou5 the form of a verb In tenses we make
with be and the " ng form. We use the continuous,
fOf example, for things we are doing now or at a
particular time, or for a temporary period o f time.
present continuous: I'm I/Sing my wmputa at ~
moment; pas. continuous: Thq wt'I"t living in lapan
at ~ timr, present perfect continuous: l'~ been
waiting hrn {or an hour; past ~rfect continuous
We'd been cfimbing {or tight hours whar _ ri!tJched tilt
top; future continuous Thl! band will be practising
all duy tomonvw; future perfect continuous By tht
md o{lhis wed:. I'll ha~ been wcming hne {or /h I«
months. - simple
contraction a sho rt form of a word Of words. Ha,,",'t is
a contraction of haW!: not. - short form
countable a countable noun has a singular and a plural
form : tablt/tablts, man/mm. - uncountable
defining (relative) clause - relatJve clause
demonstrative adjective/ pronoun this, that, thesl!, t~
adjective: PItQSf! take thtsf! flowers -Ihq're {or you.
pronoun: That's my brolha in tM photo.
direct object a noun o r pronoun that usually comes
after the ve rb and shows who o r what Is affected by
the action. In the sentence Sht goW!: tht book to rnr.
the direct object Is the book. - indin?Ct object
direct $pee<h the exact wo rds a person says, In
quotation marks, e.g. Mark said, 'I can't come to your
party. ' - reponed speech
first conditional a sentence with if that describes a
future situation. We can use the first conditional
with o ther words, 100, e.g. unless, as long as, whm: If
it's sunny tomotroW, we'll go to the brach.
future continuous - continuous
future perfect continuou5 - continuous
future perfect (simple) the tense of a verb that we
form with will ... have + past partldple. We use the
future perfect for an action that will be complete by
a time In the future: 1'/1 haW!: {inishtd my t:SSQy by this
l!'IIming.
imperative the form of a verb that we use to tell
someone to do something o r to SlOp doing
something. GM me that booII./l Don't sit thrn!
indefinite pronoun someont, anJlOFlt, eW!:TYWhc't,
nothing, etc: I'W!: looI:td ever;whne for my kq.
indirect object a noun o r prono un that comes after the
verb, o r afte r a preposition and shows who or what
something Is given to, said to, made for, etc. In the
seotence Sht gaW!: the book to mr/She guw mt the book,
the Indirect obiect is me. - direct object
indirect question a question that begins with Could you
tell mt, Do you know, etc.
infinitive the base form o f a ~rb, e.g. ~, ri!tJd, talk,
writt. The infinitive wllh to is ro + the base form :
co~, to read, 10 talk, to write.
infinitive clause a (subordlnateJ clause which bt.'gins
with an Infinitive. In the ~ntence It's a good idea to
discuss your problems. the Infiniti ve clause Is to discuss
you problems.
·ing form the form of a verb that end s In -ing. We
use the .ing form in continuou s tenses, but we can
also use It as the subject o r obiect of a clause: Ho
ri!tJding. I Rwding is relaxing. IlliJct reading.
intonation the way that our voice level changes to
add meaning to what we say. Fo r example, the YOke
o ften goes up at the end of a question.
intransitive verb a verb that has a sublect but no
object, e.g. COfnt, go, happrn - transitive verb
ix
GLOSSARY
irregular an Irregular verb does not have a past tenS('
and past participle that cnd in ~rI, e.g. go/werrt/gonr.
an Irregular noun does not h ave a plural that ends In
os, e.g. rmm/me,,; an irregular ad verb does not end in
-Iy, e.g. fast/fust .... regular
Uniting word a word such as arId, brit or b«ar~ th at we
use to connect o ne part of a sentence wi th ano ther,
or 10 show h ow onc se ntence Is related to another:
We paid dre biflllml wr lllllOmt'. I /lib slImmrr becal/se
the wetlthrr's wllnn.
main dause a clause that we ca n use al one or connect
to another clause.. In the se ntence It was raining so I
went to IIle gym , the main clauS/:! is It wa.~ mining.
.... clause. subordinate cJauwo
main verb a ve rb that we can use with or without an
aultHiary vcrb, e.g. cost in How much dors I1 cos(J It
costs S20. ..... dulcillary V(!rb, modal V('rb
modal verb a verb such as CIIII, $1/011111 or migllt that we
use with another verb to show Ideas such as ablHly
(Ciln), advice (sllOlIlll) or posSl blHty (misllt): I cllrr
swim. I We sllOuld letll't: now. I You miglrl be rigllt.
nega tive a negative sentence co n tains a word such as
1I0t o r nevef, e.g. SllIIkf$ pellft'. wasn 't Frerrclr. I I'vt /lever
liked co{fi!e . ... POSit IVI!
non-defining (relative) dause ..... rela tive clause
noun a word fo r a person , animal, th ing, place or idea,
e.g. touri.st, IrorSt', pell, CIrIIII/, lIappilless
noun phrase a phrase wh ich has a noun as its mos t
important word. In the no un phrase t he tall m/m will!
a btard, the other words all describe tht' man, so thc
word maills the most important. A noun ph rase can
act as subj t"ct, object or complement in a sentence. It
can also fo llow a preposition.
object a noun or pronoun that usually fol lows a verb .
In the sentence 'nre play" dropped tire blllI, the noun
ball Is the obit"ct. .... subject
object pronoun me, ~'Vu, /rim, her, It, us, t/rem. We use
object pronouns after the verb . ..... wbject pronoun
partitip~ dause a (subordinate) clause which begins
with a presen t or past part iciple, e.g. They left in IlIe
Higllt, 'elklllS alf tllefr luggage (presenl partiCiple
cliluse). j lJuJlt Itl '720 (past pa rtici ple clause), Ih~
IrOUle is ,row 1I Ilotel.
passive If a verb or sc ntt! ncc is passive, th e su bject of
the verb Is a(fcctoo by the action of the verb. In th e
se nten ce Tire I/Ouse WIIS bllilt te" yellrs ago, the verb
Wl/S brlilt Is passive. - active
past continuous - continUOUS
past participle a for m of a verb that wc use to make
past tenses and passivcs. Regular ve.rbs have past
participles that cnd In -ed, e.g. IlrriVfIi, clllltd.
Irregular verbs ha \'C d ifferent forms, e.g. gOt/f',
spokel/, sold.
past perfect cont inuous - con tinuous
past perfect (simple) the tense of a vcrb that we form
wit h IrOO and the past participle. We use th e pas t
perfect in rcponed statements o r to show the order
o f even ts in the past: He S/l id he'd IllrMdy .W lI rlUlI
film.
x
past simple the tense of a verb that we fo rm by adding
-cd to rcgu lar verbs: Irregular verbs have dlffere. nt
forms, e.g. so/welll. Wc use th e past slmplc for single
or repeatetl actions In the past : I cal/ed ,.ou )"tSli.'rday. I
I clllled roll twic" ytslerday.
phrasal verb a verb. preposition /adverb co mbination.
A phrasal verb has a differen t m ea ning fro m Ihe verb
alone: I'm going to gil-r up earillg c/toeollllr. (givr up '"'
stop). Wi th p hrasal verbs, we can sepa ra te the verb.
p repml tion/ adverb: I'm goillS to givr it " p .
.... prepositlOO8l verb
plural t he form o( a word that we use for morc tha n
one pt'-rso n or thing. Shldellls Is the plural of Shtdtll (.
Tlrey is a plural pronoun. - singular
positive a positive scn ten ~ d esc.ri bcs what something!
50m('Onc Is or does, It docs not co n taIn a word such
as IIOt or new,. SllIIkesptare was EIISlis/,. I "ve II/WIIYS
likrd coffee . .... negative
possessive adjective m,', your, Iri.~, Ire" ilS, ollr, tlleif ,
Possessive adjectives show who someth ing ~longs
to, o r wh o someo ne Is related 10: my house, ha
bro llrer.
possessive pronoun mille, rallfS, Ilis, 111'(5. arlfS, t/reirs.
A possessive prono un replaccs a possessive adjective
+ noun: It'l /rers. (her car) I Tha t'l m/lit , (my mo bile)
prefiJl a group of lett ers tha t Is addoo to th e beginning
of a word to change its mean ing a nd make a new
word, e.g. IlappY/lmlrappy, like/tlisllke, .... sufflll
preposition a word such as 011, or o r /1110 that we use
before a noun 10 show th e position o f something or
som('One, o r Its relationshi p with the noun, fo r time
or pu rpose: Pill it Or! tire tllble. I He di5llpptllrtd into U,e
slrop. I Meet me III su o'clock. ITIris key is (or tile front
J=
prepositional verb a verb. p reposi ti on combin at ion.
A p reposi ti onal verb can have a different meaning
fro m the vcrb alone: llr~' 50011 Ilrrivrri III IllJedsiO/1.
Wit h prepositional verbs, we cann ot sepa rate the
verb + prepositi on . - phrasal verb
present continuous - continuous
present perfect continuous ..... cOfltlnuous
present perfect (simple) the tense of a ver b that we
fo rm wi th Ilave and th e past pCIrtlclplt', c,g.lras gonr.
The prescnt pcrfect has many uses, for examplc fo r a
situation t.hat ~ Iartcd In the paM and continues now:
1'Vt' been lit rm ;vefsity {or two yetlfS ,row.
present simple the ten se o f a V{'rb that uses the base
form , or th e base form + s for Irl!, j lre and it: I liVf,
Ill' liws. We use t he p resent simple, for exa mple, for
regular <lctivltics and facts. 1SU to wOfk by bus, I 7111!
Ellrth
g()('j
rtJ/lmlllrr SIIII .
pronoun a word tha t rcplaces a n o un, c.g. I, j /re, they,
tne, her, tl1em, it. - ob)ect pronoun. subject pronoun,
demonstra tive pronoun, relatIVe pronoun
punctuation the marks used to divide a piece of writing
Inlo sentences, clauses, etc. Capltalll! lters and
comma~ arl! examples of pu nctuation , (For a list of
common punctualion symbo ls and th eir names
.. page 302)
GLOSSARY
question tag i.§II't jt? doesn't slll'? IIUW you? etc. We add
questio n tags to the end of a statem ent to make it
a qu estio n, or 10 (hec k that someone agrees. YOII 're
from Polund, urell't you?
reflexive prono un m~/(. yoursel(. l,;m~/f, etc. We use
refiex:ive pronouns when the subject ilnd object o f
the verb art the same: Slle Ctl/ls ~/fTjl/a.
regular iI regu lar verb has a past tense and past
partidple tha t eow. in ~: (inish/fillis/lfd; a regular
noun has a plural th at ends In os: book/books; a
regu lar adverb ends In -Iy qrllck/lluid:/y. -0 rrregular
relative da use a part o f a sentence that gives
Information about someone or something in the
main clause. A defini n g relative clause tE-lIs us
exactl y which person or th ing we are tal king about:
He's fire man wlro lives III til e top flrll . A nondefining re lative da use gives us extra information
about the subject o r ob jt'd o f the main clause: The
book, whiclr WllS wriltell III {iVt' weeks, was a lIuge
srlccess .
relative pronoun a prcm oun that connects a rel ative
cla use to th e main clause In a sentence, e.g. IVIIO,
wlllcll, I/mt.
reported speech the wo rds someo ne says to report wha t
another person h as said : Mark sold tllm Ire cou ld,,'t
come to my purty. - dlrect speech
reporting verb a verb used to report what another
person says, e.g say, (1Sk., tell, III/vise, lldnrlt. /Jrder
second conditional a sentence with if, !lIIltu, etc, lhat
describes a situation we are im agining in the presenl
or an unlikely situation In the future. We use the past
tense after if in the second conditional: 1(1 was rich,
I 'd buy a Farori.
short answer an answer to a Yts/No question tha t does
no t repea t the main ve rb: Art' rcm waiting for tllf' bllS?
Yes, I am. I Did YOII brly it? No, ' dldn".
short form the form of verbs we usuall y use when we
are speaking, e.g. I've (n ol f Ilave), wtren't (not WfTf
nol ). -0 contr¥tlOfl
~mple simple tenSC!'l are not formed wit h be and the
-j"8 form. -0 continuous
singular th e fo rm of a word that we UllC for only o ne
person or thing. SI/I(/1'111 is a slnlJular noun. Am and is
are sin gula, forms of the verb be. - plU/al
state verb a verb th at describes a state rath er tha n an
action. e.g. /Jeliew, love, l1eJIJIIJ;, seelll, hear. We do not
usually use state verbs in continuous fo rms.
..... adfon verb
statement a sentence tha t Is not a qu est ion o r a n
impera tive: I'm British. I It's thft'(' o'clock. I Till' play
hasn't started.
stress th e force that we US4! to say a part o f a word.
In the word coffee, the stress is nn the fi~ t syllable.
If we stress a word o r part of a wo rd, we say 11 with
more force.
subject a noun or pro noun tha t u suall y comC5 before
the main verb 1n lhe sentence. The subject shows
who is dOing the action . In the senten~ n,t! pla}'('f
dropped tile ball, th e noun player Is th e subject.
- objeCt
su bject pronoun I , you, he, 5he, it, we, /Iif)'. We usually
use subject p ronouns before th e verb.
-0 object pronoun
subordinate dause a clause tha t Is Introduced by a
linking word, e.g. b«a/lSe, althollgh, se I/rlll, and that
gives us more informa tIon about the main clause:
AUhol'gll tile weutf.er wusn" very good, wt erriayed
our hcJliday. -0 main clause, relative (lduse
suffix a letter or group of letters t hat Is add ed to the
end of a word to form a new word, e.g. writejwriter,
move/mavemellt, IIJejuselt!Ss. - prefi)(
superlative adjective nicest, 1lOllesl, besl, /l/ost
comfortable, etc. We use superlative adjectives when
wc compare one person or thing with several o thers.
-0 comparative adje<tive
syllable a part of a word that contains a stng le vowel
so und. [)a(l has o ne syllable and hI/fief has two
syllables.
third conditional a sentence we use with Iflo imagine a
situation in the past th at we know is not true. lfYOIl
hadn't left tire girte IIprn, the dog WtJrlld,,',
/1UW1 got OI/ t.
time expression a word or p hrase such as today, every
day, on MOl/days, ollce a week. Time exp ressions
describe when o r how o ften we do regular actlvitics.
transitive verb a verb that must h ave an ob ject, e .g. the
verb brrak in t.he scnlent-e SIre broke tire glass.
- Intran~tive verb
uncountable an uncountable noun does no r have a
plural form , e.g. water, "dl;a, music. - countable
verb a word wh.1ch describes an a ction or a state,
e.g. go. eat o r Imders/mld.
vowel one of the sounds that are shown by th e letters
a, e, i, 0, 11 -0 COfISOI'Iant
Wh- clause a clause that begin s with who, II'hat, wht'Tl',
when, wily, /row, whose or whicll . In the sentence I
don't agree willl what /JU!y decIded, th e ""h- clause is
what Ihl!}' rlrcl(lerl.
Wh- question a question th al begins with a IVII- word:
Wlwt's yorlr name?
Wh- word ",,110, wha l , where, ""hell, why, IrolV, IVhose,
""I,id,
Yes/No question a q uesti on whlc,h only needs the
answer yes or I/O, e.g. Are yarl a slmltllt? I Do YOIl like
pasta?
zero conditiona l a sentence with If o r wlrerl that shows
that one actio n always follows another: Ifyal. press
this blltton, the /ISM comes 011.
Nouns and articles
Before you start
1
Read the guidebook page. Look at the highlighted grammar examples.
This is the Hermitage Museum in
St Petersburg. It has one of Europe's
greatest art collections. The Hermitage
was built in the eighteenth century;
but in those days it wasn't an art
gallery, it was a royal palace. The
palace was used by the Tsars until the
revolution of 1917. The building is now
an enormous museum which contains
art from many different countries,
but mainly from Italy and France.
Lots of informatIOn is
available from the website:
www.hermitagemuseum.org
For phone numbers and opening times
turn to page 106.
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted grammar
examples will help you.
1 Most museums encourage familys I families to visit them.
2 Did you visit any in teresti ng museums in asia I Asia?
3 'The tourist office gave me lots of advice.' ' Really? Was it I Were flley useful? '
4 Which kind of (/fl l ti,e art do you prefer - paintings or sculpture?
5 We bought a sculptu re and a painting from that gallery. A I Tile painting
is in our living room.
6 It's a beautiful! beautiful picture.
7 There's a new exhibition at National Gal/ery I the National Gal/ery.
8 The picture was painted in sixteelllil I the sixteenth century.
9 The best paintings are in room I tile room 18.
10 In those I tllese days the royal family lived in the palace.
3
,.. Unit 1
,.. Unit 1
,.. Unit 1
>- Unit 2
,..
,..
,..
,..
,..
,..
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Un it 4
Unit 4
Unit 5
Check your an swers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
aS04l 0 1 WOOl 6 41UdalX!S ;)41 8 Al;)lll.?9 [l.?uoql.?N aLJl L
[nj!lol.?;)Q I.? 9 <>4J. S UI.? v 11 SI.?M £ l!!SV Z s<>![!WEl
<!>
Go onlirH' fot d flil l dld()rro~tl( Ipq
1
1
Nouns
Tourists enjoy shopping at t he British Museum.
There are lots of postcards and books for sale.
1 Types of noun
Nouns are the words we use for
• people, things and places: a tourist, a postcard, a museulII
• activit ies, ideas and feelings: shopping, inforn/atio", love
When nouns are names of people, places, da tes, events, languages,
religions and books, plays or films, they begin with a ca pital letter:
Professor Grey. the British Museum, Glasgow, Africa, MOl/llay, April, Mlly Day,
Russiall, Spa1lish, ISlellll, 'Tile Lord of tile Rings', 'War and I'eace', 'Avatar'
Compound nouns, e.g . bookshop, washin g machine ~ Unit 98.1
2 Singular and plural nouns
Most nouns have a singul ar and plural form. To make plural forms
• add -s to most no uns: books, postcards, days, 1I0llses
• add.-es to nou ns ending in -5, -ss, -511, -ch, -0, -x and -2:
buses, dishes, watches, potatoes, boxes (BUT videos, pianos)
• fo r nouns ending in conso na nt + -y: COlllltry -- coulltries
• for most nouns ending in -for -fe: life -- fi ves thief ..... thieves
cm
3
Spelling rules,. page 3S0
A few plu ral forms are irregular, and some nouns do not cha nge:
SL:-:GULAR
mall W0f1W /1 dlild
perso/l foot tooth
I'LURA I.
men
women
dlildrell I)cople feet teeth
aircraft series fish slleep
SINGULAR ANI) I'tURAL
Pronunciation" 1.02
Noun + verb
Some nouns end in
athletics
economics
but are Singular, so wc use a singular verb :
-5
gymnastics
politics
maths
physics
nf'INS
A thletics is an Olympic sport. Today's news isn 't very exciting.
Some nouns describe things with two parts, so they are plural:
jeans
pants
pyjamas
shorts
tights
trousers
glasses
scissors
Tllese jeans are too tight. My glasses lire broken.
To talk about one or more of these things we can use pair(s) of.
I need a pair of trou sers alld tllree pairJ of shorts.
2
Some nouns (e.g. CQml1CIllY, f(Unify, government, team) describe groups of people.
We use a singu lar OR plural verb when we are talking about the people in the group:
Tile Spanish team is/are playillg brilliantly. (all the Spanish players)
But we only use the singula r verb when we are talking about the group as o n e thing:
1 >'1 /8alballleam Il(iW! f'le..ell Piat<t!f5. ./ A football team has efl!vell players.
British and American Engl ish )0. page 352
A
The group noun police is ALWAYS plural:
1 TIle pafice 11(15 RHesl:ell tile tllic\'C$. ./ TI,e police /lave arrested tile tllieves.
4
Countable and uncountable nouns
Countable nouns are things we ca n count:
How mallY musellms lire there in flaris? There are 10,()()(} paintings ill the Lollvre.
Uncountable no uns are things we can' t count.
• food and drink: bread, blltter, meat, tea, coffee, milk, oil, IJasta, salt, rice
• materials: water, oil, air, oxygen, metal, cOttOIl, wood, plastic, paper
• school subjects and languages: geography, art, mllsic, EugUslJ, Spill/ish
• ideas and feelings: edllcatioll, work, advice, beallty, love, knowledge, filii
• activities: shopping, cyclillg, swimming
• groups o f sim ilar things: fi",, ;tllre, luggage, 11I0"ey
have a singular and a plural form:
one shop - rwo shops
We use a singular or plural verb:
That painting is beautiful.
Those paintings were expensive.
We use a/an, the or this/that before a
singular noun:
Is there a museum here?
Where's the museum?
This museum is enormous!
We use words like some, the. these/those
before a plural noun:
I'd like some apples, please.
Those books look interesting.
normally have a
form:
petrol - Jl fM' petreK5 ./ some perrol
We only use a singular verb:
Swimming is a popular sport.
That petrol was expensive.
We don't use a/an before an uncountable
noun. We can use some or this/thar
1 F/'Jis fable is ffltJd! of a "fajfi~.
./ This table is mode of plastic.
1 CaR yell gill'@ me /Ill Mhi(;e?
./ Can you give me some advice?
This rice isn't cooked I
5 Nouns that can be countab le or uncountable
We keep six chickens in our garden. (animals)
A coffee and two teas, please. (cups of tea)
NCOUNTAIU
Do you like chicken and rice? (food)
Sam prefers lemon tea. (drink)
Did you get a paper today? (a neINSpaper)
I need some writing paper. (material)
Those were easy exercises. (tasks)
I had some interesting experiences on holiday.
(things that happened to me)
00 you do much exercise? (physical adivity)
Experience is more Important than qualifications.
(learning by dOing something)
The gallery has two works by Goya. (paintings)
My work is really interesting. yob)
COUNTABLE MEANING
6
Ways of counting uncountable nouns
We use different expressions to 'count' some uncountable no uns.
• units: a bar of soap, a bit ofillfomwtioll/ filll, all item of news, aloafofbread,
a piece of fllmihlre/lllggage/paper, a s lleet of paper, a slice of bread/cake/meat
bot~/e of water, a alii/till of soup, a cartOIl of milk, a ClIp of coffee, (I g lass of
orange jllice, {/ jar ofimll, II packe t of sugar, a tub of hlllter/ margari" e, a tube of toot/'pasle
• measu rements: half a kilo of me(lt, a litre of petrol, two m e tres ofsUk
• containers: {/
3
1
NOUNS
Practice
1
GRAMMAR IN USE
find twelve more capital letters missing from
t~e
invitation.
--------------~-------------B
You are invited to a recrynon at the I.ririsfi museum at 7-30,.m. on jritiay. 20'" ayri[
'There wir( 6e a taff. by yr1essor eruest 6ranJ; autlWr cif 'tri6a{ 'Art', to introduce OUT new
exfii6ition of art from new Buinca.
'Drints
wi« 6e served.
P(ease reyCy to 'Ms Iie(ena summers on 02243 77689 6efore 28~ march.
--------------~-------------2
Write the plural form of t he nouns.
car child
.-,
C9tiRtry
+ -es
family house life loaf person potato series sheep
+ -ies
+ -ves
no change
watch
irregu lar
t..l/.01triu
3
Choose the correct words in italics. CllJiDllisten and check.
o I can't read his writing. I think I need n ew glass tGlasses.)
I How often do you brush your tooth I teeth ?
2 I think physics is I are the most difficu lt subject at college.
3 How many aircrafts I aircraft does British Airways own?
4 Was I Were the news interesting yesterday?
5 The police is I are trying to find t he missing girl.
6 There are three women I womans and two men in the new medical team.
7 I like your new jeans. Was it I Were they expensive?
8 Do you have a pair of I a scissors in your kitchen?
9 Some farms in New Zeala nd have a million slleep I sheeps.
10 Our neigh bours have six cllilds I children.
4
Match sentences 1 and 2 with A and B in each pair.
D 1
2
1 1
2
2
2
3 1
2
4 1
2
5 1
2
4
~~
I'd like some tea .
I'd like a tea .
Can you get me some paper?
Can you get me a paper?
Do you have any chicken ?
Do you have any chicken s?
You sh ould try a skiing holiday.
You should take that job.
I need to do some exercise.
I need to do some exercises.
I don 't have a lot of work today.
I don 't have many of his works.
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
And cou ld I have two coffees, please?
Could I have two packets of sugar, too?
I want to write a letter.
I want something to read.
There isn 't any on the m enu.
Or do you have only cows o n your farm ?
It will give you lots of experience.
You will have a great experience.
I want to improve my grammar.
I want to get fit.
"m not busy.
"m not very keen on h is books.
5
GRAMMAR IN USE
Subject
Choose the correct answer, A, B or C below. ClWIiD listen and check.
IHere in London
Hi (Iara
I got to London two days ago. (0)
... '. arrived on t ime and I came into town on the
Underground. My {l ) ...... " . heavy, so I didn't need to take a taxi. The hotel is OK. The furniture
(2) ,.
. a bit cheap, it's all made of (3) ......... ; but the room is clean .
You know I love history and (4) .
. Well, yesterday I went to the British Museum - it was
amazing! I loved the Egyptian stone statues. They are huge and the stone (5) ... ...... . a beautiful
red colour. The museum is fantastic! There's no charge to get in, so you don't need to spend a lot
of (6) .
. There's a nice cafe there and I had some coffee and two (7) .
Now I need (8) ..
o
o. •
• • ••
from you about my camera.
A Flight B Some fligh t © The flig ht
1 A luggages weren't B luggage wasn't C luggage weren't
2A
3 A
4 A
SA
6 A
7 A
8 A
6
is BareCwere
plastic B a plastic C the plastic
an archaeology B archaeology C the archaeology
are BwereC is
money B mo neys C the money
sandwichs B sandwichies C sandwiches
an advice B some advice C advices
Complete the descriptions w ith the words from the box.
a bar a bottle a can
o
.fl' ..~rt.t?!1-...
tl
CftrtOfl a jar a packet a piece a slice a tub
of milk
...... ... ..... . ... o f soup
2
... . of water
-3 ....... .. ... ... of soap
4
6
7
.. .... of meat
.. .. ..... o f jam
..... .. ........ of butter
5 ......... ... ...... of fu rniture
8 ... .. .. .... .. ..... of rice
5
1 a or an? the lal or the li:1?
A, all and the are articl es. We use a before consonant sounds (b, d, k, t, s, elc.) :
a cate, a tourist, a m llseum
• AND before 11 or ell when they sound li ke Ijl (as in YOII): a uniform, a Europea/l city
We use an before vowel sounds (a, e, i, 0, u): an interesting book, all 1I1l1lSIIllI job
• AND before words that begin with a silent ,,: (lfl IlOlIr I'm au:,1
We pronounce ti,e wilh 1:>1 before consonant sounds: the book, the tOllrist
Before vowel sounds we pronounce the with li:/: tile {Irt gallery, the Ellglish teacher
~ Pronunciation >- 1.03
2
Genera l or particular meaning?
We use a/atl or no article when we are talking about things in general:
alan + SINGULAR NOUN
no article + PLURAL NOUN
no article + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
Is there a cafe here?
(any kind of cafe)
Sandwiches aren't expensive.
I don't like music.
(sandwiches in general. all sandwiches)
(music in general, all music)
We use ti,e to ta lk about somethi ng particular:
the + SINGULAR NOUN
the + PlURAL NOUN
the + UNCOUNTABLEEN
NOu
U~
N ==;
Yes, the cafe's on the
ground floor. (there is
Did you get the sandwiches?
(we know which sandwiches)
I don't like the music on that CD.
(only the music on the CD, not
music in general)
only one cafe here)
A
We don't use tile w hen we are talking about things in general:
X Is there the €lIsl, madlille flear here? ./ Is there a cllsh m achine near here?
X I pre{er
films l8 lhe hook5. ./ 1 pre{er {Hms to books.
"'le
3
New information or know n information?
We use a/all or no article w hen we mention something for t he first time.
We use tile when we mention it again;
I've illst bought (I II ew suit. It's tile grey suit we saw ill tile shop window I{lst week.
'Carla asked IIer tC{lcher {or advice. ' 'Really? Was tite (ldvice useful?'
'Have tlley (iIIed ill el/try forllls?' 'Yes, I've got tile forllls lIere.'
We use tI,e when the li stener knows which particular person or thing the speaker
is tal king about:
It was a greal holiday. Have YOIl seen tile photos yet? (the photos of the holiday)
6
Practice
1
Co mplete t he sentences with a o r an. CIII!D listen a nd check.
o My teacher went to
. ~~ .....
American uni versity. It's quite .!'I ....... famo us o nc, 1 th ink.
1 Excuse me, Or Taylor. There's ......... urgent message for you . It's from .......... patient.
2 There's .......... bus stop o n the corner. But you' ll have to wait .......... hou r fo r the nex l bus.
3 She's got .......... young son . He has .......... unusual name.
4 My parents have .......... elderly friend who owns .......... small cottage by the sea.
S Detectives don't wea r .......... uniform. But they always ca rry .......... badge.
6 We can find you ......... European holiday at ... ...... excell ent price.
2
Complet e the not ices w ith a, an, the or - (no article).
IQ]
...
@
Please do
not smoke
in .. thlt ...
room .
...
III
ill
@]
tfyouhave
We do not
accept ..........
credit cards
for items
under £10.
~
WE
REGRET
T HAT
-
....... 'nt,
..........
c:ontact
OFFIC E IS
C LOSED
U N TI L
reception.
2.0 0 RM .
There Is
Ufe·jackel
under the
seat in fronl
of you .
7
6
8
Please note
Visitors may park
in .......... car park
at the back of the
the cupboard.
3
hotel.
--_Ill ..
11
••' Fb. . . .
Find nine more mistakes in the conversation and correct them.
&ID list en and check.
JEN NY
Hell o, Karl. How are the thi ngs? Have you found
KARI.
Hi, Jenny. Yes, I have.
JENNY
G reat! Is a job near here'?
KARl
Yes. It's at a hotel in a city centre.
JENNY
That's very convenient, Which hotel is it?
Ziob yet?
KARL
It's ho tel opposite bus sta tion: The Regent .
JENNY
Oh, yes. I know it. By the way, how is Maria?
KARL
She's OK now, but she's been quite sick. She had operation last month .
JENNY
Oh dear. Was an operat ion serious?
KARL
No, don't worry - nothi ng serious. She's better now.
JENNY
I' m glad to hea r it - th e health is so important, isn't it ?
KARL
Yes. It was shock when she became ill.
JENNY
[can imagi ne. Has she got the good doctor?
KA Rt
Yes. The docto r's very helpfu l.
7
3
Special uses of a/an and the
Mlchelle's Cl student at art school. She's In
the museum cOpying a bea utiful painti ng .
1 Jobs and descript ions
We use a/all with the names of jobs:
Michelle's (I st"/ldellt .
I wal/t to be (I ll engineer.
We also use a/all to describe a person or thing,
usually with an adjective:
Slle's copying (I beautif ul painting.
He's (l lI ice person .
Tllat was cm i" terest ing exhibition .
2
Inst itutions: purp ose or building ?
school college university prison hospital
instit ution
When wc think or the purpose of these institutions we don't use the.
But when we think or the building, we use tile o r a/an.
PURPOSE
Michelle is a student at art school.
IUI
My brother's sick in hospital.
Excuse me, where's the hospital?
The murderer was sent to prison.
The prison has stone walls.
The
art school is in North Street.
3 The media
We use the with the names of most newspapers, but most magazines have no article:
the Daily Nevvs the Sun the New York Times
newspapers
most magazines Vogue Newsweek Time Hello
'Did yOIl
SL'f
her plloto in Vogu e?' rNa, it was in the StHl .'
We say the cillema, tile theatre and tile radio. We don 't normal ly use tile with television or TV
when we are ta lki ng about t he programmes:
III the morn ings I like listell illg to th e radio bllt il1 the evenings I prefer wa tching TV.
But we use a o r the if we are ta lking about the machine:
Tllere's somelh ing wrollg witll til e teleyision ill my bet/room.
4 the + adjective f or groups and nat ionalities
the young the old the elderly the rich the poor the sick the homeless
the disabled the unemployed the blind the deaf the injured the dead
Some adjectives ca n be used as nou ns if they describe a pa rticu lar grou p,
e.g. all the people who are rich = tile rielJ. We use a plu ral verb:
Ti,e ricll (lfe gettillg rieller and t il e poor are gettillg poorer.
We can use nationality adjectives that end in -ch/-sll/ -ese in the same way,
e.g. French, Spal/ish, DutCh, Japallese (>- Unit 9 5.2):
The Fren ch have elected a /If'1\' president. (all the French people)
The I r isll (1ft! votillg 0 11 tile lIew European Ullioll tomorrow. (all the Irish people)
A
We can 't use other nationality words in this way:
)( The BI'tlzili(l1l HR' IIsed ~ het weRt:her. ./ Brazili(lIls are IIsed to hOI weatller.
8
Practice
,
There are ten more places in the letter where a or an is m issing.
Write a or an in the correct places. CIIIiIlI listen and check .
I
COI"<'Ie-
•
from Ldose, fC\l'V'li...,:::! _ 1' __
s<...sle.( . She'S de.nb.5I:.
o.rd sht's
Fre.!"\Cn C\l UI"Il.. __(si.J::.~. She. i.So '!:.
he.(5e.lf'. "":\ bfol:..he.( ho.s
!\eW ~ fOI"
'"""::1
ac*-
ur.c.K!..
2
3
1:......0 s<...sl:..e.'$ I'.>I\d
\cNe.'!:.\
ff10d
0.
bfoI:Jw.f. EmiJ~'S l"'-'r. e.ldesl
pe.'5Oo'\, C~i.1\e LS sl::.ude'*.. S~·S sI::.~i.."'5
sb...octel'll; she p-e.fe.,s lo sperd notr l\.1"".Oi!.
e.~o.j-"'5
i..rJ:..e.resl:..i.."'5 joo. he.'s o.rc.h.j:.e.d:.. He. de.Si....~ beo.uI::....fvI.
I "-_
cp.-e.l pk:\ce. 50 I'm fJ\o,d I've.
se*-
~I:.h ~ p:¥lu,ls \.1"1 old ~ i..-" Srna.II .•.;.JIc-,{)e.
ff*-
IVs
Iols of ffl..el"ldS on lhe. IrJ:..e.f"l"Iel'.
Match the sentences 1-7 with the questions A-H.
o Derek's at univerSity. _
A Is he on holiday?
Mr Rogers is going to the school.
?o B Is he st udying to be a doctor?
2 My brother is in hospital.
C Is he the famous murderer?
3 Ali visited the university.
D Did he see the new physics building?
4 Jamcs isn't at school tOday.
E'. Is he going to see th e school play?
5 He's working at t he hospital.
F Is he visiting a prisoner?
6 Derek Sutcliffe is in p rison.
G Is he a doctor?
7 Karl's going to the prison today.
H Is he having an operation?
Complete the information wit h the or - (no article).
am listen a nd check.
PRINT MEDIA
FACTSHEET
• The most widely read Engl ish language newspaper in the world is USA Today.
The most popular magazine is (OJ .
AARP Magazine. It is an American
magazine for (I) ....... _..... elderly.
0. _ •
•
• (2) ............ Japanese are the world's most enthusiastic newspaper readers.
Yomiuri Shimbun sells more than 14 million copies every day.
• The most popular daily newspaper in Britain is (3) ............. Sun, which sells
over 3 million copies.
• One of the most unusual magaz ines is The Big Issue, which is sold by
(4) .......... homeless on the streets of London and other towns in the UK.
• (5)
Variety is an international magazine that specialises in news about
(6J ............. cinema.
• In many countries magaz ines that give information about (7) ...
television are very popular. Americans buy several million copies of
(8) ............. TV Guide each week.
9
4
Article or no article?
1 No article
We don 't usually use a/{m or the with:
people's namesJ i!d t itles
named shops and companies
cities. towns, states and
David Mr Brown Professor Smith Uncle John
Harrods Tesco:Mkrosoh United Airlines
London SYdney Madrid Florida Tuscany
regions
most countries and continents
mountains, hills ind lakes
most roads, streets, squares
and parks
named airports and stations
schools, universities, etc.
times, days and months
languages. school subjects
and sports
means of transport and
Russia.&Ja.B:ln__ Turk~AustraJia Asia: Euf!JPe 'I' ~a
Mount Vesuvius Box Hill Llke f'tacid
nmes
Park Lane .D.>:!ord Street Trafalgar Square
Square
Central Park {BUT the M25 the high street)
. Miami Airrort Birmingham 8us Station Victoria Station
=''''''''''''''''' _
d
Bradford Grammar School Yale University
at three o'clock at midday on Monday in Dece~m
~
be~r====
English Polish hIstory basketball tennIS football
by train by bus byemail by phone (BUT on foot and in person)
communication
mellls
What time is dinner? Let's meet after lunch. (BUT a snack)
nouns + numbers
Go to check-in 3A. I'm in. R.29.!ll..UUQ9k at pagft
/5.:9118io·_ _....J
We do n 't use a n article fo r: at home, at work, ill bed, at scllOof
2 the
We usua lly use tile wit h :
names of oceans, seas, rivers,
mo untain ranges
countries with plural names,
Republic. K.ingdom etc.
organisat~io~n;;';=;;='I"~'
names of museums. cinemas.
theatres, hot els
places in a town,
types of sho ps
locations
parts of a building
times of t he day
historical periods
musical instruments
(British English)
noun + of
the Atlantic Ocean the Black Sea the Seine the Nile
the Himalayas the Alps
the United States the Netherlands
the R bJic of Ireland the un)i)ited
~~
K!1!
in~om
~~~~",,=
The International Monetal}' Fund the World Bank
the Getty Museum the Odeon Cinema
the National Theatre the Ritz H~
o;
te;',='
the bank the hospital the post offICe the stdtion
the su
rket the chemist's
on the left/right in the middle on the coast/border
in the edst/northlsouthlwest
the ground floor the fifth floor the exit the en tran.~"".,.....,
in the morning in the afternoon in the evening iBUT at night)
the nineteenth century the 19505 the Middle Ages
Does she play the guitar? Can you play the violin?
the House of Commons the University of London
The Isle of Man
3 a/an
We use a/all to mean
• olle with fractions a nd la rge numbers: half a kilometre, olle alld a IIa l(. a thousa"d
• eacll fo r frequen cy (h o w often) a nd m easurem e nts: o/Jce a day, twice a mo"tll (BUT every
1I0Ilr), six ell fOS a kilo, 100 kilometres atlliour
10
Practice
1
Match the two parts of the sentences.
o I won't be able to see you in ~A a yea r.
1
2
3
4
S
2
It can be quite cold here at
The heart of a healthy adult beats 70 times
We go on holiday three times
The speed of light is 300 million metres
Our house is the o ne on
B
C
0
E
F
the left.
the afternoon.
a minute.
night.
a second .
Read the conversation and choose the correct words in italics.
mD Listen and check.
ASSISTANT
What's my diary like for next week?
Pretty busy. You're travelling to (0) tlte Mallcl/ester I(Mal1c/lesteipn
Cl) the Monday I Monday.
MANAGER
ASSISTANT
From (2) tile El/stOIl / El/sto1l Station?
Yes. The train leaves at 8. 15 in (3) tilt! momillg / momillg. You have
MANAGER
an appointment with (4) tile Mr / Mr Grey at 11.30. He's our manager
for (5) the Ullited I Ul1ited Kingdom.
MANAGER
ASSISTANT
MANAGER
ASS ISTANT
3
Where am I meeting him?
At (6) the Car/toll / Carllon Hotel, in (7) lite centre / centre of Manchester.
It's in (8) the St Peter's / St Peter'S Square. He said he would wait for you near
(9) the el/trance / entrance of the hotel . He wants to talk to you about the contract.
The one that begins in ( 10) the December / December?
Yes, and J've made an appointment for you in (1 1) the afternoon I afternoon
at (12) tile bank / bank.
Complete the information with a, an, the or - (no article).
DID Listen and check.
Newman 's T.,ours
••
••
••
•••.••
••••••
••••••
•
•
•
Lisbon Highlights Day 1
•
When you get to (0) ...... ~ ..... Stansted Airport
check in at (t) .
8.45 a.m. and go to
(2)
........ Gate 56 for (3)
... .... flight EZ1221.
Our tour gu ide, Katrina, will be there to greet you.
•
Arrive at our hotel- all our rooms are on
(4)
...... third floor with great views of
Cs) ............ River Tagus.
•
In (6)
.. afternoon we will visit (7) .
Gulbenkian Museum. The museum has an amazing
collection of art from all periods. especially
(B) ............. eighteenth century.
We will take you back to you r hotel at 6.00 p.m. and
you will have (g) ............. hour and (10) ............ .
half to relax before (11) ............. dinner.
•
Later in (t2)
.. evening you will be free to
explore (t3) ....
.. centre of (14) ......... Lisbon
on (15)
. foot,
11
5
Demonstratives this, that, these, those
1 Demonstrati ve adjectives and pronouns
This museum is
int~e,~e:s:,~;n:g:.=='[j'~h~;S~'~·S~;n~,~e,~e~s/~;n~g~.i:!:~~;;-l
~:;::;;r=l That sculpture is beautiful.
These tickets are expensive.
Those sculptures are vel}' old.
That is beautiful.
These are expensive.
Those are vel}' old.
We often use tllis/that one or those/these ones:
Whicl, shirt (10 YOII prefer? T llis otle or that one? (= This shirt or that shirt?)
2
Near or far?
We use this and these to describe things that are near us:
EX.alse me. Is this seat fret? (the seat near me)
These are the tickets. (the tickets I am holding)
We use that and those for things that are further away:
T/Jat's an African elephant. (the one J am pointing at in the distance)
Look at tllOse mountains, they're huge. (the ones in the distance)
3
Now o r t hen?
We also use lIlis/tltese to describe a time that is now or in the near future:
I'm doing a lot of exercise these days. (around now)
What are YOII doing this weekend? (the weekend that is coming/has just sta rted)
We use that/those (or a time in the past:
Tltere were no moiJile phones in those days.
Do yOIl rem ember that weekend at the seaside? (a weekend in the past)
4
Describing a person, thing o r idea
We use this/tlwt/ these/those to describe a person, thing or idea:
This lesson is interesting. (the lesson we are in now)
/ llate these dark nights. (the winter nights we are having now)
I didn 't know that! Tllat's amazing! (the information you've just given me)
n ,ose people we met 0/1 IwUday were really nice. (people we met in the past)
We use this is/t/,ese are to introduce people:
Mflm, these are my friends from college. This is lan and this is her Sis ter, Frieda.
On the phone we usually use it's to identify ourselves:
'Hi! It's me/ It's Samh here.'
We use this is when we don't know the person we are speaking to:
'Hello. n,;s is Sarall Smitll. May 1speak to the manager?'
12
Practice
1
Choose the best answer, A or B.
o
t
2
3
4
S
6
Do you like that dress?
@The dress in the shop window. 8 The dress I am wearing.
I don't like this very much .
A The food I am eating. B The food you are eating.
Are these your children?
A The children in the photograph I'm looking at. B The children playing in the garden.
That's very interesting.
A The book I'm reading. B The information you've just given me.
Are those the correct answers?
A The answers in my book. B The answers in your book.
I've already seen that o ne.
A The DVD I'm holding. B The DVD you're holding.
Can J have two of these, please?
A The pens on the counter here. 8 The pens on the top shelf.
2
Choose the correct words in italics. I:IIIl!I listen and che<k.
o These is I@verycomfortable seats.
1 This / These class is for advanced students.
2 Have you got any other colours? I don't like those one / ones.
3 I'm feeling nervo us. This I That is my first day here.
4 Can you see these I those beautiful birds on top of the roof?
5 Did you en joy this I that Indian meal we had last week?
6 These / Those shoes are very tight. Do you mind if I take them off?
7 'Hello, is that Stephen?' 'Yes, this is I it's me. How are you?'
8 Let me Introduce my boss. Alex, this / it is Hilary.
3
Complete the conversation with this. that, these or those and a suitable
form of the verbs in brackets. if necessary. Cllflll listen and check.
JAN
Wow! We're here at last. So, (0) .~~ . ~ ....... ............ .
(be) the famous Grand Canyon!
ANA It's amazing, isn't it? And (1) ..................... ...... ... .
(be) a fantastic place to see It from .
JAN
Can you see (2) .................... ........... river down
at the bottom?
ANA Yes, I can.
JAN (3) ..... .... ... ..... ..... .. .... ... (be) the Colorado River.
It's wider than the River Thames.
ANA But (4) ......... .. .................... (be) impossible.
It looks tiny!
JAN (5) ............ ................... (be) because it's so far
away from us.
ANA Look at (6) ............................... rocks on the
other side of the valley. Is (7) ............................. .
a cave over there?
JAN
Yes, I think so. I read in the guidebook that the
people here lived in caves before the Europeans arrived.
in (8) ...... ...... .. ................. days lots of people lived in this area.
ANA (9) ......... ....... ........ ....... (be) reaUy interesting. Can we visit the caves?
JAN
I don't think it's allowed (10) .................... ........... days.
13
Review
1
MODULE 1
UNITS 1 AND 2 Match sentences 1 and 2 with A and B in each pair.
0 I Did you do much eXerciSe? ~ A
B
2 Did you do all the exercises?
A
I I don't like children.
B
2 I don't like the children.
A
2 I Did you get a book?
B
2 Did you get the book?
A
3 I We h ad turkey.
B
2 We had a turkey.
A
Do you sell papers?
4
B
2 Do you sell paper?
A
S I Did you listen to the music?
2 Did you listen to music on the t rain? B
A
6 I Will you apply fo r a job?
B
2 Will yOll apply for the job?
2
UNITS 2, 3 A ND 4
Did you fin ish YOUf h om ework?
Vou went to t he gym, didn' t you ?
I mean aJl children .
I mean my neighbour's child ren .
I asked you to find it for m e.
You' ll need something to read on t he train.
It lived in o ur garden wh en 1 was a child.
It was delicious.
I wa nt to look at the advertisements.
I want to write a lette r.
Did you take your iPod with you?
It was on that CD I gave you last week.
You know, the one you saw in the paper.
O r don't yOll want to start work yet?
Read the TV programme information and choose the correct words in italics.
Today's best programmes
Subtitled programmes are available on (O~hanne~ the channel 29.
Programmes include hand signing for (1) deaf I the deaf
===:::::
~~~~~~~~~,!:!~!!"~'" ".,'" '''0'"' (3) a I the,:wo
~rl~d!;;.
Ut. River KWiJ;
Award·winning war film . (S) A I The list of actors includes Idee Guinness and William
Holden.
What is the government doing to help (6) unemployed I the unemployed? This
programme examines (7) a I the latest job creation policies and a new plan to help
~~~~~~~~~ I the university find job'~'. ...............,,=======~
(9) Chinese I The Chinese are investing in coal-powered electricity. Is this the best
(10) an I the environment? This documentary examines the facts.
3
14
Complete the three conversations with a, an, the. - (no article), this, that.
these or those. In five places, more tha n one answer is possible.
1 JOHN
Th is place is amaZi ng. Look, (0) . th~t. ........ .'s the Mona Usa o ver there,
on the other side of t he room.
ALlCE
(I) ................... painting behind the thick glass?
JOHN
Yes, (2) ................... 's it. Let's get a bit nearer.
AlICE
I still can't really see it. All (3) .. ..... .... ... .... . tourists are standing in the way.
Why don 't we get a coffee and come back later?
JOHN
OK. Is there (4) ................... cafe in (5) ................... museu m?
AlICE
I'm sure there is. Let's ask (6) ................... security guard over there.
UNITS 2, 3 AND 5
2
TOURIST
Excuse me. I'm looking for (7)
OAN
Which o ne? There arc two.
TOURIST
Er, (8) ................... one with all the modern art.
I think you mean the Talc Modern.
D'N
TOU RIST
DAN
TOURIST
DAN
3
SllVIA
........ Tate Ga llery.
Yes, (9) .................. .'5 the one I want.
Well, it's o n the other side of (10) ................... river. You have to cross over
(11 ) ................... Millenniu m Bridge.
Where's (12) .................. .?
It's not far. Just turn left at (13) _...
. ....... corner of (14) ................... street.
Hello, Cambridge Tourist Office? Right, I'm coming 10 (15) .................. .
Cambridge nex t week and I' m looking for ( 16) ................... information.
GUII)[
SIl.V IA
GU lOE
4
Sure. What would you like to know?
Well, I quite like (17)
............ history and (18)
archi tecture.
Are any of (19) .................. university buildings open to the pu bl iC?
Yes, and some of (20) ....
. colleges are very old.
All UNITS Read the text and choose the correct answer, A, B or C below.
BOSTON. Museums and Galleries
(0) ..... Stewart Gardner Museum is one of the m ost unusual
museums in (I) ..... .
It
',";1S
built by the millionai ress Isabella Stewart Gardner at the
end of(2) ... .. century. In (3) ..... days wealthy Americans often
tra\'elled to Europe and bought fine paintings and sculptures.
lsabella went to Europe many times and bought a lot of (4) ..... .
She visited Venice in 1884 and fell in love with (5) .... Barbaro.
She decided that one day she would build (6) ..... in her home
tm,'n, Boston, which would be (7) ..... of a Venelian palace. As
she collected more and morc art she decided her new home should
also become (8)
In 1898 Isabella's husband, John Gardner, died and she began
building her new home/museum. It opened 10 the public in 1903.
Isabella kep t (9) ..... naar of the museum as a private home for
herself and she lived there until she died in 1924. (l0) ..... da ys the
museum contains morc than 2,500 works of art and is open to thc
public from Tuesday to Sunday, from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m.
0 A
I A
2 A
3 A
Isabclla
Nort h America
nineteenth
t hat
4 A
5 A a Palazzo
6 A ho use
7 A copy
8 A museum
9 A the top
iO A The
'"
®The lsabella
B t he North America
B t he nineteenth
B t hese
B some art
B the Palazzo
B the house
B t he copy
B a museum
B that top
B These
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
An Isabella
a North America
a ni neteenth
those
the art
this Pa lazzo
a house
a copy
the museum
a top
Those
15
Test
MODULE 1
Nouns and articles
Choose the correct answer, A. B or C.
She has two young ......... . so she's always tired!
A babys B babyes C babies
2 The police .......... questions about the bank robbery.
A are asking B is asking C asks
3 Do yOll have suitable .......... fo r this job?
A experiences B piece of experience C experience
4 Excuse me. Is there ...... ... . near here?
A some art ga llery B an art ga llery C art gallery
5 There was an in teresting .......... on the radio thi s morning.
A news B Item o f news C onc news
6 The arti st has .. .. .. ... . name.
A unusual B a unusua l C an unusual
7 Living in .. ... ..... city can be expensive.
A an Eu ropea n B a European C European
8 My parents do n't li ke travelli ng on ........... .
A trains B train C the trains
9 .......... between Lisbon and Madrid is very slow.
A Train B A train C The t rain
to Please call me back........... is 090744454 .
A The number B A number C Number
11 Isn 't your cousin .......... ?
A the musician B a musician C musician
12 The judge sent the murderer to .......... for thirty years.
A prison B a priso n C the prison
13 The Paralymplcs arc special O lympic games for ...... ... . .
A some disabled B the disabled C disabled
14 ..... .. ... usuall y take their holidays in August.
A French B A French C The French
15 I go to the denti st ........... .
A twice a year B twice the yea.r C twice in year
16 They have a lovely house n ear Ma laga. It's just on ... .. ... ... .
A th e coast B coast C a coas t
17 Caroline's studyi ng law at .......... University.
A the Harvard B a Harvard C Harvard
18 I'm going to ta ke a photo of .......... moun tains over there.
A th is 8 these C th ose
19 W hat was the name o f .......... hotel we stayed at last year?
A that 8 this C a
20 ' Hello. Ca n I speak to Mrs Gupta?'
' .......... Mrs Gupta. How can I help you?'
A It is B Thi s is C That is
16
). Unit 1
). Unit 1
)loo
Unit 1
)loo
Unit 1
)loo
Unit 1
,.. Unit 2
,.. Un it 2
,.. Unit 2
)loo
Unit 2
,.. Unit 2
,.. Unit 3
)loo
Unit 3
)loo
Unit 3
,.. Un it 3
)loo
Un it 4
,.. Unit 4
,.. Unit 4
,.. Unit 5
,.. Unit 5
,.. Unit 5
Possess ives, pronouns
and quantifiers
Before you start
1
Read the review of a restaurant. look at the highlighted grammar examples.
This Turkish restaurant is in a small side road at the end of
the high street, so it's easy to miss it. I went there on Friday
evening with a friend of mine. Expecting little choice, we
went In for a quick meal and we were pleasantly surprised.
We helped ourselves to several cold starters from the
'IIie SlIJltm/s
paface
self-service display. and we ordered a couple of hot ones
from the menu. Most of them were vegetarian and they
were all excellent. We felt quite full so we asked the waiter to
••••
recommend something small for our main course. Well. I
had a small lamb kebab, and my friend had a small chicken
kebab - and both of them were really quite large! The
meat tasted very good, and the rice and salad with it was
just right. We looked at the desserts on the menu - and
wanted to try every one of them - but we Simply couldn't
eat any more! And all this. with Turkish coffee at the end,
was less than £25.00. I'd really recommend the Sultan's
Palace - it's frien dly and inexpensive. and I'm certain that
anything on the menu will be just perfect!
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted grammar
examples will help you .
1 There's an excell ent French restaurant at tile top of t/le road / the road's top.
2 Keith is going on holiday in t he su mmer with a cousin of him / I/is.
3 I love most cakes but I rea ll y do n't li ke cream Qlle / ones.
4 The boys fe ll over wh ile they were playing football and hurt them I tlleII/selves.
•
5 The desserts were very ex pensive but all tlTem /of them looked rea lly good.
6
7
8
9
10
3
Anyone / Anything can use the tenn is courts here - you don 't have 10 joi n t he club.
1 always like sometllitlg sweet / sweet something at the end o f a meal.
Her lett er was n't long because she had little / a little ti me to write it.
Gerri's got two brot hers and both of tliem / them are very good-looking.
Wc went to every of/one of t he physics lectures, but we st ill don 't understand !
•
•
•
•
,..
•
.
•
•
Unit 6
Unit 7
Unit 8
Unit 9
Un it 10
Unit 11
Un it 11
Unit12
Un it 13
Un it 13
Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
JO auo 0 1 w a4) JO 6 am!l 8 l;};)MS 2u!41awOS L auoAuV 9
wa41 JO S saAlasw a41 t sallo £ S! 4 Z peoJ ;)41 JO dOl aLJl I
17
6
Possessive forms of nouns
1 Possessive forms
singular noun
+,
Jane's apartment
my uncle's job
the bus's front lights
names that
'or 3
end in -5
boys ' team
workers' union
plural nouns
that end in
-s
plural noun
lames' school OR
lames's school
+ 's
(irregular)
children's dinner
people's rights
2 Noun +'s or '
We usually use noun + 's (or ' only) ror people and an im als: It's the cllil{fre,,'s dinner.
Where lIrc tile cats' bowls? / olm 's wife 's dress is lovely.
H there are two peo ple, we usually o nly add 's to the second person:
What do YO" tl/ink O( Mlltt (ltul/an e's new IlOuse?
We can use noun + 's without anoth er nou n
• whcn the meaning is clear: 'Call J borrow your pel/?' 'It 's Sieve's. Ask l1illl.'
• (or people's homes: n'ere's a party after the exam at Abbj's.
• for some businesses and services: Lester is at tile dentist's.
Can yOIl buy me some chocolate at the newsagent's?
We can add 's /' to a period of time:
a week's //O/iday (= a holiday of a week) six m Oll HIS ' travel/ill8 yesterday's news
3 of+ noun
We usually use of + nou n for th ings and places:
Would YOlllike a map o f tile city? 1 dOli ', kllOw lite time of the n ext ITaifr .
With cities, countries and organisati ons, we can use 's or of:
London 's parks lire Wt)' pleasant. / Til e parks of LandOIl are very pleasant.
Cltim" s ecol/om y is growing fa st. / Tlte eCOl/om y orClti"a is growing (ast .
Tll(lt needs tlte Wor/(I Bank's approval. / That " eecls lite approval of tile World Hcmk.
We can use of + no un and noun + 's together:
It's ti,e Lord Mayor of Loue/o,,'s residence. Slle's tile Head or Marketing's wife.
A
We do n't usually use of + noun for people:
He's rile !lncle 9)9-6Rn. ./ He's l oan 's Itllele.
We don't usually use nou n + 's fo r th ings:
X l'l'tl hFekt?lImr sl /oe 's l /eel . .I I've broke" tlte heel of my slwe.
We oft en leave o ut Ihe in lime of (the) d(/y/tliglltlyear, especially in spoken English:
I'lI/lIslIally work i ng at tllis tim e of day.
~
4
Compound nouns
Some compound nouns describe o ne person or thing that belo ngs to another:
table leg (= the leg of the table), bedroom ceiling (= the ceiling of the bedroo m)
hook cover (-"" the cover of the book), college principal (= the princi pal of the college)
~ The bedroom '5 ceili llg needs pail/ting. .I Tile bedroom cei/illg needs paintillg.
More on co mpound nouns
18
» Unit 98. 1
Practice
1
Write an apostrophe (') in the correct pla ces in each sentence.
,
,
o Is Maria"ls niece a teacher at the boysL school o r the girlsL school?
1 Tesss husband works at Microsofts head offi ce in California.
2 Mark and Sarahs children are staying at their grand pa rents.
3 In the UK, you can usually buy womens perfumes at a chemists.
4 W hat's the Prime Min isters w ires name? I'vc forgotten.
5 The countrys C(onom ic situatio n may lead to a reductio n in peoples sal aries.
2
Match the nouns in Box A and Box B to make compound nouns. Then write the words
under the pictures.
[j]
A
--
address computer identity
fMbl:li sh school shower
3
B
ffitt book bus card
curtain keyboard
Choose the correct words in italics. In one place.
both answers are possible. CIIID listen and check.
Review: GCj!!aill'>JIrulLSlil<>t>.JIWw..I!!ran t
It was (0) tile end of (I workillg week a working week 's em} an d several o f us
decided we wanted a good n ight o ul. So, John, Lo u, Ch arles, (1) Clw rles' /
C/wrfes's cousi n and I got into (2) the car of LOll / LOII 's car and went to
(3) LOl/dolt 501/0 distrid / w ndOIl 'S SoIIO d istrict looking for an un usual
restaurant. We found one. Garlic and Shots is a really interesting place to
eat. Clea rl y, (4) tile ideo o( the restauralll / the restaurant's it/ea is that all of the food contains
ga rlic, and I mean ill! of the food! Yo u can get garlic bread, garlic pasta, gar lic d rinks and
even garlic Ice crea m! The (5) foud's variety / l'ariety uf t/le food is a mazi ng, but of cou rse you
have to be a (6) garlic lover / gurlie's fover. Wc all had two courses, dri nks an d coffee (ga rl ic
coffee of course) and the (7) bill's size / size of the bill wasn 't bad fo r centr al Londo n.
4
Use the nouns in brackets to complete each sentence with 's, ' or of + nou n.
In one sentence, two answers are possible. Cl!llll listen and check .
o We can have the ba rbecue in A~..9.1r~~ ........ - it's the biggest. (An ne + garden)
I can probably do work experience in
(Nick + father + business)
................ ..................... after u n iversity.
2 We have to pmv lde ............................................... every yeor by law. (fo u r we<ks + holiday)
3 I read an Interesti ng magaZIne In t he .................................. ..
(docto r + wai ting room)
4 We're collecting mo ney so t hat t he ....
(child ren + hospital)
. ............................ ca n stay open.
S It's the ................................................ to provide homes fo r the homeless.
(government + job)
6 Who's that at the door at this ............ .
. ......... ? (time + n ight )
19
7
Possessive
adjectives and
pronouns
1 Possessive adjectives
and pronouns
Possessive adjectives and
possessive pronouns tell us
w ho things belong to.
Are these your coffees?
Yes, thanks, they're ours.
your
his
yours
his
she
her
"""
•
our
your
their
ours
yours
th~rs
• There is no possessive pronoun fOfm of it: The green bowl is (..f its) fhe cat's, (_ It belongs to the cat.)
2 Possessi ve adjectives
We use possessive adjectives to replace a no un + 's ()o. Unit 6.2);
Lewis is Yolanda 's son. -+ Lewis is her son.
That's m y grandparents' house. -+ That's their house.
The possessive adjective depends o n th e noun it replaces:
Brad ~~
son = his son Brad's daughter = his daughter ()( her dallg/ltef)
Anna's son = h er son ()( hi5-seH) A nna's daughter = her dauglltcr
We usually use possessive adjectives with parts of th e body:
Please raise your hand if you need more paper. My back;s really painfUl today.
A
Remember that its is different fro m it 's (= it is):
The cat hasn 't eaten its food. I tl/ink it's ill. (= it is ill)
3 Possessive pronouns
If it's clear who/wh at we arc talking about, wc can use possessive pro nouns.
They replace a possessive adjective and noun:
The cappllcdno is mine. (my cappuccino)
I didn 't have a seat so Brad offered me h is. (his seat)
A
We don't use a, an, the or ~ with possessive ad jectives and pro nouns:
X T I/Rt's
PR55peFl ami this is 'he "6i"~.
That~ my passport and this is yours.
Hi,·
./
4 a friend of John's, mine, hers, etc.
When someone has mo re than o nc o f someth ing, we can use a/an + no un +
• of + noun + 's: 'That's a good idea. ' 'Actually, it was an idea of/ aim 's .' (on e of John's ideas)
• of + possessive pronoun : Cerald is Cl cousin ofm;ne from Devon. (on e of my cousins)
X a tOBlf.S iH e{me I R €9l lSiH e,(mr ./ a cousin of mine
To emphasise t hat something belongs to someone, we use a/an + noun
+ mylyour/our, etc. own:
I don't like sharing - I've always wanted a flat of my own. (my Oat, for me only)
Fron and Chris have got a small business of their own . (n ot owned by an yone else)
20
Practice
1
Read the information below. Then complete the conversation with the
words from the box. CIIIII Listen and check.
Three friends are in a cafe. Amy orders a la rge cappuccino and a tuna sandwich. Oli via
orders a cup of tea, a pasta salad and a piece of ca rrot cake. Mafia orders a cola, a cheese
omelette and a piece of carro t cake.
hers hers ffii.fte min e is my OUvia's ou rs that yours
WAITER
H ere, we arc. On e large
OK, two ca rro t cakes. Who are
t hey fo r?
WAITER
cappuccino.
Th at's (0) ..~~.~ .. "' .... , thanks.
OLl VI"
WAITER
And a cup of tea.
MARl"
AMY
Mafia, isn 't that (1) ....
MARIA
WA IT£II.
(2) .....
... the cola.
W hose is the tea, then?
AMY
1 t hin k it's (3) .......................
OLl VIA
Yes, that's right, it's mine.
W hat about this pasta sa lad ?
AMY
WAITER
AMY
2
&: Oh , they' re (5) ......"' ..........
Mmm, they look good.
WAITER
.3
No,
I'.IARIA
AMY
MMUII
yours
And, final ly, a tuna sandwich .
Is (6) ...................... , madam?
No, I think it's ( 7)
Am y?
Oh, yes. Thanks.
Where's (8) ...................... ch eese
omelette?
Oh, th at's (4)
..............., too.
Olivia, take your salad.
Find and correct the mistake in each sentence.
Oltr-s
o We're going on holiday with some fr iends of etlf.
My daughter argues aU the time with his new boss.
2 Clark couldn't come on the wa lk because he'd broken the ankle.
3 ' Whose ca r is pa rked in t he drive?' ' It's the mine. I'll move it.'
4 ' Does this book belo ng to Maggie?' 'Yes, it's her.'
5 Sue and Jim suggested th is restaurant. 11 was a good idea of them .
6 ' Does t his basket belo ng to your cat?' 'Yes, it's its. '
3
Complete the second sentence 50 it means the same as the first. Use two to five words in
your answer. &Ill listen and check.
o I don't have a calculator. Can I borrow yours?
Ca n I borrow your calculator? I don't have one .~f.~y ..~ r-!."!-.............. ,
1 One of my uncles has given me tickets to the music festiva l next weekend .
An ..... ... .. ... .
. .. . has given me tickets to the music festival next weekend.
2 My grandparents h ad a villa in Spain and they used to spend every summer in it.
My gran d parents used to spend every summer in
... ... .... ... ........ in Spa in .
3 I boug ht two yoghurts. I've eaten mine and you rs is in the fridge .
... ........... ...... ..... is in the fridge. I've eaten mine.
4 ' Do you need a towel?' 'No, I' ve brought o ne of mine, thanks.'
' Do YOll need a towel?' 'No, I've brought a towe.l .. .................. ...... , thanks.'
S Have you met
Louis~?
She's onc of Laura's friends.
Have you met Louisc? She's a ............. .................. .
21
8
Pronouns one/ones;
another/ the other (one)
1 one/ones
We ca n use
SINGUUlIt
PLUM!.
A
We use
OIlC/OIICS
to Tt'place a nou n:
I'd like {/ colOllr pr;IIrer Imf J can't afford OtiC. (a colou r printer)
We've 30tlots red apples Oil lhe tree bllt f prefer green OllCS. (a pples)
or
Olle,
not it to mean 'onc of many':
f I/eed (l stamp for tllis felter. X Ha ~'t! )'61~ .I Have yOIl got onc?
CD
We don't use 011(' o r ones to replace an uncountable noun:
)( t fH.e(er bfflll'lI rice 16 w/,ile 911C. ./ f prefer brow/! rice to wl/ite ( ri ce).
Pronunciation)- 1.04
2 this one, the + adjective + one (s)
We use llJis/ t/lat/ theseltllOse + Olle(S) to talk about particular things, and whirl, olle(s) 10 ask
about them:
'Wllicll ones would >,ol/Iike? 11,ese Ol/CS wit/l fruit 011 top?'
We can use a/ml/t/le/some + ad jective + one(s):
Tile train was filII so we (Iecided to catch a later olle.
Tile best comp"ter games are tile most powerfu l ones.
Dark trousers make me look thinner so l'eI better get some black (m es.
4.
If wc add a phrase after olle to describe it, we don't use a/an before it :
I'm lookillS for (I /Jew TV. )( I'd like a elle \\,;0, a built
jll
DVD.
.t l'eI like olle with a bllilt·;" DVD.
Bu t if wc us(' an adjective before ol1e, then we do use wall:
big olle Wir/I (I bllilt-ill DVD.
.t /'(/ like (I
3 another (one), the other one(s)
Wc use (lIIolller (one) to talk about onc more thing of t he same type:
Tllat game was really g()()(1 {till. Let's play ,mother (o lle).
I've appe(lred 011 olle chat SIIOW ami I'll IIever do (lIIOOler (olle)!
We can also use another (olle) for a different thing of t he same type:
'/ don't like /l1;S bllle jllmper. ' ' Well, exchange it for another olle. There were lots of differe"L
c% llrs ill tlwl shop. '
We don't use another Olle with a noun:
)( l 'd like HI1ether 611e C6{fee.
We use tile otller(s)/the otller oue(s) fo r the second o f two that are the same:
I'll take tltis box. Call YOII take tire other Olle? (= the second of two boxes)
Some of the sludents are in the gym (lnd tile others/the otller olles are waiting ill the Iwfl.
)( l"le am pllt U/e 80/ers 8"85 it! tile car. .t We call pllt the other OllCS ill the car.
fORMALITY CHECK Another ol1e/the ot/ler olle(s) is less forma l tha n the others:
/ thillk I prefer llJis payment plal1 to tile otlrer olles Ire showed me. (informa l)
I assure yOIl tllat lhis l)a)'l1Iell/ plan is better fllan the others Oil offer. (form al)
22
Practice
1
Choose the correct words in italics. In three places, both answers are possible.
o
1
2
3
4
5
'Would you like a cup of tea?' 'No, thanks. I've just a olle ol/es.
' How did you do in t he exa m?' 'Which one l ones? I took six exams.'
if you miss the mo rning ferry, you can travel o n a later I n latcr onc.
These grapes are really sweet. Do you want to try onc / it?
These paintings are for exhibition only, but all the others I other ones are for sale.
6 Wou ld you prefer black pepper or white I white olle o n your m eal?
7 J've packed two bags. Can you take rl'is / this onc and "11 take the otller / the other olle?
8 If you organise the team games at the child ren's party, ['ll do all tlTe others / the atilers
2
GRAMMAR IN USE
one~·.
Find six more places where you can use one or ones instead of a noun.
Write the correct word. CIEIlI liste n and check.
3
S~IOI'I'ER
I'd like an apple pie, please.
ASSISTANT
Certainly, would you like a small l..J*e or a large pi e?
SHOI'I'ER
Oh, just a small pie, I think.
ASSISfANT
These pies are fresh from the oven; they're sti ll warm.
SHOPPER
Mmm, they smell good. [ think I' ll have a cherry pie
too, please. Can I have that pie?
~-"--"--!:'
ASSISTANT
Of course. Anyth ing else·!
SHOPPER
Yes, I'd like some bread.
ASSISTANT
Brown bread or white?
SHOPPER
Do you have bread rolls?
ASSISTANT
Yes, we have brown and white rolls.
SHOPPER
I'll have two brown ro lls, please.
ASSISTAt-.7
Here you are. That's £4.40.
,"'-
Complete a sentence for each situation.
o You' re planning a holiday with fr iends. They ask you whether you prefer quiet or lively
hOlidays.
You say: I prefer .~~.i#..~.~ ........... .
You' re trying on a jumper. It's too b ig. YOLl call the assistant and say: Can I try
... ?
2 A fri end offers you a choice of egg sandwiches or cheese sandwiches. You say:
I' ll have _....... ... .. ......... .
3 Vou have looked at two hotels on a website. Your friend prefers the first h otel but you
do n't. You say: I prefer . ..... .. ........ .... .... ..... .
4 The hot el receptionist asks if you 'd like a room with a bath or with a shower. You say:
I'd like
5 There are two films on at your loca l cinema . One of them is very violent and you don 't
want to watch it. You say to your fri end: Let's watch ...
6 You' re looking at m obile ph ones. The shop assistan t asks whether you want a phone with
Internet access or not. You say: I'd like .... ........... ............... . .
23
9
Reflexive and other pronouns
Atice and lmagen are looking at each other,
1
2 Alice and lmogen are looking at themselves,
Ref lexive pronouns
Compare the form and use o f object pronouns and reflexive pronouns:
OIlJ(ct'lRHIJI.xIVE
me/myself
YOII/yourself
him/ himself
her/ herself
IIs/ollrselves
YOII/yourselves
it/ itself
them/themselves
call 1l~r TiT/a. (her = ob ject pronou n)
Her lIam e is Ch risti/le but sl~e calls l/er~elf Tina. (herself = reflexive pronoun)
Her name is Christille vlIl /, er friends
We use reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, etc.) when the subject and object
o f a sentence are the same person or thing: Have you IllIft yourself!
Wc can also use refl exive pronoun s to emphasise the subject o f the sentence:
Wily do IlIa ve to do everythi/lS myself! Dentists /lse this tooU'/Msre themselves.
By m yself/ himself, etc. mea ns 'alone/o n your own' or ' without help':
'Do YOIIUI'e by you rself?' 'No, J slw re a flat. ' Tile children did the drawing by tI'em selves.
2 Ve rbs with reflexive pronouns
Some verbs arc often used with reflexive pronouns, for example:
Th ey didn't enioy tlJem selves a ll ti,e activity holi(irlY - it was hart! work.'
Help yourself to some food - a'ere's plmty of it!
Did tile children behave (h('m sellles allhe lOO?
/ b la m e m yself for ti,e mistakes in the report - ! didn 'r clleck it carefllll".
A
Comp/a;n, feel, remember, reSI, relax, get lip and stand lip do not have a refl ex ive pronoun:
X D9 Y611 R'member,'6l1rse/fO,,· IIBr.e!? ./ Do YOII remember rite //Otel?
But we can use a reflexive with wash, shave and dress if the situatio n is unusua l:
./ After my operation! couldn 't rlre.~s m yse ff for three weeks.
3 each other, one another
We use eacll other and olle (//w tller when the subject and object are different:
Afice alld Image" (Ire looking at each olller/on e aI/other.
(= Alice is looking atlmogen and Imogen is looking at Alice.)
Compa re: A/ict' (md /mogell are looking at tlJcmselves.
(= Alice is looking at AJ ice and Imogen is looking at Imagen,)
4 you, one and they
We often use YO" fo r people in general: You can't park here after 8.30 ill the momillg.
We can also use one but it is very formaJ: One needs to be careful when travellillg alolle.
We o ften use they for the people in government o r in charge o f o rganisations:
They 're plltting taxes lip again . They closed rhe fadory il/ 2008.
We also use they to talk about someone when we don't know who he or she is.
Someone left llJi5 lIote for you, bill tllcy tlidn't lea ve tlleir /lame.
24
Practice
1 Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first. Use reflexive pronouns and
any other words that a re necessary. Clllil listen and check.
o
We hope that all our guests have a good time.
We hope that all o ur guests en joy .~~.~~~
Children under twelve must be with an adu lt.
Chi ldren under twelve can't see the film ................ .
2 Danger! Hard hats must be worn to prevent injury.
If you don't wear a hard hat, you may .............................. .
3 This is a self- service restaurant.
In this restaurant, wc have to get the food ...... ................... ...... .
4 Any of the team 's support ers found causing problems will be removed.
All the supporters must behave .. .. ..... .. ..... ....
2
Match the sentences 1- 5 with the pictures A-F.
o
2
3
4
5
3
Ryan brought his brother home and made him a cup of coffee.
Ryan got home lale and made himself a cup of coffee.
Jane went oul with her daughter and bought her an ice cream.
Jane went o ut th is aftern oon and bought herself an ice cream.
The elephants frequently wash themselves.
Th e elephants enjoy washing one another.
.D...... .
Read the conversation a nd choose the correct words in italics.
ClEll'l liste n and check .
TONr
Hi, Jan . Did you have a good holiday?
JAN
Oh yes, than ks. We really enjoyed (0) liS ollrselves! (' were in o ne of those really
big holiday clubs, you know, where (I) YOII t li'Y pay before you go. 'nlere were a lot of
activities, so the twins could look after (2) tllem / themselVf!S and we d idn't have to worry
about (3) them / tlll'mselves.
TONI
They're o ld enough to play wit h (4) them / each other now, anyway, aren't they?
JAN
Oh, of cou rse, we can leave them (5) by / 0 11 themselves now for short periods and not
worry. Oh, how's your roof, by the way? Did you get it fixed?
TON I Well, the bujlder started, but he fe ll off a ladder and hurt (6) lIisself / himself He wasn't
badly hurt but he couldn't finish the roof.
JAN
It's true what (7) olle / they say - if you want a job done well, do it (8) yourself / YOllr OMI!
25
10
some, any, all,
most, no, none
of
1 some a nd any
We use some and any + noun when we don't know the exact number/amount, or it is
not important:
We've got some vegetables. Have we got any milk?
=a
We usually use som e in positive sen tences and any in q uestions and negative sentences.
• We can use some in questions if they are requests. offers or suggestions:
Ca n 1 flaw some information? Would yOIl like some brochures? Shaft we do som e work now?
• We can use some and any Without a noun, when it is clear what we are talking about:
We haven't got any breatl. I'll go and get some.
'We need some caim for the ticket m achine.' '011 dear. I haven 't got any, '
• We can use any to mea n ' i t doesn't matter which':
'Wh ich flavour ice cream ciD yOIl want?' 'Oh, get me allY (1aVOII( - I don 't mind w/lich.'
Pronunciation'" .05
2 all, most some and no/none
We can use all, most, some and no before the sub ject or object in a sente nce:
A ll tile tickets cost £30.00. I've got a ll the tickets.
They can go before plural o r uncountable nouns:
A ll fruit contains suga r. Most vegetables contain a lotorvilamills.
Som e {islJ is expensive. No sugary food is good for you.
Wc use all (of), most of, some or and none offor particula r people or th ings:
A ll (of) the vegetables in this soup are fresh.
Mos t of our customers like the vegetarian dishes.
Do YOII want som e of this white chocolate?
None of our jam contains extra sugar.
NATURAL ENGLISH We don't usually say all people o r 110 people. We say everyone/everybody and
110 one/nobody: Is everyolle ready? Nobody called for YOII today.
3 no, none of
No and IIVlle of mean ' not any'. We use them in nega ti ve statements, with a posit ive verb:
1 NTme o(the advice lIe gfwe wasn't II-seful . ,f NOf/e of lite advice he gave was useful .
•
no
No reason was given.
No reasons were given.
• A singular verb after none of + plural noun is ffiO(e formal.
26
No information was given.
Practice
1
Read the conversation about a lV programme and choose the correct
words in italics.
CIIID listen and check.
What's Tile Restauratlt? Have you seen it?
IJZ
lINOA Yes, it's a l V sh ow fo r people who want to open a
restaura wit h Raymond Blanc. Nine teams start, but
(0) all most r t hem have to leave during the series as on ly
o ne team can win .
uz
What do they have to do?
LlNOA Well , each week (1) all / (m y o f t he teams do a task in t heir
restaurant, but only (2) nOlle / some of them can succeed.
Wha t do you mean? Do (3) allY / nOlle o f t hem have to leave
uz
LINDA
LtZ
the show?
Raymond Blanc shares his love
No, (4) most / '101Ie of t hem have to leave at this poin t,
of good food in The Restaurant
but (5) some I most of the teams - t he worst two or t h ree
tonight on BBC2.
- do another task, and t hen the wo rst team has to leave.
---~
Do the teams come from differen t restaurants or are t hey amateur cooks?
UNDA I don 't th ink (6)
some / (l ilY of them arc complete amateu rs - th ey all have some
pro fessio nal experience.
2
am
Find and correct the mistake in each sentence.
Listen and check.
Thue. Lm.'t AI1¥ / 1Mru I1tI
o TAere's aBY milk left in the fri dge. We need to buy some.
' How man y o f these books should we bring?' 'All them , please.'
2 Can I have any mineral water with my meal, please?
3 There weren 't no pho ne ca ll s for you today.
4 'Where are the d rinks?' ' Wc did n 't buy no ne.'
5 Ca n I borrow a pen, please? Some colour will be 6ne.
6 ' How man y songs have you got on your iPod?' ' J've got any. I've just bo ught it. '
7 No ne o f t he visitors did n 't en joy the ex h ibition . They all h ated it.
8 Most inform ation t he guide gave us was very useful.
3
Write sentences with the words below. Change the verbs as necessary.
o Cathy I have I an y I close friends I her class .~.~~y'. ~:.~~..9.~t .~.~ .~~.~~ ~~ J~ .~. ~.I.~.~{:
I Arnaud I li ke I most I music
2 Fran / h ave I some I designer clot hes
3 Joh n / read I ali I Shakespeare's plays
4 ElIen I visit I any I foreign countries
4
Now make the sentences in Exercise 3 true for you.
o
I :Y.e:~~t!.~.~..c#.!'~.~!..
m...~Y..~~!!. ........................ .
1 I ..............................................................................
Z J .......................................... ............... ... ...... .. ....... .
3 J ......•..••..•.••.•.•.•.••.•..•.•.•....•....•..••..•....•. ..•..•...•..•.••...•....• .
4 I ........ .................. ........................................... ............ .
27
II
11
Indefinite pronouns
1 Indefinite pronouns
PEOPLE
THINGS
We use indefin ite pronouns to talk
someone/somebody
something
somewhere
about a person, thing or place, when we
don't know wh o o r what t h ey are, or it
anyone/anybody
anything
anywhere
everyone/everybody
everything
noching
everywhere
nowhere
is no t im portant.
no one/nobody
2 Use of indefinite pronouns
We use indefi nite pro nouns with some in positive sentences:
Someoue will help yOll , (It doesn 't matter who.)
My wallet is somewhere i/l this room. (I don 't know where exactly.)
We can use them in requests, offers or suggestions (>- Un it 10.1):
5h(ll/ we order sOll/et/ljug la (Irillk?
We usually use indefinite pronou ns with (lilY in questi ons and negative sentences:
It's I'Cry dark - can YOII see (IIIyt/ling? Tllcre isn't allJ'OllC at !lOlI/e.
We use indefi n ite pronoun s wit h every to mean 'all people/things/places':
I've met everyone ;11 the compa/ly /IOW. Every tiling is ready.
Have YOII looked evcrywll cre for YOllr glasses?
We USI:' indefinite pronouns with 110 with positive verbs, but the meaning is negativl:':
rl,ere was no mle ill ti,e IlOtet wllO COl/Id IIelp me.
A
3
We don't use two negatives: 1 NfJ fJW:' Iwt5t1 '1 theFe. I No one \\IllS there.
Indefinite prono uns + ve rb
Indefi ni te pronouns take a Si ngu lar verb when they are t he subject o f a sen tence:
Someone's waitillg oll ts ide. Somell/hlg sm ells good! Whalare)'OlI cooking?
Has anyone got a menu? ' What wOllld )'0 11 like to drink?' 'Anything is {ille. I'm really tllirsty.'
Nubody was at home. No olle expects YOIl to be perfect.
Every tiling Ilere is expel/sive. Is everyon e liere?
4 Other uses
We often use ad jectives after indefinite pronouns: I 'd like soU/eOling cool, willl ice.
Is illere a/Jywhere qll;el rm md IIere? We /leed someolle reli"ble (or tllis job.
We also lIse to + verb after indefinite pronouns: Shall we order ~·omethiIlS to {/ri nk?
There's now h ere to sit illside the restallrallt - it's filII. J haven 'l sot a nYlhing 10 weM.
We o ften use else after indefinite pronouns. It means 'a not her person / thing/place' or
'a different person/thing/place':
This c1/1b is borillg. Let 's go som ew lrere else. (to another cl ub)
Do/l't )'011 "ave anything else 0" till' me"ll? (something different)
28
Practice
1
Complete the review with the words from the box.
DID listen and check.
anything everyone e'ierything everyth ing everywhere
nothing nowhere somebody something
(0) .~verytkil1j I had heard about this place was good. 50 on the last
day of our trip to London, my wife and I visited this famous store. Well. we
couldn't believe itl We've been (1)
in the world, but (2)
was
as good as thlsl My wife wanted to buy (3) _............... spe<ial for some friends, and there was so
much to choose from. Harrods sells (4)
...... ,,'" - from seafood to chocolates. Of course, the only
problem is that (S) ........... ...... is cheap. Still, we wanted 10 eat at Harrods - (6)
........• it didn't
matter what - so we had an ice cream, and it was fantastic! The staH are so good, too; we asked
in uniform for some information and she was very helpful. My only real criticism was
that it was very crowded - it seemed that (8) _.. __ ...... ..... . in London was in Harrods that day!
(7)
2
Choose the correct indefinite pronouns in the lines from songs.
o NothillS !..Ewrythill~ 1 do, I do it for you.
1 Anything / Sometllillg you can do, I can do better.
2 Somewlll?re / Allywhere over the rainbow, skies are blue.
3 I ca n't run from myself; there's a" ywlll?re / nowhere to hide.
4 Anythi"g / NOt/lillg means more than the truth .
3 Rewrite sentences 1--4. Use a n indefinite pronoun to replace the underlined words.
Then rewrite sentences 5-8. Use an indefinite pronoun + adjective/else or to + verb.
=mJ Listen and check.
o
I know 1 left my keys in a place in this room .
.I. .~.'1. .! .!eft...~y. .~y'{. :S;~.~.~.lp:t;-..~~. t.~4. X~.~~,...
1 Not one person came to the school open day.
2 Jelena had no belongings at all when she came to th is cou ntry.
3 I'd like a volunt eer from the audien ce - any person will be OK.
4 The pOlice searched all the rooms in th e bu ilding but didn 't find the murderer.
00 I' m bored with toast. I want a different breakfast this morn ing.
J..I.'{~~..~~.~h:~I;18..~~.#W. ~~, ...................................................................................
5 1 don'l fcellike a hot drink. Have you got a cold drink?
...................................................... ... .......... ... .... .. .. ......................................................
6 All these cameras are 1"00 expensive. Don't you have a cheaper ooc?
7 I'd rather not see Mr Kn ightley. Can I see a different person?
8 Can I have a book or magaZine that I can read?
29
12
much, many, a lot of, (a) little, (a) few
We've got a lot
of orange juice.
Mmm, but we haven't got
much water, and there aren't
many cans of cola for the kids.
1 much, many. a lot of (lots of)
We use IIIIICIl, many and a lot orta talk alx>ut a large amount; we don't know the exact amount.
• We usua lly use mlleh and many in negative sentences and q uestio ns:
+ UNCOUNTAIILE NOUN We havcn't got
"111, 11
water.
+ COUl'tl'Alll.E NOUN TI/ere aren't m an y cans o(eo/a .
• We use a lot of o r lots ori ll posit ive and negative sentences and questio ns:
We've got a lot oforallge juice.
Hurry lip! We I/Oven't got a lar of time.
Were there lots of people at tile swimming pool?
We can use th ese words without a noun, when it is d ear what wc are ta lking about:
I've got some mOtley with me bill " ot much. I've got a lot to do tOO(lY. (1 fllel 6{ kJ de)
FORMALITY CHECK Much and many in positive sentences are fo rmal. We prefer a lot of or lots
offor info rmal use:
Many of the experimellts produced useful resu fts. (formal )
Come 011. We'lIe got a lot of work to do. (informal)
2 too much, too many, not enough
Too /IIUci l and too many have a negative meaning. They mean ' mo rc th an we want ':
We'lIe got too m any pizzas for only three people. We call 't walk here - 'here's too mucil S IIOW.
Not enolls ll is the opposit e of too mach/ many. It means ' less/fewer than we want ':
We h(l\'en 'l got en ough cola for tile cllildre/l. Wc dit/n't halle cnough people to play football.
3 (a) little, (a) few
We use ( I little instead o f some to talk about a small amount; we use {/ few in stead of some 10
talk about a small number; we don't know the exact amount or number:
+ UNCOUNTAIILf NOUN Atid a little butter to tile potatoes.
+ COUNTAIlI.E NOUN Tlwre are a few good restallrallts Ilear /lere.
When we use little (without a), it means ' not much/ not enough': YOll will have ti t Oe
diffiClllty ill pm/illg my hOllse. There's little hope ofpnisllillg this tOllay.
When we lIse f l! 1V (Without a), it means 'not many/not enough': Few tourists come to the
islaml. There are few good/mtels llear here.
FORMALITY CHECK Uttle and fnv can sound q uite formal o n their own. In everyday English,
we prefer to use very IittleJvery (e\v or liar /II lIcit/IIOt many:
There are very few good restaurants " ear IIere. There aren 't m any good restal/ralllS lIear lIere.
30
Practice
1
Match the beginning of each sentence with the correct ending, A or B.
o There was a little rice left , so ...
A we couldn't have any with our curry.
we had a spoonful each wi th OUT curry.
1 There was a lo t of rice left, so ...
A we made a real ly big sa lad with it . B we had to have potatoes with o ur curry.
2 There was very littte rice left. so ...
A we all had a lot with our curry. B we had to have potatoes instead.
3 TI1CTC were a few potatoes left , so ...
A we had one each with our meal. B we had to have rice with our meal.
4 There were very few potatoes left, so ...
A we had to have rice wi th our meal. B we had two or three each with our mea\.
®
2
Read the article and choose the correct words in italics.
CIIID Listen and check.
Crisis in science education
Companies are complaining there aren't (Ol@noug~/
much students laking science subjects now,
especially physics. The problem, it seems, is that
(1) few / many students see science subjects as
too difficult, when there are (2) a lot / a tot of easier
options, such as media studies. Prolessor Jennifer
Cousins of Exmouth University comments:
"This is becoming a serious problem. (3) Very few /
A few students are choosing to study science
sub;eds these days, which means that there
(4) are enough / aren't enough graduates applying
lor jobs in the industrial sector. The way I see it,
there are (5) too many / too much new courses
at university level, and there's so (6) much / many
competition between graduates that most students
'play safe' and take courses they feel more confident
ill. At present they have (7) a little / little incentive
to choose scientific subjects because science is
seen as both difficult and boJing. We must
introduce (8) a little / a few more
excitement into science
ill schools"
.---...
3
Complete the conversation with the words and phrases from the box.
CIIIBI Listen and check.
a little a lot not much ffia+t)' much many no t many
)12
Let's get something to eat. Are there (0) . ~!1¥. ......... restaurants here?
All
Yes, there are quite (1 ) ..................., but there's (2) ................... variety. What kinds of
food do you like?
JI2
Well, I eat too (3) ................... junk food so I'd prefer something different. Are there any
British restaurants here?
All
Yes, bu t (4) ... ................ . There are o nl y two, I th ink, and they' re expensive. Do you eat
much Indian food?
JI2
Welt, I have tried (5) ...... .. .. ......... Indian food before, but I'm not very keen on it sorry, AI L I know you love it. What about Chinese?
Oh, there are so (6) ......... .... ...... Chinese restauran ts here that everyone gets bored with
Chinese food! I know - we both li ke Italian. Let's go to Giovanni's.
All
31
13
both, either, neither; each, every
Bo th these dishes are very different
from British food, partly because
neither contains meal
-
1 Form
.NOU
UN
(NOUN) + VERa (as a subfect)
both
both dishes'
both the dishf!Slboth of the dishes
borh (dishes) are tasty
either
either dish
either (dish) is tasty
neither (dish) is tasty
neither
neither dish
either of the dishes
neither of the dishes
each
each dish
each (one) of the dishes
each (dish) is tasry
e.,.ry
every dish2
every one of the dishes
every dish is tasty
, 80ch 1$ followed by a plural noun and a plural verb. The others are usually singular.
l
We do not use every as a pronoun: 1 Ewer) ;, M'I). .t Every dish I Every one is tasty.
2 both, either, neither
Botll, either and neW/er can be objects (I like both dishes) or subjects (8001 dislles are tasty).
• both means 'one and the other': Bolll these disll es are different from 8ri[i51, food.
• eitllcr (often + or) means 'one or the other':
happy wilh eitller Chillese or [mlia ll food.
My JlII5ixmd's mad aoout both football and cricket, bllt J dOIl 't eu;oy cither of t/le",.
• " eitller (often + IIor) means ' not onc or the ot her':
Nei ther lmli(", 1I0r Cllillese food is expcllsive.
With either and neilller we sometimes use a plural verb, especial ly after of tl,,' + plural noun:
Neitller ofO Ie c"Utlre" are teamillg Frcllch this year.
"m
3 each. every
We use eacl, and every to ta lk about A LL the people or thi ngs in a group:
You call (/lid every type offootl ill LOlldoll. I've tried each dish Oil the menu.
If there arc only two people or things in the group we use each, not every:
The bride Iwd several bracelets 011 ea ch wrist alld rinss 0 11 every fi"ser.
When we use eacll, we thi nk of each member of the group separately:
Every studellt in tile room stood Ill' wllell the new Principal came i/l. (as a group)
He then wellt rOlllld the room and spoke to cuc" student individllally. (one by one)
A
We do not use each or every + /lol in negative sentences; we use IIeitller (on or IIOlle of:
X e~'Cr,..IEHd, p!a,.t'r did"" H)' hard.
.I Neither player triedllard / NO lle or llle players tried luml.
Bu t we can use not every: Not every player !Tied llard. (= Most tried hard, but not all.)
4 a/l or a/the whole
We use a/l tile before plura l or uncountable nouns for something 'complete':
He's elltell all tile breml. Haw yOIl finished all the oli ves?
We also use aff after pronouns: Tll ey a ll arrived al tile same time. He's eaten it all.
We use (I wllOle/the whofe before singu lar nouns:
I've used (I whole tllllk of petrol going to tile hospital this week.
Haw yOIl clltell tile w hole w ke?
32
Practice
1 Use the pictures to correct the sentences. Use a word from the table on the opposite page
and make any other changes if necessary.
for main course + dessert!
Meal dealt: beef steak. French fries,
green beans + ice cream
Meal dea12! lamb burger, French fries,
salad + apple pie
o
One of the meals includes a dessert.
Both of the meals arc vegetarian.
2 Neither meal contai ns vegetables.
3 Both pictures show the whole meal.
4 One of the mea ls includes Fren ch fri es.
2
.~9/~..of/~ ..~!4.. ~~I.l;I;~~..~.. ~~!.t:~: ............. .
Complete the conversation with the words from the box .
CIEID Listen and check.
all 00t-ft both either eit her every neither neither whole
There are two good holidays on this website, and they' re (O) J:~~#~ ........... o n popular
islands, Tenerife and Corfu. I haven' t been to (1 ) ................... of them .
KELLY Really? I've been to (2) ................... . Arc the flig ht times good or arc they night flights?
ANN
No, (3) ... ............... of them involves a night flight.
KELLY Oh, t hat's good . How much are they?
ANN
Well, (4) .................. is very expensive. The Ten erife o ne is all.inclusive, and it 's £499.
KELLY SO it's £499 for the (5) .....
.. .. .... holiday, including all meals and drinks?
ANN
Yes, that's right.
KF.I.LV That's good. How much is the other one?
At-.'N'
It 's cheaper; it's £389, but th at o nl y includes breakfast, so we'd have to buy
(6)
...... .. .. other meal.
KElLV Yes, but (7) .................. the restau rants in Greece that I've ever been to are fairl y
cheap. I' m happy to go on (8) ...... .......... ... of the ho lidays.
ANN
3
Complete the second sentence
ClllIllisten and check.
$0
it means the same as the first. Use one to three words.
o I've scen all the Coen brothers' films.
I She's got burns o n each hand.
2 Did he eat all the chocolate?
She's burnt ................... her hands.
Did he cat .. .. ............... bar of choco late?
3 Both o f the restau rants arc expen sive.
4 Every student pass.cd the exam .
5 She saw neither o f the candidates.
.. .................. is c heap.
. ... students passed t he exam.
........... either of the candidates.
I' ve seen
She
. ~I(~ry..........
Coen brothers' film .
33
Review
1
MODULE 2
Read Anya's email and choose the correct words in italics. In three places.
both answers are possible.
UNITS 6 AND 7
Hi Mum and Dad
This is just a qukk email to let you know how things are going in Prague.
Well, I'm settling in - two days ago I left the hotel and moved into a room in (0) Lucie (Lude'~
apartment. Lucie is a (1) friend of me I friend of mine who works at the school and she's really
nice. Her apartment is quite close to the (2) city centre I city's centre, so it's near the school and
the shops. I've met a few people from the school and also (3) James' I James's cousin, who's
married to a Czech man .
Work. is also going well. At the moment I'm mainly teaching the (4) childrens' I children's
classes but Gregor, the (5) school director I director of the school, says that there'lI be more
adult classes in the New Year.
I real~ love living here - it's beautiful and (6) the histrxy of Prague I Prague's histoty is fascinating.
m
There's also quite a lot to do. On Saturday lucie and Iare going to a party at
Eliska's house I the
house of E/iska - she's an old friend of (8) her I hers. In late October there's a (9) week holiday I week's
holiday from school and I might travel round the country a bit. When I get back, I think 1'lIlOk fOf
mine apartment, as I'd like to be able to invite people to stay.
It's late, so I'd better go now.
(10) an apartment of my 0\tVrJ I a
Anya xx
2
UNITS 8, 9 AND 11 Rewrite the sentences, using the words in brackets.
o That cake was delicious. I'd really like a secon d cake. (another l one)
.~.t~.~..~~~..oft:l:~.~K-!.,. J.'~..~.~yJi4..~.~~~..~~, .......................................................... .
1 Jimmy likes Ben and Ben likes Ji mm y. (each)
2 The re a re n o seats le ft in the hall . (nowhere I sit)
3 Some of the stude nts are sta ying with u s and the remaining stude nts are
in the hoste l. (o the rs)
4 Alex el was badly injured w h en h e fell down the sta irs. (himself)
5 The council Is alw ays diggin g th e road up! (they)
6 Did you go to th e cine m a w itho ut an y o ther people? (by)
7 I'd like a banana but I d o n 't want that green banana. (on e)
8 The letter w a s sent to all the people in this district . (eve ryo n e)
34
3
UNITS 10. 12 AND 13 Complete the answers to the questions. Use a word or phrase f rom Box
A and a word or phrase from Box B.
A a few all the any both every much
too much very few
ft6
B day hi s numbers homework petrol .fea5&R
seats sta tio n students travel documents
o Why are you angry?
Because there was rea lly ..~ ..':"~l~.~ ..................... for you to be latel
Do you wa nt Mr Gould's home o r work phone details?
Can you give me ....................................................... ?
2 Why can 't I watch My Name is Eurl tonight, Dad?
Because you've got ....................................................... to do!
3 How often do you have to practise the guitar?
Oh, ......................................... ............. .. Otherwise your fingers get stiff.
4 Samia can' t find her train ticket. Where is it?
It's OK. The teacher's got ...................... .
5 Did many people come to your presentatio n?
Well , ..................................................... .. came, but no lecturers.
6 You're driving slowly. Is there a problem?
Yes, we haven't got .........................................
. left.
7 Where can I buy a trave1card?
You ca n get one at ....................................
.......... o r newsagent's.
8 Should I book that trip today?
Yes, there are ....................................................... left on the coach.
4
UNITS 12 AND 13 Read the text and choose the correct answer, A. B or C below.
We're very lucky where we live because we've got (0) ....... differen t shops nearby that
seU interesting food. There are two butchers and they (1) ....... sell very good meat, but
unfortunately (2) ....... of them sells fish. We can buy fi sh from a fresh fis h van, but that
doesn't come (3) ....... day. There are two delicatessens: (4) ....... sells different things, and
(5) ....... sell every kind of cheese you ca n think of! We've got three very good greengrocers
and there are two su permarkets nearby, but we don't go to (6) ....... because we prefer the
smaller sho ps. There's also a market (7) ....... weekend . Apart from the food sho ps, there are
very (8) ....... other shops, tho ugh - hardly any, in fact . There (9) ....... clothes shops - only
a shoe shop and a small bou tique. However, there are (10) ....... Indian restaurants! We've
got three of them in the high street!
0 A
A
2 A
3 A
4 A
5 A
6 A
7 A
8 A
9 A
10 A
much
both
both
every
each of
both th em
neither
every
man y
are many
too many
8 bot h
B every
B neither
B either
B each of them
B each them
B either
8 either
B little
B aren't enough
B too much
©a lot of
C all
C every
C both
C neither of them
C both of them
C every
C neither
C few
C are enough
C too few
35
5
o
1
2
3
4
S
6
6
Al l UN ITS
o
I
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
36
Match the sentences 1-6 with those in A- G that have the same meaning .
There wasn't anyone arou nd.
A We get only four weeks' ho liday.
It was my cousi ns' car.
B We didn't get to see either of them.
We did that all by ourselves.
C It belonged to relatives of mine.
Our time off work is o nly a month .
D Can you get us a different o nc, please?
There isn't enough for us all to have some.
E That was do ne entirely on our own.
We'd like something a iittle different.
F There was no one there.
We missed both of them .
G There's only a little left.
All UNITS
Correct the sentences so th at they describe the picture accurate ly.
~!.~~ . h~f,.~ . !.i.~* . ~~ ..I~ft..'.......... ................. ,
Alicia has a lot of cola left.
Neither child has dark hair.
Carol has a bag of cri sps.
The adults are talking to themselves.
Dennis is Paula's daughter.
One chi ld isn't behaving himself.
They've eaten most of the cake.
They've eaten all the sandwiches.
One of the children is wearing a red T-shirt.
7
All UNITS Complete the conversation with words and phrases
from A- l below. There are three extra phrases.
ALAN
DAVE
ALAN
ROB
ALAN
DICK
ALAN
ROB
DAVE
DJCK
ALAN
ROB
ALAN
Shall we go bowling this evening?
I've never been bowling. Have (0) E ...... been before?
We've been (1 ) .......... times, yes.
OK. Which bowling alley shall we go to?
How about Rowan's, near the (2)
.... ? It's quite good.
Oh, but (3) .......... there. It's always crowded. Why don't we Iry (4 )
outside
town for a change?
That's a good idea. (5) ...... ... friend works there so we might get a discount.
I doubt i t! We don't get o n very well!
Will I be OK in these shoes?
Yes. You have to wear (6) .......... they give you at the bo wling alley, anyway.
(7) .......•.. a membership card for that bowling alley?
You don't have 10 be a member to play; it just costs (8)
... to get in if you're
a member.
OK. Let's go then.
A
B
C
D
8
Ha s anyone got
everyone goes
centre shopping
a little less
E few
f all er yeu
G Rob b rother
H the special ones
I a few
J the one
K sho pping cent re
L Rob's brother's
All UNITS Read the article and think of the best word for each gap. Write one word only.
We hOve alwayS hOd chefs, and we have celebrities, too.
But now we hOve both In the ~se (a) .. ....... .of........ the TV
These ore chefs whO usually run
celebri1y chef.
(1)
(2) ...
turn up
.. own restOUlonts and may hove Wl"itten
.. few cookery books, but who also often
on the TV, OPPeOrlng in cOOkery 'magazine'
shows or pcesenting (3J .................... of their own.
The trend started some years ogo with chefs SUCh as Delia
Smith, who simply cooked her recipes in front of a TV audience. (4J ..................... countries now
hOve a 1lI..llTlber of ce!ebri1y chefs. such as Ernefil Lagasse in the US and Jose Andres In Spain.
Today, hOwever, it ISn't true that (5) .. ....
. ... who can cOOk for the comeras con be a
celebrity chef. Today's celebrity chefs hOve to be involved in a lOt (6J ..................... different
pcotects. There are two realty well-known chets in the UK
now; (7J ..................... Is Jomle OIivef
to change the notion's eating
habits and Romsoy tries to Shame and then m pc0V6 restaurants. 19J .................... these chefs
run a number of restaurants alongside their TV coreers, but given the time they spend on TV
and the (8) ..................... Is Gorden Romsay: 0Iiver has tried
pcO/eCts. the restauronts must actually see very (1 0) .
. ....... of their famous ownecsl
37
Test
MODULE 2
Possessives. pronouns and quantifiers
Choose the correct answer, A. B or C.
1 Have you secn .......... motorbike? It 's real1y powerfu l.
A jane's brother B j ane brother's C Jane's brother's
,.. Unit 6
2 We're going to stay wit h ......... . when we' re in Madrid.
A Kevin 's cousi n B the cousin of Kevin C Kevin cousin
,.. Unit 6
3 lules has painted the ...... .... a dreadful shade of pink.
A bedroom's walls B bedroom walls C wall bedrooms
4 I fe ll when I was running for the bus and twisted ....... .. . ankle really badly.
A mine B m y C the
,.. Unit 6
)0-
Un it 7
)00
Unit 7
5 I didn't know that Katherine was a colleague of .......... !
A you B your C you rs
6 'Green o r hlack o li ves?' 'Oh , b lack. I really don 't like th e ... ..... .. .
A green o nes B gree n one C greens
7 Th at was a reall y good ga me. Do you want to play
.. ?
A one other B the ot her C another one
8 'Did you get decorators to paint your lounge?' 'No, we did it .....
A ou rselves B by our own C ourseif
9 Sally had been working very ha rd and she dedded to give .......... a break.
A her B Sally C herself
10 Our two children walk to school together. so they can look after
A themselves B one anot her C another one
11 Have you hea rd that .......... are going to close the hospital?
A one B we C they
12 'W hich type of envelope do you want?'
........... envelope is fine; it's only to post a bill.'
A Some B No type C Any
13 I can't believe it - the su permarket had .......... fis h again today!
A any B none C no
14 jez's party was boring. I didn 't meet ... ...... . I knew there.
A anyone B no onc C someone
15 You missed .......... rea lly interesting on the news carlier today.
A anything B anybody C something
16 You can teU me your secret. I promise I won't t ell ....... ... .
A someone else B anyone else C no one else
17 The problem with kids today is that they have ..... ..... free time.
A too much B too many C enough
18 I don' t th ink we should employ Mr Frank - he's got ..... ... .. experience.
A a little B very little C very few
19 '00 you prefer Picasso or Dali?' ' Frankly, I don't like .......... of them!'
A neither B bot h C either
20 I don't know which of the two cars to choose; .......... of them have
good featu res.
A each B both C every
38
,.. Unit 8
)0-
Unit 8
,. Unit 9
,. Unit 9
... Unit 9
)00
Unit 9
,. Un it 10
)00
Un it 10
)00
Unit
l'
)00
Unit
l'
,. Unit 11
... Unit 12
)00
Un it 12
)00
Unit 13
>Unit1 3
Prepositions
Before you start
1
Read the ema il. look at the highlighted
grammar examples.
,,,
Hi guys
Well, my gap year has started I We landed in Nepal
a few days ago after a long journey. I couldn't
sleep at all during the flight be<ause I was so excited! We flew over the Himalayas - that
was just so beautiful. When we arrived, we went by bus to Chautara and we had to do
the last part of the journey to this village on horses, would you believe? It's miles from
anywhere. And it's freezing at night - the days are pleasant but I can only keep warm at
night by wrapping up in clothes and getting under about fifteen blankets!
As you know, we're here to build a school for the community. An of our group are
involved in the building work except me and Fran - we're lucky; we're working as the
group cooks, so the others have to do the hard world We're going to be here until about
mid-November - the building will take at least two months - then we're moving south to
India, before it gets too cold ...
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted grammar
examples will help you .
I You can register for the expedition by complete I completillg a fo rm o nli nc.
2 We arrived ;'I ! at C rete in t he m idd le of the night .
3 The eat's below / I/Iuler the blan ket - he always hides the re!
4 We have to Oy IlIrolls l l / over t he Andes when we come back.
S I was readi ng during I (or the journey so I didn 't see m uch o f t he scenery.
6
7
8
9
10
3
I'd li ke to stay in th is job by / l/lItil the end of t he year.
Wc prefer to t ravel by I wit/I train - it's more comfo rtab le than flyi n g.
Soph ie worked like / liS a french teach er when she came to London.
I en joy all Coldplay's music besides / except th eir fi rst CD.
Mum 's going to pay me at feast / at fast £50.00 if I paint my room!
,..
,..
,..
,..
,..
,..
,..
,..
"'
,..
Unit 14
Unit 14
Unit 14
Un it 15
Unit 16
Unit 16
Unit 17
Unit 17
Unit17
Unit 18
Check your answ ers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
Jseal le Ol lda.)xa 6 se S ,(q L I!~ un 9
2u!Jnp ~ l;}I\O t lapu n £: U! l 8U!laldw o.) 1
39
14
1
General form and use;
prepositions of place
Form
Prepositions arc usua lly onc word, but some have two o r mo re words:
for by with ~jnst towards
apart from because of due to out of
~ .lIl:.l!tl' of
in front of
by means of
away from
nexf fa
in ~ite of
They are usua ll y followed by a noun or a pronoun:
Wait for me at tile bus stop. I've had a terrible day. Let me tell YO" about it.
If we use a verb after a preposition, we use th e -;ng form:
YOII call lose we;gltt by ealing less and doing more exercise.
Marilytl got tile job ill spite orbe;"g late for tile illterview.
We can use some prepositions o n their own, as adverbs:
! (lson hasn 't {il1islled /';S work. He seems to be (a//iug behind.
Have YOIl bee/l here before?
We can put prepositions at the end o f questions and relative clauses:
Wlw are YOlllookillg at? This is Reeky - slle's the girl I used to share (I {lat with.
Wh- questions + prepositions ~ Unit 62.3 Prepositions in relative ctauses
For a f ull list of common prepositions ,.. page 338-9
2
~
Unit 72.4
Use
Prepositions show relatio nships (of place, time, etc.) between the parts o f a sentence:
3
place
That's my bike - the one a9.ainst the wall.
movement
Go across the bridge and into the station.
time
My grandfather was in hospital during the fast days of the war.
means
You can contact us by phone or email.
instrument
Please complete the form with a black pen.
purpose
These little hooks are used for hanging pictures on the wall.
Preposit ions of place: in, on, at
Prepositio ns o f p lace describe where o ne person o r thing is in relation to another:
YOllr ward , is ill the drawer. The keys (Ire ill tile car.
(+ town/cou ntry) ;" Wa rsaw/ Poland; p(w /'s in Japa n on business.
ill prison/hospital; ill the IIf"1l/spaper/a book
YOllr w(/tcll is 011 ti,e table. My office is 011 the third floor.
Lour/all is a ll the River Thames.
Oil
the floor/ wall/ceiling; Oil the leftlrigllt;
atl pC
lge 20; atl a tm iIJlbus/plane
(bu t in a car)
We use at to describe the exact or approximate positio n o f something:
It's at fI ,e elld of llle car park. Tile traill stops at Presto/!. Can we sit td Cl window table?
at ti,e top/boltom/end of ... ; at a wedding/collcert/meeting; at tile office/s tatio1l/ airport
We can use at or in with buildin gs, but th e meanin g is d iffere nt. Co mpare:
I call 't talk.
at the ci" ema. (I'm watching / going to watch a fi lm .)
I'", wailing fur Karen i" tile cinem a. (I' m inside the building.)
"m
40
4 under, below, over, above, on top of
under
be/{)w
0"'''
abo""
<>
•
•
in a lower position
(close or touching)
The documents
that file on
Put the rubbish in the bin under the sink.
in a lower position
Arianne INe in the apartment below me.
We have a big cupboard below the stairs .
in a higher position
(close or touching)
The sign over the door said 'entrance'.
Put covers over the fumiture before you paint the room.
in a higher position
There's a helicopter flying round above the school.
The dentist'S is above the bank.
in a higher position,
touching
Can you get my bag, please? It's on top of the wardrobe.
<3>
on top of
5 next to, by, beside, near
We use next to, by and beside to say th at somethi.ng is close:
Tile keys tire n ext to/byibeside my bag, ;n the living room.
1'(1 love to live by/beside/next to the sea.
Near means ' not very far away'. Compare:
It's IIseful to live nellr an airport but I don 't want to live n ext to one as the lIoise would be awful.
A
We usually use near with towns or cities, not next to, by or beside:
,,~t 16fb,~4Jeside !sltmblll. ,/ Em;" lives n ear Istanbul.
1 En/in U.oes
6 in front of, opposite
loo/me always sits ill f ront of SimOlle ill c/(lSS, (lml she a/ways sits opposite her (It IIII/ch.
IJOANNE I
7 between and among
The prepositions between and among have d ifferent meanings .
• 8etwem means 'with one or more people/ob jects o n eit her side' .
• Among means 'su rrounded by more than two people or objects'.
41
14 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
Practice
1
Underline the preposition in each sentence, then choose the correct word in italics to show
the type of preposition .
0 Can you meet me in front of the snack bar later?
1 Can you meet me at ha lf-past eight?
2 Can you get the spoons ou t of the d rawer, please?
3 They've been making ca rs for more than seventy years.
4 Joanna is moving away frOIll home next year.
5 Yo u can contact us by ema il or text message.
6 Use a sharper knife fo r cutt ing meat.
7 The door can only be opened with a specia l key.
8 The refugees escaped by using false pass ports.
2
ep/acf)! time
place / time
place / movelllCII/
purpose / time
meallS / movemellt
me(IIIS / purpose
time / purpost'
purpose / instrument
meallS / movemellt
Write a sentence about each picture. using the words and phrases below and a preposition
from the box. Use the past simple tense. ctIID Listen and check.
0 1 2
I
.
.....
. . II-~
.' /' ­
..
'.
,
:\.;:,.... ~ 1 ~
.
. "
3
4
5
6
7
8
above among at between in in fro nt of
o
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
42
-
Dana and Leona / meet I a plane
Derek I wait / Ihe bus SlOp / fo r hours
I /leave I my coat / the car I last night
the cat I often sleep I the duvet
they ! Iive ! the greengrocer's
LOTi ! live I the greengrocer's
we I park / the car / the cinema
the girls I have / a picnic I pine trees
Jacob I always / sil l the two girls
6ft
o pposite under
3
Nine friends are ta king a flight together to Stockholm. Read the sente nces and write the
names of the people by the correct seat numbers.
la ...................
lb ...................
l c .................. .
2a ............ .......
2b l.e¥L
2c .................. .
3a .... .............
3b ............
3c .................. .
• j ack and his wife, j ane, arc sitting in the fro nt row. jane hates flyi n g and never sits by the
window. She's sitting bet ween her sister, Ella, who loves looking out of the wi ndow, and
h er husband.
• Marga is sitting in row 3, between two other members of t he group.
• Len is sitting in the cen tre seat of the second row - he's fl yin g ho me to Sweden to
celebrate his birthday, with his wife, Anna, who is sitting next to him .
• Steph is sitting in fron t of her husband, Vince, who always wan ts an aisle scat because of
his lo ng legs .
• Nils is al so fro m Sweden. He's ten 's brother-in-law. NUs' sister is sitting in fro nt of h im.
4
Read the text and choose the correct answer, A. B or C below.
Cllllll listen a nd check.
The Amanjena Hotel is one of the finest luxury hotels
(0) .. _..... Morocco. Situat ed in beautiful grounds (1) _...,.. the
fasci nating town of Marrakech, it is easy to get to. The standard
rooms are all individual buildings and are all situated (2) __ _
palm trees and mature olive trees.
(3) .•....•. each comfortable room there is a king-sized bed as
well as a mini-bar. CD player. TV and DVD. There is also a small private garden WIth a fountain
(4) ....,. __ each room, where guest s can relax. Breakfast is served each morning (5) .......... the
swimming pool. and guests can have dinner (6) .......... one of the hoters two restaurants serving Moroccan and international food . For those who want to shop, art. jewellery and
handmade gifts are available (7) .......... the three shops within the hotel complex, and there is a
wide variety of shops (8) _........ nearby Marrakech.
0 A at
I A near
2 A amo ng
B
B
B
3 AAt
B
4 A in fro nt of B
5
by ©i n
at
in
In
in
C next to
C between
COn
C at
5 A in
6 A at
7 A next to
8 A in
B over
B opposite
C by
C between
B in fronl o f C al
B near
C o n to p of
Write about your bedroom. using the phrases in brackets to help you.
o
1
2
3
4
5
(next to my bed)
(next 10 my bed)
.~. ~ ../#~.~.!.~.I?I.~...,.~ .~..!~!:'~,:I'. . ~~. }~.. ~y.. k~:(
(under Ihe bed)
(on the wa lls)
(on top of the wardrobe)
(opposite t he bedroom window)
43
15
Prepositions of
movement
can come off the motorway
here and drive along this Toad
into the town centre,
1 into, out of, onto, off
IlIto describes movem ent to the inside o f something:
It's millillg. Let's go into the IlOlIse /IOW.
We call drive ;IItO tile town centre this way.
Ollt ofis the opposite of into:
Call YO" get my sllOes (Jut of tile wardrobe?
Open the door mullet me Ollt of tltis rool1l immediately!
Ollto expresses movement to a surface or ' line' :
Tile cat ;w1Ipcd onto tile wall.
I thillk we sllOlIld get onto tile motorway here.
Off is the o pposite of onto:
The cat jumped off 1I1e wall.
Let's get off a,e motonvay alltl get sOllletllillg to ear.
A
You may heaT English speakers using off o( rather than off, but many people think this is
incorrect: 11 Please gel off of tlte gUl5s. 1 ./ Please get off ti,e guus.
We get it/t% ut ofa ca r or taxi, but oll{to)/offa bus, plane, train , ship, bike:
Come all - jump i"to tile car. We're late. I got off the tmill tit the last stol).
2 along, past, through
We use almlg when we follow the length of something (e.g. a path, a river, a road):
We call IIrh'e (l lollg the Rltille to till.' SOl/tll of Germany.
Walk alollS the path by tile river - it's very pretty.
We use past when we go up to someth ing and then we pass it. We often use this with shops
and buildings: Go pas t ti,e post office and rile booksilop is 0/1 yOllr left.
We use throllS" wh en we go from onc side o f something to t he other side. We often use this
with countries, o pen space, enclosed tunnels, etc. We'll drive th rough Switzerland.
Go lllrollgll tile mail/ el/tral/ce. I like to walk tl"ougll tlte park Ofl my way to work.
3 across, over
Across and over both Illean ' from o ne side to the other':
Walk across/over tile first bridge. We'll drive across/over ti,e Alps.
But we use over when we are not d irectly touching the surface we are crossing:
The h8fSe jumped RCI'8SS the fellce . ./ Tile Iwrse jumped over tile (ellce.
X
4 at, to
We usually use to to show d irection: Go to the ballk {IlIfi hIm rigllt. Give the book to /amie.
With some verbs (e.g. throw, ShOllt, poi"t), we can use to and Clt, but there is a d ifference in
meaning:
TlrrQw those keys to me, wiff YO II? Jlleed to lock tile rloor. (I want the keys.)
Site was so ll/tSry, sire threw the keys (It me. (to try and hit me)
44
Practice
1
Read the letter and choose the correct underlined words.
CIIID listen and check .
OK'" cytli"!;9 h4lid/ify in. t~ ukL Di.rtric.t WI/S -'reAt, thaltkt. Wc. Had OJoK. f"CAI'Illy lovely allY
whut we 'ydeJ (0) ~ /~ thG Hem/Jowtt PriUS (1) ~ / at. tlu. little vilU:!je of 600t,
t~ we ww 0-) ~ / Jli!,ll. tlte. Rivu Esk for 1/ wHile,3D1"19 (3) !!fUU / ~ .fO~
UJvely little brii,!u. We wtJ1t (4) ~ / I!!1lt tlte. pretty vi1~e of E.rk..J",/e Grw1.- j!f11A ,ytId
"Il tlu. """y to ~veJ13I".u. 011. tlte UJlJut. It's '" 1.0113 wl'Iy. Jil We wt¥tJ; (5) Mti / .illM 1/ rutUy
~e /wtd for '!fterndOI1. t~, tlfH.4 tkm pKt thL biku (ro) ~ / ~ the little t~il1. tlutt
,Jot..! btlftk. up to 600t.
2
Find five more mistakes with prepositions and correct them. Tick (.I) the correct sentences.
CI1iIBIiI li5te n and check.
o
ou.t of
I'll tu rn tile TV on . Can you get the DVD oot thc case?
Wc new across the Andes when we went fro m Argentina to Chile.
2 We' re late! Hurry up and get onto the taxi.
3 Mike always ru ns along t he canal path for hal f an hour every morning.
4 The bridge that goes through the railway line is in danger o f collapsing .
.5 Don't throw stones to the cat - you'll hurt her.
6 To get to the station from here, go along the school and turn left.
3
Look at the map of London Zoo and complete the directions with one
word in each gap. You are at the Snowdon Aviary.
• ere . . . .
......
Owls
Library
•
•
GIft Shop
Excuse me, 1I0w (10 I gel to ...
o tile Oasis C(lte? Go . ~!~.':!9.......... t he ca nal , .P.f!I.#............ the owls and lovebirds, turn righ t,
go J.~.~h-...... the tunnel. The Oasis Ca fe is on the right.
the woodland walk? Turn right and go
............ the bridge, then turn left and walk
............... the canal.
2 tile gift sl/OI'? Go straight on ...
.......... the owls and the lovebirds, turn right and go
.............. the canal, then go
.. ... th e tunnel under the road. It's 011 the left .
3 tile entrance? Turn right and go .
.. the canal, go ........ ,.......... the Africa section
and go ................... the tunnel .................. the information kiosk. Then turn left.
4 ti,e nearest toilets? Go
........ .. the ca nal and go right ................. .. the bridge.
Go .................. t he libra ry, ................... the tunnel and then go ................... the cafe.
The toilets are inside the cafe on the left.
45
16
Prepositions
of time
1 at, in, on
We use
• at to introduce a time:
The {light 's at six o'clock.
• ill fo r a poi nt within a longer period
•
of time:
I get to Aus tralia ill the morni/lg.
0/1 to in troduce dates and days:
We arrive
Oil
Thursday. The course e/lds on 11 luly.
special occasions
mealtimes
+ night/the weekend
in
on
A
at six, and I get 10 Australia
in the morning on Thursday. I'll
try 10 sleep during the flight.
I
parts of the day
months and seasons
years and centuries
special days
parts of days of the week
We
New Year.
The managers have business meetings at breakfast.
It's Quiet here at night. We always sleep late a t the weekend.
I never work well in the afternoon.
Is your birthday in October? We don't go away in the summer.
I was born in 1984. The world changed in the fast century.
Do you have a birthday cake on your birthday?
I last saw him on Thursday afternoon.
With some time expressions (e.g. this!last/llext/every morning, week, year, etc.) we don't
use a preposition:
X TIle HeRdl IIUifflet E8mes il' t'W!f)' March. ./ The Frendl market comes every Marell.
What time (lid yo"lla ve breakfas t this moming? Tile IIew gym opened ItlSt mQnth.
2 in, within, by, (from) ... until
We use
• ill to talk about a completed period of time:
They finishetl painting the Iw lt in only two days.
• witllill to mean 'before a period of time has passed':
You sllOlIld have ti,e results w itllill 24 hOllrs.
• by to mean 'not later th an': I need yOllr essays by Friday. (on or before Friday)
• (from) ... III/til/ to for a period of time ending at a certain poi nt:
Til e play didn't finisll "" t it midnight. Tickets are available to the end of ti,e monOl.
Tile 1I0liday season f///I S fro m Jllly until October.
NATURAL ENGLISH Wc often use till instead of until in everyday Engli sh:
W e stayed ;11 ti,e clllb fro m about 9.00 till closing time.
American English on the weekend, Friday through Sunday >- page 352
3 for, during, last (for)
We use
• for with a period o f time; it means 'the whole time': We waited for the bus for allllOllr.
• tillring to mean 'at o ne point in a period of time': My bike was stolell duritlg the lIigllt.
We also use dllring when we mean ' for a while' or ' all through a period of time' : I'll try to
sleep during the {lig"'.
Notice the difference between (/lIring and for: We wellt away for two weeks d " ri"S JlIly.
lasOll was i" hospital for scvef(ll mOl/tllS du ritlg his childhood.
With the verb last (or, it is possible to leave out the preposition: Tile course lasts (for) tell weeks.
for and since with present perfect
46
>- Unit 37.3
Practice
1
GRAMMAR IN USE
Read the message and choose the correct words (or -) in italics.
Mr Lewis - here are your flight details for later this week:
You depart from Heathrow (Dl@on 8.30 (1 ) -/ in the morning (2)
on I in 23 April (Thursday).
You arrive in Dubai (3) to I at 5.20 (4) in I at the evening. Unfortunately, you can't leave the airport
(5) during I for this stopover. You then leave Dubai (6) -/ at 8.45 and you arrive in Bangkok (7) at I on
6.30 (8) in 1- the next morning. You're th en going to fly to Hong Kong (9) -/ on next Friday, and
return to the UK (10) in I during ten days, but we haven't fin alised those last two flights yet.
2
Replace the underlined words with a suita ble preposition (if necessary) and a phrase from
the box. CIIID listen and check.
fo ur days t h e weei.end the su mmer fi fteen min utes 11 p. m. to 6 a.m.
the afternoon two hours this evening fo ur o'clock
o Will th e gardens be open on Saturday and Sunday?
.~~. l~ . ~.~
1 I fin d it really d ifficu lt to work after lunch.
2 It's Monday now. We' ll be in touch with your results by friday.
3 I' m working in Paris from lun e untH September.
4 Planes aren't allowed to take off or la nd at night at this airport.
S The o ral exa m was rea lly short. It sta rted at 9.00 and lasted till 9.15 . ............. .
6 It's 3.30 now. I'U wait for another thirty m inutes, then I have to go.
7 Don't worry, it's only 10.30 - we'll be finish ed by lunchtime.
8 I met Lu ke this afternoon; he said he'd come round in a few hours.
3
Complete the text with pre positions from this unit. Write - if no
preposition is necessary.
Listen and check.
am
The Samar.a Gorse Exper.ence
'th.nk you for booldn. Chlls trip w~Ch Andreas 'rrayel.
Please read &hese notes ...... t your trip.
Your bus wi ll meet you at your hotel at the time on your ticket. Please be at the meetin9
point (0) .~Y.. ............ this time, or you may have to take a taxi to the start of the walk.
We will al'1'ive at the top of the 90rge (l) ..........._ ...... 7.00 a.m. We will stop here
(2) _.................. about 30 minutes so U\3t you can have breakfast and buy some snacks and
some water. Please note that you will need to drink at least a litre of water
(3) .................. the day. The path throu9h the 90rge is easy to fol low. We wi ll meet you
a9ain at the bottom in A9ia Roumeli, where you are welcome to join us at Stavros
Restaurant (4) ............. _..... 3.00 p.m. for a drink and a snack. You are then free
(5) ...... _..... _.... 5.00 p.m., when the boat leaves for Paleochora. Please be at the harbour
(b ) .................... 4.50 p.m. The boat trip lasts (7)
H ..................
about 40 minutes, and your
bus will meet you for the joumey back to your hotel.
Have a fantastic day !
PS We run tours (8) ................... every day, includin9 Sundays, so why not book
another trip wi th us? .
47
17
Prepositions
with other
.
meanings
This summer, Mar!:. and leo are
with some friends from university. They are all
going 00 to Morocco by boat, apart from Mar\(
his
1 by, with, for
We use by
• to talk about how we do something:
She makes extrtl mOlley by clc(Hlitrg !lOuses. We pay for everything by ereflit card.
(BUT We pay for everything ;II/1JY cask )
• to show how wc communicate or travel: Hardly anyone COI1II1IIIIlica les I,y l etter IlIese days.
I get the sports results by text message. They're going to Morocco by boat.
We say by car, by plane, by bus, etc. but we say 011 foot (= walking):
We call get to Ihe tOW/I celltre either by bus or on foot.
We use Wit/I
• to mean 'in the company of': Are YOll going witll your friends from ul/iversity?
• to show the instrument we use to do someth ing; Fill ill the form witll a blllck pCII.
We held the door open witll a book.
We don 't use by to say what instrument we use to do something:
)( J 'MS/led tile ai' b" 8" aid '8' 5I,i,t. ./ I waS/led tile car with a" old T-shirt.
We use for to indicate the purpose of something: We IIse tllis cloth for c1ea"i"g tile tables.
See a lso infinitive of purpose >- Unit 76.3
2 as or like?
We use (IS
• for a person 's job or role: I 'm working as a tour guide tl'is sUlI/mer.
• to describe what something ca n be used for: Here - /lse tllis c/ls llio/l a..~ a pillow.
We use like when we mean 'similar to' - it makes a comparison:
Matllooks like a film star. (He isn' t a fi lm star.)
Your perfl/me smells like roses. (It isn 't roses.)
We don't use like when we talk about someone's iob. We use as:
)( THllr weNf5 like a lcui dR'·er. ./ TOIIY works as a lax i driver . (= He is a taxi driver.)
3 besides, except (for), apart from
Besides means ' in addition to': f wallt to leam oO,er irmguagl?s b esi des my own.
Do no t confuse besides and beside (preposition of place) (>- Unit 14.5).
Except (for) means ' but not': Till? shop is open /!Very day except (for) SIll/day.
We've invited everyQIII? except (for) Nikki - so do,, 't tell ller about it!
Apart from can mean
• 'besides': I wan' to feam otlter lallSl/ages apart {Tom my own.
• 'except': All my friends are going apart {Tom Mark. (Mark isn 't going.)
4
from, of
We use both
from and o(to show the material used in a product:
My coat is made of lea rller. Ollr orange jllice is made {Tom sp ecial Braziliau oranges.
There is very litt le difference, although we o ften use from when the material has been
changed in some way: Believe it or 110t, those slloes are made from old car tyre~·.
48
Practice
1
Read the conversation and choose the correct words in italics.
CllllJliste n and check.
RYAN
I've decided to go to Bangladesh for a few months before university.
Wow! What arc you going to do there?
RYAN I'm going to do vOluntary work (O)§llike a builder. You know, I want to do
something (1) {iport! besirlcs travel - something to hel p people. But I'm going to
travel, too . I'm goi ng there (2) 0/1 / by plane, then after I fin ish t he work, I'm going
trekking in the Himalayas -
TOM
TOM
Horse-riding?
RYA...'1
No, t rekking (3)
raM
It sounds amazing. How are you going to pay for it?
RYAN
Ma inly (5) (or I by doing lots of extra hours in the shop at weekends! I'm working
every weekend before I go (6) except I apart from the weekend of Natalie's wedding.
Won' t it be co ld in the Himalayas?
Yes, I think so. But I've got a really warm, light coat made ( 7) ofI Willl wool.
Are you going (8) (rom I witll anyone?
No, on my own .
TOM
RYAN
l 'OM
RYAN
2
011 /
by foot, then I'm going to travel back (4) in / by train.
Write the words in the correct order to make sentences. Add a suitable preposition.
o most o lder people read only glasses can
I people plane travelling hate a lot of
2 worked for twenty years my a teacher uncle
3 mobile ph one an iPod looks my
4 this computer you a DVD player use can
5 every day is the centre New Year's Day open
3
Find and correct the mistake in each sentence. aIJIlisten and check.
h4
o 'Arc these shoes leather?' ' I'm not sure. They feel tt51eather.'
I In those days, t here were few planes, and most people t ravelled on ship.
2 Don 't clean the screen by detergent - you need a special fluid.
3
4
5
6
4
Everyone has completed t he questionnaire apart for the head teacher.
Have you seen this handbag'! It 's made with crocodi le skin!
It's getting very difficult to pa y with cheque in shops and restaurants.
'What's this?' ' It's a garlic press. It's used to crushing garlic.'
Complete the sentences below with a preposition . Then change them to make them true
for you. (Or write So do I.)
o I always write my hom ework
.w#h .... ....... a black pen.
I.~.I.'1.d!lt~. :1.r:i~~. m-y.)~~~~.r:~..~i~.~..d!I. .~~ .P.~ . ....... ..... ... .... ......
I prefer to keep in touch with my fri ends ...... .. .... .
cmail.
2 I usua lly go on holiday .....
.............. .... .................. ...... .
.. . my husband.
3 I don't often pay fo r. things .. ................ cred it card.
49
18
Common prepositional phrases
PHRASE
MEANING
EXAMPLE
by chance
by mistake
not planned
do something wrong,
Jufie and I mer in the shopping centre by chance,
This letter is for you - sorry. I opened it by mistake.
but not on purpose
at last
at IBilsr
at the end (of)1
beginning (of)
at the latest
at work (home,
school)
after a long time
not less than
the last thinglthe first
thing
no later than
(place)
Dave is here at lart -late as usual!
It will take you at least an hour to get here.
I a/ways check homework at the beginning of the
lesson. I The team collected the cup at the end of
the match.
We have to pay this bill by 1 June at the latest.
Jusrins at work now- why don't you call
him there?
for ever (positive)
for good (negative)
for sale
always, starting from
you can buy it
This place is beautiful. I wane to stay here for ever.
I'm leaving this job for good. I hate it!
Is all this furniture for sale?
in advance
in charge (of)
before
responsible for
have romantic feelings
We don't need to pay for the hotel in advance.
Terry is in charge of ten people in his new job.
Erica fell in love with Stetan and they got married.
in love (with)
ncrw
fo<
in public/private
so everyone can see/so
people can't see
in the end
in time
finally (after time and
effort)
early enough for an
I was very nervous the first time I spoke in public.
I practised my speech for hours in private.
It took a long time, but the technician found the
fault in the end.
Please arrive at the studio in time for the rehearsal.
"",nt
on holiday
for work
burning
away (for pleasure)
Do you often travel on business?
Help! The chip pans on fire !
Adrian's on holiday this week so he's nor in
the office.
on purpose
intentionally
on rime
at the corred time
I didn't break the glass on purpose. It was
an accident.
The last bus always leaves (right) on time.
out of date
out of order
out of the question
old-fashioned
on business
on fire
A •
not working
not possible
Those flared trousers look really out of date l
The coffee machine is out of order again.
No, you can't go on holiday on your own. It's out
of the question.
We do not use to with home, here or there:
X Geme 19 I,ere Ht six e 'cleck. .I Come h ere at six o'clock.
• At last and at least are different: at last mea ns 'finally'; at feast means 'not less than':
'Sorry 1'", so fate. My trai" was cal/celled: 'Never mi"d. You 're here at I{lst .'
I'll " eed a t least three days to fit/isl, tllis proiect.
• At tile el/d means 't he last thing'. III tile end means 'finall y' (after some time/effort):
Tllere's a really frigllten illg scene {It the end of that film - do,, 't watd, it before going to bed!
My boss agreed to increase my salary jn tllC elld, bIlt Iliad to ask him several times.
• I" time means 'early enough for something'. 0" time means 'at the correct time':
We were at tile port in time for tile first boat.
The boat (/i(/,, 't lea ve 011 time becallse of etlgille trouble.
50
Practice
1
Complete the email with prepositions . There is one more place where no
preposition is needed.
Subject
CIIIJJ listen and check.
II'mback-!
Hi Charlie
This is just to let you know I'm back from my trip and I'll be in the office on Monday.
It was all great, apart from the last part of the journey home. You know, I hadn't
bothered to book a Eurostar ticket (0) ...::: .... home from Brussels (1) ...... ... advancethere are always so many trains, but I really regretted it. I arrived at the station at about
six in the evening and then met an old friend (2) ..
. chance -I hadn't seen him for
years, so of course we had a coffee and chatted for a while. Then I tried to book a ticket
at the machine but it was (3) ... .... ... order, so I went to the sales desk . The girl behind
the desk told me they had no tickets left for the trains that even ing. I couldn't believe
that so I asked to speak to the person (4) .... .. .. .. charge of sales. She told me that it was
true, because of problems with flights, but said I might find tickets (5) ..
sale on the
Internet. So I went to an Internet cafe and got a ticket, but it was first class and it was for
the last train. (6) ... ..... .. the end, I got (7) ... .. .. .. home at about 3.00 a.m! Next time I
go (8)
.. holiday, I'll make sure I book all my tickets before I leave!
2
Match the underlined phrases with their meanings A--t
o
Alicc's new hairstyle looks really old-fa shioned . _ _ _ _
I Sonia made a good impression
.II.1...fl.li1.
2 Julie didn 't do it deliberately.
3 Teresa dismissed he< PA in front of everyone.
4 Gina fini shed the job with days to spare.
5 Maggie.finallx threw o ut the o ld sofa.
6 Fiona broke her leg when she was travellin g for work.
7 Bryony is responsible for about twen ty people.
8 Jodie reached the coach at exactly the right time.
3
~
A in charge of
B out of date
C in the beginning
D in public
E in the end
F in time
G on business
H on purpose
on time
Find six more mistakes with prepositional phrases and correct them.
c.ID listen and check.
TANYA
CAC
TANYA
CAC
TANYA
CAt
TAN YA
CA L
TAN YA
CAt
TANYA
Hi, Cal. How are things?
~t work
Finc, though I seem to spend about eighty hours a week weA+ t hese d ays!
Poor you!
Have you and Ines fini shed t hat proj ect you were worki ng o n?
Yes, we finished it at the end . It took such a lo ng tim e. We had to fin ish it by last Friday
in the latest, and we sent it o n Wednesday. Talking of Ines, have you heard the news?
No, what news?
She's going back to the Spanish office. She says she's leaving London to good .
No! [ know she ca me here in business at the beginning of her stay, but I t hought she
loved London. How long has she been here?
At last three years -- maybe longer.
So wh y's she goin g back?
Well, she thinks'it's too expen sive here, and she misses her family. But it isn't off t he
question that she might come back for sh ort visits.
51
Review
1
MODULE 3
UNITS 14 AND 15 Read the email and follow the route on the 'map. (Not all the places are
marked on the map.) Choose the correct prepositions.
Subject
ISaturday at my place
Hi Karen and Chris
I'm so glad you can come and see my new apartment on Saturday. It only takes about ten
minutes to get here from the station. You turn right (0) into (out o~he station into Broad
Street and then go (1) across I to the street (2) on I at the traffic lights. Go straight on, then
walk (3) past I through the shopping centre on your left Turn leh as you come (4) off I our of
the shopping centre, cross the road, walk along opposite the centre, and turn right
(5) next to I under the cinema. Then turn right again. You go (6) past I along a row of small
shops and turn left - the river is right
min front of I beside you now. Turn left and then go
(8) above lover New Bridge. Go straight on, and take the first right (9) by I in the shoe shop.
This is Crowley Street. where I live. Go as far as the flower shop, which is (1 0) between I
among a clothes shop and a baker's. It's (1 1) in front of I opposite the Alhambra restaurant. I
live (12) above I on the flower shop, on the second floor.
See you Saturday,
Louisa
J
o
2
UNITS 14 AND 1S Now match A-G on the map with the places in the email.
0 Broad Street
I the cinema
2 t he fl ower shop
3 New Bridge
52
A
4 the traffic lights
5 the clothes shop
6 the shoe shop
3
UNITS 1S AND 16 Complete the information with the words from the box.
along by during
eYef)'
into on out of through u ntil
Manningham Quiz Club Jh!oasure Hunt
j oin our quiz-based treasure hunts for
some Sunday fun!
Follow the directions, and work out the
clues to find out where the treasure isl Every
correctly completed form wins a prize!
Treasure hunts are held (0) ..~y.~!'Y...........
secood Sunday (1) ........ .. ...... .. June.July
and August.
Treasure hunt No. 4 will take place
(2) ....... ....... ..... Sunday 22 July. at 2.00 p.m.
4
UNITS 16. 17 AND 18 Put a line through the incorrect word in each group.
o
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
5
Treasure hunt No . 4 -directions to clue 1
Start at the Manningham Woods car park. When you
get (3) ................... your car. tum left and go
(4) ................... the woods. Go (5) ......... ........
the woods for 400 metres to the stream. Walk
(6) ..... . .. .......... the stream fOf another 200
metres. The first clue is attached to the footbridge.
You have (7) ..... .............. 5.00 p.m. to finish the
treasure hunt. Completed forms must be handed to
the organisers (8) ................... 5.15 at the latest.
Good ludd
We went by ... car I feet I train.
It should last fo r ... ever I hours I least.
That machine is o ut of ... date l arder I time.
He contacted me by ... pen I email l text message.
They were on ... business I time I work.
They arrived at ... here I Ia5t I work.
We talked to each other in ... plane I private I the end.
He completed the task with ... a blue pen I email l some friends.
All UNITS Complete the second sentence so it means the same as t he first. using
the words in brackets. Use two to five words in your answer.
o Maria to ld those lies intentionally, didn't she? (on)
2
3
4
5
Maria told those lies .~.~.e.~rp.~f.e:.. ............ , didn't she?
Wc were delayed on the motorway because a car was buming. (on)
We were delayed on the motorway because there was a ca r ...... ... ......... ... ........
The performance starts at eight and finishes at ten in the even ing. (from )
The performance lasts ..
. .... ... ............ in the evening.
I'd like to speak to the person responsible for sales. (i n )
I'd like to speak to the person
....... sales.
Apart from Jonathan, the who le team played well. (for)
The whole team played well .. .... .....
. .. Jonathan.
Jim always sits behind Alan in the class. (of)
Alan always sits ...... .... ... ................ .. in the class.
6 Sandra always wea rs incredibly old-fashioned clothes. (out)
Sandra's clothes are always incredibly ......................... .
7 Meet us back at the car no later than six o 'clock. (at)
Meet us back at the car by six o'clock ....
S You get a lot mo re exercise if you walk to work. (on)
You get a lot more exercise jf you go to work
53
Test
MODULE 3
Prepositions
Choose the correct answ er, A, 8 or C.
1 YOll ca n apply for a loan by ......... the number below or in person at o n e of
bran ches.
A call B called C calling
O UT
)0-
Unit 14
)0-
Unit '4
)0-
Unit 14
4 It's impossible to fin d anyth ing ..... ... .. all these books and papers!
A among B between C opposite
>-
Unit 14
5 Come down .......... that wall immed iately! It's too high to play o n .
A ou t of B off C o ff o f
>-
Unit 15
6 There are lots of rea lly lovely walks
A past B th rough C along
)0-
Unit 15
)0-
Unit 15
8 Don 't sho ut .......... me! I hate it when you lose you r temper.
A to B o n C at
)0-
Unit 15
9 I prefer n ot to go to meetings ..... .. .. Friday afternoons.
A in B at C on
)0-
Unit 16
)0-
Unit 16
2 It was pouring wit h rain o utside so I had to wait fo r Joe .......... the theatre.
A at B in C o n
3 Don't put t hings .......... the m icrowave when it's o n as it gets very hot.
A above B on lOp of Cover
.... . the River Thames.
7 We flew .......... the Rhine o n the way to Berlin - it was really beautiful.
A across
B over C t hrough
10 I still h aven't hea rd anyt h ing fro m the interview I had .......... Monday.
A at last
B on last
C last
11 The hotel is closed for repairs ...... .... t he end of February.
A until B wit h in C by
12 I sometimes fall asleep .......... his lectures - they're
-. Un it 16
so boring!
A during B (or C within
,.. Un it 16
13 Please don 't cut your potatoes .. .. .. ... a knife - it's considered rude here.
A for B by C wi th
.. Un it 17
14 I love your perfum e - it reall y smells .. .. ...... roses.
A li ke B as C from
.. Unit 17
15 ' Have you got eno ugh cash ?' 'No, I' ll pay ... .. . ... credit card.'
A with 13 in C by
)0-
16 [li ke a ll flavours of ice cream ......... for st rawberry.
A apart B besides C except
>- Unit
17 Stay where you arc. I' ll come ...... .... and pick you up immediately.
A there B to there C at t here
)0-
18 It wil l ta ke about three h ours to do th is work, at .......... .
A last B least C the latest
.. Un it 18
Unit 17
17
Un it 18
19 The film is good but t here's a lot of violence .... ...... the en d.
A in
B on
C al
20 TIle plane was due to arrive at 5. 15 and it la nded right
A on B in C at
54
)0-
Un it 18
time.
.. Unit 18
Adjectives and adverbs
Before you start
1
Read the article. look at the highlighted grammar examples.
FollOWing the recent earthquake,
Chinese wildlife experts have
moved eight giant panda bear
cubs from the Wolong Nature
Reserve in Sichuan province to
8eijing Zoo. These attractive black
and white animals are all less than
two years old. The public rarely
sees so many cute young panda
bears in the same place, so there
has been a lot of interest from the
international media.
It seems that everyone thinks panda bears are fascinating . Perhaps it is because there are so few
of them. But in fact pandas aren't as rare as they used to be. Their numbers have grown fairly fast
since the Chinese opened the first nature reserves in 1958. New research methods mean it is less
difficult to find the bears, and we can track the number of animals much more accurately than we
could before. Although they are still few in number, their chances for the future are beller than
they have been for many years.
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted grammar
examples will help you.
1 What happened to you r blue 011(1 yellolY I blue FellolY scarf?
2 Do you think nature films on TV are illterested I ill/erestillg?
3 Uzzie has a lovely old lold lovely photograph of h er grandparen ts.
4 My exam results were better Ill/ore good than my sister's.
5 They say the driving test is less ellsier I easy than it used to be.
6 Tea isn't expellSivt.' I as expel/sive as coffee.
7 I learnt to swim fa irly quickly I quickl)' fairly because I was so young.
8 We visit often I oftell visit our friends in Edinburgh.
9 They ill tile past treated animals badly I treated animals badly ill tlie past.
IQ Our cousins go there mllch I mallY more often th an we do.
3
).- Unit 19
>- Unit 19
).- Unit 20
>- Unit 21
).- Un it 21
>- Unit 22
).- Unit 23
).- Unit 24
).- Unit 24
).- Unit 25
Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
lpnw 0 1 lsed ;:H11 U! Alpeq sleuqllc palC;m 6 )!S!A ualjo S ApPlnb AP!CJ L
aA!Su.xixa se 9 ,{sea S J;)U;)q t> Pia A];)AOI t 8U!lSaJ.JlU! "l MOlla,{ PU!? an Iq
6
Go ollhrw for d full dldqllmll( Ic,>\
55
19
1
Adjectives with nouns and verbs;
-ed and -ing forms
Adjectives with nouns
Adjectives give morc information about nouns. Their form does not cha nge for singular
and plural nouns or for male and female:
A YOlm8 girl alld hvo YOUIIS boys came to /lIe party.
Ad jectives usual ly come before a noun: .I {/ wllite la lll b 1 1i1-kHHlr-wlfi.kJ
• We ca n put t wo or more ad jectives before a noun. We don't usua lly lIse ami:
1 R IiWe amI "" /ile lamb ./ a little white lamb
• But if both adjectives describe colours or two similar qualit ies, we put tllld between them:
a black {Imf whit e /lOrse a long all(/ boriftS film
2 Adjectives with verbs
We can lIse ad jectives after the verbs be, appear, become, get, feel, look, seem and taste:
Tire la mbs {I re lovely. (= They arc lovely lambs.) TI/(/t lamb looks cu te.
Ollr lIew teacher seem s "i ce. Call we go I/Ome I/ow? I'm getting tired .
• We lIse and between two ad jectives after a verb: Tilat flight was 10llg and Or;II3 .
• The adjectives alive, afraid, a/olle, asleep and awake are always used after a verb.
We cannot use them in front of a noun:
)( TlI(~r fife ifSleep cI,;ldfelr. ./ Be quiet. Ti,e clTildrfll are {,sleep .
Adjectives formed from nouns and verbs
3
>- Unit 96. 1
-ed and -ing form s
We somet imes use verbs endi ng in -ed and .illS as adjectives:
I like IUl;IIte(/ fllmill/re. Do YOlllike sIIIoked meat? Tile police are looking for a missing perSOll.
Some peop/(' say Leollardo da Vin e; invellted the first fl yillg machille.
Participle clauses .. Unit 75
Many -ed and -illg ad jectives describe feelings, but we use them in different ways. We use
• -ed adjectives to describe how we feel: I'm confused . The stlldellts are interested .
• -i/lg adjectives to describe t he thing that causes o ur feelings:
Tile rules (Ire confusing. It's all interesting /essoll.
We oft en use -illg adjectives to ask about or give an opinion about something:
Do YOII thillk horror films are frigltt'enillg? (= Do they frighten you?)
My COIlS;/I is really bO';II8. (= He makes me feel bored.)
A
56
We don 't use -illg ad jectives to talk about how we feel:
Tell m e lIIore abollt tile cOllrse. )( I'm l <ef}' inteFestillj. ./ I'm very int erested .
Practice
1
Write the words and phrases in the correct order. CIEID listen and check.
.!hY...~~~~.k#.J~tt........ .......................... .
o
feels sweater soft t h is
1 bird is th at alive ?
2
3
4
5
friendly new neighbours seem our
awake your guests are ?
weather an d was hot the sunny
you car a getti ng are new ?
6 was it a long difficu lt and test
7 yellow we've orange got wall paper and
8 in big lives old my aunt house a
2
Complete each sentence with a suitable -ed or -ing form of the verbs in brackets.
o Afte r a lon g day at work Jake al ways feels .#.~.
1 Jackie heard some ..
2
3
4
S
6
3
.........
(tire)
......... news from her friend. (shock)
Dale and Fred th ink t heir new computer is really.. .....
....... (excite)
There was a ................... p hone in the call bo x so Harry couldn't use it. (break)
Can you help me? I fin d these ticket machines very ..
...... ! (confuse)
Egyptian tombs usually have ................. .. walls and ceil ings. (pa int)
.. keys yet? (miss)
Have you fo und the ..
Find e ight more mistakes in the advertisement a nd correct them .
ClllJl liste n and check .
JARROLD'S NATURE PARK
bori~
Do you think zoos are -geFe6 and unnatural?
Do you prefer to see beautiful and wild animals in their natural
environment?
Jsrrold's Nature Park is an excited new way of seeing
animals. We know our animals are sensitive lived creatures
so we keep them in enclosures that are large, open.
There are no ugly cages or high fences.
We have animals beautiful from all parts of the world.
Your children will love the amazed tropical forest with
its birds and monkeys.
From enormous terri fied spiders to cute panda bears.
Jarrold's has them all.
Jarrold's Nature Park. It's much more than a zoo
ordinary!
57
20
1 Orde r of adjectives
We someti mes put more t han one ad jective in front of a noun. We put 'opin ion ' adjectives
(w hat we think, not facts), e.g. amu zi"s- borillg, comfortable. before others:
Look at tllest' amazing multi-coloured tropical fis h.
{love lily comfo rtable old leatller a rm chair.
We put adjectives describing type or purpose (what something is for) next to the noun .
These adjectives arc often pari of the noun (>-- Unit 98.1):
Amazing multi-colollred trop ica l fish . ("" type of fish)
A 10llg steel hU1Itillg knife. (= knife used for hunting)
When we use other adjectives we usually put them in this order:
oPi
origl
(aJ valuable
large
round
material
type/pu~
NOUN
be<koom
wedding
mirror
silk
Italian
(an) old
red
dress
We don't usually use morc than three or four adjectives in front of a noun. If we want to
gi ve more information we use another clause or sentence:
X ,.. <I,. /lJlcle 11C/5 1/ rM!~' wllll~hle J~rse 8k! hlflc!f. UI/III/I! sports fRr.
./ My uncle Il(Is a large black Italian sports car, Wlliell is old ami recllly \lall/able,
2
Making adjectives stronger or weaker
We ca n use adverbs of degree, e.g. really, to make most adjectives stronger or weaker:
'/ thillk they're beautiful.' 'Yes, / t/link tlley're really beautiful,' (stronger mean i ng).
'T/w/ film was boring.' 'Well, it was sliglltly boring, bllt some parts were OK. ' (weaker
meaning)
.. STRONGER
WEAK ER .<r-------------------------~~
a little/a biuslighrfy
fr'Jlr/y
quire
rather/pretty
very
realiy
extremely
• We don't use a little and a bit with adjectives which com e before a noun:
X ! htlllgllt R hit e:Il(H'tlsil'e watch. ./ 'nIl' watch I bo/lS/lt was Cl bit exp ensive.
• We often use ratller wit h negative ad jectives: It's mtller cold today. Slle's ra ther bossy.
• When we use quite or miller with positive adjectives it often mean s something is
surprising: That lessoll was ra t/ler interesting. (more i.nteresting than I expected)
• When a noun follows quite/rat/ler + adjective we add aAm:
He was quite /lice. - He was quite a n ice persoll.
Tlwrs rather expensive. - Tlwrs ra ther cm expensive hotel.
FORMALITY CHECK We don' t usually use a bit or pretty in formal Engli sh:
X The Piglit 19 Ma/Rs a will he R bit lale ,tfle 191K.,d Il'l'a t/It¥.
./ Tile {lig/lt to Malaga will be slightly la te dlle lo bad weather.
58
Practice
1
Put the words in brackets in the correct order and complete the sentences.
&ID listen and check.
o Sa mira owns a .~.'<JY..'I~.f"""'.~ .............. .
1 Tom lives in a ......... ............. ...................
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
. .. ...... .... .. .. ... armchair. (French, lovely, old)
cottage by the sea. (stone, li ttle, pleasant)
We bo ugh t a ... ...... ...... ........... .. ........ chest of drawers fo r t he bedroom. (wooden, big, new)
Did Melinda wear her ..............
. ..................... dress to t he party? (pretty, sil k, blue)
Their new ho use has a
...................... room. (living, big, nice)
.............. plcture fra me. (round, silver, sma ll)
David gave her a ..... ..
Rembrandt was a ...... ........ .... ... ..... .................. artist. (seventeent h-century, Dutch, fa mous)
.... machines. (Germa n, wash ing, ex pensive)
It's onc of those ............... .. ........... ...... .
Where's that . ....... ..... .. .. ......... .............. ....: I"-shi rl you used to wear? (cotton, red, ho rrible)
2
Read the sentences and choose the best words in italics for each meaning.
o Thai mea l was really expensive!
less lIIore ex pensive tha n I expected
I I need something a little la rger.
mllc" s iShtly large r
2 The weather's pretty hot here.
very / //Ot very hot
3 I was shocked by that fil m - it was rather violent.
more violent tlla/I / llot as vio/em (IS I like
4 I' m sorry I'm a bit late.
a fl!lv minutes / sevem /llOllrs late
5 She's quite a good artist, despite her lack of training. better /lla/l / 110r as good as I expected
very / 1/01 very fast
6 This trai n is extremely fast.
3
Complete the email with the words and phrases in the box. Be careful,
listen and check.
only one of the phrases in each pair is correct.
am
r
i red
quite o ld I a qu ite old o ld wooden I wooden old
reall y good I good really rat her ex pensive I a q uite expensive very I a bit
tourist nice I nice tourist pretty late I late pretty lovely large I la rge lovely
SlJbJfa.
INews from Kyoto
Hi lordi
Today is our third day in Kyoto. Yesterday the weather was CO) . .r:~#y..J~.~ ~. . . ..
so we
took a (1) .. ..... .... ..... ...... ..... .. . trip to a place called Ginkakuji, just outside the city. The
place is amazing and has (2) ... ........... ...... .. .. ...... gardens and a waterfall. The garden
is (3) .. ... ... ...... ...
. ... ... - It was built in 1460 by one of the Shoguns. There are lots of
beautiful (4) .............................. .
buildings and ponds full of
(S) ............... . .............. fish. It's
... .......... peaceful.
It was (7) ... .. ......... ......... .. ... .
to get in, but then everything
IS expensive in Japan I It was
(6) .......... ..
(B) .. ... . ............
.. when I
got back to the hotel, so I didn't
have time to send you an email.
59
21
Comparison of adjectives
1 Comparative and superlative forms
adjectives wit h
one sylla ble'
add ·(e)r :
·(e)st:
large -+ larger small -+ smaller
young -+ younger fast -+ faster
large -+ the largest small - rhe smallest
young - the youngest fast - the fastest
adjectives with
two or more
use more/less + adjective:
useful - morelless useful
sy ll ables~
expensive -+ morelless expensive
interesting -+ morel/ess interesting
use the most/the least + adjective:
useful - the mostlleast useful
expensive - the mos tJleast expensive
irregular
adjectives
bad -+ \IVOfSe good -+ better
far -+ farther/further
well (= healthy) -+ better
interesting -+ the mostlleast interesting
bad -+ the worst good -+ the best
faf -+ the farthest/furthest
, Sometimes the spelling changes: dry "'" drier/rhe driest, big ..... bigger/the biggest (see page 351)
Adjectives WIth two syllables where the second syllable is unstressed (often ending in or. -Iy. -ow, or -f) can sometimes
form the comparatIVe and superlative in the same way ~ one-!i)'llable adjedrves; friendly "'" friendlier/the fnendliesf,
genrle ..... gentleflfhe gentlesr, funny ..... funnifftrhe funniest
l
2
Comparative adjecti ves
We use com pa rative adjectives to compare two things. When we use a comparative
ad jective in front of a nou n we add tllan;
J(
Hum1Joock wlltlie5 a l'e le~Tger killer ""Ulles. 1 HUn/pbflek ,"l/elks fire ItlTger e(killer 1I'11C11es.
Humpback whales are larger than killer w/tales.
We use object pronouns (me, /Ier, etc.), not subject pronou ns (1, site, etc.) after tlm/l:
Maria is t(l ller thall Atll la. 1 l-tM rifl is ,,,ller #UlII sI/c. .I Maria is t(lller tl1(1/1 IIer.
,f
A
We don't use more or less wit h an ad jective that is already comparative :
J(
Kc";,, is mere lflJleHIIiHI-SHe. 1 Sue ;s less taUer tlum Kc" ;II ,
can Llse two comparativcs to show that somethin g is changi ng,
TIre weat/rer is getting hotter (IIId hotter.
Food is becom ing m ore mu/more expens ive these days.
We
cm Pronunciation >- 1.06
3
Superlative adjectives
We use su pe rlative adjectives to compare more than two things. We use tile or a possessive
adj ective (mylyollr!lr;s, etc.) before the superlative form :
B/lle whales are tir e I(lrges t whales. What was your best subject at school?
After superlatives we use ill before singular nouns (Le, the name of a place or group):
Tlte blue whale ;s the largest creatl/re i" tile world. BCII is the oldest pla"er jn tile tea m .
But wc use of before plural nouns:
Tile blue w/lale ;s the largest of tile w /ra les. Bell is the oldest of tir e p laye rs.
Making comparisons stronge r and weaker »- Unit 22.3
60
Practice
1
Use the words below to write comparative sentences.
.~~~!'I: ..¥...l?ijg0:. /~~..~.~.i!:c:t.~~: ...............
o Can ada I big I Brita in .
1 This towel ! dry I that o ne
2
3
4
5
Magazines / interesting I newspapers ...
My spelli ng I bad I Luey's
The ai rport I fa r I the railway station
Paris I beautiful / Berlin
6 Steak I good I lamb
2
Use the words below to write supe rl ative sentences. CIIID listen and check.
o
France I large country I the European Union .f.~.~. ~..~~..~tj.~.~.~ _~~ .~..~~P~~.~~.
Mafia I old studen t I my class
2 Selima I tallest I t he athletes
3 New York I big city I Nort h America
4 That I beautiful t ree I the garden
5 Harry I ex perienced I the workers
6 Mi ne I nice I the room s
3
Find six more mistakes in the tour guide's statement and correct them.
CIIID listen a nd check.
.lttWIllu
'We only have four working elephants here at Songklan so it is A'leFe sA'lall than the other elephant
farms in the area. The largest elephant farm of this part of Thailand has 30 elephants! The four
elephants here have different backgrounds and personalities. Mao·Mao travelled the most far; he
came from Chaing Raj in the north of the country. Changra is the goodest worker, he loves lifting
wood . But he's very greedy. He eats a lot more than the others! Selma is the most bad worker,
she's very lazy. She's only eighteen years old but each year she gets lazier and more lazier! Tanan is
friendlyer than the other elephants; she really loves people.'
elephant
4
.,.
'l2 years old
weight
4500 kg
Selma
18 years old
17S0 kg
Mac>-Mao
24 years~d
Tanan
17 years ojd
'OO'lk,
Changra
1500 kg
Write sentences about the elepha nts. Use information from Exercise 3 a nd the words in
brackets.
0 (the ligh test )
(the heaviest)
2 (C hangra / younger)
3 (Seima I older)
4 (the youngest)
5 (greedier I th e oth(!rs)
6 (the fri endli est)
61
22
Comparative structures
Pets
for
sale
K1tI~n" (J()
rOllol"\,.' { 100
The rabbits aren't as expensive as the kittens. The tortoise is much more expensive than the other animals
1 as + adjective + as
To say that two th ings have the same quality we lIse as + adjective + (IS :
The guinea pigs are €20.
The rabbits are €20.
= The guinea pigs afe as expensive as rhe rabbits.
= The rabbits afe as expensive as the guinea pigs.
To describe a difference in q uality we can use
The guinea pigs are €20.
The kittens are €30.
1I0t
as + adjective + as:
= The guinea pigs aren't as expensive as the kittens.
:: The kittens aren't as cheap
as rhe guinea pigs.
If t here is a big di ffere nce, we can lIse not nearly as + adje<:tive + (/s:
tle"rly (IS clever as my brot/,er. (= He's much cleverer than m e. )
If there is a sma ll d ifference, we can use almost as/ llot quite as + adjective + as:
My 110llse is almos t as big a s yours. = My house isu 't quite as big as yours. (slightly sma ller)
/'1111101
CD
Pronunciation ~ 1.07
2 the same (as) and different from
We use the same (as) when two things are equal :
Tile price of the rabbits and tile guinea pigs is the smlll!. Tlley botll cost €20.
Mikal 's m otorbike is tile s ame as m ine. We boO, have Honda 2505.
We use similar (to) when somet hing is nearly the same:
ludian elephants {Ire similar to African elephallts, bllt tlley're a bit smalfer.
The opposite or the same as is differelll from. We can also use di fferent to, but it is less
commo n: Tigers (Ire different from leopards. Tigers are /IIUcll bigger.
American English d ifferent than >- page 352
A
We use nOllns and pronouns after tile sall/e (as), sim ilar (to ) and l/iffere/l t ((rom ),
not ad ject ives:
X ThcW Ofe U,e !Hlm e N:-pemi...e. ./ They (Ire tile sa m e price.
X .wt' hrother tOld 1 Me di(feFeflt toll. ./ My brother alld 1 a re different heights.
3
M aking comparisons stronger or weaker
We can make compa risons stro nger wit h much, a lot and far.
The tortoist' is "."c/l m o re expensive llJU" the other (mima/s.
New York is a lot bigger alan Paris.
We ca n make comparisons weaker with a bit, slightly o r (/ liNle:
Tilt' rabbits are sliglltly clleaper t lJUtI tile kitteus. My sister is (. bit younger Ollln me.
We can make su perlatives stro nger with by far. It means there is a big difference:
Fretlrik is by rM tile tallest sludent i/l om class. (= He's m uch ta ller than all the o thers.)
We can make superl atives weaker with o/le o(or among:
'l11is is oue or tile best I/Ospita/s in tile COIlr/try. (Only a few hospitals may be better.)
flllie is among the d el/crest o( om st1ldents.
too, enough and sofsuch wit h adjectives
62
~
Unit 79.2/3
Practice
1
Choose the best answer, A or B.
o You r sunglasses are similar to mine.
A They arc exactly the same.
They are almost the same.
I jackie isn't as friendly as Lucy.
A Lucy is friendlier than Jackic. B Jackie is friendlier than Lucy.
2 This bed is as comfortable as myoid one.
A Myoid bed was more comfortable. B The beds arc both comfortable.
3 Ana isn 't nea rly as rich as Susie.
A Susie is much richer than Ana. B Susie is a Uttle richer than Ana.
4 Our TV is alm ost as big as Michaelis.
A Michaelis TV is a little bigger than ours. B Michael's TV is much bigger than ours.
®
S I had onc of the best exam results in the school.
A Nobody had a better result . B One o r two people had a better result.
2
The words in the box are missing from the text. Put them in the correct
positions. (The y are in the same order as in the telrt.) CIEZD listen and check.
**
of fa r to
from no t more
wt
L
Television viewers are sometimes surprised to learn that natural history programmes are often a
more popular than soap operas or films. One the most famous presenters is David Anenborough. He
has been making programmes aOOut nature since the 19605.
In those days Jacques Cousteau was by the most famous TV presenter of nature programmes.
Although Cousteau only made programmes aOOut life in the sea, his style of presenting was similar
Anenborough's - they both seem like friendly uncles who really love nature.
Of course, today's programmes are different those of fifty years ago. In those days cameras were
nearly as small and light as they are now. Today the technology is much advanced and there are
digital special effects which can help us understand the complexity of the natural world.
3
Complete the se cond sentence so it means the same as the first, using the words in
brackets, Use two to five words in your answer.
listen and check.
am
o
Lions a rC' stronge r t han tigers. (aren 't)
TIgers . ~!:~J .~.~ . ~~!.~!M ..'!~ .................... lions.
I'm no t as o ld as my siste r. (than)
My siste r ..................... ........................ ....... .
2 Our ca t is slig htly smaller than Daniel's. (quite)
Ou r ca t isn 't ................. .. ..... .................... .. ..... Daniel's.
3 Look, Melan ie's d ress is really similar to you r m o ther's. (sa me)
Look, Melanic's d ress .............................................. ...... your mothe r's.
4 Nokia phones a re not the same as Motorola o nes. (from )
Nokia phones .................................... ............. _.. Motorola ones.
5 The Metropole is m uc h mo re expensive t han any other hotel in o ur to wn . (fa r)
The MClropole is ............................. .. ....... .. ... .... ..... hotel in o ur town.
6 Prices a ren't quite as low as they used to be. (bit)
Prices are .............. :..................... .. ........ ..... t hey u sed to be.
63
they are hunting, lions
usually move very slowly ana
I I
1 Types of adverb
Adverbs describe how, how often, when or where an action happens. They have many
forms and they sometimes have more than one word.
quickly carefully
manner (how)
frequency (how often)
often sometimes never usually
Lions usually move very slowly.
degree (how much)
very really a lot a little
Lions move very slowly.
time (when)
today soon fast week
at the weekends
We don't work at the weekends.
place (where)
here upstairs in an office
I work in
direction (which way)
left right straight on
across (the road) through (the grass)
Lions move through the grass.
already. yet ,.. Unit 36.5/ 6
an office.
probably ,.. Unit 41 .S after that ,.. Unit 82.2
Adverbs of manner have a regular form (except welf); we add -Iy to the adjective:
slow - slowly, silent - silelltly, perfect -perfectly
Sometimes th e spelling changes, e.g. IWI'PY - happily.
2
Irregular adverbs
The adverbs fast, hard, high, lOllS, low, lIear, late and early have the- same fo rm as ad jectives.
Com pare: We gOI the early traill. (ea rly =ad jective) Tlley (I(fived early. (e(l rly'" adverb)
The adverb for good is well:
Sophia is (j good writer. X S9f1hia II'rites good. ./ Sophia writes well.
The words friemlly, lovely, silly and lonely end in -Iy but they are adjectives, not adverbs.
We can't make them into adverbs so we say 'ill a ..... way':
.. s rle t~I'{e
le '' /l e IIj='cT/'j'
, 74.-1 t8 me (r-ie"pli'"
" { r.
,... Sl'e
" .l 'I'ke-d
.
' , "
.
./ SIIe ((lIked to me ill a friend ly wCly.
,.,
3
Adverbs of degree
We use (very) mllC/! and a lot to make verbs stronger. We use a little and a bit (spoken
English) to make verbs weaker. We put these adverbs AFTER the verb and object:
Steve loves his (a mily very "wcll. Ollr customers com pla;" about the service Cl lot .
He can pla y the guitar a li ttle. Her behaviour al/lloys me a hit.
We can also use really to make verbs stronger. Wc put it BEFORE the verb and AFTER the
subiect : I really hate him! We really don 't understand w/w( you 're sayill8.
We use real/y, very and extremely to make adjectives, adverbs of manner and oftell stronger.
We can use fairly, rat/ler or quite to make them wea ker:
I call IIIIderstalld YO" if YO" speak very slowly. My lIew car goes re(lIly fa sl .
We go to (he cillema quite often . I speak Art/hie (airly well.
64
Practice
1
2
Write the missing adverbs.
adjective
slow
adverb
Jlowly
happy
usual
fast
early
hard
good
Complete the sentences, using the adverbs from Exercise 1.
o
Uft t he weights .'!.If!~.lY ........ or you' ll hurt yourself.
1 We found a good seat because we arrived ..........
2 Jake's a fantastic artist. He can paint rea lly .
. .. ., ... .. .
3 My paren"ts have been ..
...... married for m ore than thirty years.
4 If YOll want to pass t he exam you need to work
5 I ..... ........ have a hot d,ink bero,e I go to bed.
6 You should n 't drive so .............. .... - it's dangerous!
3
Choose the correct words in italics.
"[I'rH
MIKE
Kf.lTH
MIK ~:
KElTH
MIKE
Io:EITH
MI KE
KEITH
MI KE
KEnH
4
am Listen and check.
I thought you mi III be able to give me some advice on university
courses. It's (0) really diffiw lt I difficult ( ('(lily to choose o ne.
W hich school subiecl s do you prefer?
Well, I' m (1) a fot I very good at science and I think biology is
(2) interest/ns quite I quite interestillg.
And what do you do in your free time?
I play (3) compllter games a lot I a lot compllter games. And I'm
(4) mllcil l extremely fond o f anim als. My parents own a farm and we've got two horses
and a couple of cats. I can (5) Iwppy I lwppily spend most of my free time with them !
SO you like animals? Do you find it casy to control them?
Oh yes, it's (6) easy fa irly I (a irly easy for me. I know they sometimes behave badly o r
(7) in a silly way I silly but I seem to h ave a good relationship with them .
Do you have any special skills?
Yes, I play the piano (8) rat/ler I (/ liU/1.' well; and my mother's German so I can speak
German (9) per(ectly I perfect.
Have you thought about studying to hcco me a vet'!
No, but that's a (10) really I lot good suggestion. Do you think I'd get a place?
Complete the sentences with the phrases from the box. CIIm Listen and check.
very much really slowly rather stHj:lrisiRgl)' a little quite often
very carefully extremely fa st rather hard quite well
o She beh aved . r.~!.~.!.':t.'1'.':'.4~~.ty.. j nobody ex pected h er to do th at.
I
2
3
4
I can si ng .. .. .............. .. ............ , but my sister is better than me.
John was stopped by the po lice beca use h e was driving ............ ..
Palm trees grow .................. .. .. ......... ; on ly one or two centimetres a year.
This is a dangerous machi ne. So make sure you read the instructions
5 We come here .... .. ........ .. ................... - about four or fiv e times a year.
6 Cla rissa loves h er pet cat .. ..
7 Zack hit his head ............................... and got a really bad headache.
8 I hate going to t he gym but I try to exercise ... _..... _.......
..... every day to keep fit.
65
24
Adverbs and
word order
1 Adverbs before the verb
We use adverbs of frequency to say how oft en we do something:
100% E
HOW OFTEN
.,. 0 %
always normally usually frequently often sometimes occasionally rarely seldom hardly ever never
Wc usually pU llhese adverbs BEFORE the ma in verb:
Foxes rarely appellT i1l tile daytime. Tlley 1151WIl), look for fOOlI at flight.
Do YOII a lways get up late 011 SII/ulays?
But wc put them AFTER be, auxiliary verbs and moda l verbs :
My boss is " ever lale (O( work. We (lrc hardly ever ;1I tI/is part 0(101'.'11.
I lmve n ever watched a rugby match. YOII sholl'" (l h vClYs be polite to strangers.
We can also put the adverbs lis/wily, lIorm(//Iy, often, freqllcllt/y, sometimes and occasiollally
at the beginni ng o r end o f the sen tence:
I mlmit wc go to fas t food places sometimes. OccllsionaJly I like to eat really spiC)1 food .
A
We don't put always, never, hardlyeyer, rarely and seldom immediately be fo re the subject
at the beginni ng of a sentence (>- Unit 102 .2):
~ A /wars weg9 1'9 rile beach it! >'\ "''S1I51. ./ We Cl /wa ys go to the beach ill A Ilj'lIst.
2 Adverbs after th e verb
We usuall y put adverbs o f manner (e.g. well, badly, slowly, fast, easily, IlUppily, ((Ireflll/y,
(fucl/tly, perfectly) after the rm li n verb:
Lions move slow ly alld si/elltly. Foxes nm f(lst. Did tlte interview go well?
A
When there is an object after th e verb, we usually put the adverb after the object:
SI/eo 5-1'leociks flue/rll,. RU5sian . ./ 511(' speaks Russian flu ent/"~.
~ Die.' slw Mh'(' fttst ti,e Glr? ./ Did sire drive tile CM fast ?
When there is an object, adverbs o f mann er ending in .Iy can sometimes go between an
aux il iary or modal verb and a mai n verb:
Tltey I",Ye IJtully da"'''ged ),ollr ((I r. YOIl can eas ily finisll tllat project ill a day.
~
3
Ad verbs at the beginn ing or end of the sentence
We usually put adverbs and adverbial s of place and time (e.g. here, a,ere, ill Lomlmr,
yesterday, 0/1 Saturday, immediat ely, every day, alniglrt) al th e cnd of the sentence:
!'oxes uSllally irlmt at nigllt . Did yOIl go to lmiversity llere? I didll 'tlrave /lIlIclr yesterday .
If we wanllo give th e adverb special emphasis, we ca n put it at th e beginning:
It's qllite a large hOl/se. Upslllirs there are three bedroom s.
'Do YO" dri ve to work Oil YOllr OW" ('Very day?' 'No. 0 ,. MOl/days a frielld comes witl, me. '
A
We do n' t put adverbs of place and time in fro nt of the mai n verb:
heoFe lil't'. ~ "'exe5 (It " iSM 196k /#fJr food. ~ Hk la Greece Wt'lIt ,#fJr 9 11' Ir 9Iid'Rr.
~ 1.'hm 'l
Word order when there is more than one ad ve rb >- Unit 59.6
66
Practice
,
Write the words and phrases in the correct order.
o always a shower do you in the morning have ?
. p.~. Y~.':I: .~!!'f~~..~Y~ .~ .!.~'!'P.: .~~. !.~ .~.~~?
1 dolphin I've seen never a
2 go to rarely the t heatre we
3 go to work Christine this week didn't
4 speak I'd like to
nucntly French
S live w hen there did you ?
6 latc is t he bus frequently
7 in London always bad the traffic is
8 the questions carefull y answer
2
Complete the text with words and phrases from A- l below. There are
three extra words or phrases. CIIIII Listen and check .
---
Urban foxes
(0) . .I:f.. .... foxes were just a problem for farmers.
They would attack chickens and sheep
pets. (5) ..... .... . raid rubbish bins. They can
(1) ........... They (2) .......... into towns. But
(6) .. ..... ... plastic bags and their strong teeth
now they have become a serious problem for
the residents of Britain's cities. (3) .......... a
and claws can (7) .......... cut holes in fences.
They leave food and rubbish all over the street
lot of people live in houses w ith gardens. And
and this encourages ra ts. (8) .......... foxes can
many British cities have large parks. These are
be aggressive towards people and children,
perfect places for foxes to live in.
especially if a mother is protecting her cubs.
The foxes (4)
... .... serious diseases; and
A at n ight
E the foxes aft er dark
[ rarely came
B quickly
C open easil y
F often carry
G easily open
H In IRe ell!l days
J Occasionally
D In Britain
3
these can be passed on to cats and other
K
ca me rarely
L After dark the foxes
In each sentence one adverb is in the wrong position. Circle the word and m ark the correct
position . If th ere is more than one possible position, show them all.
listen and
check .
WID
o
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
In the wild foxes8are l aggressive to people.
She occasionall y is on the sa me train as me.
I don't li ke in the evenings eating a heavy meal.
Always we buy organiC food.
I this morning received an interesting email.
Danny has often fru it for breakfast.
My sister and I during the daytime watch TV.
It's snowing so everyone is slowly driving.
You should wash your hands always before a meal.
Wc here hardl y ever ha ve lunch.
Samantha well sa ng at the concert on Friday.
67
25
Comparison of adverbs
The Arctic Tern can 't fly as f ast as some
other birds, but It flteS the furthest. Each
spring It travels mOfe than 20,000
1
k ilometr~ .
Regul ar comparative and superl at ive fo rms
We use more + adverb (+ OWII) to make comparative forms o f adverbs of manner and of the
adverbs often, rarely and frequently:
I etll m ore slowly tha" of/ler fleople.
0111 yOIl speak m ore (l uletly? I'm tryillg to rest.
YOIl sec (oxes ill tOWIIS more frequently O,ese days.
We make superla tive fo rms of adverbs with (lIle) most + adverb:
Dalliellws the 'lighes! pholll! bill because Ile uses his pliollc ( the) most often,
The o pposite of more/tile most + adverb is less/the least + adverb:
I go to tile dentist less regu larly tha" J used to.
Of af/the hC(ltcrs ill the test, the MaxHeal worked the least efficiently.
2
Other comparative and superl at ive fo rm s
Some adverbs have t he same compa rative and superlative fo rms as adjectives:
early - earlier/(lIle) earliest
Iligh - higller/(tlle) highest
low - lower/(the) lowest
fast ..... faster/(tlte) fastest
late - later/(Ihe) latest
near - nearer/(tl/e) nearest
hard - /tartler/(t/te) hardest
long ..... longer/(lhe) 10l/gest
Sooll - sootler/ (tlle) sOQllest
•
We don 't use more/tile most with t hese adverbs:
lIlaII tlegs. ./' Cats cal1 climb ";gllcr Omn dogs.
1 Bono.' ,.-111 lite tnesl (a5t ill the mce. ./ Borzov ran the fas test illlhe race.
There are some irregu lar comparative and superlative adverbs:
well- better/(lIle) best badly ..... worse/(the) worst far - farther/fllrtller/(tlle) fartllest/fllrt/lest
Do YOII live f urther from co/lese tltal1 me? I played wor~'e than usual yesterday,
TIle Arctic Tem flies tile f urthes t. Kar/ played best ill/asl Saturday'S matell,
NATURAL ENGLISH We o fte n leave out lite in superlative adverbs, especially irregula r ones:
Karl plt/yed IJest ill last Saturday'S match.
We don 't use superlative adverbs very often; we prefer to use a superlative ad jecti ve:
Karl played best il1last Satllrday's match. - Karl was tile best IJlayer.
1 Giits CRII climb more
3
"is'!
as + adverb + as
We use (IIOt) tlS + adverb + as to compare two actions:
J speak IJo/is /I (IS flu e"tly as Tomas , The Arctic Tem ca,, 't fly as ftlst as som e oO,er birds.
4
M aki ng com pari sons stronger or weaker
We can make the meaning of comparative adverbs st ronger with lime/I, a lot and far.
My gram/mother has bee" walking mlleh more slowly since Iter accident.
I exercise far less o(le" tllall my brothers. Athletes I/(I ve to {rai" " lot '",rtler tl,ese days.
We can make comparisons weaker with a bit, sliSlttly o r a little:
Computers work (I little f(ls t.er irYOII ad(i m em ory to them. Call yOIl come tI bit sooller?
011 Sill/days traillS nm slightly less frequently thall dllring /lIe week.
68
Practice
1
Complete the sentences with a comparative (C) or superlative (S) form of the adverb in
brackets.
o
I'm putti ng on weight - I shou ld go to the gym . ~.~. ~ft.~"......... . .....
(C often)
00 Which wehsite sells airline tickets }~..~~.~l'.ly ....... ? (S chea p)
I Which bird fli es ................................... ? (S high)
2 Ch ildren need to visit a dentist ................................... than adults do. (C frequent)
3 Who sang ................................... on the show yesterday? (S good)
4 Of all t he ca rs in t he test, t he Mazda went .. ..... .. .................... ..... (S fast)
5 Please speak ..... .............................. - I can 't understand you . (C slow)
6 Wh ich type of battery lasts ..... ... .. .. .. .... ... ..... .. ...... .1 (S lo ng)
7 You've made lols of mistakes. Please work ...... ...................
... nex t time. (C ca refu l)
8 Don't get the ten o'clock train. It arrives .......... ....................... than the oth ers. (C late)
2 Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first, using the word in brackets.
Use two to five words in your answer. CIIEIiD listen and check.
o I don't use the Internet as oft en as my colleagues. (less)
I use the Internet 3~!..~~ .~.~~........ .. my COlleagues.
Com puters work much faster than they used to. (as)
Com puters didn't use to .................................. they do now.
2 I think Ca rrcras sang better than the others. (best)
I th ink Ca rreras ................................... .
3 Sue doesn't speak Spanish as nuently as I do. (more)
I speak Spanish ........................ ........... Sue.
4 AB played the worst In the golf tournamen t. (player)
All ................................... in the golf tournament.
S People wea r fo rmal cloth es less frequently these days. (as)
People don't wear fo rmal clothes .... .......................... ..... they used to.
3
Complete the text with suitable forms of the words in brackets. Add any
other words that are necessary, e.g. more, less, as, than. CllE!llisten and check.
,------------------------------------Caring for elderly pets
As pets get older their needs change. You should be aware of these changes and treat older pets
(0) .~~. .~ ~. -':"IT~Iy' .~~'.1:. (much I careful) younger ones.
I
• Elderly cats and dogs don't see or hear (1) ........ ...... .. .. ......... .... (good) young ones. As a
result, they sometimes fall over or bang into things. Because of the dangers of traffic, don't allow
them to travel (2) .....•.................... ..... (far) a short distance outside your home.
• Older animals often have problems such as arthritis, so they can't move
(3) ... ...................•........ (easy) they used to. Even if they are healthy, they can't walk or run
(4) ...................... •. ....... (quick) young animals. They exercise (5) .............................. .
(far I frequent) and get tired (6) ............................... (much I quick).
• Older pets eat smaller amounts but they need to eat (7) .... . .......................... (often) young
ones - as much as three times a day. You will notice that they eat (8) .............................. .
(slow) they did when they were young, but this is usually nothing to worry about.
69
I
Review
1
MODULE 4
UNITS 19 AND 20 Write th e
o
words and phrases in the correct order.
red a Melanie dress owns wonderful
and even ing gold
.M~~~~ .~.~~..~..~~.".¥!.~rfo..:i: ..r:~..~.~ .J.~!~..~y'~.fl:5 ..4!.~f:
1 bath [ at the ma rket towel blue bought a beautiful
2 boring we in weren't Cathy's interested story
3 is flew uncomfortable their sofa rather Italian
4 watches depressing oftcn and on TV black films Alaslair wh ite
5 your grandmother st ill
1960s does that washing mach ine use enormous?
6 quite was shock ing behaviou r j:red's
2
UNITS 19 AND 20 Read the letter and choose the correct underlined words.
t:>e.0( ""'-"'.
~
~
f\.rst.
c~ ......
0.
of lhc. so.folL
o...x:\5
(0) e.....ci..t.w
(t) 't-"-e.l po.ce. I ~Ol. ~e.1:. ~ !:.hr.
(20) e.""-r~
t..)(?6
~II.
/
IE. .
Ci.I:.Lro.s)or.d we. 501.1:. '..f'
("I._r. ""fl..i..s ~ . C\S SOOI\ C\S
......05 ~e. e.VIl.r':P""-- we. clift>txd '..f' lo lhc. spec .. ~
vi..e.o...li..r.s pk:\!:..form so we. cOl.k:t s U',
pblfOl'"M
r~o.~
lhc.
or.i..mo.I5 ~...r.k.'-"8' ~ 'l WOff~. ""The.
'-5> ( 3)) ~l~ I-oi.:::lh / cp..l~ 0.. h..fjb
50
,-l ~ 'l ~fQ0..6 ~
lAk h::>.vc. 0.. ~ of (4) N..C~ ~ / ~ N..C~ ~5> whO ~ 0..11 o.t:o.k.
lhc. \ocoJ Mi..~. ~~ ~ V<..a.cl~ ~~ le fV.c lhc."" o..l ~~ l~5>
of ~. 11"1 lhc. o..fhfr.QOf\ ~ ~(~ ~~f\ o.J:.. '-" Of\ (s)
......c.omfOl"t.o,ble.
o&d je.~p.
Bvl ~ ~
whi..l~ '%.~bt"o,5o ClI'd 5Cn'c
1...>Ii!.(~
''-0"\5,
50 I
bf.",..hfU
o&d
\fIC.omfort..o.bk /
(ra) bIa,cIo:. whi..le. / bIo..ck. C¥'d
6..O"I 'l .........rd o.t:o.k. lhc. ~ (... de . ~
1\..01'6
( I ) 0.. Iol / (o..lhc.( f("'&-l~ b..Jl I ~ 'l SCOl"~d . Il ......o..e. 0.. (~~
(S ) ... nlllP.(~ / i..nla.f~5led ~... ~f\C~. I COf\'l WC\I..l la sho...l ':f'.J ~ ~I.
3
UNITS 21 AND 22 Complete the sentences, using comparative or superlative forms of the
adjectives in the box.
dangerous good greedy large lazy light long
~eiseHel::ls
powerful short wide
Strange Animal Facts
.~. ~{~. ~4~~J:t:f......... animal is
the poison dart frog. One frog has enough
• (0)
poison to kill 1,500 people. They are muc:n
(1) ................................ than most
snakes and spiders. Try not to step on one!
• (2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... bird in the
wood is the humming bird. It only weighs
one gram.
• (3) ................. . . . . .. ......... animal is the sloth . 11 spends
• Falcons have (4) .
80 percent of its life asleepl
. .. eyesight of any animal. even better than eagles.
They can see small animals from more than a kilometre in the air. Their eyesight is seven times
(5) ................................ than a human being's.
• The giant squid has enormous eyes - by far (6) ....
. ............. eyes of any animal.
They can be 39 cm wide - that's sixteen times (7) . ..... . ......................... than a human eye.
• Tortoises have (8) ................................ life of any animal. They can live for up to 150
years. Aies, on the other hand, only live for 24 hours. That's 50,000 times (9) ................. .
than the life of a tortoise.
• Vultures are one of (1 0) ...••...••....•........... ....... animals in the natural WOI1d. Sometimes
they eat SO much that they become too heavy to fly!
4
UNITS 21 AND 22 Rewrite the sentences so that they are true. Start with the words give n.
o
Gold is slightly less valuable t han steel.
Gold .~.. ~~. ~~.y.I!'.~.l?.J.~ ..~~.~ ..f!.~: .....
The mobi le phone is a newer invention t han t he iPod .
The mobile phone .... ........ ..... .. .... ..... ......................... ... ..... ... .
2 A jet plane isn' t as fas t as a ca r.
A jet pla ne ............... ...
3 Five-sta r hotels are a little cheaper t han four-star hotels .
Five-star hotels ................ .
4 The Pacific Ocea n is smaller t han t he Atlantic Ocean.
The Pacific Ocea n ................... .
5 Footba ll is sl ightly more popu lar t han cricket.
Football
6 A ten nis ball is similar in size to a rugby ball.
A ten nis ball ............................................. ... .. .
7 Salaries are much lower t han t hey used to be.
Sala ries ............................................. .
8 A car isn't nearly as expensive as a moto rbike.
A car
71
5
UNITS 22, 23, 24 AND 2S Complete the survey questions with words or phrases from the box.
There are four extra words or phrases.
frequent
m uch marc
frequc ntly got better got well least less ' more
not very eAeft slightly worse very bad very well
Angel TV Mark et Research
o Compared to last year, do you watch TV
a more (0) . if.t:~ ............ 7 0
o
b (1 ) ................... . often? 0
a (2) ..................... violent? 0
o
c about the same amount? 0
In the last five years, do you think TV programmes have become
b a IInle (3) .................... violent? 0
c less violent? 0
Compared with five years ago, do you think the quality of lV programmes has
a got much worse? 0
b got (4) ......................
c (5) ............................ ? 0
?0
d not changed? 0
o When you are watching lV, do you change channels
a very (6) ...... ....
o
. ........ ? 0
b (7) ... ................. . frequently? 0
c never? 0
How well do today'Sprogrammes match you r viewing preferences?
a (8) ... .. ...... .. ........ .. .... 0
b quite well 0
c not very well 0
Thank you for taking part in our survey.
6
UNITS 23. 24 AND 25 Fintt t en more mistakes in the conversation and correct them.
juliVi3 tku ..wrni~
NUIISF.
How are you this ffl8fAiAg l'eelin g?
sum. Not fantastic. You know I feel hardly ever great at this time of day.
NURSE.
How about a cu p of tea? Always that makes you feel more good.
SUSIE
OK. That would be nice.
NU IISE
The doctor says that if you go slowly fai rly, you today can have a walk around the
gardens.
SUSlF.
I' m not sure. My leg still a lot hurts. Actually, I think it feels more bad Ulan it did
yesterday. Which doctor is coming today?
NURSE
Well , it usuall y is Dr Marshall on Wednesdays.
SUSlE
I don't like her. She a bit an noys mc.
Num Why's that?
SUSlF.
7
ALL UNITS Use the words in brackets to help you complete the sentences. M ake changes
and add w ords if n ecessary.
o
1
2
3
4
5
72
She spea ks so qu ickly. I don't understand rea lly what she says at all.
Computers are . !1f'L~r.lY...'!!.. ~.~..~! .!.~Y..~~l~..h ....... (not nearly I huge I used to be
The polar ice ca p is melting ................................................................... (fast I ever before)
If you exercise ....................................................................... (regula r I you lose weight)
Sometimes politics can be .................. .................................................... . (quite I bore)
In autumn ...................................................................... (trees I become I red , gold)
In the 1960s people cut thci r hair ............................................. (less I often I nowadays)
8
All UNITS Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first.
Use two or three words in your answer.
o
Horses don't live as long as elephants.
Elephants . #.~ .~.~?:"..~~ ....................... horses.
We weren't frightened by t hat film.
We didn't t h ink that film ......................................... .
2 Is the Silver Line bus service a lot more frequent than the others?
............................................. than the others?
Does t he Silver Li ne bus service run
3 Flights are a lot less expensive on the Internet.
Flights ................................................... nearly as expensive on the Internet.
4 The flight was boring and exhausting.
At the end of the flight we felt ........... ..
5 We used to own an old f rench mirror wh ich was beautiful.
We used to own a
................. m irror.
6 The Station Hotel is less ex pensive t han t h e Holiday In n.
...................
.. ......... as t he Holiday Inn.
The Station Hotel isn 't ........
7 I don't sec my grandparents as often as I used to.
I see my grandpa rents ........... .
8 We had a long relaxing hol iday.
. these days.
Our holiday was ....................... .
9
All UNITS Read the text and choose the correct answer. A. B or C below.
Runninq Cln ice
All over Ihe world Ihere ore animals rhal (01
for
people. From dogs that control sheep in Scolland to
elephants that carry wood and luel in the jungles of Asia,
animals ore m
of human activity in the counliyside.
Perhaps (2)
of 011 these animols ore the husky dogs
thot 131 ..
. For hundreds of years these creatures hove
been helping to move the notive people around the snow
ond ice of lopland. Despite the sub-zero temperatures they can 141 . .
sleds for distances of
up 10 130 kilometres a day. And they can move (5) ...
- in normal conditions the dogs run 01
speeds of about 30 kilometres per hour.
To keep warm, huskies have 161
fur and they have feet which are (7)
than those 01
olher dogs. moking it easy 10 grip the slippery snow and ice. They live for 10 10 15 years and can
survive in conditions of minus 60°(, Huskies love running and get very (8)
when they ore
allached 10 the sled lor a journey.
® work hard
0 A hard work
I A a part important
B
2 A more unusua l
B
3 A in Finland pull sleds B
4 A easily pull
B
5 A fastly
B
6 A a lot thick
B
7 A far wider
B
8 A excitement
B
part importantly
the most unusual
pull in Finland sleds
pull easy
fast qu ite
very thick
ex tremely wider
exciti ng
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
work hardly
an important pa rt
the unusualest
pull sleds in Fin land
pull easily
quite fast
very much t hick
more wide
excited
73
Test
MODULE 4
Adjectives and adverbs
Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.
Do you think this is ......... .1
A an exercise difficu lt B a difficult exercise C difficult an exercise
.. Unit 19
2 Dave's wearing a .......... striped shi rt today.
A blue and white B blue. white C blue white
,.. Unit 19
3 I can' t wait for my next holiday. I' m really .......... about it!
A exciting U excite C excited
)- Unit 19
4 Elizabeth has a ......... daughter.
A young bea utiful B beautiful young C young beautifu lly
)0-
Unit 20
)0-
Unit 20
5 J love detective novels. I think they are .......... interesting.
A a bit B slightly C rea lly
6 Il was .......... experience.
A quite a frightening B quite frightenin g C a frightening quite
,.. Unit 20
7 My exa m results were .... .. .... J expected .
A good as B more good than C better than
,. Unit 21
8 Wc ca n om faster than ...
H
..... .
A them B they C their
9 Which is the most comfortable
A of 8 tha n C in
,. Unit 21
the seats?
,. Unit 21
10 Motorbikes arcn't as ......... . cars.
A more expensive as 8 expensive as C expensive t han
,. Unit 22
11 Tania's mobile phone is .......... mine.
A the same as 8 the sam e like C t he same with
,. Unit 22
12 My sister is .......... tallest students in her year.
A as o nc of the B the one of C o ne of the
,.. Unit 22
13 My grandfather walk.~ .. .... ,... because he's q uite old .
A slow B by slowest C slowly
,.. Unit 23
14 I don't like the sea because [can 't swim.
A good B well C better
)- Unit 23
15 I don 't like fis h but I like .......... !
A steak a lot B a lot stea k C a steak lot
)- Unit 23
16 I ..... ..... footba ll matches on TV.
A watch hardly ever B hardly watch ever C hard ly ever watch
17 Elena gave a wonderfu l performance of the concerto; she .. .. ...... .
A played it perfectly B played perfectly it C perfectly played it
,.. Unit 24
,.. Unit 24
18 Do you know why the repair man .......... ?
A yesterday d id n 't come B didn 't yesterday come C d idn't come yesterday '" Unit 24
19 Dextcr jum ped .......... in the long jump competition.
A most far B most furt her C the fu rthest
,.. Unit 25
20 People travel .......... than they used to.
A far more oft en B far often C more far often
74
>- Unit 25
Present tenses
Before you start
1
Read about Anouska, a TV extra. Look at the highlighted grammar examples.
I'm Anouska David - you don't know
me, but you often see me on your TV!
That's me on t he left, in the picture.
I've got a really interesting job as a TV
extra. Yes, I work in TV! But I'm not
a famous actor. You see, lots of TV
product ions need people for crowd
scenes - and of course they don't
want to pay famous actors,
so they
use ordinary people, li ke me. The only
problem is the waiting - like now, I'm
sitting here and I'm just waiting for
someone to call me. Thai happens all
the time! Still, I'm not complaining
as I usually have a really good time
at work. The other thing is that I'm
getting more and more jobs at the
moment, because there are
so many
TV companies these days.
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct w ords in italics. The highlighted grammar
examples will help you.
Alistair isn't I /lot be a famous actor.
I got / have gol an in credibl y boring job.
We always fta ve! I/(/ve got fun at you r parties!
Samantha and Frank both live / livillg nea r th e office.
'The bus is late.' ' I know. It's comillg I It comes la te eve ry day.
6 1 can't go out yet. 1 wail / I'm waiting for t he post.
7 Food prices climb / are climhillg h igher an d higher at the momen t .
S f (fOIl 't wall t / I'III /Jot wantillg to get up yet - I'm stlll tired.
I
2
3
4
S
3
>>>>>>>>-
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
26
26
26
27
27
28
28
29
Check your a nswers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
WE'M l, UOP ] 8 3u!qwlP ,m ? L 3u11 1l?M W,] 9
sawo) II S ai\!l t aAI?4 £ 1 0~ ai\l?l{ Z l ,USl 1
C>
Go on lllle for a fu ll diagnost ic test
75
26
be, have and have got
1 be
POSITM
I am ('m) English You are ('re) early.
She is ('s) a teacher. They are ('re) ill.
NEGATIVE
I am ('m) not French.
He is not (isn't) a tennis player.
We are not (aren't) (rom here.
Are you English? (No, I'm not.)
Are they interesting? (Yes. they are.)
Why is it a good job?
QUESllONS
NATURAL ENGLISH
This is Karreo Brady. She's marned
and she has two children . She's also
a top business person and a dlrectOf
of West Ham Football Club.
In speech and in formal writing, wc usuall y use short forms
e.g. I'm, she's, he ;511't, wc arcll't . For negative questions with I al/l, we use aren't I:
Wily
{IrCII "
I
0 11
tile list?
We use t he verb be to talk about
• people and things: This is KMretl Bracly. Gi/lIly is very attractive.
• curren t states: It's really hol at the momelll. Slw's married. {'Ill IlOmesick.
• quali ties (adjectives): My car;s Japanese. My childretl {,re,,'t flit/cl I'm 1.75 metres ((Ill .
• opinion s: Th is hook ;s borillg. Mus icals are very POPI//flf.
• poSition/location and time: My fiat's dose to tile city celltre. It's two o'clock.
• someone's job/position: Karrell 8rady is a business person. We're shlriellts.
CD
Pronunciation'" 1.08
2
have and have got
~~~~=; They have a huge house.
I have ('ve) got two brothers.
She has ('5) got a sports car.
They have ('ve) got a huge house.
I do not (don't) have a sister.
He does not (doesn't) have a motorbike.
~~~~~ , We do not (don't) have an apartment.
I have not (haven't) got a sister.
He has not (hasn't) got a motorbike.
We have not (haven't) got an apartment.
I have l\oVO brothers
She has a spons car.
N£GATM
QUESTIONS
L ___oI '
cm
A
Do you have a niece? (Yes, I do.)
Does she have a ca r? (No, she doesn't.)
Why do they have tv.to cars?
Have you got a niece? (Yes, I have.)
Has she got a cat? (No, she hasn't)
Why have they got two cars?
Pronunciation ... ' .09
We use fo rms of IlOve, not 11(I1Ie gal, with past and future tenses:
J( ~Vhelll
J(
was (/ clllld J had get (J pet CHt . .I When / \Vas a child I h{l(l a pet cat.
ONe RH,. we will ~I{we get 8ur 811'11 l1eIlSI'. .I 01le day we w ill h(lye Oilr OW1I hO/lse.
We lIse bot h Iwve and have got to talk about
• relationships: l'ye got (wo brothers. She Iw s two clJi/(/rc/I ,
• possessio ns: I've got a gootl call/em. Do llleY h(lye a lot 0( m01ley?
• fea tures: Everyone ill my (amily Iws got dark 11(Iir. The apartme,,( doesn 't /wye a gardel/.
• illness: Salltlra's got a cold. Does a,e IxJby llavl! a temperature?
• appointment s: I ilaye a" f'xatfl tomorrow. Has Fio"a got all in terview at Ox(ord?
We can also use have + nOlln (but not have got) to talk about sOllle things we do.
• hygiene and appearance:
a haircut/a sl/Ower/a bath/a wash/a shave
• food and drink: have IIIIIch/ all evening meal/a slIack/a drill k/cl meal Ollt
• experiences: have fUtI/a goo(/ time/a bml time
• special events: have a party/a celebration/a I/Olitlay/a trip
• activity (or lack of): Iwvt' a walk/a fIIn/a swim/a sleep/a rest/a break
• commu n icat ion: have a talk/a conversation/ml argument/!I wortl (with)
' ' VI!
Jack ((11/ '( COlli e to /lIe phol/('; lIe's IIaYing (I shower. J always have!1good ( im e at parties.
U stell to tJwt lIoise! Tile lleighbours are IIaYing a party! I 'm tired - let's Itllve (I break.
American English have/have got ... page 352
76
Practice
1
Complete the sentences with a form of be, have or have got. Put two answers if both have
and have got are possible. &ID listen and check.
o Karren Brady
.f...
................. a director of a foo tball club.
00 She A~.~.~t.. ~I(.e: .......... I .~-!.~'t~.O(. .
1 Simon and Jo often .....................
. ..... (n ot) an easy job.
.. violent arguments!
2 I
.............. I
......... an awful co ld at the moment .
Peter
...
(not)
breakfast most mo rnin gs.
3
4 It
........... reall y cold outside today.
5
... you
.......... 1
.......... you .... .............. a sister?
....... a New Year's party every yea r.
6 They ..
7 Fio na
... .... ...... a sh ower before breakfast every mo rning.
S The boss wants to ..................... a word with you .
... ... th at book interesting?
9
10
.................. Sanjeev ...
2
...... I .
....... Sanjccv
.... dark hair?
Read the email and choose the correct words in italics. In five places, both
answers are possible.
Subje<t
am listen and check.
IMissing youl
Hi guys
Well, here I (O@areatartcollege now, and I'm missing you all! You know, (1) I'm II've got
quite homesick - I didn't expect that at all.
(2) I've got /1 have a room in an apartment with five other students. The apartment is quite
big and it (3) is I has very nice. It's got a big kitchen, but it (4) doesn't have I hasn't got a
dishwasher or washing machine!
Two of the rooms (5) have got I are still empty - I expect those people will come at t he weekend.
Two of the other girls here (6) aren't / don't have very friendly; they just stay in their rooms. But
the other girl- Chris - is lovely. (7) She's got I She has long dark hair and looks a bit like Angelina
Jolie. On Saturday we're going to (8) have got I have a dinner party -we're each going to find
three more people to invite!
My timetable isn't too full - (9) I've got /1 have about five lectures each week and eight classes.
Enough about me! How are you all? (10) Have you got I Do you have any news for me?
Love, Lucy
3
GRAMMAR IN USE
look at the notes about Martin O'Donnell and complete the sentences.
His name .f.!..~~r4~..Q7?~.~~:
He
. He.
got .
. He
... He
.. ..... .. and he's
. ... tall and
he
He
Martin O'Oonnell, 29, Irish, married with two children.
1.82m, blond hair & beard.
Accountant in small finance company
77
27
1
Present simple
Form
11I live in London. My sister lives
in Madrid.
i7."""=",,,::;. My parents live in GlasgOw.
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
I do not (don't) live in an
apartment.
He does not (doesn 't) live in
a house.
We do not (don't) live in a
~~5;;:;~ , block of flats.
QUESTIONS
Do you work in an office?
(No, I don't)
Does she work from home?
(Yes. she does.)
_ _ _~... . Where do they work?
A
Remember that the verb is different after
he, she and it:
oil rig . He works there fOf two wet>ks
Slle li ves near here. It eat s (/ lot of meat.
~ -\.4lIiere CHJ he lI'el'k? ./ Where doe~'
work?
~
A
',e
every month He regularly climbs to the
top and checks that everything is safe.
He dellt like cilies. ./ He doesn 't like dties.
We don't add
-5
to the main verb in questions and negatives: X \'I/let'e cJees lie works?
Spelling rules after he/she!it ). page 350
CD
Pronunciation'" 1.10
2 Facts, permanent situations and opinions
We use the present simple
• for facts (things that arc always true): Waler boils at 100°C alld freezes at O°e.
The S/l/l (ioesn't go rolllld the eartll. Cows do,,' t eat meat. A red ligllt m e(ms 'Stop'.
• for permanent si tuations: J (Im/' t live ill O,e city. He works Oil all oil rig.
• to describe opinions and ideas: / a/illk New York is excitillS. YOII dOll ' t understand.
• to describe likes and disli kes: My grandfatller likes the Coulltryside. / pre fer tile city.
3 Regular actions, habits and routines
We use the present si m ple for things that are often repeated, or that happen regularly:
He works tllere ol1ce a mOllth. Do tile chiltlrell go Ollt ill the evenings? No, they watch TV.
To say how often the action happens, we use
• adverbs of frequency (e.g. a/ways, often) after be or before a main verb:
AI/gelo is o(tell late (or work. He always climbs to the top.
'Do yOIl tlrive to work?' 'Not really, we usually /lse public transport. We rarely drive. '
• ot her time expressions. They usually go at the end of the sentence:
Do yOIl come to tile studio every day? I go 011 holiday o/lce a year.
We go to ollr graIJdparents' (or IlIlIell 011 SUI/days.
These ca n also go at the beginning, for more emphaSiS:
Eyery moming, I start work at 8.30.
More on adverbs and word order
4
~
Unit 24
Describing films, plays and books
We usually use the present simple when we describe what happens in a fi lm, play or book:
Tile story takes place ill the U" ited States. TIle mail/ ellameter works 011 a (arm ...
When a sports game is described live on TV, the present sim ple is often used for quick actions:
Gigss passes 10 Ro<mey. Roolley shoots - he scores!
78
Practice
1
Complete t he book review with the prese nt simple of t he verbs in
brackets. CIfID Now liste n a nd check.
5epllfcllfe is Kate Mosse's follow-up novel to her bestse.ller LlIbyrilltll. It (0) ......~~...... (take)
the same idea of two stories fro m d ifferent t imes which ( I) ................... (connect) wit h
each other. The firs t story ta kes place in the late nineteenth century. LOOnic Vernier
(2) ...
H
..............
(live) in Paris wit h her mot her and older broth er, Analole. Then an aunt in
the south-west of the cou n try in vites Leonie to stay wit h he r. Leonie (3) .................. .
(not know) her aunt but she (4) ....
(5) ......... ....... ... (arrive), things (6)
.. (agrcc) to go, wit h her brot her. W hen t hey
... .... ....... (not be) as they seem ' "
In the second story, Mcrcdith Martin is a young American university professo r. Her research
takes her to Paris, where she (7) ... ....... .. ... ... . (uncover) the sad story of Lcon ie and Analoie.
(8) ... ..... ... ........ the novel ........ ..... ...... (bring) nineteenth-centu ry France to life? Yes,
[ thi nk it (9) ........ ... .. .... .. (do). (10) .
... ...... it .............. .... (provide) a good successor to
Labyrinth? No, I (1 1) .............. ..... (not think) so. The two stories ( 12)
.... .... (not li nk)
as well as the stories in Ltlbyrilltl/; the second onc didn't add anythi ng, rea lly.
2
Make questions from t he word s below. Then write t rue short answers .
. . Now list en and check.
o
I
2
3
4
3
horses I eat I meat?
water I boi I / IO(tC?
the sun I always I risc I the west?
Switzerland I have I a coastline?
shops nea r you I usua lly I open I Sundays?
Read t he informat ion on the website. Then write about Derrick Coyle.
Unusual jobs:
Ravenmaster. Tower of London
(0) Name: Der rick eoyle
( I) Age: 6[
(2) Jo b: Rave nmaster a t the Tower of Lo ndon
(3) Lives: in on aportment at the Towe r of Lo ndon
(4) Hours: dawn to dusk (summer 05.30-21 .30)
(5) Duties: look after rovens I prepore thei r food I
9ive them water J lock them up at nig ht
Derrick Coy le, with one of his ravens ..
o This .kP..~if..I!=: .~:tI~, ........... .
He ...................................... years old.
2 He is the ........................................ .
3
4 ......................................... .
5
79
28
Present
continuous
Trudi's a student. She's studying
animal behaviour. More people
are taking their pets to the vet
with behaviour problems these
days, so Trudi should find a job
when she graduates.
1
Form
POSITM
NEGAl1V£
QUESTIONS
I'm having lunch. He's watching 7V They're running away.
ili'm not watching Tv. She isn't having lunch. We aren't staying there.
A, e you watching TV:> (No, I'm not.) Is she runn ing away? (Yes, she is.)
Wha! are they having for lunch?
Some verbs change thei r spelling in the -illg form, e.g. run ..... mlmi/lg.
Spelling rules f or · jng form s ,.. page 350
2
Actions happening now or around now
We use the present continuous for
• achons happening while we are speaking: Hllrry lip. The taxi's ",{liti"g.
'Are YO lIlWltcllillg TV?, 'No. I' m cloing my homework.'
• actions happening around the time of speaking: Trudi's s tudy ing animal belwviOllr.
• tem porary situations:
We're stayillg at my mother's while tile bllilders a re repairing tile roof of Ollr hOllse.
With these uses of the present continuous, we often use time ex pression s like flOW, at the
moment, today, this week, ele: J (al/'t talk for lOllS bewllse I'm cooking (I t tile m om ent .
foe isn 't workillg at IlOme this week - lIe's at a c011ference ill Germany.
We sometimes use the present cont inuous with always to criticise another person 's actions.
In speech we stress ll/ways strongly in this type of sentence:
Yolal/da's (l lw(lYs cam" g me late at /1igM. I'm getting reully fed lip with it.
'I've lost my keys. 01/1 YOII come hom e a/1d let m e in?' 'YoII're a lw ays 10s;IIS yOllr keys!'
3
Changes an d trends
We use the present continuous to talk about things that are changing as we speak:
Ha rry's bee/l really ill but ',e's gettins better now. Prices (Ire gains up agaill.
More people are [" kinS tITeir pets to the vet with behaviour problems tllese days.
4
Describing pictures
We use the present continuous to describe what is happen ing in pictures and photos:
/11 tile photo 011 page 81, the scientists a re ta sting food. The woma/1 ill tile middle is I/O/ding a
ClIp ...
Present continuous to t alk about the future >- Unit 41.2
80
Practice
1
Complete the phone conversation with
present continuous form s of t he verbs in brackets.
&ID List en and check.
WIU
Hi. Amy. It's Will. Are you busy?
AMY
Wi ll , hi. No, (0) .r.~ ~~~~.~~
.
.................. (I 1 watch)
TV -
nothing important. It's good to hear from you.
What (1) ................ .. ........ " ........... (you I do) these days?
WILL
That's why (2) ....................................... (1 1 phone).
I've just changed my job - I'm now a ' recipe tester',
AM Y
WILL
What funl (3) .. ....... .... ... .. .. ... ............. ... (you I cook) all the time?
No, I've only just started, so (4) ............
. ................. (1/ work) w ith another tester.
(5) ...................................... (1 1 not I cook) t he food yet!
AMY
WILL
AMY
WILL
2
It'll be really interesting, though. (6)
....................... (1 1 find) work really
boring now.
Amy, (7) ....
....................... . (you 1 always I complain) about your job, but it's
really great!
Oh, yeah, standing in the street in the cold and wet, trying to persuade people to
talk to me. Actua ll y, (8) ... ...
.... (11 not I spend) much time outside
......... .................... (1 1 plan) a new project. But I reall y want
at the moment as (9)
10 get inlo acting.
Yes, (10) ...................................... (you I always I say) that, but you never do anyth ing
about it .. .
look at the table of cha nges in household spending in the UK. Use the words be low
+ because to write sentences.
listen a nd check.
am
HOUSIlIOUI ....._
food and dnnl:;
Cloth~
Dom~tic
fuel (electricity, gas, etc.)
.. otANGE
+ 9.2
- 6.6
+ 65.0
Transpon
+9.4
Communication (equipment, phones, etc.)
- 28.5
Eating out
.13
.
.
t
t
t
o domestic fue l I increase I most I oil prices I go up
.P.~.~#!:.fo,~ .W. ..i.l;Va:~,s:~~ ..~~. ~,rj..1l~~Mf.("..~.i:l: .pr.i:w...~r.(.. .9~in9 ,,~, ....................... ..
communication I decrease I most I equipment I get cheaper
2 the cost of clothes I decrease I the UK I buy I clothes from China
3 transport costs I go up I fu el prices I get higher
4 food and drink I go up I cost of transporting them I increase
3
look at the photo on page 80 and describe what is happening .
III the photo, the vet is 1/O/dillS a kiUel/.
He's ...
81
29
1
Present simple or continuous?
Basic differences in use
PRESENT SIMPlE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Permanent situations; things we do not expe<t
to change:
Temporary situations, for a limited period of time:
Janice fives in London with her husband and
children.
But lanice is staying in a hotel this weekend
Time expressions: today, this week, at the
moment
R!?9u1ar actions, habits and routines:
Actions that are happening at/around the time
we are speaking:
Janice is a pilol. She flies all over the world.
Janice is flying to Sydney coday.
Time expressions: usually, often, every day, once a
month, at the ...veekend, most days
Time expressions: (righV now, at the moment,
Permanent situations; things we do not expect
to change:
Something that is changing:
today
2000 •
t!l
""'" (' Q Q
20"
2
0 (I
(\ • • Q . ~
Q
<4l
Pilots usually train for about two years to get
their flying licence.
More and more women are training to become
pilots these days.
To describe events in a book, play or film:
To describe what is happening in a photo
or picture:
The story starts in Madrid. The main character
lives there. One day, he goes out and
That's my niece in the photo. She's riding her
brother's bike.
Actio n verbs
Action verbs describe an action and can usually be used in both simple and
continuous forms:
lallice flies arowu/ ti'l' world. SIIC's fl yi" g to Sydney today.
We IIslmlly drive to work, bllt at tile moment we lI ren 't dri ving bectl/lse tile car has broke" dow,l.
82
•
3 State verbs
State verbs descri be stales rather than actions, e.g. ways of thinking or feeling.
These verbs arc not usuall y used in the continuous form:
.I 1 prefer classical mllSic to popular music.
)( ! 'm pre{-effltlg classical /Ill/sic le fJ9fJlI!flr IfIHSic .
.I Do )'Oil IIl1(lerstand tile "wths homework 1Iow?
}t An! )'611 IItl(lerst6lrtlillg the lIIat"'s 118mell'8Fk 11811'?
Does she like her present?
I need a little more time.
(Are you enjoying Ihdt book?)
wanting
want
(BUT weof".n use enjoy in the
continuous)
verbs of thinkingl
believing
believe doubt forget know mean
realise recognise remember think
understand
I don't believe in luck.
Do you know the answer?
appear be seem
This door appears to be locked
Mafia seems very helpful.
belong contain hDve (got) own
possess
hear see smell taste
These drinks contain Vitamin C
Duncan has two Ferraris,
verbs of being!
appearing
verbs of possessingl
relating
sense verbs
We think she's really nice.
Listen! Do you hear music?
This coffee tastes really good.
The verbs asree, cost , promise and thank arc also rarely used in the cont in uous tense:
I agree willl YOII. Tile IlOtel costs (100 a /ligllt.
We promise /101 to be late. He a/ways till/li b liS with a card or {lowers.
4 State verbs and the continuous fo rm
ACIIOII_~
I'm having breakfast right now. (= eating)
What are you thinking about?
at the moment)
The Gypsy Kings are appearing at the local
theatre next week. (= performing)
(= conSidering
I'm tasting the soup to check if it needs any
more salt. (= I'm checking/testing it.)
Are you seeing your friends a lot at the
moment? (= meeting regularly)
• We can also sometimes use state verbs in the continuous when we want to emphasise
that the state is unu sual o r unexpected, and probabl y temporary:
My /Jew car IIses a lot of petrol so Ws costing me a (orllll1e.
(I don't usually spend this much on petrol.)
1'", {l1It/ing it difficult to organise my time at the moment.
(This is unusua l for me; I usually organise my time well .)
• Some verbs which express physical states (feel, /lIIrt, ae/le) can be used in the simple o r
continuo us forms wit h no (or very little) difference in meani ng:
'How d o YOIl feel/lire YOIl feeling today?' '/ {eel/ I'm feelillS a lot better, thllnks. '
My back Clclles/is (1Cllillg this momillg.
It is becoming more common to use like, love and Imle in the conti nuous
fo rm in in forma l English: 'How's the cOllrse going?' 'It's great! /'", retllly IOYing itJ'
Some people consider this to be incorrect.
FORMAUTV CHECK
83
29 PRESENT SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS?
Practice
1
Match the sentences 1- 5 w ith the correct mea ning. A or B.
o Craig works in an architect's office. ~ A This is a temporary position .
B Th is is his permanent job.
Rhona is staying with her aunt t h is
A She usually lives somewh ere else.
weekend .
B Th is is her perman en t h ome.
2 Max sings with a band o n Friday
A Thi s is a changing situation.
evenin gs .
B This is something h e does regularly.
3 Steve can 't talk now. He's interviewing
A This is an action in progress.
someone.
B This is someth ing he does regularly.
4 More men are looking after their children
A This is a permanent situation .
these days.
B Th is is a changing situation .
A Thi s is a faLi - something permanent.
5 Berlin is o ne of German y's sixteen states.
B This is a changing situatio n.
2
GRAMMAR IN USE Read the information a bo ut Housesitte rsPro. Then complete John and
Angela's stateme nt with the ve rbs from the box.
are en joying are living are looking after are spending
don't leave get go #w spend visits work
HousesittersPro - the holiday solution
~@liil~'iiIlillI1il~~ ~
Our employees come and live in your home while you're away.
They look after your property, including your garden and your pets,
so that your home is safe. They are mostly retired people, and we have
checked their background.
Meet John and Angela, two of our typical housesitters:
~We have both retired from responsible jobs.
We (0) . )iy~
............................. in a small cottage in the
country and we (1) .............................. our retirement.
............ time in the garden most
We(2) ... .
days and we often (3) . ................................. to the
cinema and theatre with our friends. Our daughter
(4)
............................. us with our grandchildren
now and again. But we sometimes (5) .
bored, so for three months every year we
........ for HousesittersPro.
(6)
Then our life is very different. At the moment, we're in the home
of a young couple who are travelling for three weeks. We (7) .
in their apartment in the city, and we (8) .... .... ... ... ..... ...... .
We (9)
.. their pets.
................ a lot of time in front of the TV, because as
HousesittersPro employees, we (10)
.H .....
the house for more
than a couple of hours at a time. You know that your house is safe when you have
HousesittersPro in it!"
84
3
Choose the correct words in italics. In one sentence, both answers are possi ble .
CIIIID listen and check.
o
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4
Fatima's a really good friend. She never~~rgets)' is (orsettillg my birthday.
Selina dOf'slI ' / work / iSII ' / working in her 0 ce at the moment because the bui lders are there.
Mmm. ThoS(' roses smell / are smelling lovely. Are they fTo m YOUT garden?
I can't believe how difficult my new course is. 1 find / 1'", finding it really hard to keep up
with all the reading at t he mo ment.
These are difficult ti mes because food and fuel prices go lip / are going lip quickly.
Do you beli('llC / Are you believing anyth ing that child says?
Harry isn't at work because lie {i.'els / lIe's feelillg unwell.
In the film 'Austra lia' two young people meet / are ",eetillS and become friends during
World War 11.
Some of the stude nts dOIl't I/ mierstaml /arell't ullderstmulillg basic mathem atical ideas.
Check the verbs in the list; write A for action, S for state or A/ S for
action/state. Then complete the conversation with the verbs in the present simple or
present continuous. Use each verb once only. ~ listen and check.
appear .N.~...... .. . ... .. ..
go
be
go well
enjoy
have
like
sce
visit
JUUET I (0)
K" R EI'~
.f<ej-
know
k-.l.. ........... exhausted after all that shopping!
So do I. I usually ( I ) .. ... ....... .... .. . a coffee after shopping. This cafe looks nice.
jUI.lt.T Mmm . I (Z) (n o t o fte n) ................... shoppi ng, but 1 really (3) ................... it when
I d o!
KAItF.N Let's sit here. Show me your new dress again . That 's really n ice. (4) .. ................ it for a
special occasion?
J UU f;T
No, I just need to cheer myself up!
KAJl F..'1
O h, w hy? Everyt h ing (5) ......... .. .. ...... with your job, isn't it?
JUUIrr Well ,
KAR£N
not really.
Why's that ? You usuall y (6) ....... .. .......... to be so happy in your work.
lUI.IE'!· Well, 1 was at first but as you know, I (7) ... .... .. ... .. .... my fami ly in Scotland whenever
[ ca n, and these days, now t hat Dad 's quite ill, I (8) ..... ... .. ..... .... them every weekend,
so I' m leaving work early every Friday to get to Scotland. My boss
(9) (not ) ............... " .. that, although 1 work lo nger on other da ys, so we' re always
arguing at the moment.
!CARES
That's a shame. What are you going to do?
JUI.IIT
Honestly, Karen, 1 (10) (not)
... ... ..... ... . I really like the job, but I n eed 10 be with my
family at t he moment, too.
5
Use the verbs in brackets to write about yourself. Choose the present simple or continuous.
o
(HVl')
U~~.~~..':':li'.P.~~..~.~. r~ .P.~~ .~~.. ~~..i.~. !!fo.~ .w..~.fo.~f. .~.~ ~~ ........
1 (live)
2 (wo rk/study) .. .. ... ................. ....... .. .... .. ..... _.. _._
3 (en joy)
4 (bel ieve)
...................... ...... ... ... ...... .........
85
Review
1
MODULE 5
,..,.
UNITS 26 ANO 27 Find six more mistakes and correct them . Tick (.I) the correct sentences.
o Does Melanie fta.s a lot of frien ds in her new school?
00
1
2
3
Lu kasz always bri ngs me a prcsent when he comes back to London. .I
Sarah needs help with her h omework. She don 't u nderstand the ma ths.
Don 't go in there! Th at sign means 'danger'!
Yves is very good-looking. He got blue eyes an d black hair.
4 Do you have got any tickets left for tomorrow even ing?
5 I feel terrible; I t hink I'm having a cold.
6 Children h ave often di fficu lty in sharing t heir toys.
7 This raptop has a nu mber of interesting feat ures.
8 Sorry, but wc don 't any lamb stea ks today.
2
UNITS 27, 28 AND 29
Jea nette usually teaches English in Londo n in the summe r. This year
she is g iving English lessons to t wo children in Greece_Complete each sentence with a
suitable fo rm of the verbs in brackets.
hU !.~~P.P.~~
' ... ..
o Jeanette usuaIly . ~.~~~ .....
. ..... all day in the summer b ut today.!.......
at 12.30. (work, stop)
1 She usua lly ............................... wit h friends, but now ............................... a house just
fo r herself. (live, have)
2 She usually ............................... t rousers to work, but today ........... .... ..... .
a summe.r dress. (wear, wear)
3 She usua lly ............................... TV at t he weekend, but th is sum mer ............... .. ..
the sights in Athens. (wate.h, visit)
4 Most sum mers she .. .. ..... ..... ......... .. .
very much, but t h is sum mer .... .. .................... .. ..
mo re money. (not earn, get)
5 Most summers she ................... _, ......... tired and overworked, but th is summer
............................... really happy. (feel, feel)
3
oI
2
I I
2
2 1
2
3 1
2
4 I
2
5 I
2
6 1
2
7 I
2
86
in each pai r,
Nick's having a shower.
~ A There's a shower, not a bath, in his fla t.
Ncil has a shower.
~ B He's wet.
Sa lly works fro m home.
A Her office is in her home.
Samantha is working from home.
B She i.~ at home today to wait for a builder.
David's cold.
A He feels ill.
Oerek has a cold.
B The heati ng is turned off.
Steve always plays his gu itar in the eveni ng. A His guitar playing rea lly annoys me.
Simon is always playing his guitar in
8 I don't mind his guitar playing.
the even ing.
Marianne's living in Ed inburgh.
A She usua lly lives in London.
B She doesn't live in London.
Marie lives in Edinburgh.
Tcresa loses weight every year.
A She's on a good d iet.
Thea is losing weight.
B She always eats less in the summer.
Heidi is a good doctor.
A She visits her when she feels ill.
B She has lots of experience.
Hclen's got a good doctor.
Paul travels a lot on busi ness.
A He's on a plane.
Pa trick is travelling on business.
B He's an International salesman.
ALL UNITS Match se nte nces 1 and 2 with their meanings, A o r B,
4
ALL UNITS
Read the article and choose the correct answer, A, B or C below.
0 A goes
I A see
2 A is standing
3 A climbs
4 A is last
5 A got
6 A fee ls always
7 A is fly
8 A comes
9 A isn 't ea rning
10 A is livi ng
A spends
12 A is loving
"
5
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
am going
sees
has sta nding
climb
is lasting
has got
is feeling always
is fl yi ng
is com ing
don 't earn
lives
is spending
is love
© go
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
am seeing
stands
is climbing
lasts
is got
always fee ls
is flies
is come
doesn't earn
live
does spend
loves
Complete Neil and Jack's conversation about their flatmate, using the words in
brackets. Decide whether to use the present simple or present continuous.
ALL UNITS
JACK
You know, Laurence has been in the flat for three months now. What
A9.. y'q~..~~i~
(YOll I think) of him?
Well, actually, ( I)
....... . .. .. .... .. ... ( 1 / get) really fed up with him. I mean,
(2) ....... ...................... (he / always I take) my food fro m t he fridge.
And mine. And (3) ..............
.......... (he I never I do) the washing-up! It 's not fai r.
Perhaps we should ask him to leave.
(0)
NE1L
JACK
..........
NEIL
Well , I'm not sure that he wants to stay. (4) ... ............. ...... ......... (he I not I seem) very
happy here.
JACK
Mmm. (5) ............................... (he I have) any friends? He doesn't go out much.
Mmm ... you know that (6) ..•....• . .•. .
. ... (he I have) about three showers a day.
That's because (7) .............................. (he I work) on a bui lding site al the moment.
True, but the gas and water prices (8) ........ ....................... (go up) all the time. We
can't afford his three showers a day.
NF.1L
JACK
NW.
JACK
[know, but (9) ............................... (he / have) some good points, loo. He's quiet and
(10) ............... ......... ... .. (he I usually / pay) the rent on time. Look, I' ll have a word
with him about the sh owers and so on, and we'll see how it goes.
87
Test
MODULE 5
Present tenses
Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.
1 The meals here .......... very expensive.
A isn 't B aren't C not are
... Unit 26
2 .......... I invited to Jim's party?
A Amn't B Don't C Aren't
... Unit 26
3 The shoe shop .......... the shot>s I saw last week.
A doesn't have got B hasn't got C doesn't got
>-
Un it 26
4 I' m exhausted. I'm going to .......... a sleep for half an hour.
A have B be C have got
>-
Unit 26
5 Don't bother to invite Gerry - he ...... .. .. musicals!
A doesn 't like B doesn 't likes C isn't like
>-
Unit 27
6 I really li ke Leon a Lcwis - she
A si ng B is sing C sings
... Unit 27
., so well.
7 Most children ... ... enoug h green vegetables.
A eatn 't B don 't eat C not eat
>- Unit 27
8 Wc do n't need to rush - this bus .......... late!
A is a lways
B always is C always
9 J .•••.••..• on a colour prin ter, but mine is broken at th e moment.
A am usually print B print usua lJy C usually print
10 ....... ... on the report fo r Grant Brothers at the mo ment?
A Are you work B You work C Are you working
11 ' Is Alana coming this evening?" 0, she ......... at home with the kids.'
A staying B stays C is staying
12 Let's put the heating o n. The nights .......... colder n ow.
A are gett ing B get C is getting
13 Can you tell the children to be qu iet? They .......... !
A argue always B arc a lways argui ng C always argue
14 In this picture, the woman .......... a car that's broken down .
A is repairing B is repai r C repairs
IS A student teacher .......... our class while Ms Ben.nett has her baby.
A takes B does take C is ta king
16 What .......... when you' re in bed at night?
A you usua lly read B do you usually read C are you usuall y reading
.. with a car crash, and then ...
17 The film
A is open 11 opens C is opening
18 Older people .......... more help fro m the government this yea r.
A get B are get C are getting
19 ' Is this the soup for the dinner party tonight? Mmm, it .......... delicio us!'
A tastes B is tasti ng C is tasty
20 .......... the date o f Dan 's wedding ann iversary? I've forgotten it.
A Do you remember B Are you remembering C You remember
88
... Un it 27
,.. Unit 27
,.. Un it 28
,.. Un it 28
>- Unit 28
,.. Unit 28
,.. Unit 28
>-
Unit 29
>- Unit 29
,.. Unit 29
>-
Un it 29
... Unit 29
>-
Unit 29
Past tenses
Before you start
1
Read the article about Marco Polo. look at the highlighted grammar examples.
Marco Polo lived from 1254 to 1324. His father was a trader and often
travelled to distant countries. In 127 1 Marco left Venice with hiS father
to go on a long voyage to the East. Clearly, Journeys used to lake
much longer then than they do now, and it was on ly after they had
been travelling for three years that they arnved In China, at the palace
of the great Kublai Khan. The Emperor remembered Marco's father from
when he had Visited before and he welcomed the travellers.
While he was living in China, Marco learned the language, and would often
travel on bUSiness for the Emperor.
After several years Marco and his
father decided 10 leave China, and
they were diSCUSSing their wishes with
the Emperor when a message arrived
from the Kmg 01 Persia, who wanted to
marry Kublai Khan's daughter. Marco
and his father decided to accompany
the Wf!dding group, so, after twentyfou r years away, Marco Polo arrived
back. in Venice In 1295.
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted grammar
examples w ill help you .
I
2
3
4
S
6
7
S
9
3
I travelle(1 / dill travel a lot when I was younger.
We have worked / worked in Venice fro m 2006 to 2008.
We visited a lot of museums while we stayed / were stayins in Bei jing.
They were llavins / I/(ul d in ner when the police knocked o n the doo r.
Pio na was working at Harrods W/ lell / while she met her husband.
People used to travel / used lo travell illg by ship a lot in those days.
When Simon was at college. he had / would sleep late every day.
I didn 't want to join you because [ sa lV / had seen the fil m befo re.
We had bee" IIsing / been used the machine for days wit hout any problems.
,...
)))),...
,...
,...
,...
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
30
30
31
31
32
33
33
34
35
Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
8u!sn uaaq 6 u;)as peq 8 PlnOM L I;)Aej} 0 1 pasn 9 U;)lIM S
8 u !AI?4 ;)J;)M fr 8 U!,{els ;)J ~M' f pa:-fl OM'l pall;)Ae1l
89
30
Past simple
black explorer to reach North America. He
Estevanico was the
lived In the sixteenth century. He travelled to America with some
Spamsh explorers. as a slave. When they amved, they explored
Texas and NeIN Mexico and he learned several native Amencan
languages. He became a free man in 1536 and died in 1539,
1 Reg ular and irregular ve rbs
Most verbs add -ed to the infi ni tive to fo rm the past simple: stay - stayed , team - l eam ed
POSITIVE
I stayed with my friend last night. He learned native American languages.
They failed the exam.
NEGATIVE
I did not (didn't) stay with her last night. 5he did not (didn't) learn any languages.
We d id not (didn't) fail the exam.
QUESTIONS
Did you stay with her? (Yes, I did.) Did she learn any languages? (No, she didn 't.)
Which exam d id they fa il?
Many common verbs are irregu lar, e.g. be - w as/ w ere, do - did, go - W Cllt, Ill/ ve "'" had,
make "'" macle, pllt - put, say "'" said, see - sa w, take - t ook , tell - told
Spelling rutes for regular verbs .. page 350
A
Cl
Irregular verbs .. page 348
The pronunciation of the -ed ending depends on the sound that comes before it, for
example
• lid! after It I and Id!: started, wailed, added, ended
• III after the sounds Ipl, trI. fkI,/s/, Ifl . /l f/: worked, stopped, passed, finished
• Idl after all the other sounds: tried, planned, lived, liste" ed
Pronunciation:'- 1.11
2 Past simple for past actions and sit uations
We use the past simple for
• a single completed action in the past: He died in 1539. Did yO Il see tile film last lIigM?
• repeated actions in the past: He learned several lIative Americalllatlgllages.
CaroUne pllOned lIer (amily every day wllen she was on llolillay.
• a series of actions (when one thing happens after another) in the pa st:
We arrived ill Rom e at eleven o'clock and took a tax i to Fra nco's apartment. TI/en we went to
the sqllare and looked r01l1l(1 tile sltops, bllt we d idn 't buy anythillg.
• situations that fini shed in the past: He lived from 1500 to 1539. CMldre" didn 't have so
many electronic toys whe" J was YOllllg.
3 Past simple + adverbs of time; when, after
We often use adverbs of time to say when a past action happened, fo r example
• ago: We arrived at tile airport ten m inutes ago. (ten minutes before now)
• (or (with periods of time): Tile econom ic crisis las ted for two year!'; .
• fast weeklm ontll/year: Mariela s tarted college last m011tll. We Irm l a general electioll
last year.
We can also use w/letl/a{ter + past simple:
W ile" Oler arrived, they explored Texas and New Mexico ...
Aft-er Rory left h om e Owt lJIom ing, lie went to work as usual .. .
90
Practice
1
Use the list on page 348 to help you complete these exercises.
Write the past forms of these irregular verbs.
o
be
I
becom e
2 give
2
.rf.~/.~~............... 3 go
4 hea r
5 meet
6 sell
7 take
8 travel .................. ..
GRAMMAR IN USE Read more about Estevanico and put the verbs in brackets into the
past simple. CIIID listen and check.
Estevanico (0) . ~~!............. (be) born in North Africa over 500 years ago, in 1490. He first
(1) ................... (become) a slave at the age of twen ty-three after being captured by some
Portuguese explorers, who later (2) ........... .. ..... (sell) him to Andres Dorantes de Carranza. a
captain in the Spanish army.
Dorantes (3) ................... (hear) stories about the New World and in 1527. he and Estevanico (4)
.................. fjoin) an expedition to cross the Atlantic. Things (5) ............. ...... (not go) quite as
planned and they (6) ................... (go) first to Hispaniola, then Cuba, then Trinidad, and finally
to what is now Florida and into Texas. For eight years Dorantes and Estevanico (7) ................. ..
(explore) the new land and (8) ................... (trade) with the native Americans, then they
(9) ................... <travel) to New Spain (Mexico), where Dorantes finally (10) ................. ..
(give) Estevanico his freedom in 1536. Sadly, he (1 1) .................. . (not enjoy) it for long as he
(12) ................... (die) in 1539.
3
Write sentences in the past simple. using the words below. CIIIB listen and check.
o
when / be / Iasl major festival I your country?
.
. w.~ ~~J~..I!!.sJ..~~r.k#x.~U~. y.~.o/.. ?:4!W!Y? .......
00 when I Kate I fini sh / race I feel / exhausted
................................................... ..
. W~..~.~fi.~~ .~~ . r.!~,. :!~.ft.#...~.~: . ............................................................. .
sla ve trade / Sla p l over 200 years ago
2 who / you I like Illost I your last school?
3 we / nol understand I lecture I last week
4 when I you I take I your last exam?
5 when / Jack I arrive I tell I us the news
6 why I you / slarl/learning English?
4
Now answer questions D, 2, 4 and 6 from Exercise 3 about yourself.
o (0) ~ .~ .~~.':fi.#.y.'.f.U~..~y..~.~..'~!tY...f!I.~~.Y~.':~ J~, ............... .................................
I (0) ....... .............................................. .
2 (2) ...................... ....................... ........
3 (4) ...... .
.. .......................... .
...................................................................... .
4 (6) ........ ... ..
91
31
Past continuous
1 Form
POSITIVE
I was waiting for }'QU.
She was travelling in the Middle East.
Th~ were living at home.
NEGATIVE
I was not (wasn 't) waiting long.
He was not (wasn 't) travefling then.
We were not (weren't) Jiving there.
QUESTIONS
Were you waiting long~ (No, I wasn't)
Were they li ving at home? (Yes, they were.)
Where was she t ravelling?
Spelling rul es for -in9 form s ,.. page 350
CD
Freya Stark was a tral/el writer who
spent much of her life travelling in the
Middle East. While she was travelling,
she w as constantly ta king notes and
photographing places and people, so
her travel books are IIf!ry personal.
Pronu nciation '" 1.12
2 Past actions and situations
Wc use the past continuous
• to describe an actio n or situation happening at o r around a li me in the past':
I wtlsn 't feeling well/ ITat day, so I didn 't go olll with the others.
• for temporary past situations:
We w ere livi ng ill 8eiji" S al t ile t ime or ihe 2008 Olympics. (We do n't live there now.)
• fo r two actio ns/situations happening at the same time:
While Rob was p laY;'lg his match, J was wa i ting ill /lIe m r oll tside.
As with the presen t con tinuous (>- Unit 28.2), we ca n use th e past continuous to criticise
another l>erson's actio ns, often with always:
Kar/a was always comp la in ing about something or other.
3
Interrupted actions
We use the past conti nuous and the past si mple together to show that onc action (past
simple) interru pts another action (past conH nuous) :
The bus was going too fast
,
A
and it hit the car.
(The continuous action stops.)
4
We ItVE.'re haVIng dinner
"
when she arrived.
(The continuous action doesn't stop.)
Plans that did not happe n
The past con tin uous o f verbs like plal/, hope, intend shows that the acti o n d id not happen:
We were /Jlm m ing to come to YOllr party, but Mike was ill so we cOllldn 't IIlt/ke it.
I was h O/Jing 10 stlldy medicine, bllt my grades weren 't higl' euollgh so I COll/dn't.
was g oing to
5
>- Unit 45.1
Background situations
We o ft en use the past continuous to describe a 'backgrou nd ' situation in the past:
Wlleu we (lrri ved lit the beadl, t il e su n wasn't sllf"i"g .
We a lso use the past contin uous to 'set the scene' fo r a story o r account of somethi ng that
happened; the actions that follow are in the past simple: Dn/m was li vi ng ;'1 fsumblll that
Slimmer. fsik was working at the same school as her. As Sooll as
Oil with each other ...
A
We don't usually use co ntin uous forms of state verbs (e.g. like, see, Ilear, t/li" k, agree).
(>- Unit 29.3)
92
a/er m et , t/ ley immediately got
Practice
1
Write the words in the correct order to make sentences. Put the v,erbs in the past
continuous.
o at that man you why stare ?
1 not work during t he strike th ere t hey
2
3
4
5
2
where you at the start of the year live ?
not feel yesterday evening 1 very we\l
heavily it rain and the rivers rise
sh e talk always wh il e I watch TV
Read the article and choose the correct words in italics.
aJD listen and check.
At 3.30 p.m. yesterday a large meteorite
(O)~V was crashing to Earth near
was / were doing things
the small town of Karisville, Texas. Many local peopk~ (1)
outside and (2) were seeing I saw it happen. Here are a couple of their reports:
"I (3) waShed I was washing my car when I (4) noticed / was noticing a brig hi light
in the sky. I (5) didn't know /wasn't knowing what it was:
"We (6) were I did driving home from the shopping mall when
we
(7) heard / were hearing a loud bang. When we lOokod up we could see smoke
coming from the middle of a nearby field:
It seems that W"ilatever people (8) did /
were doing, they (9) stopped / were
stopping and (10) rushed / were rushing to the site 01 the crash. Local police said
that this
3
was foolish but that nobody was hurt.
Complete the conversation with w ords and phr.ases from the box.
There are four extra words or phrases. CIfID Listen and check.
always asked became didn't know fell played was always asking was becomi ng
was hoping was iAteAa ing was planning was playing wasn't knowing
weren't plann ing
ALI.A
When 's you r trip to Namibia? Isn't it soon ?
SUE
Well, I (0) . W~.fj!#.~~.'1:9 ..... to go in April, but everyth ing's ch anged. You see,
.... .... to go with Jana, from wo rk, but sh e broke her wrist a whil e ago.
(1 ).
AI.LA I (2 ) .......... _.
SUE
AI.LA
SUE
Al.L\
SUE
ALLA
I
.. .... . that .
Yes, she (3)
she (4)
.. .. netball wit h some people from work in November wh en
.... ... .. . over. She landed on h er wrist, and it was quite a bad break.
Mmm, but surely she's had enough tim e to recover?
Yes, well , that wasn't the only problem. She was really starting to get on my nerves.
O h, why?
She (5)
We (6)
Oh dear
...................... stupid questions, things like: 'Should I take my hairdryer?'
....... .. ..... .... ... to go to Ib iza, after all!
SUE
SO ... the broken wrist (7)
th is year?
ALL\
O h, weil, I (8) ... ... ..... .. ........... .... 10 visit my friend in Crete fo r a couple of weeks,
but we h adn 't discussed it and she's just told me that sh e's coming back soon .. .
c.!> Go onl lnf' for more pract ice
... .. ..... .. .. .. a good excuse! Arc you going away
93
32
Past simple or continuous?
Or uvingstone was a ScottJsh explorer,
famous for his
in Africa. W h ile he
w as search ing for the source of the River
Nile, he disa ppeared. He had been qUite
ill, so people wefe WOrried about him, but
he was found by Henry Stanley. He was
still tryi ng to find the source of the Nile
when he died In 1873.
won:
1
Compl eted or unfin ished actions?
PAST SIMPLE
PAST CONTINUOUS
We use the past simple for single or
repeated completed actions In the past:
We arrived at the hotel at three o'clock.
We use the past continuous to describe an
unfinished action at or around a time in the
past:
When we arrived at the hotel, the maid was
He went on many expeditions to Africa.
clea n ing our room .
He was searching for the source of the Nile.
2 Interrupted past or series of past actions?
We use the past continuous for an action in progress when something else happened:
Wllile lie was searell;'lg for tile sOl/rce of ti,e River Nile, lie disappea red.
'Were YOII playing footba ll whet! yOIl sprained yOllr ankle?' 'No, I was n 't doi"g (II/rlllillg like
flw t. 1 W(U' rmHlins dowmtairs alld 1 tripped over my trousers!'
A
We use wllell + past simple, followed by past simple, when one action happened AVrER
another one. Compare:
W llell lsabel jO;IIe(IIIS, we watch ed a DVD. (= Isabel came and then we watched a DVD.)
WI,ell fsabel jO;lIed liS, we were watellillS a DVD. (= We were al ready watching a DVD at
the time lsabel ca me.)
3 when and while
We ca n use either wllen or while before an unfini shed action or the interrupted past. It
means 'during the ti me':
Ti,e post came wllen I w as IUl vi" g my break.fast.
W llile he lW ' S se(lfelljng for tile SOllree oft/le River Nile, lie disappeared.
We ca n use wllen before the unfinished (continuous) or the com pleted (simple) action:
He was tryillg to {jntllhe SOllree of lhe Nile wile" he died i" /873.
He died in 1873 w/lell lle was t rying to find tile source 0fO,e Nile.
A
We don't use wllile before a completed action:
1 H' /,ile t!ie (1651 €ame, I \WfS ''''willg "",' h~ClkfR5t .
./ When "'e post Ctlme, I was /Iaving my breakfast.
./ Tile post came w hile/ wile" I was having my breakfast.
\-Ve can use as instead of while:
As/l¥/lile J was tlriving to work /I,is mom;IIS, I saw a deer by tlte sitle of llle road.
94
Practice
1
look at the pictures and complete the sentences, using the verbs in brackets.
Use the past simple or past continuous. aII!I Listen and check.
o When we .f'!!Tiy.~... ............ .. at the resort, .i-!..W~!..r.".i.~.':1j......... (a rrive, fall )
We .
.... (run, start)
..... when t he storm ............... .
2 We
3
4
2
.. ..... .. ... ... .. .... .. for shelter when the storm ............... .......... .... ... (run, start)
... ... ........... ......... th e bank when th e robber ............ .. ...... ....... . (leave, arrive)
...... th e bank when the robber
....................... (leave, arrive)
GRAMMAR IN USE
Read the article and choose the correct words in italics. CIIID listen and
check.
Steve Fossett was aIwEJ-fS bokilg tor advermse, even as
~ i1 ~ 1950s. Mer some years i1 bJsi"ess, he
began was begi.WIg hiswel-known adventtxes,
Iran swi'nrrWlg the Engish 0'lameI to sailing rn.nd the
wOOd. But Fossett IS best·known Icr his actvenb..res i1 the
fir - i1 hOt·ai t>aIoo1s. gliders and i\tll ai'a'aft.
In 2CX)5 he (1) bioI<e/was breaki'Ig \he recooj for non·stop
fIying.....t"JEr) he flew rotX1d \he 'NOI1d in 67 hotxs without stopping for fuel. A yfJ8Ilaler, as he
(2) attempted / was attempting to break the record for the klngest flight, he had to stop because
PM of his engine had failed - but he broke \he recooj,
aI'f'{W<:r-I.
Fossett's adventures often put hm in d<vlger - in 1998, while he (3) travelled/was traveIIirY;J arculd
the world in a balloon, he almost died (4) while / when \he baf.oon fell from the sky. In the end, it was
a routine flight that (5) tOOk / was taking his life - he was flying a small plane across the Nevada Desert
in September 2007 'Ikoen he (6) disappeared / was disappearing. No one could find him, then, some
months later, a hiker (7) walked / was wakklg through the rTlOlX'Itains in southern California when he
(8) notk;ed / was noticing some perscnaI items v...f1ich (9) belonged/ WEW'B belonging to \he adva"rturer,
and soon affSl\N3rds a search party (10) fotXId / was fi7ding the 'M"8Ckage of \he plane. Some time
later, Fossen's body was fOlI1d - his actventlXeS were over.
3
C:>
Write true answers to the questions.
What were you doing, or what was happening when
o you received your last text message? l.~~~ ..~~~.~~':":.1..'!Y: .....
you received your last text message?
2 you lost something important?
3 you saw someth ing unusua l?
4 you heard some shocking news?
5 you lost your temper?
Go orllme for
rllor('
pr,](
tl{ f'
drld d progr{'\\ t(,q
..................................... .
95
33
used to and would
Sir Ranulph Fiennes is an e)(plorer. He used to
be cl soldier but started exploring in the 1960s.
When he was younger, he used to go on very
dIfficult expeditions and he would take nsks
that many other explOJers wouldn' t. In 2000,
for e)(ample, he attempted to walk to the North
Pole, alone and unsupported.
1
Form of used to
POSITIVE
I used to work there. He used to be cl soldier.
We used to have a car.
NEGATlVE
I did not (d idn 't) use to work. * He did no t (didn't) use
They did not (didn't) use to have cl cat.
QUESTIONS
Did you use to work? (Yes. I did.) Did they use
Where did he use to work?
to be an explorer.
to have cl cat? (No, they didn't.)
• It is also possible to form the negatilie and question with used ro: didn't used to I did you used to?
A
A
There is no presen t form of used to: X} use ffl $'" to ~~(Jrk by bt,s. .I I go to work by hlls.
Do not confuse llsed to do with be/get IIsed to doing:
I'm IIse(1 t o spemUllg time 0/1 my own. (= I' m often alone; it isn't unusua l for me.)
J used to sp en d t ime 011 my OWl! . (= I spent time on my own in the past; I don 't any more.)
2 used to
We use used to + infinitive to talk about regular past actions that do not happen now:
/ u sed to tll ke the bus to work every day. (But now I take the train .)
People IlSe(' to w ri te a lot of /etters. (But now they send ema ils.)
We o ft en use adverbs of frequency (e.g. always, otlce a week, every yea r) with IIset/lo:
I a h w ,ys used to sw ;", before break(ast. We oft-en used to Iw ld parties (or our (riel/ds.
We never u sed t o st ay up late W/l e1l we were young! (= We didn 't use to stay up late.)
We also use used to + infin iti ve when we talk about past situatio ns that arc no longer true:
He u sed t o I)e a soldier. (But now he's an explorer.) Fran ce used t o I",ve a killg.
CD
Pronunciation ~ 1.13
3 would
We can also use would + infinitive to talk about regular past actions that do not happen
now: WI,eu we first moved lIere, people w ould st op ami talk in til£' street. They dOl/ 't " all'.
When we sta rt descriptions o f past actions with used to, we usually continue with wOllld:
WIIe/lI, e was younger, lie used t o go 0" very diffiwlt expeditiolls alld lIe would t ake risks ...
, . Would is used for past actions, not situations:
X HRIlft! 1I'811kllliwe a killS. ./ France used t o l lave a killg.
CD
Pronunciation ~ 1.14
4 used to or past simple?
We o ften use used to, not the past simple, when we want to emphasise a difference between
the past and the present : M y sister works ;11 (//1 office 1I0 W bu t sil l.' IIsed to wo r k Oil a fann.
We use the past simple for
• si ngle actions in the past: X I used m hlnoe fill cxflm Jflsl wetW. ./ J IUld till exam last week.
• periods of time: X He IIst'(l /'6 be ill Gr-eece for tW6 t't'flr5. ./ He was ill G reece (or two years.
• a number of times: X ,,ok lI:5ed t8 swim ill fhe fHJ61 twice II'I,el1 we 5fci re« :I'M.
./ We swam ;', tile pool twice wh ell we stayed there.
96
Practice
1
Choose the correct words in italics. In two sentences, both a nswers are possible.
o
I
2
3
4
When we lived in the country, people in shops would IIsed to be much friend lier.
When I was a child we didll 'lllse / weren't used to fly - we coul n 't afford it.
Do / Did you use to wear a uniform at your last school?
When Matt was tn his twenties. he used to / would play rugby every Sunday.
Last week we interviewed / used to interview over twenty candidates.
5 Did YO" /lse to / Would YOII have dark hair when you WE're a girl?
6 In the nineteenth century people worked / IIsed to work longer hours than they do now.
2
Complete the text with the ve rbs in brackets. Use the past simple. used to
or would. (Remember not to repeat used to too much .) DIlD listen and check .
The greatest mountain climber of all time?
Rcinhold Messncr is often coiled 'the greatest mou ntain climber of all time': he WIIS the first person 10 climb all
fourteen peaks of over 8,000 metres.
Me~sncr wa.~ born near Bo17,ano, Italy. ill 1944. This urea (0) ......~eA.?9.. ~~.'1!l. (belOng)
to the Au~trian Empire. and is still
Gemlan-~peak i ng.
When Reinhold was a child. he
( I) ......... ...... . ............ (go) climbing in Ihe Dolomite Mountains wi th his father
and brothers. He (2) ........................ , .. (beco me) a very good climber at 11 young
age. He
l1~t (3)
........................... (climb) the Himalayas in 1970. though this
expedition was a trngi:dy because: his brother
(4) ............................ (die) on the way do\>.'I1.
Me,o,soet was we ll-known for his anilUde \0 !he mountaJl1-~: he (5)
. . , ' ............. " ... .. .. . . (climb) with only light equipmcnL he
(6) .. .. ............. ........ .. . (not request) any ool~ide suppon lU1d he
(7) . ..... .. ..... ... ...... ... ... (001 take) any eJltra oxygen - at a time when it
was thought impcbSible to climb the highest peaks without oxygen. Apan
from mount.1incering.
Mes~ner (11)
.. .... .. ... ......... . ...... (maI;e) a
number of Arctic and Antarcticcrossings.
3
Find six more mistakes and correct them . Tick (.r) the correct se ntences.
check.
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
S
4
am listen and
'-'<L
Messner did n't use to ~ extra oxygen when he climbed.
When we went to Nepal, [ used to climb to Everest Base Camp once.
When we were children, we'd often visit our grandparents at the weekends.
People today use to spend a lot of time on their computers.
Did they use to have electric lighting in the 1800s?
Centuries ago people would be a lot shorter than today.
We never use to stay at school for lunch in those days.
Before the 1960s men wou ldn 't have long hair.
Were you used to learn French when you were at school?
Use the words in brackets to write a bout things that have cha nged in your life.
..
D (hol idays) . fV~l~",y~~..w~wo.~'j'. to. t"" ~~i~ .'~h.oli.l~..b.~..'!f.~. 'j~ ..~.b "",
1 (hol idays) ....................... ..
2 (music)
.................
3 (friends) .. ................
... .........
. .......... .. ....... .................. ............ ..
..... ...................
. ........................................... .
........... ....... .. ..
.... ............. ........... ... .. ..... ..
97
34
Past perfect simple
1 Fo rm
We form the past perfect with ltad + past participle.
The regular past participle ends in -et! (e.g. finished).
m
2
POSITIVE
I had already seen the film.
She had met him before.
We had finished early.
NEGATI VE
I had noc (hadn't) seen it before.
QUESTIONS
He had not (hadn't) met her before.
They had not (hadn't) finished the job.
Had you seen the film) (Yes, I had.)
Had they finished the job? (No. they hadn't.)
Where had he met her before?
Irregular past participles, e.g. seen, met, >- page 348
Pro nunciation >- 1.15
In 1999, Eiieen Coihns became
the first woman commander
of a US space flight, but four
years earlier, she had also
become the first female
American ji in space.
The order of past actions
We can use the past perfect to show which action happened first :
(2) Before 1 fillally f01ll/(1 a job, (1) I liad been to aOOn! tllirty interviews.
A
If one action happen s immediately after the other, we use the past sim ple for both:
1 WI,t'" ~Ii/llmfl affll'M at #Ie {leer. Slieila opened it straight aW(IY.
./ Wilen Colin arrived at lhe door. SIIeila opened it straight away.
We often use adverbs of time and linking words with the past perfect:
Four years earlier, sill! /rad becom e the first American female pilot ill space. (adverb)
/'(1 "ever liked /apallese food before but ti,e meal l'lIki cooked was lovely. (adverb)
By ti,e tim e Grace decit/ed to apply for tile job, tile position llad been fi lled. (linking phrase)
We often use the past perfect in stories to show a series of events in the past:
There was 110 allswer from ti,e IlOlIse. No face at tile w;'ulow. Time Il(ul stopped IICre ... Where
was she? Where had slle gone? The grass llad grow" thick ... (from GllOstwalk, by Rebecca
5tott)
3 Past perfect or past simple?
We usually use the past simple, not the past perfect
• if the order of actions is clear: f got my first job after f left llllil'ersity.
• if the order of actions is the same as the order of the verbs in the sentence. Compare:
Wllelll got 1"0 the clIfe, everyolle onieret! t/leir drillks.
(=
Fi rst, [ got to the cafe, then everyone ordered their drinks.)
Wi,e/, I got to the C(l re, everyolle had ordered their ([rillks.
(=
4
First, everyone ordered thei r drinks, then I got to the cafe.)
Giving reasons
We can use the past perfect to give a reason for an action or situation, often with becal/se:
Eilem Col/il/S became t/le commal/der because she l/ad already flowII (IS
Emily was Im/Ulppy -her IwslJtwd had,,' t hOllgM lIer Cl birthday presellt.
(I
space fJi/or.
5 Superlatives
We often use the past perfect (and ever) with superlative adjectives:
It was tile worst meal I lIad ever eaten! iHevcr well! there agaill.
We also use the past perfect after it W(IS the first, second, ete:
We we/It to Egypt ill 1996. It was the first tim e we'd travelled ol/tsitfe El/rolH!.
Present perfect + superlatives >- Unit 37.4
98
Practice
1
Which action comes first in each se ntence? Write 1 or 2 after the verbs.
11J the money.
1 When Kri s arrived [ I at the station, the group had already left [ [.
2 When Kris arrived I I at the station, the group left I ).
3 Mandy had asked [ I her fat her to lend her the car before, but th is time he agreed [ ].
4 Sam had been [ J in the room for some time before he rea lised [ I it was the wrong class.
5 By the time the bui lders completed [ I the work, we had already moved in [ I.
6 When t he builders had com pleted [ I the work, wc moved in [ I.
7 Jclena started [ J the course because she hadn 't found [ I a job.
S Kevin got [ I the job because he had been [ I the best interviewee.
o Russell realised [;2.1 his mistake only hours after he had sent
2 Read these sentences from novels and choose the correct words in italics.
aID listen and check.
o Her mother had Jjwd had). beautiful voice, both when Sh~ had sUllg and
when sht{talked'y had talked.
I The girls were still there, sta nding where he saw / "ad seen them earlier.
2 Liesel's treat was a ride in a car. She was "ever / haa /lever been in onc before.
3 The man was very pleasant, reminding him that t hey met / lIad met at Adam's wedding.
4 As Joe walked away, he (elt / lIad fell that he said / had said goodbye to the last phase of
his youth.
S She stepped out of the bath, reacl/ed / had reaclled for the towel the maid left / lIad left for
her and wrapped / lIad wrapped it around her.
3
Complete the text with the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple or
past perfect. aIID listen and check.
Leyton stared at the expanse of the Atlantic Ocean in front of him. He (0) .~~fi.~.L.ly'.~~.~....
(finally I come) to the end of his journey. Several months ago he (1)
............ ............ (not I
know) whether the journey wou ld really be possible. After all, he (2) .............. .
(recover) from his illness only weeks before he (3) ....
wel l, it was because of the illness that he (4) ............. .
.. (make) the decision . ...... (decide) to do this, to prove
it was possible. Then, after a few weeks of planning and worrying, he (5) ....................... .
(set out), starting from the northernmost point of the country and walking, on his own. 10 the
southernmost point. And here he was, at the end of his journey - he (6) .................. .
(achieve) his aim. And he (7) ....
he (8) ....
o Go onllne for more
. ....... (realise) now that il was the most exciting thing
. _ . (ever I do) - and probably ever would do - in his life.
P<d( 11(r
99
35
Past perfect continuous
Fraocis.co Pizarro had been eltploring
Central and South America fOf twenty
years when he led the famous expedition
IQ Peru which deslfoyed the Inca Empire.
1 Form
I had been watching them.
She had been learning the language.
~~~~==' We had been working hard.
NEGATlVE
I had not (hadn't) been watching them.
He had not (hadn't) been learning the language.
~:;;;~;;:::;:;I. They had not (hadn't) been working hard.
QUESTIONS
Had you been watching them? (Yes, I had.)
Had they been working hard? (No. they hadn't )
Whkh language had she been learning?
POSITM
-
2 Use
We use the past perfect continuous to talk about an action or situatio n that was happening
in the past before another action or time:
I liad bee" lean/ illg French (or five years when f wetll to live j" Paris.
'How {ollg h ad YOll bee" li ving ill tile hOllse whet! yOIl sold it?' 'Oil, aOOIll tI year. '
We usuall y introduce the second action with when:
He'd been taking driving lessons for years when he fil/ally passed rile test.
The fi rst action can SlOp when the second action happens, or it can con tinue:
We'd been waiting for forty minutes
Julia had been working there for
•>
when the bus finally arrived.
(The continuous action stops.)
CD
3
M'O years
•
>
when Phil became the new sales manager.
(The continuous action doesn't stop.)
Pronunciat ion>- 1.16
Emphasising time and giving reasons
The past perfect continuous often em phasises a period of time:
Pizarro h a d bee" explo ring fo r hven ty years wl,ell Ill.' wmt to Pefll.
We can use the past perfect continuous to give a reason for an action o r fee ling in the past:
Derek was very tired when he arrived - he'd been dri ving ill heavy traffic all (I{terlUxm.
4
Comparison with other forms
Notice the difference between the past continuous and the past perfect contin uous:
Wile" , arrived home, Brad was was hing the car. (He was still washi ng it.)
WI,en , (lrrived hom e, Brad h ad bee" was hing the (CIr ll/ld Ill.' was wet. (He was no longer
washing the car.)
The differences between the past perfect simple and conti nuous arc si milar to the
differences between the present perfect simple and cont inuous (>- Unit 40.1).
I called lane after "d w ritten my essay. (fhe essay was finished.)
I called lalle (Ifter I'd I)eet! writing my essay for h vo IIours . (The essay wasn 't finished.)
• We use the past perfec t sim ple with a number or amou nt:
I called falle after I'd read h a lf tile reporl.5.
'gave lip after I'd p lw n e(1 six t"imes without getti/Jg Ih mugl1.
• We do not usually use the past perfect continuous with state verbs. ( )o- Unit 29.3)
100
Practice
1
Write sentences in the past perfect continuous and the past simple using the words below.
a.m listen and check.
o The explorers I sa il I for days I when they I finall y see I land
.11«...."19.,,,,,..M( kw> .«iji!!9 for A.Y' .,,1!0..!h<yfi""!!Y
.f..".!!I,.,(,.......................................
How long I you I work there I when you I become I a director?
2 1/ not sleep I well ! for weeks I when 1/ have I the accident at work
3 Pau l I work I really long hours I for six months I when he I become ill
4 How lo ng I Sa rah I take I the medicine I before she I get better?
5 We I not save I hard enough I so we I not can I go on holiday wit h the o thers
2
Complete the sentences with the past perfect continuous of the verbs from the box.
nollisten not wea r play rain
ft+R
work
o Jack was fee ling exhausted because he . ~(.~~ . ~ ........... for t hree hours.
1 Barry and Gill were soaked when they arrived because it ......................................... heavil y.
2 Emma found the essay d iffi cult because she ... .. ................................... in the lecture.
3 Yolanda fe ll asleep at her desk because she ...... .................................. too hard.
4 The ch ild ren were dirty because they ......................................... in the garden.
S Will had got really sun burnt because he .. ...... ................................. any sunscreen.
3
Complete the email with phrases from A-H below.
am listen and check.
Subject
IExpedition to Bolivia
Hi liz
Just a quick email to say that I think everyone's ready for the trip tomorrow. I rang round the students
thiS evening to check. Grace has finally got her train ticket - she (0) ..f:I....... for it for ages because
they (1) ....... .. a mistake with the time of the train. lrina (2) .......... for her ticket when I spoke to
her, so I told her to go online and print it out from there. lily seems on top of things - she (3) ........ . .
when I called . Oh, Grace had to go out at the last minute and buy a new bag as she (4) .......... two
bags before she realised that we can only check in one piece of luggage!
By the way, I haven't got details of the hostel yet. VVhen I spoke to the travel agent yesterday, they
(5) .......... enquiries about a better one earlier in the day, and they were waiting to hear back. They're
going to call me first tiling tomorrON morning. They've been really goo::I, actually - they (6) .......... to
change the hostel before calling me because they weren't happy With the first one.
I must go. I (7) .......... to pack before I called the students so I'll finish flOW. I'll see you at the airport
tomorrow evening.
Julia
A was starting
B had made
C had been making
D was packing
E had paCked
F was still waiting
G had decided
H Aael eeefl waitiflg
101
Review
1
MODULE 6
UNITS 30. 31 AND 32 Complet e the t w o co nversations. Use the correct f o rm of t he verbs in
brackets - past simple o r past co ntinuous.
Castle Bank. How ca n I help you?
CA" .ER Hello. I'm afraid I' ve lost m y debit card.
OK. What (0) . ~~~. y.~.~ . ~~.~':18....... (you I do) when you last ( I) ............................. .
(have) it?
CLERK
CAlLf.II.
I (2) .................. ........ ... .. (get) cash o ut of a mac hine It wasn 't stolen, t hough.
CLERK
Right. When (3) .............. ..... .. ..... ..... (this I happen)?
CALLEk Two days ago, I think.
CLERK
OK. We' ll ch eck your account and get a new card to you withi n five days.
CAUliR But 1 (4) ............................. .. (h ope) to go away tomorrow. Can 't you send i t now?
ElLA
How was you r day at the beach?
8F.N
Well , when we (5) ......... .......... ..
.. (arrive), til e sun (6) .............................. .
(shine) brightly and it was rea ll y wa rm.
Great !
Hut then it (7) .
.. .... ............. ... (start) to rain and it (8) ..... ........................ (not I
stop) raini ng all day!
Et.LA
liEN
2
UNITS 10 ANO 33 Find seven more mistakes in the st ory and correct them.
' I dOJl'! know what's happened to my best friend, Sarah. I'm q uite worried about her. She
u.rc4
to
~
be a really fun-loving person but she's changed. It all started when she would go to
Africa after college and worked in a village, helping poor children. She used to be there for
hvo years. She obviously loved it there, but she's become really serious. She never use to be
like that. When we wcrc at college together, we would go out in the even ings - to the d nema,
to cafes and so on, we weren't use to worry about anything. We would often go away at the
weekend with a group of fri ends and Sarah used be ready to try anything - ho rse-riding,
sailing, surfing - all that. But now she prefers to stay at home because she thinks we shouldn't
spend money on these things. She is never used to criticise me so much - now she says that I
need to take life more seriously. She used to tell me the other day that 1 was wasting my life! I
know that she's learnt a lot from her work in Africa and that she's right in some ways, but you
still need to have some
3
fUll,
don 't you?'
UNITS 30, 31, 34 AND 3S M atch t he sentences 1- 5 w ith the co rrect meaning, A o r 8.
o The plane had landed when we heard the noise.
A We hea rd it before the plane landed. ® Wc heard it after the plane landed .
The children were preparing breakfast when I woke up.
A Breakfast was ready. B Brea kfast wasn't ready.
2 When Jeanette o pened the door, I saw that she had been crying.
A Her eyes were red. B There were tears running down her face.
3 When Saris and Angcla arrived, we'd already eaten dinner.
A Dinner was still in progress. B Dinner was over.
102
4 I'd already decided to leave the area when the new neigh bours moved in .
A I decided to leave before they came. B I decided to leave after they ca me.
S I decided to leave the area when the n ew neighbours moved in .
A J decided to leave before they came. B I decided to leave because o f the neighbours.
4
ALL UNrTS Read the article and choose the correct words in italics.
.
There haven't been many female explorefS and adventurefS but one of the best·
known
(09 had been
Mary Kingsley. Born in London in
1862, Kingsley
(1) travelled I had travelled to parts of Afnca where few western women
(2) were e'IIfY travelling I had e'IIfY travelled before.
Mary's father was a doctor who (3) enjoyed I was enjoying travelling, studying the
different customs of people around the world. Her mother was an invalid, and
much of Mary's early life (4) was I had spent nursing her, until she died in 1892,
only a few weeks after Mary's father (5) used to pass away I had passed away.
As men in those days (6) would I used to be responsible IOf the women in their
family, Mary stayed with her younger brother until he decided to travel to China
in 1893. Now free, Mary travelled to West Africa wi th the intention of completing
the book her father (7) wrote I had been writing at the time of his death.
From then to 1895, Mary trave lled down the coast of West Africa. While she
(8) WdS
travelling I used to travel, she (9) had collected I collected specimens of
tropical fish for the British Museum, as well as meeting the people and
gathering material for he!' book. When she returned to England in 1895, Woe
(10) wrote I had been writing he!- book 'Travels in West Africa', which immediately
became a beslseiler.
Mary (11) had returned I returned to Africa in 1899.
this time to South Africa,
where the Boer War (12) had jusr broken our I just broke out. She voIunteE'red
as a nurse, but after only a few months caring for Boer pri50ners of war.
she
became ill herself. and died in 1900, at the age of only thirty-seven.
5
ALL UNITS Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first, using the w ord
in bracket s. Use two to fiv e w ords in your answer.
o The car broke down when we were in the middle of our d rive to Ma nches ter. (as)
The car broke down .~..r..~~. W.~..4.r:-~0. ~. ... to Manchester.
1 It's Friday and I h eard from Julian on Tuesday about the job application. (ago)
J heard from Ju lian .. ... .. .. ........ .. . ................... about the job application.
2 Befo re we were aware of globa l warming, we d rove bigger cars. (drive)
. ............ ...................... bigger ca rs.
Before we were aware o f globa l warming, we .
3 They enqu ired at five h otels before they found one with a vacancy. (had)
After they ................. ... ............ ....... .. .. at five hotels, they found one with a vacancy.
4 The p lay was cancelled when the group was in the middle of rehearsals. (rehearsing)
The group .... ................... ............................... the play was cancelled .
5 Fuad finally mastered English after two years in New York. (living)
Fuad ...................................... in ew York for two years before he finall y mastered English.
6 We spent the su mmers al the seaside when we were little, but we wouldn ' t swim in the
sea very often. (use)
We spent the summers at the seaside when we were little, but we
............................... .............. ........ in the sea very often.
103
Test
MODULE 6
Past tenses
Choose the correct answer, A. B or C.
After years as a classroom assistant, Alicia finaU y ......... a teacher.
A become B became C did became
2 ' I know about the timetable changes.' 'Oh, when .. ........ you?'
A they told 13 did they told C did they tell
» Un it 30
,.. Unit 30
3 Our friends were .......... in France at the time of the flood s.
A living B live C Iiveing
,.. Unit 31
4 Pablc and Pilar .......... at the same hotel as us.
A wasn't staying B no t stayi ng C weren't staying
,.. Unit 31
5 Luey called us with t he news when we .... .. .. .. dinner.
A prepared B were preparing C prepare
,.. Unit 31
6 Alt hough Sam spent four years studying math s, he .. ........ it very welt.
A wasn 't understanding 13 didn 't understood C didn't understand
,.. Unit 31
7 My boss .......... to shout while we were discussing the sales figures.
A was starting 13 was started C started
,.. Unit 32
8 We were at t he academy together - Harry. ...
learning to sing.
A learns 13 was learnt C was learn ing
,.. Unit 32
to play t he piano while J was
9 Jcff was working for a medica l compa ny ......... he fini shed his PhD.
A when B while C as
10 Meredith .......... flu ent Russian but sh e doesn't any mo re.
A used to spea k B used to speaking C use to speak
,.. Unit 32
,.. Unit 33
11 I recognise you - .......... to go to Kingsto n Gi r.ls' School?
A use you B didn't you use C don't you used
12 My mother'S hai r is grey now but sh e ...... .... have beauti fu l red hai r.
A used to n would C had
,.. Unit 33
,.. Unit 33
13 When I lived in nllbao, I .......... the Guggenheim Museum several times.
A would visit B visited C used 10 visit
104
14 Hilary .......... as a doctor in Bangladesh for eighteen mo nths.
A used to work B would work C worked
,.. Unit 33
15 Sany offered Neela a job before she .. ... ... .. her degree.
A fin ish B had fini shed C was fi n ishing
>- Unit 34
16 I had breakfa st quite ear ly, then r •... _•.... to t he bus stop and caught the bus.
A had gone B had went C went
>- Unit 34
17 Wc missed part of the concert because it ... ..... . when we got to the ha ll
A started B had started C had n' t started
,.. Unit 34
18 To ny .......... in Ch ina (or long before the earthquake happened.
A hadn't been worki ng B hadn 't working C hadn 't been worked
,... Unit 35
19 We .......... all t he museums in the town by the end of the tou r.
A visited B had visited C had been visiting
,.. Unit 35
20 Sorry I shouted at you . I was annoyed because I ......... problems with the
computer all mo rning.
A had been having B was haVing C had
,... Unit 35
Present perfect
Before you start
1
Read the extracts from a newspaper article and a letter. look at the highlighted
grammar examples.
NEW CAR SUPERMARKElIN DINGLEY
Lester's Car Supermarket has just opened a
Lester's C
supermarket
Dear Customer
new supennarkr:t at Dingley Corner. Lestc r's
Three years ago you bought a car from us
has been selling cars in Longton since 1998,
Have you thought about replacing;1 yel? .
but with sales of over fifty cars per week the
Have you been look ' f
ft
Ing or cl car supplier that
o ers cl huge range and incredible value'
company urgently needed a new and larger
showroom.
Well, look no further. We 've h~_
:
rh
~n searchmg
e country for the best b
'h
uys and we already
aye over 500 used cars _ /1
'
.
a at amazing
prrces! We 've reduced Ih
'
e prICes on more
than fifty different models this month _
these really afe the lowest prices we've
offered.
&v
er
And to celebrate the opening f
o Our new car
supermarket we are offering a 10% d'
!SWum
1o a// our Customers.
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highl ighted
grammar examples will help you.
1 Ha s he buyinS / IXJUSht a car from a supermarket befo re?
2 Have you looked yet 0 /1 ti,e Intemet / Oil till.' 1l1temet yet ?
3 Yes, we've yet / jllst looked at their website.
4 This is the best car I owned / I 've ever owned.
5 My parents have had the sa me car since 2003 / eiSht years.
6 I've gone/ 1 went to look at some used cars two weeks ago.
7 We've been looked / looking for a new car since January.
8 Have YOIl se{/rching / you been se(/rching fo r a sports ca r?
9 Jack ca n't decide which new car to buy. He's been look ing / looked at more
than twenty d ifferent ones this month.
10 I'm very tired . I've been driving / driVCII all mo rning.
3
,...
..
,...
..
,...
,...
,...
,...
Unit 36
Unit 36
Unit 36
Unit 37
Unit 37
Unit 38
Unit 39
Unit 39
,... Unit 40
,... Unit 40
Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
8Ul"PP uaaq 0 1 pa){ool 6 8up..j:lJeas u;).<lq nOA 8 8uPloo] L luaM I 9
£ODe; s paUMO laAi) aA,] t lsn! f laA laulalu l alll uo Z l48noq
105
36
Present perfect for past experiences
and present results
1 Form
We form the present perfect with have +
past participle. The regular past participle
ends in -cd (e.g. finis /led):
I have ('ve) finished.
She has ('5) gone.
They have ('ve) broken
POSI11VE
I have not (haven't) finished.
He has not (hasn't) gone.
We have not (haven't) broken
NEGATIVE
1'l;;T.;;;~:;:I
QUESTIONS
it.
it.
Have you finished? (Yes, I have.)
Has he gone? (No, he hasn't.)
Where have you been?
NATURAL ENGLISH
In speech and informal w riting, we uSlIlllly lIse short forms of !ws/have in
posit ive and negative statements:
cm
I've finished. She h aSI/ ' t gOl/e.
Pronunciation ... 1.17
Many common past participles are irregular.
Irregular verbs '" page 348
regular
irregular
A
play use visit want
be break come drive
wanted
been broken come driven
eat go have
eaten gone had
There is a difference in meaning between been and gOlle:
My parents IlO ve gon e to New York 011 IlOfiday. (= They are there now.)
My parents lurve been la New York. (= They have visited it in the past, and have
returned home.)
2 Past experiences
We use the present perfect to talk about actions and experiences that have happened
in our Jives lip to now:
fI(lve yOIl (Iri ven (11/ (WIOllll1tiC car before? J've travelled a lot.
My fatller h(ls worked for sewra / different companies.
We can use expressions like often, once, hvice or several times to say 'how o ften':
I've ealell ill that restallrant several times. My parents have visited C(IIu/(/a t w ice.
3 ever, never, before
We often use ever to ask questio ns about past experiences. It means 'in your life':
flave YOII ever (irivell a tfllck? flas Kemal ever been to (Ill opera?
We use /lever in negative sentences. It means 'not in your life':
I'\'c I/ever SWIIIII with dolpllins. Carolille's " ever eatell C/lillese food.
A
We put el'er and nel'Cr before the past participle:
, H(n'f' )'6/1 hee/I e~'t!r le lAli{amia?
,I
106
'Hare YOII ever I}eell to Califom;a?' 'No. I'I'C II ever been /lIere. '
We often use before to say whether it's the first time we've done something:
We 've been here before. We came for my birtllday.
('" We are here now and we've been here in the past as welL)
J !Ulven 't stayed in a five-star IIotel before. ('" I am going to stay in o nc soon - for the
first time.)
We usually put before at the end of the statement or question: Have you been Ilere before?
4 Past act ions with present results
We can use the present perfect to talk about a past
action that has a result in the present:
My car's broken down . (= It broke down earlier, and
it isn't working now.)
'fIley've gone out. (= They went o ut ea rlier, and they
aren't here now.)
Com pare th is wi th the past si mple, where the action
and the result are both in the past:
My car broke down last year ami I couldn 't drive it for
tl,ree weeks.
5 just, already. recently
We use just to talk about actions that happened a
very short time ago:
The plane Ims just landed. Tile passCIIgers are getting off IIOW.
Ti,e shop has j ust closed - YOII wn't go in 1l0W.
Already means ' before the expected time'. We use it in positive se ntences:
YOII 've missed the /1Iatch. It's already fillisited.
A
We usualJy put ;lIst and already before the past participle:
I ft*,' eflr /ui5 brekell dBwlI just. ./ My wr Ims just broken down,
Gra/Jam 's train has already Clrrived.
YOII don't need to lock the car. I've Cl/ready dOlle it.
We use recently to ta lk about actions that happened in the last few days or months:
Have YOII seen t/IC/lI recelltly?
What~ the plclce like /Iow? IlIavcl/'l been tllere recently.
A
We don't use already in negative sentences:
I Tile j)ilrce/ hasn't liffl'leO R/rem/y ./ The parcel hasn't nrrivetl yet.
6 still, yet
We use yet in questions to ask about someth ing we expect to happen around now,
but which hasn't happened at the time of speaking:
Has the six. o'clock train arrived yet? It's five past sLy anrl l l1aven 'f seen it.
We use still or yet in negative sentences when we expected something to happen
before now:
O/lr pizzas haven 't. com e yet. We ordered rhelllnearly Ilal f all /IOllr ago!
I gave my teacher tllat essay last week bllt s/Ie still/lasu 't marked it.
We usually put yet at the end of a question o r negative statement; we put still before hasn't!
haven't:
Ha s your car been ,.epaired yet? We still have,,'t had our exam resl/lts.
We can also use sWI in positive sentences to say that an earlier situation has not changed.
We use the present simple or continuous, not the present perfect:
C(lrlos is thirty, bllt he s till lives with his parents. The bridge is cluseli; they're still ,.epairing it.
A
We don't use yet in positive sentences:
11\'l! paid for till' 1I'ie(d yet. ./ I've already paid (or the meal.
American Engl ish just/already/yet >- page 353
107
36 PRESENT PERFECT: PAST EXPERIENCES AND PRESENT RESULTS
Practice
1 Write sente nces a nd questions in the present perfect, using the words below.
CII& listen and check.
o 11 not fin ish I the report
1.~.'(~:~fi..~~}~..~~.'1."" " """ " """"
.tt~~~..Y.~~.:f:~..rr.'-Y.•.~Y.~?.. ......................... .
00 you I see I my keys?
1 we I play 1 fi ve games this seaso n
2 you I eat ' anything today?
3 our friends ' not had ' a pet before
4 Sally ' break ' her mobile pho ne
5 Clive / use / th is com puter?
6 1/ never drive I an America n car
7 the children' sce / all the Harry Potter fi lms?
8 Mr Lapez I not come' to work today
2
Match the sentences 1- 7 with the explanations A-H .
o
My computer bro ke down. ~
1 My computer has bro ken down.
2 We've been here before.
3 We have n't been here before.
4 He's gone to the post offi ce.
S He's been to the post office.
6 It hasn't ra ined yet.
7 It's just stopped raining.
3
A So I have 10 water the ga rden.
B Th is is our fi rst visit.
C He isn 't here at the moment.
D I could n't send any emails.
E So I don't have to water the garden.
F Th is isn't o ur fi rst visit.
G I can't send any emails.
H He brought back some stamps.
Complete the co nversation with the words fro m the box.
I:IIDJ liste n and check.
already been before
MANOY
SARA II
MAt'OY
SARA H
MANDY
SARA l t
ever just never
recently s till yet:
How are the weddi ng plans going?
OK. But there a re lo ts of things 1 haven't done (0) .y.#.............. .
But you've (I) ... ............... chosen your d ress, haven't you?
No, I (2) .....
.. ...... haven't seen anything r like.
Have you (3) ................... to Bax ter's? They've gO I a good selection.
RealIy', Their clothes used to be very old-fashioned . But 1 haven't been there
(4) ..... .... ....... ... .
It 's better now. Actually, there are lots of nice designs in the Nuptla ca talogue.
Perhaps you sho uld get a d ress from them.
SARM I
I' m not sure. I've (5) ................. .. bought a d ress fro m a cata logue.
MANOY Well , allcast have a look at it. They' ve (6) ................... sent me the new edition.
I can bring it around later.
SAIlA II
All right.
MA,..1)Y What about the cake? Have you (7) ................... tried that place on Ra ndall Street?
They do fa ntastic cakes.
SARAH I know. But they seemed a bit expen sive to me. Of course, I don't really know how
much a big wedding cake should cost. I've never bought one (8) ................... !
MA NI)Y
108
4 Match the sentences with the pictures. Then write a suitable word in each gap.
IAl
lID
[(g
[QJ
Irl
o We're really ne.rvous about the fli ght. We've .~'(~....... ... been on a plane before.
I can't come out. 1 haven't finished my homework ................... .
2 I ordered this spare part three weeks ago and it .... ............... hasn't arrived l
3 How is your brother? I haven't seen him ............ ..... .. .
.. seen it.
4 I don 't wan t to rent that film. I've ....... .
5
c...... .
DAVI;
Find eight more mistakes in the conversation and correct them .
YOK brought
Have I:Hol:Ight yOll the new car?
ALl CE
Yes. I've park it outside. Come and have a look .. .
DAVE
It's lovely. How fast does it go?
ALlC[
I don't know. [ yet haven't driven it on the motorway.
OAVE
I bet it's really fast. Pete's got one of these and he says he's did over] 25 mph in it!
AUCE.
Oh, that's too fast fo r me. I've driven never over 80 or 90.
DAVE
I haven't driven Cl ca r like th is already. Cou ld I have a go?
AtlCE
I'm afraid not. Just I've arranged the insurance and "m the only person that's allowed
to drive it .
I>AV.:
That's a pity. How do you turn on the CD player?
ALlCE
Mmm, I'm not sure. I've looked at the manual yet.
IlAVE
Has it got air<onrlitioning?
ALl CE
Yes. I'm really looking fo rward to the hot weather so 1 can try it out. I've never had
before a car with air-conditioning!
6 Write true sentences about yourself, using the words below.
have I shower ! today
have! cups of coffee! today
visit ! my grandparents ! this month
see I the latest James Bond movie
pass I the driving test
go I to the doc10r I recently
have I a holiday I th is year
drive I an electric car
send I text messages I this week
phone I my best friend I today
10 go I to the dentist I this year
o
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
J .~.'(~:(~ff..~...s:h9.V!R!.ql~y.·........................... .
...... ....... ............................................ ........ .
........................................................... .
109
37
1
Present perfect
for situations
up to the present
Unfin ished time period + (so far), this morning. today, etc.
Wc use til e present perfect 10 talk about actions in a t ime period that is still co nt inuing
• with time exp ressions (e.g. lot/ay, th is mOrl/it/S, rllis week, thiJ reM):
f've drive" 500 kilometres this week. (The week has not fin ished.)
Have YOII slJOkeu to Ahmed U, is mornillS? (It is still morning.)
so far 10 mean ' up to now':
We've J/lId (ollr holidays sa (ar this ye"" alld it's ol1ly September!
• with
Compare:
J've made severa l phone caffs a/is mornillg. (It is still morning.)
mm/e several pllOt/e ca lls this mortling. (It is now afternoon.)
['IIESEl'I,. ['ERFECT"
"AST SIMI'U I
2 Repeated actions
We use the present perfect to talk about repeated a(tions (t hat may happen again):
I've been there many ames. (I m ight go there again onc da y.)
S/Ie's p llOlled fiye thlles already. (Sh e may pho ne again.)
How mallY times ha ye YO" plllyeli Gra"d Tlleft A I/to? How often IlUs slle been here?
3
Situations up to the present + for/since, how long
We use for (and not sillce) with a period o f time (e.g. for (Ill hOllr, for years):
David has worked i" Mexico for m (wy years. f havell't seell /ml ict' for a lOllS time.
A
We do n 't use for before ex pressions begin ning with al/ (e.g. al/ day, all m y li fe):
1 1'w: we,.ked there for (I ll "If li fe. / I've worked there a ll m y life.
We use sillce with a particular time, day o r date, or with <l past even!:
Da vid h{ls worked ill Mexico since I (III/wry 2000. I lul\'t!/l 't seen/tlllice ..,inee lilCs(/(IY.
I havell 't IJeeIl to tile beach sillce we got lIere.
• We ca n use it's (present simpl e) or it's been (present perfect) + time expression + sil/ce:
It's two years since Ollr wedding. It's bee" two ye(lr.~ sh,ce oll r las/meetil/g.
• The verb after sillce is usuall y in the past si mple, not th e presen t perfect:
101111/1(15 worked hen' si llce lIe left school. It's ages since I saw yOIl.
We use How 10f/S? in questions, usua lly with state verbs: How IOllg have YOII kllow" Alall?
A
We use the present perfect (NOT the present si mple o r cont inuo us) to talk about present
situations th at sta rted in the past:
11 am maR'ied {of lell ,'efI/5. / I've been married for ten },ears.
1 Vie (lfe 1i.'iIfS II ffl! si" ce 200s. / We've lived here since 2005.
4
Superlatives, the first time
We often use the present perfect (+ ever) wit h superlative adjectives (:.- Unit 21.3):
TlllIt was tile worst film I've ever Si't?lI! Tllis is the best holiday we'lIe ever 11tId!
We also use the presen t perfect with the first, the s('Colld, ete:
This is the third time I've visited China, bllt it's tile first tim e I've travelled ill busin ess class.
110
Practice
1
Match sentences 1 and 2 with A and B in each pair.
0 1 How far did you travel?
2 How far have you t ravelled?
1 The doctor called this morning.
2 We've been to th e bank this morning.
2 1 How many criminals have you arrested, Sally?
2 How many criminals d id you arrest, Sally?
3
Mike did the repo rts.
2 Mike has done the reports.
4
Sylvia ha s worn glasses fo r many years.
2 Samantha wore glasses for many years.
5 1 We went t here twice in the summer.
2 We've been there several times thi s su mmer.
:::><::::! ~
2
I' m asking about today.
I'm aski ng about yesterday.
A It is still morning.
B [t is now th e afternoon .
A Sally used to be a detecti ve.
B Sally is a detective.
A He fini shed them and wellt home.
He is doin g the accounts n ow.
A She wea rs con tact lenses n ow.
B She's just bought a new pair.
B
A It is still the summer.
B Now it is winter.
Find six more mistakes in the conversation and correct them.
CIIIiD listen and check.
"""
W CY
SO, how
JANe
1 know her for about three month s.
I see, fo r Ma rch then?
LUC'I'
JANE
LUCY
JANf.
LUCY
JANE
LUey
ffl~eWtin'l:e
have you known Caroline?
Yes. March 12th. CaroJin e was my driving instructor for my hrst lesson !
How man y lessons have you s i.nce then?
I've had ten lesson s far so. I th ink I' ll pass the test t his time.
What do you mean?
Well, I've failed it twice before. But this is the first time J have proper lessons.
Good luck, then l Look, I'd better go - I haven't been shoppi ng si nce several days and
the fridge is empty!
3
Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first, using the word in brackets.
Use two to five words in your answer.
listen and check.
=-m
o It's Friday. We arri ved here on Tuesday. (been)
We . ~y.~..~.~':1:.~~ fo~. .
.. four days.
1 I haven 't seen her for six months. (sin ce)
...•. ......... ... .... ,.... J saw her.
2 J've lived in the same house since I was born . (life)
I've li ved in the same house
3 It's three o'clock. The shop closed at one. (two)
Th e shop has been closed ..... ..... .. ..... .... .
4 It 's years si nce I wore short trousers . (worn)
... .. ... ....
. ... .. short trousers for years.
5 The last time I smoked was in January. (since)
J .......... ......... .. ........••• . .
. .. . .. ... . Jan uary.
6 Jane's been to the spa three times before. (time)
This is the fourth
. .... .................................... to the spa.
7 I'vc never eaten such a bad meal. (ever)
This is the worst meal .. ....... .. ......... ....... .... .
8 We got to the airport six hours ago. (it)
..... .. .. .. ....... ....... .............. sin ce we got to the airpo rt .
111
38
Present perfect or past simple?
1 Differences in use
Single or repeated actions in the past. when
we don't know the date of the action or it isn't
important:
I've driven an automatic car before.
--
Single or repeated actions that happened at
cl
definite time in the past:
Time expressions: before. ever, already, just
and yet
I drove a racmg car in the summer.
We IoWnt to the theatre twice last month.
Time expressions: yesterday, last month,
in 2007, ete.
Situations that started in the past and are still
Situations that started and finished in the past:
We've been to the theatre many rimes.
continuing:
Tom has worked at the garage for two years.
Alex worked at the garage for two yeaf5.
(He's working there now.)
(He isn't working there now.)
e =c=:=ll:iw
~;~th~
for to say how long the situation lasted
with for + period of tIme, or sin.~c~e~+~dta~t~
One or more completed actions in a time period
Completed actions in a time period that is
that is still continuing:
finished:
He's sold fifteen cars this month.
He sold twenty cars in August.
I sold my Toyora two weeks ago.
with ago to mean '(a period) before now'
Time expressions: this morning/evening,
today; so far; etc.
A
is sometimes difficult to hear Ivl in I've, we've, YOIl 've, Oley'VC and
It is easy to confuse the present perfect and past simple:
[t
/7)
in lie's and site's.
J finishe(1 work, He started early. We carried tile bags,
I' vc finis/led work. He's started early. We've mrriecl tile bags.
The other words around the verb can usually help you to understand which form you hear:
I {illisl/e{1 work all 1I0llr ago. I've just finished work .
PAST SIMPLE
PRf.<iENT 1'[II,fECT
cm Pronunciation .. 1.18
2
Giving news
We o ften use the present perfect to introduce new info rmation :
I've decided to get anew car. I 'm goillg to look at some tomorrow.
'/lIlian Iws p(lssedllis drivillS lest. ' '0 11, tllat's good news!'
News reports oft en start a new item with the present perfect :
Tile Temlcol'ta Army eX/libilioll has opellccl ill LOllaOll ,
There has been {Ill earthquake ill southern Cllina,
After we have introduced new information with the present perfect, we usuall y give
more details with the past simple:
III/ia/l has passed Ilis {iriving test. He took it Oil We{inesaay.
Tile Terracotta Army exhibition I/(Is ope"ed i1l Paris, It was 0IJeued by
112
OU!
Minister of Cultllre.
Practice
1
Choose the correct words in italics.
o She's been to t he doctor twice(i~O~,;~s-m-o-n~t7'hY last montl/.
I've d riven this ca r m any times / it! 2()()7.
2 Jane passed / has fJflSSed her driving test last week.
3 Steve loves h is job. He did / 's done it since he was twenty·t wo.
4 Caroline's bought a lot of clothes this year / two years ago.
5 Rick 11(15 fin iS/led I finished t he cou rse six months ago.
6 'George has arrived .' ' Really? When has he got / did he get here?'
2
GRAMMAR IN USf Complete the t ext with suitable form s of the w ords in bracke ts.
Use the present perfect or past simple. In one place. both are possible.
c.JII Listen and check.
I
Electric cars - Latest upda te
A small American car manufacturer (0) ... ~~.i~ o:".~~... Gust announce) that its
experimental electric car, the Lexington Xl, will go into production this year, Markton Automobiles,
..
of Detroit, Michigan, (1) ... ............................ (make) the announcement at last month's Auto
•
Show in Geneva.
Although there are now many electric cars on the market, so far manufacturers
(2) ............................... (not be able) to produce one that can really compete with existing
petrol cars. There are two major problems - speed and distance. Up until now, electric cars
(3) ............................... (be) either too slow or unable to travel far enough without recharging
their batteries. Markton Automobiles claim that they (4) ..................... .......... (overcome)
these difficulties with a new type of solar panel which continually recharges the batteries. The
company (5) ............................... (not give) the press exact details yet, but they claim they
(6) ............................... (already test) the car successfully under all kinds of weather conditions.
I
A Japanese company (7) ........ ....................... (first design) the engine in 2007. But over the last
few years Markton (8) ............................ ... (adapt) the deSign and increased its power.
The company (g) .............................. (invite) ten journalists to test-drive the new car last week.
I
-----------------------------
Their reports (10) ............................... (be) mainly positive, although we will have to wait for the
full test results before we know jf this really is the electric car that everyone is waiting for.
3
Complete the conversation with words and phrases from the box. There
a re three e xtra words or phrases.
listen and check.
a.m
h asn 't told told h as to ld have you done 've used was's bt>en
h appened had just has decided '-..e jtlst falleA has given
AI.EC
JUD]
Al EC
JUDI
Hi, Judi, I' m home!
Shh . Don't disturb t he children. They (0) . .. :V;j~-!lfo..l.l.~...... asleep.
OK. I'll be q uiet. So, how arc th ings? What (1) ............................... today?
Not m uch. It (2) ............................... a quiet day really. What about you?
AUC
Quite an exciti ng day. The boss (3) ............................... me a new job!
Wow. That 's fantast ic. What (4) ..... .......................... ?
Sylvia (5) ............................... to move Eddie to the Toronto o ffi ce. So I've got his job!
JUDl
She (6) .......................... me about it at lunch time. It (7) ......................... a real surprise!
Well, I h ope it's more mo ney because we (8) .... ........ .. ..... ............ all o ur savings!
AlEC
JUD]
11 3
39
1
Present perfect continuous
Form
We form the present perfect contin uous with have + been + t he -j/lf( form o f the verb:
!::ijijii,
L
QUII1IOIlI$
I have ('ve) been waiting . He has ('s) been washing the car.
They have ('ve) been cooking.
I have no t (haven't) been waitin g. He has not (hasn't) been washing the car.
We> have not (haven 't) been cooking.
Have you been waiting? (Yes, I have.) Has he been washing the car?
(No. he hasn't) What have you been doing?
cm Pronunciation>- 1.19
2 Actions/situat io ns up to th e present
We use the p resent perfect continuous to talk about actions or situa tio ns that started in
the past and are st ill continuing now:
We've bee" waiting to lIear from them . Clare's been fl v;'lg wilh Ilef cOllsillS.
Wc often use (or or si"ce to answer the question H ow fOllg?:
We've been wailing fo r abolll anlwM. J've been working since three o'clock.
We ca n also use the present perfect conti nuous if the action o r situation
fi nishes at the time of speaking:
I've Iu.'cn waiting i/l tI/is queue (or alllwllr! ( ... but now I've reached the ticket o ffi ce.)
Clive's been drivi ng all moming. ( ... but now he's arrived.)
•
We use th e present perfect, NOT the present perfect contin uous, when we say
how many tim es we have done something, or how much we have don e:
)( I'w beeu 1~lfl5!lill3' the car twice this week. .I I've waslled tile car hvice tllis week.
)( We'l't! beclI-HfflIfllg tllree lessens 58 /'Or. ,/ We've ha d three lessolls so (ar.
•
We don't usua lly use the present perfect continuous with alwtlYs, already and yet:
bee" W(I5' ,irlS tlle car ret. ,/ 1 haven 't wash ed tile Cllr yet .
)( ["al'tW't
3 Recent continuous acti ons with present results
We often use the present perfect continuous to tal k about an activity in the recent past:
'1lwvell 't seen YOII ill tile office recently.' 'I know. I've been working at IIO",e.'
We often use this form to explain a present situatio n o r result; it gives the cause:
' YOllr clotlles are all wet/' 'I know. I've been w ashing the car. '
'Have YOII lost weight?' ' Yes, I've been going to tile gym II lot.'
Somet imes the action is not complete:
I've been reacling 'War and Peace' bill I'm ollly lIalf way throllgh it.
•
114
We use the present perfect simple or continuous, NOT the present simple
o r continuous, for a situatio n that is still continuing:
)(! lil'e !'rYe fe' fh'e 11/811015. .I I've li ved here for five m Olllhs.
)( I am /il'il1g l/ere (fJr fh't! ",ent/Is. ,/ I've been liv;ng here (or five mOllllls.
Practice
1
Write sentences, using the words below and the present perfect continuous form of the
verbs. Then w rite true answers for questions 5 and 6.
o
We I wa it I fo r
am listen and check .
..w.~:~~ .k~ .~!'1jri.~.for..M.t;.!... ...
ages
0> •
•• •
. Hq!"!)~.~ ..~.~~.-y'q~L~.~. !"!~.~~~l. ...
00 How long I you I wait ?
1 David I watch TV J all afternoon
2 What I he I do ?
3 Elizabeth I not work I this week
4 My grand parents I no t feel well ! recently
5 How long I you I study English ?
6
2
How long I you use I this book ?
Match the situations A- I with the explana tions 1-8. Then complete the explanations with
suitable verbs from the box. Use the present perfect continuous.
eat lift listen not brush A6t live not sleep run study use
A Joh n's put on a Jot of weight.
B Alcesha's sweating and her legs ache.
C Mike's ears h urt.
D Clare's feeling tired .
b Rashid still SeesA't sf)eall: nUleh JlAglisil .
o
He ....~.-!"~~..~.~.!~.~~
1 She .
2 He
.. in
r Alec's got big muscles.
G Marianne's looki ng very tanned.
H Debbie expects to get a n A in the test.
Marcus is at the dentist. He needs
three fillings.
the UK for long.
E
.. .... . a sun bed.
. ....... .... ... .. to loud music.
3 He
... ...... .... .... . ... too many desserts.
. very hard .
.... his teeth properly.
5 He ....
a marathon.
6 She .. ... .... .... . .
7 He ........ ...... .................. . weights at the gym.
4 She
8 She ....... ... .... .. . ..... .. ... ... .. very well recently.
3
Choose the correct words in italics.
am listen and check.
" You won't believe this but (O)@ I T'm been learning to drive! [ suppose
it's a bit late to learn to drive at my age, but my husband used to do all
the driving. So when he d ied I really needed to [earn. [n fac t I've really
been (1) enjoyed l enjoyins it. I've (2) had 1 heel/havins lessons for six
month s now. I suppose I've (3) been having 1 had about thi rty lessons so fa r.
I've (4) sone 1 bee" going to the local driving school. The instructors are very fri endly and it's
quile close to my hOllse. But it's rat her expensive. I've already (5) spelltl beell spendillg over £SOO!
After Ihe Fust ten lessons I (6) took / have beell taking my firs t test. It was a disaster! Of
course, I didn't pass. Sin ce t hen I've been (7) tried 1 trying to improve, bu t it isn't easy at
my age. I find it's very difficult to change gears smoothly because of my bad leg - fo r
the last ten years I (8) am 1 've been suffering from arthritis, wh ich makes my leg stiff. I've
(9 ) takell 1 been laking some s pecial vitam ins which seem to help - I take t wo each day. My
instructor says I should use an auto matic ca r, but I think I prefer manual ones. Although in
fact I've never (10) drive" 1 beer/ drivillg an automatic car, so perh aps [ should give it a try ...H
115
40
1
Present perfect simple or continuous?
Diffe re nces in use
PRESENT PERf£CT SlMPU
An action that is completed:
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
An activity that is still continuing, or has just
ended:
I've driven an automatic car before.
I've been driving since nine o'clock.
emphasis on the cause of a present result:
the customer now.)
Why is Caroline dirty?
She's been repairing the car.
To answer the questions 'how much 7' or 'how
To answer the question 'how long7'
The mechanic has repaired the car. (It's ready for
many?'
We've played six games.
Karl has driven ZOO miles.
We've been playing for th ree hours.
Karts been driving since nine o'clock.
Time expressions: always. recently, before, ever,
a/ready, just, still, yet, for and since
I've a/ways lived in that fiar.
I've lived there since I was born.
Time expressions: for. since (NOT always, yet)
1 [Vc always BeeR ~.1IiA§ iF! #tar !!at.
./ I've been living there for years.
2 State verbs
With state verbs (e.g. understand, know, be, OWII) we use the present perfect simple, not the
present perfect continuous:
A
I'~'C bee" klle\~'ill,g Ben sil/ce f IWIS six .
./ I've ktlowtl Bell since I was six.
We can use a/ways and /lever with these verbs:
I've a lways liked ice crca/1/. Switzerland has tlever Iwd a killS.
Have you a lwtly.~ owned a car?
X
State verbs >- Unit 29.3
Some verbs (e.g. fi ve, work, leacll, Shldy) describe an action which continues over a period
of time, not a si ngle event. We can use these verbs with for or since in the present perfect
simple o r continuous. There's very little difference in meaning:
'How 10llg IUlve YOll lived/llave yOIl bee" living " ere?' 'We've lived/We've IJeetl living ill tltis
IlOlIse since we got married. '
Alice Iws studied/litIS been studying maths for three years.
11 6
Practice
1
Choose the correct words in italics. In two places both answers are possible.
CIIID listen and check.
o Jake doesn 't have an y fam ily. He's alwaysQiv/:!{9t been living on his own .
1 He never answers the phone. I'vc wlled / hem calli"S six times!
2 Sorr y ['m so late. I've waited I been waiting for a ca ll (rom t he New York office.
Dcbbic knows Sea ttle really well. She's li ved / bcelllivillg th ere for two years.
r'm afra id the house is a mess. We' ve drcorated I bee" decorati"g it.
3
4
5
6
Look at the new garden lights. Sam's just tUnled / been tllmins them on.
Carol's an expert on econom ics. She's studied / been ShldY;IIS it for yea rs.
7 Harry's an old friend of mine. I've k"owII / bee" knowi"g him since wc were kids.
8 Marking essays is hard work. I've marked / bel'" markins twenty this evening.
9 I' m curious about t he food here. I haven' t tried / been tryinS Mexican food before.
10 I hate cabbage. r've neve,r fikell / beet/liking it.
2
Match sentences 1 and 2 w ith A and B in each pair.
He's been playing in the garden.
0 1 Ri ck has had a nice time.
He's played in the garden all day.
2 Carlo needs a shower.
1 I've just read that detective sto ry.
A So I know who the murderer is.
2 J've been reading that detective story.
B I don't know who t h e murderer is yet.
2 1 Wc can start making dinner now.
A I've been clea ning the kitdlen .
2 Sorry my clothes arc dirty.
B I've cleaned the kitch en .
A You ca n use it now.
J 1 Jane's fixed the computer.
2 Jane's been fixin g the computer.
S It's taken her most of the day.
4 1 Your towels are ready.
A I've been washing them.
2 Yo ur towels are still damp.
S I've washed them.
S I The su itcases are empty.
A I've been un packi n g.
2 The suitcases arc half empty.
B J've unpacked.
~~
3
Complete the co nversation with suitable form s of the w ords in brackets.
Cllllilliste n and check .
RaY
Rr~...:
RaY
Rt~"
RaY
liD-I
kOY
You look tired . (0) .t!.~ .~~ .Y.~~ ..~~ . ~.~~!<:+."Ji........... (you work) all day?
Not exactly, I (l) ............................. ..... . (do) some resea rch on the Internet.
I (2) .............. " ................ " (try) to get some information about o nc of our old
frie nds from co llege.
W ho?
Dave Colston. Do you remember him ?
Yes. I (3) ..... ............... ........... .... (n ot sce) him for yea rs! But what do you want to
find out?
Well. I (4)
........................... (just get) an email from Philip Markham. He wan ts
to get in touch wit h Oave but he doesn 't know where he is now. He t hin ks Dave
(5) .................................... (live) in t he Far East fo r th e last few yea rs.
Yes. I remember he was always interested in orienta l ph ilosophy.
liEN
Exactly. I (6) ,
.. (look at) six or seven di fferent websitcs already,
but I (7) .. ..... .. ..... ..................... (not find) much information .
RaY
(8) .......... .......... ...... .. ....... (you t ry) that website that reunites old college friends?
Yes. I (9) .. .... .. .... .................. ... ... (already look at) that o ne, but he's not o n it . I posted
a message fo r some of his o ther friends on some o ther websites and
HI!."
1 (1 0) ....... .................... ......... (wait) for a reply. But so far "vc heard nothing .. .
117
Review
1
MODULE 7
the word in brackets into the correct position in each sentence.
",vu
o I've L been to a Mozart o pera. (never)
1 We haven 't heard from our gra ndson. (stilI)
UNITS 36 AND 31 Put
2 Have you done the shoppin g? (yet)
3 No thanks, J've eaten . (a lready)
4 Have you tried Indian foa<H (before)
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
It's been two years I gave up eating sugar. (since)
Has she been horse-riding? (ever)
Have you seen your old geography teacher? (recently)
That's the doorbell - I think Carrie's arrived. (just)
I haven't been on a good holiday a long time. (for)
This is the best essay J've read. (so far)
UNITS 36, 37 AND 38 Find ten more mistakes in the email and correct them.
Suqect
IHifrom Kirsty
Hi Stewart
------------------
_~x
b.....
I'm sorry it'$ being so long since I wrote to you, but you know how busy I've been for I last
saw you. I've finished just my first month in the new job and it's really hard work. But I've
always want to be a mechanic so I suppose I can't complain now that I am one! Actually, the
job isn't too bad. Last week I've worked on a Ferrari and that was pretty exciting! We get all
kinds of cars and customers in the garage. I've met never so many strange people before!
My boss is Quite nice. He work.ed at the garage for years and years, so he's very experienced.
He gave me a lot of advice since I started and he doesn't mind helping me when I'm not sure
what to do. He's yet told me he thinks I'm going to be one of their best mechanics one day.
Of course I need to get a lot more experience before that happensl
An'f'oNay. How are you? Have you got a wedding invitation yesterday? $arah Bradshaw is
getting married to Simon Wales I I've never seen her for ages but it's fantastic news and I'm
really happy for her. Are you going to the wedding?
3
UNITS 39 AND 4() Complete the sentences using a present perfect simple or continuous form
of the verbs in the box_
~
not water p lay read wash work
o ' Why are t here p ictures all ove r the fl oor?" I .:,:,~.~~..I.~~.~~...... at myoid photos.'
1 ' You r houseplants look very dry.' ' I know. I .............................. t hem recently.'
2 I .. ............................ t his game fo r over two hours and I still haven 't reached level 21
3 .. ... .. .. ........ ............. t hi s shirt three times and I still can't get that stain out.
4 'Wh at about th is book?' 'No. I .. ....... ........ .
.... already
................... . that o ne .
.. in the garden '.
5 'Yo ur sh oes are di rty: 'Yes. I .... .... .. .. ... .... .
118
4
All UNITS
S.... LESMAN
Good morning. Can I help you?
Yes. (0) .rY~i'M~ .f.~......... (1/ just see) one of your cars o n the Internet and I'd
like to arrange a test drive.
Of course. (1) .............. ................... (you 1 take) a test drive wit h us before?
CUSTOMER
No, (2) ............................... (1 1 not have).
CARRIE
Hello. Carrie Simpson.
Carrie. It's Fred here from the garage. (3) .............................. ( I I work) o n your
car all morning and I ca n't find anything wrong with it.
Oh. (4)
........................ (you 1 look) under the ca r?
........ (11 already do) that and it seems to be fine.
Yes. (5) .............. ..
Well, I heard a strange noise when (6) .
(11 drive) it yesterday!
SALESMAN
CUSTOMER
fRED
CA RRIE
FRED
CARRIE
MISliA
JACQUI
MISHA
JACQUI
MISH....
5
Complete the three conversations using suitable forms of the words in brackets.
I know I look dirty. (7) ......................................... (1 1 clea n) the attic all day.
Oh really? (8)
......................... (I 1 not be) up there for ages.
Yes, there's dust and rubbish everywhere. (9) ................................ ..
(11 already bring) most of the stuff downstairs.
What about those old suitcases?
(to) ...... ...............
.. ....... (1 1 not look at) them yet. I' ll do that tomorrow.
AU UNITS Read the information and think of the best word for each gap. Write one
word only.
FormuLa
• For~~ One (or Fl) is the highest level of international car racing. For many years there
(0) ... ....... ....... been a world championship each year, involving a series of races around the world.
last year there (1) ....
....... nineteen races. Each race is known as a Grand Prix .
• Formula One as we know it today has (2) " .......... ,...... in existence (3) ... .... , ........ , 1946, although
it goes back to the great races of the 1920s and 30s. (4)
(5) .
..... the last fifty years the sport
. ....... been under the control of the FIA.
• In its early years the Formula One competition (6) .
.., mainly in Europe, but races
naw take place on almost every continent.
• Formula One (7) .....
.. .. often been described as the world's most expensive
sport. Each car costs hundreds of millions of dollars to build, and costs
(8) ... _... __....... been increasing even more in recent years because of the
use of advanced electrooics .
• Grand Prix racing can be a very dangerous sport. There have
(9) ..
several fatal accidents. One of the worst accidents
(10) ................ the death of Ayrton Senna at the San Marino
Grand Prix in 1994.
• The UK (11) _"
........ produced the most world
champions, but it is the German, Michael Schumacher.
who has (12) ..
the title most often (seven times).
119
Test
MODULE 7
Present perfect
Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.
Have you .......... the Egyptian pyramids?
A saw B seen C seei ng
>- Unit 36
2 Gerald .......... to Italy. He gets back next week.
A has been B have been C has gone
). Unit 36
3 Has your sister .......... a n Ita lian car?
A ever driven B driven ever C driven never
,.. Unit 36
4 Have yO ll .......... ?
A been here before B before been here C being before here
,.. Unit 36
5 I'm going to be late for the meeting. My ca r ...
A broke down just B has iust broken down C is just broken down
6 I don't know if I've passed the exam. I haven 't had my result ..
A already B yet C still
>- Unit 36
,.. Unit 36
7 Th at house
... . fo r more t ha n two years. J wish somebody would buy it!
A is for sa le B was for saJe C has been for sa le
... Unit 37
8 My cousin Claire .. .. .. .. .. a doctor for five years now.
A is B has been C was
,.. Unit 37
9 I think tha t was t he best film .......... .
A I've ever seen B I ever see C I've seen ever
,.. Unit 37
10 Sandy's been to t he opera .......... .
A last year B many times C yesterday
11 Marcia had a great career as a dancer. She .. ........ at the ballet company
for twenty years.
A has been working B worked C has worked
,.. Un it 38
,.. Unit 38
] 2 I .......... the engineering course two weeks ago.
A have started B have been started C started
,.. Unit 38
13 Teresa is exhausted. She .......... since eight this morni ng.
A 's been worked B 's been working C 'vc been working
,.. Un it 39
14 I haven't see n yOll for ages. What ..... .. ... ?
A have yOll been doing B have YOll been done C have been you doing
15 'Why arc yOll so hot?' ' I ......... at t he gym.'
A ran B 've fun C 've been run ning
16 David loves San Francisco. He .......... there for t he last six months.
A lives B is living C 's been living
17 You can collect your glasses now. The optician .... .. .... them.
A has been repairing B is repai ring C has repaired
18 Why didn't yOll answer the phone earlier? I .......... you five times today.
A 've been phoning B 've phoned C am phoning
19 We're old rriends. I .......... her since I was a small ch ild.
A 'vc known B 've been knowing C knew
,.. Unit 39
,.. Unit 39
,.. Unit 39
,.. Unit 40
,.. Unit 40
>- Unit 40
20 .......... in a big city?
A Have you always been living B Have you always lived C Do you live always ,.. Unit 40
120
Future forms
w
8
--'
::;)
o
o
:;!
Before you start
1
Read the conve rsatio n. l ook at the highlighted grammar examples.
SAllY
Do you have any cheap flights to Malaga for Saturday, 14th June?
AGENT
I'll look on the computer
"'ElRO
That's no good. I'm taking the car to the garage first thing in the morning. Do you have
H'
Yes, there's one that leaves at 7.30 in the morning.
anything later in the day?
let me see .... OK, there's a flight at midday.
PlfTRO No, I won't have got back by then. Is there anything later?
AGENT
AGENT
Most of the evening flights are full, I'm afraid. What about leaving on Friday evening?
SAlJ.V
I'm afraid that's no good for me. I'll be working on Friday afternoon, so I won't get home
until six. And Pietro has to take the car in on Saturday morning.
AGENT
Wait, there's one flight at seven on Saturday evening, ...
SAllY
That sounds OK.
AGfNt
What about a hotel? We have some very good offers at the moment. I can get you five nights
at a four-star holel for 250 euros.
PlETRO
Well, we were going to stay at the Hotel Luna,
but your hotel sounds like better value. Is It
near the beach?
AGENT
Yes, it is. Shall I book it for you?
Pl£TRO
Yes, please. Oh, do you have any day trips? We'd
like to do some exploring while we're there.
AGENt
Sure. You can talk to our representative when
you arrive. She'U have ail the details.
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted
grammar examples will help you.
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3
J Gln't see you tomorrow - I will spend / I'm spellding tile day wi th my grand parents. >'Does the show start at seven?' ' I' m not sure. I dIEd / f 'll check in my diary.'
,..
W hy don't you talk to t he m anager? He's gO;/Ig to / He'll know what to do.
>Let's t ry t hat new Thai restaurant. Will / SI/all I make a reservat ion for to n ight ? >Don't phone us between seven and n ine. We'll watch / be wa tchi ng the foo tball. >They want the painting tomorrow, but I WOII' t ilave fill ished / I'm IIot fin ;sllillS
it by then .
,..
The tour bus is going to leave / tem'cs at eleven, so be here by ten forty-five!
,..
W ill the taxi be waiting when we get / '/I gel there?
,..
We were / (Ire going to visit our grandmother yesterday, but she was too sick
m_=
Unit 41
Unit 41
Unit 41
Unit 41
Unit 42
Unit 43
Unit 44
Unit 44
~ ~e
Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
,uaM 6 la8 8 saAeal l Jhl4Sjuy aAt?4 1,UOM J 9
8u!4.)lCM <KI S llt?lIS t lI,aH £: :p a4:) 11 ,1 l 3u!pu-acis W, I
<.!> Go o!1 lme tor
cl
lu ll dldqnu,>llL 10'>!
121
41 going to, present continuous and will
1 be going to
We use am/is/are + goillg + to + t he inf init ive form of t he verb:
I am ('m) going to be late. He is ('s) going to come later.
They are ('re) going to self it
NEGATIVE
I am not ('m not) going to be la te. It is not (isn 't) going to arrive.
"";;;:,,,,~;::: . We are not (aren't) going to see them.
QUESTIONS Are you going to be late? (No, I'm not.)
Is she going to take the bus? (yes. she is.)
What are you going to do?
"'O];!:;:;:;;;;I
NATURAL ENGLISH
In informal conversation and in songs we often pro nounce going to as
'go nna' /g;m ':JI.
Cl
Pronunciation
>- 1.20
Present continuous form ,.. Unit 28.1
2
_.
Fut ure pl ans and arrangements
We use going to or the present conti nuous to talk about future plans and arrangements:
CDOmNUOUS
We intend to do something but we haven't made
an the arrangements yet:
We have already made arrangements to do
something:
We're going to meet lee's mother next \NE'ek,
but we haven't arranged a rime yer.
I'm going to be a doctor one day,
David sent me a text message. He's meeting us
in front of the cinema at six o'clock.
We're sitting in the front row. lyVe've already
bought the tickets,)
We plan to do something in the immediate
To explain why we can 't do something in the
future:
future:
I'm going to make a sandwich - would you
like one?
I'm tired. I'm no t going to stay any longer.
'Can you come to lunch on Saturday?'
'No, I'm afraid I can't. I'm working on Saturday.'
Wc usua lly use time ex pressions when we talk about plans with going to o r the present
continuous:
I'm soinS to see Mallchester United on Saturday.
W lwl are YO" doing this evening?
A
122
We don 't use will to talk about personal arrangements:
X Hie will sit in tile (rollt row. ./ We're sitting/go;'IS to sit in tile front row.
FORMALITY CHECI( In fo rmal English we usually use will, not going to, fo r arrangements:
Tllegovemmetlt will m eet to discuss the situation tomorrow.
3 will
We use will (not) + the infin itive form of a main verb:
I will ('11) be late. He will ('1/) come later. Th~ will ('11) bUY
W;
it.=~
I will not (won't) be late. It wit
at (won't) work. We "not (won't) take it.
Will you meet him? (No, I won't.) Will she see us? (Yes. she will.)
L.._"";'_..I , What will you do?
It is possible to use shaft instead of will, but normally only after I and we.
511all is morc formal than will. The contracted form is '11, the same as we use for wiff. The
negative form is sllal/ /Jot or shan 't.
fORMALITY CHECK
Cl
4
Pronunciation:'- 1.21
Predictions
..
We use goinS to or will to ta lk about things we expect to happen:
For predidlons based on something we can see
now, or that everybody knows:
For predictions based on our own personal
opinion or knowledge:
We're going to get soakedl
(because it is raining now)
I'm going to be /ate for work.
The rain'fI stop in a minute.
(I know it never rains for long here.)
In the future, people will live on other planets.
(because my car has broken down)
his is my opinion.
We often use do YO" think to ask what people expect to happen:
'Do YO" think Ile'lf marry I,er? 1 tlri"k he will. ' Who do YO" think 's goinS to win the election?
To make a negative prediction with think we usually make think negative:
I don 't tMllk he'll marry I,er.
NATURAL fNGlISH
5 probably. certainlyldefinitely
We often use will to talk about events that are certain to happen:
TI,ere will be a filII mOOIl tomorrow. New Year's Day wifl ftlll on a1ilesd(1Y flext year.
We can make our predictions more or less certain by using the adverbs prol)(lbly, certainly
and definitely. Note the word order of the adverbs with a negative verb:
I'll definitely!cerlainly /1(155 the test. (I'm sure this will happen.)
We definitely won't go to Portllgal. (I'm sure th is will not happen.)
We're probably goinS to move to Spaillllexl year. (I think this will happen, but I'm not sure.)
6
Immediate decisions
We use will when wc decide to do something at the same time as speaking something that wc didn't plan:
'The mallager iSIl 't I,ere right flOW. Can J take a message?' 'No thauks. I'll call back later. '
'Do yoll W(/ltt something to drink?' 'No, I'm tired. I tllink I'll go 10 bed now.'
7
Offers, promises and warnings
We can use will to make offers, prom.ises and warnings:
Don ', worry abollt a taxi. We'll take YO" to the hospital. (offer)
I'll work harder IIe:d year, 1 promise. I will never do that again. (promise)
I will 'lOt allow bad bellQviour iIT my house. (warning)
Dot/ 't lift that - you'll hu rt yourself! (warning)
We ca n also use shall (but not will) for suggestions:
It's IlOt i1l here, Shall I open a wi/ldow? ~ Will' eperl a wimlew?
S /lall we get the earlier trai,,?
More on will ,.. Unit 53.1/3
123
41
GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND WILL
Practice
1
Write the words and phrases in the correct o rde r.
o test Clare the isn't ta ke to going
1 won't
this weekend rain probably it
2 a test tomorrow going have we to are ?
3 me meeting at the station she is ?
4 aren't to come to my party t hey going
S phone I for a tax i shall ?
6 in a hotel I' m this time staying not
7 be they're late do you thin k to going ?
8 never I']] agai n there go
2
M atch sentences 1 and 2 with A and B in each pair.
o 1 It 's going to be cold ton i ght.~ A It's always cold at n ight at this time of yea r.
1
2
3
4
S
6
3
2 It' ll be cold tonight. ~
1 l-Ie'lI prohably win.
2 He's goi ng to win .
I'm going to do a course at college.
2 I' m doing a course at college.
1 We'll borrow Sa lly's tent.
2 We're borrowing Sa lly's te nt.
1 I'm ta king the childre n to the park.
2 I' m going to take t he c h ildren to
the pa rk.
1 I'm leavi ng at te n .
2 I'm going to leave at ten .
1 He's going 10 be late.
2 He'll be latc.
I can feel a cold b reeze coming fro m the north.
The race is almost over and hc's at th e fro nt.
He's won lots of races before.
B
A
B
A
B
I've been looking at tlleir websites.
I e nrolled yesterday.
I' ll phone and ask he r if it's OK.
She's agreed to lend it to us.
So I' m afraid I can't stay fo r lunc h .
Would you like to join me?
A
B
A
S
I'd like to have an ear ly night .
I've a rranged a laxi fo r t hat time.
I know him . He's always late.
There's a traffic ja m on t he motorway.
Complete the sentences w ith a fo rm of will or going to.
'I do n't t h ink we .'~..
..J~.i..~J~ . get a seat.'
'Don' t sit so close to the
TV-you .................. .
get a headache. '
'Tha t ball ... ...... .... ..... .
la nd in the water!'
' I've used this machine
before. Don't worry, the
photos ... ...... ......... .
come out in a minute.'
'I ................... call
fo r an ambula nce.'
~
[j]
'Look at the cat. She
can't get down .'
' Oh dear. I .................. .
get a ladder.'
124
B
A
B
A
4
Read the notes a nd choose the correct words in italics in the
conversation. " l isten and check.
VANE~SA
1 hear
P£TE R
When (o(are you leaving)! will you leave?
On Monday, We're (1) getting I going to getttle overnight
Vo\NlESSA
(2) Are you staying I Will you stay long?
PffiR
A couple of weeks. We (3) will fly I 're flying back on the
you've booked your flights to Bangkok.
flight.
VANESSA
PETER
vANESSA
"ffiR
VANtSSA
PffiR
VANmA
PElER
VANBSA
P£TlII
VANESSA
PffiR
VANESSA
5
Feb 12tl-t Lo~6~ - 8<11t,1k4k.
Fljjht 31'
.
Fob 13tk I l'itk b"kuI 2- >ti9htJ
A.r~
H6teJ.
'
Fob 1~tk 12.30 - mutJ,lmfo,
"",,,I.
Feb 15 tk.J6 i 6 belfdtJ??
26th.
Fob Jktk b"kuI fl[9ht 6''131<4''- _
What about accommodalion?
U~611... Lurve S""'8k4k. 11,30 p.nt.
We've booked a hotel lor the first two nights. (4) We're
staying I We'll stay at the Asia Hotel on Sukhumvit Road.
That sounds nice. Bul I've heard Thailand can be terribly hot in February.
No, I've been before, SO I know it (5) won't I isn't going to be too hot then.
What are your plans while you're in the city?
Do you remember John? (6) We're having I We'll have lunch with him on Ihe 14th.
GIVe him my best wishes when you see him. Whal about after that?
I'm not sure. (7) We will I We're going to look around and see what's available. We'd like 10 go
to the beach.
How are you gomg to get there?
We'll (8 ) probably I certainly get the bus. I'm not sure really.
(9) Shall I Will I look on the Internet? There might be a timetable or something.
That'5 a good idea.
OK. (10) I'm getting I rlf get my computeL
Complete the conversations. Write one word (or a short form) in each gap.
CIII[J listen and check.
o
A Ho w .~~ .... you getting to t he station to morrow?
B I don 't know. I'll .p.!"£~~.~.t.Y. .... o rde r a taxi. Actua lly, I 'Ll
if I ca n book o ne.
phon e the m now a nd see
A This bag's too heavy. I'm ...... ..... ....... to hurt my back!
B ...... .. ....... .... I he lp you ca rr y it ?
A T hanks.
2 A Do you ........ , .......... Davi na will be here o n time?
B Yes, I' m sure she .. ... .... .. ...... ... She's never late.
3 A Have the tickets a rrived?
B Yes. Wc .. ................. Sitti ng in row E. That's q uite near t he front.
A Excellent. [ ......... ... .... ... eaU Peelro and tell him .
4 A I ................... going to do the shoppi ng late r. Is the re anyth in g you want?
B Yes. Quite a rew things . ............ ... .... I make a list?
5 A Have you asked Srian 10 the concert? I've got an extra ticket for him .
B Yes, but I ................... thi nk he'll com e. He hates classica l music,
A How annoying. Well, I ................ ... waste money o n an extra t icket again!
125
I
I
I
42
1
Future continuous
Form
We form the future continuous with will + be + the .;lIg form of t he verb:
I will ('/I) be working. He wi!!.f!1) be wailing. They w ill ('If) b e watching TV
to the party. It will not (won 't) be w orking.
We will not (won 't) be leaving then.
Will you be waiting for me? (No, I won 't.) Will she be arriving tomorrow?
1.___"", ' (Yes, she w ill.) Wha t will you be doing?
I will not (won 't) be coming
Spelling rules for -in9 forms
)0.
page 350
2 Actio ns happening at a futu re time
We use the future continuous to talk about an action that will be in progress at or around a
time in the futu re:
Come to the main door when YOIl arrive at the lIteatre - we'll b e waiting (or you ills ide.
,
you arrive at the theatre
NOW------------------~~~~~------------------~>~
we'lf be WiIID!)g Inside
Doll't phone me at the office tom orrow. I'll be working at hom e.
A
We don't use going to with this meaning:
1 Bt'I IIi:s lime ne-N:I m(mtl, I'm going to U.oe ill "')'lIew PRO
.I By this time next month /'11 b e living ill my new {l(/t!
3
Fut ure actions w ith possible results
We can use the fut ure contin uous to talk about a future action
• which may have a resu lt :
/'11 b e m eeting my (riellds after work so / m (/y be home late,
• or which may make ano ther action possible or necessary:
/'1/ b e secitlg tile doctor tomorrow. Do YOII wallt me to a.~k her abOllt your prescriptioll?
We'II IJc turning off the water sllpply (or two IlOlIrs at six o'clock. Please do /l ot tllrn 011 YOllr
taps dllr;n8 this time.
4
Ask ing about plans
We use the future continuous to ask polite questions about personal plans and
arrangements. It is less direct than the present continuous or goillS to:
ExCl/se me. W ill we be s topping for a break during the jOllrney?
Compa re:
A re yOIl coming to the party? (present continuous: a direct q uestion, to a friend)
W ill YO" be comillg to the party? (future continuous: a less direct question, to your boss)
FORMALITY CHfCK We can also use the future continuous to say that we can't do somet hing
in a formal situation. Compa re:
Mr ' el/killS is bl/sy so I'm afraid he won 't b e m eeting m. (future continuo us: formal si tuation)
Sally's working so silt! iSII' t comillg to ti,e party tonight. (present conti n uous: informal)
126
Practice
1
Complete the captain's announcement
with the future continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
CIIID listen and check.
" Good afternoon, ladies and gen tl emen. This is your
captain speaking. Welcome on board today's flight to Las
Palmas. Our flight time today will be a round five hours and
we (0) w.i#..~~fi~.. .. .. .. (fly) at an altitude of 35,000 feet.
Weather conditions are good and we (1) .................... .
(arri ve) at Las PaJmas at six o'clock local time.
During today's flight we (2) .... ... .. .. ... ... ..... ......... (show) a
selectio n of film s. You can find details in th e in-flight
magazine in the pocket of the seat in front of you. Our cabin
crew (3)
... ...... (pass) through t he aircraft with
refreshments shortly after take-off. [ apologise for the fact that we (4) ......................... .
(not I serve) a hot meal o n today's flig ht. This is due to a strike at the cateri ng com pany.
However, we (5) .
........ ... ... ...... (offer) you sandwiches and the usua l choice of drin ks.
In a few momen ts th e cabin crew (6) ............................... (demonstrate) the safety
equipment. Please give them you r full atten tion , then si t back, relax and en joy the flig h t.
Thank you."
2 Choose the best ending for each sentence, A or B. CIIID listen and check.
o I'm afraid t he head of fin ance won't be able to meet you tomorrow as
A he'll attend a conference. @ he'll be attend ing a conference.
1 By t his time next week
A we' re going to lie on the beach. B we'll be lying o n the beach .
2 The au pair will be taki ng the chlldren to school
A if you' re too busy. B tomo rrow morning.
3 Don't disturb me tomorrow evening because
A I' ll watch t he match o n TV. B I'll be watching t he match on TV.
4 I'll be giving you a lift home
A so you don 't need to bring you r car. B if you like.
5 You can deliver tbe d ishwasher any t ime tomorrow beca use
A I' ll be working from home. B I' ll work from home.
3
Rewrite these statements and questions so they are more polite.
o Are you going to give us extra points for correct spelling?
.W.W..Y.~~.~~.J~~..~..~~!':":'.p~~fi.n:.~.~.!P.~U~?. ............ ...
Do we get a pay rise next year?
2 I' m afra id we a re n 't sending you t he documents until next week.
3 Are you going to stay the night?
4 Will you recommend me for a promotion when you see t he boss?
5 Unfortunately, we aren 't opening the day-care centre next summ er.
6 Are you going to bring some food for the pic nic?
127
perfect: simple and continuous
a good idea. We'll
been skiing all day so
'11 be ready for a meal!
1
Future perfect simple
We fo rm the future perfect simple with will + have + past participle:
~PO~S~mv
~~E;;;: J will ('11) have worked. He will ('11) have worked. They will ('/1) have arrived.
not (won't) have worked. It will not (won't) have finished.
NEGATIVE
J wiff
QUESTIONS
Will you have worked? (No, I won't.) Will she have finished? (Yes, she will.)
What will you have done?
I:::;o;;;;;:;;;;=:,We will not (won't) have stopped.
L._~_ _ '
2
Future perfect continuous
We form t he future perfect continuous with will + have + been + the -illS form of the verb:
POsmVE
I'fI have been working. He'll have been waiting. They'lf have been watching TV
NEGATIVE
J will not (won't) have been waiting. It will not (won't) have been working .
I:::;o;;~~~ : We will not (won't) have been skiing.
Q UESTIONS
Will you have been swimming? (No, I won't.) Will she have been waiting?
(Yes, she will.) What will you have been doing?
3
Completed actions
We use the future perfect simple for actions which we ex pect to be completed by a
pa rt icular time in the future:
We'll I/{I ve got back ami had a shower by seve/!.
(= We will get back before seven o'clock.)
get back to the hotel
Now
I
CD
. ·'·. . '
..
ffi
... .) . . .
'\LJ
.,.
We usually use time expressions with th e
future perfect:
He'lIlIave arrived by tllis evening.
Do yOIl thillk YOllr g/lests lViI/have left before we get there?
4
Actions in progress
We use the future perfect contin uous to tal k about an action which is happening lip to a
particular time in t he future. The actio n may stop at that time o r it may conti nue after it.
By next Friday /,11 have beeu waiting (or my exam res/llts (or over two /1/olltlls!
We can use this form, usually with so, to explain th e reason for a future situation:
We'lllwve beell skiing all day so we'll be ready (or a meal!
Tlley'lllUlve been working since eight o'clock so they'll be tired.
Compare the future perfect si mple and continuo us:
By tell o'clock I'lllwve finish ed my homework. (emphasis on a completed action)
By lIille o'clock I'll ha ve been working aI/lily essay (or {om hOllrs. (emphasis on 'how long')
128
Pract ice
1
Read the conve rsations and choose the correct word in italics.
A Shall we go out this evening? , ---,--:-_
B OK, but onl y after seven. I (0) Gvon't
IlIiveJ won 't fini shed m y homework un ti l t hen .
A That's OK. I' m wo rking o n my project this evening but I'll (1) dOlle ( fmw clone most of
it by seven-th irty, so I ca n pho ne you then.
2 A Ca rol's lost a lo t of weight!
B Yes, she's been o n a very good d iet . By next week she' ll have been (2) go / going to a
weight loss c lass fo r ove r six weeks! If she carries o n like this she' ll (3) have / has lost
over five kilos by the cnd of the month.
3 A Will you (4) have / beell fin ished plastering this room by the weekend ?
BYes, 1 hope so.
A Great. So will we be able to paint the room o n Monday?
B No. Wait until Wednesday. The new plaster (5) did,, 't dry / \\Ion't Il/il'e dried until then.
4 A Excuse m e, nurse. I've been waiting here for ages.
B I' m sorry. Th e doctor's very busy. She' ll probably be able to see you after four.
A And by th en I'll (6) be / have beetl wa iting here fo r mo re than six hours!
2
Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets. Use the future perfect or, where
possible. the future perfect continuous form.
listen and check.
c.m
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3
By the cnd of nex t month I JJ..~r.~. !?~ .F~... here in Spain for six years. (live)
I'll ask Jane to call yo u back at twelve. Her meeting
... ... ... ....................... .. by then.
(end)
When he retires next year, Adam .. ...... .. ......... ... ................... .... here fo r more than twen ty
years. (work)
I' ll have more free time aft er September because the child ren .... ....................................... .
to school by then . (go back)
My best friend is doing a ' round -the-world' trip. By this time next week she
................ ............................. for more th an six months. (travel)
Don't worry. By the time you get here, m y mother-in-law .................. ......................... .!
(leave)
....... ........ ....... .. .............. ..... .. the pro ject in time for the meeting? (the team, complete)
It's a reall y long tlight. We ................ ............... ..
in the same seats for over fo urteen
hours so we' ll be exhausted when we get there. (sit)
You can't stay here next week. We ... .. ... .. ... ... . ... ... ..... .. ... ..... .. the decorating. ~ n ot fi nish)
Find five more mistakes in the letter and correct them .
cm&Ilisten and check.
"
Dear Mr Sanderson,
I am writing about the repairs which your company has
.
been~o the roof of our apartment building .
The work started in March and it stin isn't finished. By the end of this week the men will have woric.ing Ofl
the roof for over t.....-o months. This means we will suffered more than eight weeks of continuous noise
and disruption, and we will be living for al1 that time with permanent cold draughts and dirt.
As you know, my wife is pregnant and the baby is due next month. It looks as though lhe work will
haven't been completed by the time the baby is born. This is unacceptable.
t would like you to reassure us that work Ofl the part of the roof that covers our flat INlII have finishing by
the beginning of June at the latest. I think this is the least we can expect.
Yours sincerely,
Jeremy Brogan
129
44
Present simple with future meaning
1 Fixed future events
We often use t he present simple with a time or date to talk about futu re events on a
timetable or fixed programme:
Tile Dallas flight arrives at 9.45. Dllr next meeting is at 11.00 01/ Thursday.
Does tile tom bus s top ill ROl1da? Do we get back to the hotel by 6.oo?
Wc can use will in the same way: 'Whell do/will YOllr cI(lsses n"ish?' 'Tile fast olle will be/is
011 December 5th. '
We also use the present simple or will to talk about definite arrangements and things we
can't cha nge: 'What sort of party ;s it/will it be?' 'It's/It'll be a {(mcy dress party.'
New Year's Day fa lls/will fa ll 011 a TI/llrsday " ext year.
A
When we are talking abou t personal arrangements we use the present continuous
or going to, not the present si mpl e:
X H~ lIJeet 811' {Rends at Ole dllemH #1;5 e.'ellittg .
./ We're meeting ollr friends at tile cinema this evellillS
2 after, when, as soon as, etc.
We use the present simple to ta lk about future even ts after when, as S(Km as, before, after,
ol/ce and until:
1 won't be able to /lse my pllOl1e unt il lhe plmle lands. Bulas soon as I get there, /'11 phone YOII.
I 'll semi YOII a text m essage once tile parcel arrives.
Wc can also use the present perfect after these expressions when we are talking about a
completed action:
I'll/ell YOII wlmt Ws like after I've seen it.
We'll come dowl1lo reception as soo" as we've lW/Jacked ollr sllitcases.
Don 't leave m,tU YOll've spoken to the mallager.
A
We don't use will (or the present continuous for futu re meaning) after these expressions:
see ~'6l1 ~~~Ilm rll aFF;.oe.
./ I'll see you w hen / arrive.
X As 59911 as l\I'iII get illM' ru th9Re ,.ell .
./ As SOO tl { IS / get there, I'll phol1e YO".
X I'll pJume r611 atlef [ 'Ill (,,"i.·illS .
./ /'/1 pllOlIe YOII after I arrive.
X t'lI
More on these linking w ords
~
Unit 82.1
Form and present tense uses of the present simple
130
~
Unit 27
Practice
1
Match the two parts of the sentences.
I've ch ecked the ti metable; o ur next exam ~
The government has announced that the election
The train to Edinburgh
My friend from university
We'll go the chemi st's aft er
Whcn we get to the hospi tal
o
1
2
3
4
5
2
A
B
C
0
E
F
we'll sce the doctor.
is lea ving tomo rrow.
is o n Tuesday.
we've secn the doctor.
leaves at 4.45.
will take place in May.
Read the email. Then choose the correct words in italics in the conversation.
c.m Listen and check.
5ub!«t
I
-
Here are the details for Thursday's day trip to Paris .
.. 08.40 Departure from 5t Pancras International. (Train 9010)
.. , 2.15 Arrival at Paris GaTe du Nord International station .
.. 20.05 Departure from Paris Gard du Nord International (Train 9059)
.. 21.54 Arrival at London 51 Pancras International.
Looking forward to seeing everyone on Thursday. And don't be late for the train! I
Jeremy
CARRIF.
WDY
CARRlE
WDY
CARRIF.
W ilY
CARRIF.
WDY
CARIUF.
WD Y
C ARRm
W I) Y
CARRIF.
3
I' m so excitro about Thursday's tri p. I've just had eremy's emai l with the details.
O h, I h aven 't, but I' m so pleased we (0) sit 're sittj" together on the train . Shall we
meet up and have a coffee before the train (I) leaves / is leavillg?
No, we can get coffee o n the train . But why don 't you come to m y house? We can
get a taxi to the statio n together. The train (2) '11 leave / leaves al 8.40 so perhaps you
shou ld come h ere al about 8.00.
OK. Wh at time (3) does it flrrive / is it arriving in Paris?
At quarter past twelve.
Perfect. Just in time for lunch! Do you know where we (4) eat / 're eating?
Not exactly, but I know Jerem y's o rganised everythin g. We (5) have / 're ' ,oving lu nch
at a place he knows nea r th e Louvre. Apparently it's very nice but no t too expensive.
That sounds great. I'd like to go to th e museum after we (6) Iw Y(! / 'Ill/ave lu nch.
Good idea. But don 't fo rget Jeremy (7) 'll take / 's takins us to the Ei ffel Tower at 5.00.
I'm sure there'JI be time. When do we have to be back at the sta tio n?
The train back to Lo ndon (8) will /(~(I ve / letlves at five past eight.
How lo ng (9) is / will be the trip back?
The train ( 10) gets / 's getting back to Lo ndo n just before 10.00, so less than two hours.
Complete the sentences with the present simple. present continuous or will form of the
verbs in brackets. SIll Listen a nd check.
o
1
2
3
4
I Jtf./:tM..~ ................. (check) with you before I buy the tickets.
We ............................... (meet) Soph ie at 7.00. Would you like to joi n us?
l' U p ho ne you as soon as I ............................... (h ear) any news.
Becaus< of uneKpected dema nd, thm .............................. (be) an extra sho w on Fr;day.
Once we ............................... (know) the survey results we'll be able to p lan o ur campaign.
5 Next year, Th anksgiving Day .............................. (be) o n Thursday, 26th November.
. .. ... (spen d) the day with my cousin s.
6 I can' t come tomo rrow. I ..................
7 After I ............................... (pass) my d riving test I' m going to buy a car.
8 I've checked the it inerary. The bus ....... ............. ........... (get back) at 4.45.
131
45
Other ways to talk about the future
Well, we were going t o nave a skiing
holiday this winter, but Judy broke her
leg, so we're staying at home instead.
1 was/were going to
We use was/were going to to talk about something that was expected or planned for the
futu re but It did n't happen. We sometimes call this form 'the future in the past':
In 2005 they were going 10 b"ild a supermarket here. (= There was a plan to build iL)
WI,ell I was yOllnger I W(lS go;" S to be a ballet dancer. (= I expected to do tl1is in the fu ture.)
J w{un 'l goinS to work today, bllt the boss called m e ill, (::: I d id n 't expect to work today.)
Wc often use th is form
• 10 talk about something we expected to happen but in fact didn't happen:
I Wfl S goi"S to s lmly medicine bill my grades weren't good enollgh for m ediad sclwol.
• to make excuses about something we failed to do:
I was goi"g to fi nis h my homework bllt J did,, 't /JUI'e time.
We were going to b uy some more milk but we left Ollr mOlley at home. Sorry.
Past continuous for plans that did not happen ,.. Unit 31.4
2
Expressions with a future meaning
We use am/is/are to + infinitive in formal situations to talk about future events:
The president is la talk to tile nation tomorrow.
Till' bridse is to be ( 1)Cl Jed by tile mayor 0 /1 Jllly 20t/1.
We often use this fo rm in news reports and in instructions or orders:
Tile po/ice lIrc to stllrt //OlIse-to-hollse enquiries a,is week.
The driver of llle sto fl'll car is to appellr ill court tomorrow.
T I,ese pills {Ire to be lllke" three times a day.
YOII a re to report for duty at 9.00 a.lII.
Wc use am/is/a re abollt to + in finitive to talk about an action that will happcn in t he
immediate future:
Hurry tip! TIle frai/l 's abou t to leave.
I Cl/n't talk llOW - my pllOfle battery is a bollt to rim out.
Some verbs a nd other expressions also have a future meaning:
be due to
The new computer is due to arrive tomorrow.
132
be 5urelcertain to
The rest isn't diffICult. I'm sure to pass it.
be likely to
I don't think we're likely to get a refund as we don't have a receipr.
expect
The company expects to announce its annuo/ results next month.
hope
I hope to see you on Friday
want
They want to visit us next summer.
Practice
1
Match the sentences 1-5 with A or B.
o She's certain to be promoted.
A I'm talking about the prcsenl. @ 1' 111 talking about the fu ture.
We were going to go to thei r party.
A We went to their party. B We didn 't go to their party.
2 I can't talk now, I' m about to go out.
A I' m going out in a few mi n utes. B I'm going out later this evening.
3 I wasn't going to wear that red dress.
A I didn't wear the red dress. B My friend persuaded me to wear the red dress.
4 Fou r heads of state arc to attend the opening ceremony.
A I rcad this In a newspaper. B A friend said this.
S The government was going 10 reduce taxes last year.
A They reduced taxes last year. B They d idn 't reduce taxes last year.
2
Complete the the recorded phone messages with the words and phrases
from the box.CIIIID Listen and check.
about to due to
~
hope to likely to be sure to
want was going to were.goin g to
A Hi Carla, it's jane here. [ (0) ..~.~p.~........... you get thi s message! Sorry I didn't call you
earlier. I ( I) ................... phone, but it's been a really busy day. AnY'""ay, I just wantL'<i to
tell you that I might be a bil late fo r the aerobics dass this evening. I' m (2) ................. ..
fini sh a rcally important report for my boss for tomorrow and I need to spend a couple
more hours on it to get it ready. But I'm (3) ................... finis h it by 7.00 so I'll see you
around 7.30.
B Hello. Mr Ca rllon? This is An thea from the electrical shop. You (4) ................... collect
your repa ired toaster this morning but you didn't come in to the shop. Do you
(5) ................... us to send it to you o r do you still want to collect it you rself! The thing
is, we' re (6) ................... close fo r our annual holidays so if you don 't co llect it before the
weekend it'll be too late.
C Thi s is Karen from customer services with a message for Stephen Brook. I'm afraid we've
had some problems with o ur suppliers and there's (7) .................. a few weeks' dclay in
the delivery. of your spa re parts. I'm sorry about th at. I (8) ................... get a defi nite da te
from them In the next few days. I' ll phone aga in when I've got a finn date for you.
3
Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first. using the word in
brackets. Use two to five words in your answer. CIIm Listen and check.
o They will definitely ask us about our holiday plans. (sure)
They . ~~.~.:t:~~~. !.~..'.f:t:!s.f!.!. ... about o ur holiday plans.
I planned to phone you but I didn't have time. (was)
I ............................... but I didn't have time.
2 The new hospital will open next September. (dul')
The new hospital ..... .......................... next September.
3 I thi nk we're probably going to be there around 6.00. (l ikely)
We ........ ... .................... there around 6.00.
4 ·1l1e Prime Minister wil l make an announcement this evening. (is)
The Prime Minister .................. ......... .... an announcement th is evening.
133
Review
1
UNITS 41 AND 42
MODULE 8
Complete the conversation with suitable forms 'of the verbs in brackets.
CfJJA Hi, Celia. Nice to see you. (0) ~.~~J3~ ..
........... (I get) you a coffee?
CEllA
No, thanks, I've just had one.
I can 't believe this weathe r. Tt's awful!
JAK E
I know. And by the look of those clouds it (1) .
JAKf.
...................... ... (get) worse.
CEllA O h well, this time n ext week I (2) ..... ....... ...... ............. (sit) o n a beach in the su n !
JAKE
So you've booked your holiday t hen?
CEllA
Yes. We (3) ............................... (leave) o n Sunday.
JAKE
Lucky you! I (4) ............................... (no t think) we're going to go away this year.
Sylvia's boss has given her a big project. She (5) .............................. (work) on it
all summer.
CEl.lA
JA KE
That's a pity.
Yes. But her boss has promised that he (6)
...................... (give) her three weeks
off in the autumn ... Anyway, we should all get together befo re you leave. How
about Friday?
I' m not sure. I (7) ............................... (look) in my diary ... Well, I
(8) .............................. (not do) anything on Friday but Mado (9) ............................. .
(go) to footba ll training. So it (10) ............................... (j ust be) me. Is that OK?
''''
CEllA
2
Fine. We (ll ) ............................. (see) you on Friday. ( 12) .............................. (we
meet) at seven ?
Great. See you then.
UNITS 41, 42 AND 43 Read the email and choose the correct words in italics.
Hi Dad
I've 'ust arrived in Johannesburg so this is my first chance to send an email. (0) I'll have sent /
1'1/ be send;n one to Grandma and Uncle Joe later on today.
By the start of next month I'll have (1) travelled I been travelling for more than three
monthsl I can't believe how quickly the time has gone. It's been an amazing experience.
After I get home (2) 1'1/ be boring /1 am boring you for weeks with all my stories!
Everything's fine here but I'm getting a bit short of money now. By the end of the week
(3) 1'1/ have used up I 1'1/ use up most of it. Is there any chance you could send me some
more? I'll (4) be arriving I have arrived in Cape Town next Monday. I (5) stay I'm staying in
a hotel in the Clifton district, SO could you send some money to the Western Union office
there? I'm really excited because I've arranged to meet one of myoid school frien ds in
Cape Town . I'll (6) be seeing I have seen him on Tuesday and he (7) '/I have been showing I
's going to show me around the town. We won't (8) have seen I be seeing each other for
fou r or five years so I hope I recognise him! Did I tell you I've grown a beard? Don 't worry,
I'm sure I'll have (9) shaved I been shaving it off by the time I get homel
Anyway, I'll (10) have written I write again soon.
Jimmy
134
3
UNITS 44 A.ND 4S Complete the sentences with words and phrases from A-K. There a re two
extra words or phrases.
o Katie is an excel len t d river. She .... ~.... pass th e test.
1 My sister .......... become a scientist but sh e became a teacher instead.
2 New recruits .......... report to the staff sergeant at 07.30 precisely.
3
4
5
6
7
The n ex t train .......... al ten forty·fi ve.
'Today's main news: the government .......... lower t he tax on fuel. '
10e final classes of the term .......... at six o'clock on Thursday.
As oil run s out, elect ric vehicles .......... become more and more popular.
We .......... try bungee jumping but o ur friends persuaded us to do it !
8 The bridge .......... o pen early in the New Yea r.
A are
B are to
E is due to
F weren't going to
I was going to J is 10
4
G leaves
K are likely to
D were going to
H is about to
UNITS Match the two parts of the sentences in each group.
0 I can' t see you o n Sat urday, ~ A I' ll have fi nished work by then.
1 I' ll come and see yOll after
B I fi nish work.
C I' ll be working.
2 We can meet al five becallse
A we're going to go som ewhere hot.
1 We're not sure of o ur exact plans bu t
B we' re going to Mexico.
2 There's no s hade here, so
C we're going to get hot.
3 I've just got the tickets;
1 By t he time he gets here, Harry will be tired; A he's going to work all day.
B he'll be working all d ay.
2 I'm afraid Bill won 't have time to see you;
3 Dave's determined 10 finish that essay;
C he' ll h ave been working all day.
The sales di recto r's instructions arc as
A we're meeting her at t he cafe ...
fo llows 8 we are to meet her at the cafe.
2 Everyth ing's arranged,
we meet her at the cafe.
we
can
go
to
the
concert
together
after
C
3
1 We were going to take the plane but we
A ' 11 mj ss our connecti on .
2 We can't go on t he later plane because we
B 're goi ng to miss o ur connection .
Look
at
the
time!
We
missed our connection .
C
3
ALL
1
2
3
4
S
5
C is Stife to
A.LLUNITS Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first, using the word
in brackets. Use two to five words in your answer.
() The President will speak to th e natio n ton igh t. (is)
Til e President . ~ .t.~.!P.~~J~ ................... the nation ton ight.
I' m cert aI n ho use prices will go down thi s year. (su re)
House prices .......... ............................... this year.
2 James will leave before we get there. (left)
James ......................................... by the time we get t here.
3 We' ll arrive at the resort and then we'll decide where to stay. (after)
We'll decide where to stay ......................................... at the resort.
4 Next Satu rday is Ha rry and JuJia 's h ventieth weddin g anniversary. (been )
By nex t Saturday Harry and Ju lia ......................................... married for twenty yea rs.
5 Davld planned to become an airline pilot but he failed the fi tness test. (gOing)
David ......................................... an airline pilot but he fail ed the fi tness test.
6 I I) ccd to use my laptop tomorrow so I can 't lend it to you. (be)
I can't let you borrow my laptop lomorrow beca use I ......................... ............
myself.
135
Test
MODULE 8
Future forms
Choose the correct answer, A, 8 or C.
I can't sce you tomorrow afternoon. I ......... a check-up at th e dentist's.
A '11 have B ' m having C have
2 The train's very late. I .......... my appointment.
A 'm going to miss B am missi ng C miss
,.. Un it 41
,.. Unit 41
3 Don 't worry, the copier always makes that noise. It .......... in a minute.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
136
A 's going to stop B stops C '11 stop
I .......... t hat job - t he pay isn't good enough.
A don' t think I'll take B don 't think I'm taking C think I' m not taking
'fancy a snack. I think ... ...... . myself a sandwich .
A I'm making B I' ll make C I make
It 's rather cold in here... .... .... turn on the heating?
A Will I B Am I going to C Sha ll I
Come to the back door at 7.35 exactly.......... for you.
A I'm waiting n I wait C I'll be waiting
I'm afraid we ca n 't tell you anyt hing yet. The board of d irectors ......... .
an official announcement tomorrow.
A is make B will be making C makes
Excuse m e, Prime Minister. .......... a statem ent about the crisis this even ing?
A Are you making B Do you make C Will you be making
By the end of August .......... o n the new bridge for over ('ighteen mo nths.
A they' ll have been worked B lhey' lI been working
C they' ll have been working
You ca n come round at six . .......... by t hen .
A I will have been finishing work B 1'1\ have finished work
C I' m finishing work
You won't have to wait for long. They ..... ..... it within the next few minutes.
A ' 11 have repaired B have repaired C repair
Accordi ng to the website there are three flights tomorrow. The earlies t .....
at 7.30 a.m.
A is going to leave B leaves C will h ave left
Jack sent me an cmail. "m afraid he ... .... .. . on Saturday.
A isn't com ing
B won't come C doesn 't come
I ... ....... you as soon as J hear any n ews.
A phone B '11 p hone C ' I( have phoned
Don 't open your presents until we ..... ..... t here.
A ' 11 get B 're getting C get
They .......... going to build flats here but the builder went out o f business.
A have been B will be C were
As a conditio n of this cont ract you .... .. . report a lost or stolen card with in
twenty-fo ur hours.
A are to B will to C be to
Hurry up! They ....... ... the doors.
A ' re about close B ' re about to close C about of closing
I .......... the accounts to be ready by Friday at the latest.
A have expected B 'm going to expect C expect
"' Unit41
"' Unit41
,.. Un it 41
"' Unit4 1
,.. Unit 42
,.. Unit 42
,.. Un it 42
,.. Unit 43
,.. Unit 43
,.. Unit 43
,.. Unit 44
,.. Unit 44
,.. Unit 44
,.. Unit 44
,.. Unit 4S
,.. Unit 45
,.. Unit 45
,.. Unit 45
Modal verbs
Before you start
1
Read the conversation . look at the highlighted grammar examples.
MURAl
I can', find the episode of ER that we recorded yesterday.
KAREN
It must be there. I saw Max start the machine.
MURAl
No, it isn't. He must have done something wrong.
How annoying!
KAREN
Don't worry. We can down load it from the Internet.
I'll do it for you if you like.
MURAT
That's nice of you . I was looking forward to watching
KARfN
Well, I won't be able to do it until tomorrow -I've got
it tonight.
to work on that geography project for collf'ge.
MURAl
KAA£N
But you don't have to hand it in until Friday.
I know. But I'd better get on with it. You know how
slow I am!
2
MURAl
Why don't I help you finish it?
KAR£N
No, we're not allowed to get help from anyone else. It has to be all our own work.
But thanks for offering.
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics . The highlighted
grammar examples will help you .
I Look at my new mobi le phone. It m l/st / can play movies!
>- Unit 46
)- Unit 46
2 What's your new phone number? [ can't / mllst,,'r remember it.
3 Ca n YOll change my appointment? I'm busy so I wol/ '1 be able to / dOll 'f liave to
come at eleven o'clock tomorrow.
)- Unit 46
)- Unit 47
4 janine ((/11/ mllst be in the office now. I saw her go in ten minutes ago.
)- Unit 48
S My wa llet's gone! Someone call/ must have sto len it!
6 YOII 've got I You 're allowed to show your driving licence when you rent a car.
)- Unit 49
)- Unit 50
7 Take you r time. We cal/'t / don 't l/ave to be there until six.
8 We're late. W e'd better / We migllt hurry up.
)- Unit 51
)- Unit 52
9 You couldn't / aren't a/lowed to drive without a licence in the UK.
10 Are you h ungry? I make I / '1/ m(/ke somethin g fo r you.
)- Unit 53
3
Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
a)jI?W [[,I 0 1 01 P<}MOII !! 1,U eU!! 6 JaHaq p,aM 8 0 1 aA"el.j l, u OP L
l mm S lsn w t> 01 alq!! aq 1,UOM £: l,ue:> Z ue:>
108'M,no).. 9
6
Go on llllt' for
rl
fu ll dldqIlO'>t l( tp'>!
137
46
Ability and possibility
can. could, be able to
(ATHY
That's a smart new phone. Does it work
in the USA?
nM
Yes, you can use it anywhere in the world.
CATHV
SO I suppose you've got a new phone
number ...
TIM
No. I was able to t ransfer myoid number to the new phone.
1 can and other modal verbs
We use a modal verb with another verb to show that an actio n is possible, necessary or
certain. We also use modal verbs to ask permissio n o r to give advice.
POSITIVE
I can swim. You must leave. She should go.
NECiAT1V[
I cannot (can 'V dance. He must not (mustn't) stop. We could not (couldn't) leave.
QUEST10NS
Can you speak French? (No, I can't) Should they leave ? (Yes, they should.)
What can you do? Where should we go ?
Modal verbs
«((Ill,
cOllld, mar- mig/lt, ShOll ld, must, would, will and sl/aff) are differen t from
other verbs.
• We use them + infinitive without to:
X YEm Eml t6 I/:Se it
tm,'\ ~·/left.
./ YOII can use it anywhere.
• They have the same form for aU subjects:
X My ht'6thf!f' CfWS swim. ./ My brotller cau swim .
• We form negatives wit h /lot or lI 't (not doeslI 't or dOIl 't):
X 1 (km 'Lam Sf~lk ,tapalle5f. ./ I cau ' t speak Japanese.
• We put the moda l verb in fron t of the subject fo r q uestions. We don 't use (/o/does/(/id:
X Does slle Elm pki1' tel/ ll is? ./ Carl slle play tennis?
• They don't have infin itive or -i1l8 fo rms. If we need to use an infinitive or -ing form,
we use a form with a sim ilar mea ning, e.g. fo r can we use be able to:
X ! watIE 10 «ill P!ci1' the SI/ ita r. ./ I wan t to be able to play tile gl/itar.
X ! 16\'tJ ca ll stfl)' up lllte. ./ I love b eiflS able to ,~ tay lip late.
• They do n't have participle (-ed, -ing) forms, so we can't make continuo us or perfect
tenses with them, Instead we change the mai n verb:
They can 't be w(l i ti"8 (or liS. TlJey ca l/ 'f have u sed it yet.
'Modal perfects', e.g. He must have done it.
>- Units 51 .3 and 84.1
• We ca n make modals passive, We use a modal verb + a form o f be + past participle
(). Unit 84.1): M embers callI/se this car park . ..... Th is car park ca " be: u sed by members.
2 can fo r prese nt abi lity and possibility
We use C(//I o r be able: to to say that it is possible to do something, o r that somebody!
something has an ability to do something:
YOIl ca n IIse th is pllOlle anywhere ill the world. Can YOIl sp eak Japanese?
We usually pro nounce can as /kanl in statements and Wh- questio ns:
Karl
C(III
speak Japanese. When can we play tennis?
We sometimes use the strong form Ikrenl in yes/no questions and always in sho rt answers:
Can Karl play tennis? Yes, he c(1II.
cm
138
The negative call'! is Iko:n ll in most varieties of Brit ish English: I call', read mus ic.
Pronunciatio n .. 1.22
• We use be able to when something Is surprising or requi res some effort:
It's amazing - som(' animals are a ble to sleep standing lip!
Because of ller illness, Alice is,, 't a ble to see visitors .
• We use am/am', with verbs of the senses (e.g. see, hear, .',mell) and some verbs of thinking
(e.g. believe, forget, Temember) to describe an action happening now:
1 call sm ell sometlling bad. Cau you rem ember her name?
I ca,, 't believe this computer's so slow!
If we are NOT sure if somethi ng is possible, we use may, might, etc. (>- Units 47 and 48):
This phone might work ill tI,e USA, bllt 1'", not Sl/fe.
3
Future ability and possibi lity
To talk about what wc can do in the future we use these modals:
be able to for situations that
are certain
After you receive your password, you'll be able to visit our
new website.
I won't be able
can for future personal
arrangements.
could for situatioos that are
possible but unlike!y
could Of would be able to for
conditional situations
to eat or rhree hours after the
aClon.
The dentist can see you on Friday.
Can yqy meet
a the airport on Tuesday?
We could give up our jobs and live on a desert island.
I'm so angry I could scream . (NOT can)
"you had a credit card, you could buy it on the In ternet.
If u ledmt to si , u'd be able to 'Din rhe usic TOO
Second conditional ,. Unit 55
4
Past ability and possibility
To talk about past abi li ty and poSSibility, we use cOllld/collld,,'t or was/were able to:
Before 1got a/is job I CQuld,, 't afford a car.
When I was YOII"g I w as able to mu for miles WitllOllt getti"g tired.
Could the first cameras ta ke colour pllOtos?
A
5
But if we are m aking a positive state me nt about a single event in the past, o r asking
a questio n about it, we use was/were able to, NOT could:
1 J amid tmtl5(er "". eld mmlher. ./ 1 WflS a ble to tra nsfer myoId III/mber.
Fo r negative state me n ts we can use collldll'l or wasn 't/were,, 't able to:
We weren ' t able to get ally cheap flights. We couldn 't get any cheap (fights.
If something was particularly d ifficult, we can use mal/aged to:
I washed it twice bl/t 1'm afraid I did,, 't manage to get rid o f tlwt stain Oil YOllr shirt.
We often use ", {m aged 10 with ex pressions like ill the el/(l, evet/tl/ ally and fi'wJ/y:
It took a wllife, bllt ill tile end we m anaged to find some cheap flights 011 the If/fem ef.
General truths
Wc use call fo r somet hing that is generally possible:
It CUll be very cold ill New York ill jmlllary. (= It is sometimes very cold.)
Life ccm be very I/ar(/ for people Otl low il/com es.
a Hlse flight (/elays at allY time.
We. use could to talk abou t general truths in the past:
III the days ofsai/i1lS sl,ips it could ta ke mal1Y months to travel across ti,e At/aI/tic.
Bad weather cm,
139
46 CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO
Practice
1
Complete the sentences with can, can't, could, couldn't or willlwon 't be able to. Then match
them with the pictures below,
Jeff's great in the kitchen - he . ~.'?-: ............. cook amazing meals!
Jeff .................... cook at all when he was younger, not even si mple things.
Rob used to be a strong runner. He .................... ru n a marathon in three hours.
Rob .................... run a marathon now. He gets very tired.
Sa ndra .................... repair her car - she doesn't know anything about cars.
Sand ra ........ ........ repair her car when she finishes her mechan ics course.
o
1
2
3
4
5
00
NOW •••
[)
TEN YEARS AGO ...
[QJ
NEXT YEAR ...
III
TWENTY YEARS AGO •• •
2
.r .....
Write statements and questions. using the words below and the moda l verbs in brackets.
aIIID listen and check.
o
I hate I not wear I jeans in sma rt restaurant.s (be able to)
J.~~f. .!Wl.k~~ .~~~ .~ . ~.~!'.i~.~ . ~ .~~~..r:~fl~~~~: .......................................... .
Their children I not read o r write I yet (can)
2 you I hear I that strange noise I? (can)
3 you r old mobile phone I play videos /? (could)
4 you I arrange an appointment / with the dentist I yesterday /? (be able to)
5 we I not a nswer / your callI at the moment (be able to)
6 we I get a flight / next Tuesday / ? (be able to)
7 I'd love / play a musical instrument I really well (be able to)
8 We really enjoy I swim I in our own pool / any time we like (be able to)
9 It / be I very hot / in Mad rid / in August (can)
10 After the operation / 1/ not walk properly I for two weeks (could)
140
3
Read t he article a nd choose the correct words in italics, In two places.
both a nsw ers are possible. CIIIID listen a nd check.
How technology has changed our lives
...
Last week my wife suggested we should have a
weekend break: Barcelona. or perhaps Prague. After
a few minutes on my computer I (O)CM'as able 10)1
could book flights and a hotel. then print OUt airline
tickets and a hotel voucht:r - all done in less than
half an hour. Nothing surprising about that. you
might say. But then I suddenly remt:mbered how
things weTC different when I was a child. If my
parents wanted to go away they ( I) can ', 1 couldn 'f
just use the Internet - because there was no Internt:t.
WeI1 , of course it ex isted. but ordinary people
(2) COI/ldn 'f 1 weren ', able
'ause it, it was only used
by a few uni ve rsities and some government age ncies.
4
No. they had to phone a travel agen! or dri ve into
was no signal in the countryside. And they were
lown and go 10 a travel agency.
huge - not much smaller than a house brick. Now
It' s the same thing with phones, I remember once,
I have a phone that' s no bigger than a box of
when I was a teenager, going OUI with some friends
matches. And I (6) can 1 manage 10 phone anyone.
and missing the last bus home. Of course, none of
anywhere in the world. any lime I feel like il. It
us had a mobile phone. So we spent hours searching
can even (7) using 1 be used to look at the Internet.
for a phone box so we (3) COl/Id 1 can call for a lax.i.
(8) Do you can 1 Cml you imagine how exciting it
Even tually we (4) coll fd / managed 10 find one, but
was the first time an engineer managed (9) 10 make 1
by then it was 2 a.m. and we were freezing cold.
making a phone small enough to put in your pocket?
In those days mobile phones were an expensive
It must have been amazing. But I' m sure that in the
luxu ry. Evcn if you hud onc. yOll (5) COlIllI only /
future they (10) can 1 will be able to make them
were only llble 10 use it in big cities because there
small cnough to wear as a wristwalch!'
Find eig ht mo re mistakes and co rrect them. Tick (,I) the correct sente nces.
o
00
I
2
3
You can h 'lre bikes at the station. ,I
WtilS tilb e to
Andre"ieetHe get tickets fo r the fi lm yesterday.
Do you can dri n k the water fro m the taps in this cou ntry?
We couldn 't find an English-language newspaper at the shop.
Erica cou ld been rea lly badly behaved when she was a ch ild.
4 Did yo u manage to ca lli ng your mother yesterday eveni ng?
5
6
7
8
To get the jo b you have to ca n speak fluent Spanish.
We weren 't able to buy water in bottles in those days.
See you that man standing over there?
I'm so angry I can kill him!
9 London can be a very violent place in th e n ineteent h century.
10 I could record the film for you last nigh t. It's o n th is DVD.
47
Making a guess (1)
may, might, could,
must, can't, should
It c.an't be that. I recharged it
yesterday_But it might be the
memory card . Perhaps it's full .
1 Ma king a guess a bout a present situati on
W hen we are com pletely certa in about som ething, we don 't use modal verbs:
T i le camera iSII '1 working becallse the ba ttery /iaSII 't been charged.
But someti nies we make a guess. If we're certain our guess is corrcct, we use 11IlIsI o r cat/ 't :
'It /llLlst be the battery. ' 'It ca n ' t be that. J recharged it yesterday. '
LIICY's i ust oollgllt Cl lIew car - sl,e must be earning plenty of mOlley.
'Is that Ma rina (1/ the door?' 'It can 't be her, she's 0 11 Ilolitlay,,
A
cm
With t h is mea n ing, t he o pposite of must is call 't, NOT mllst/J't:
I f illed tile pet rol t(/IIk yesterday. X It ttllI-st,,'t he el'IfJt)'. .f It ca ll 't b e empty.
Pronunciation>- 1.23
If we are less certain that o ur gu ess is correct we use may (not), miSM (IIOt) o r could:
It m ight be the memory ca rd. PerlUlps Ws fidl ...
There could be life 0 1/ ot ller planets.
The mal/ager may be il/ (I meeting. I'll j llst cI/eck for YOII.
Steve might IIot be livillg at IlOme ally more - I heard Ill' was lookillg for a flat la rel/t.
A
We lIse may l lOt or migllt /lot (not co/lid /lot) if we are not sure about o ur guess:
)( This SI/ mU sll9fJ eel/ Id n elll(i W! batteries.
,/ This SI//(l1/ shop lIIigllt /l ot l/CI ve batteries. ("" Perhaps t hey don't l1 ave a ny batteries.)
We do n't often ask people to guess witl1 mllst, lIIay o r might. We prefer to use COl/M o r
Do yOIl rI,illk?:
Could it be t ile bllltery? Do yOIl think Jerry's at 1101111.' today?
2 Ma king a g uess abo ut t he fu t ure
If we make a guess abou t the future, we use may (nol), migM (IIOt) or could,
but NOT collldJ/ 't:
lfwe woU for a few days, tile prices might be clleaper.
I could get a part-time job /lexl Slimm er. 1111.' t ickets m ay lI ot arrive ill time.
A )( nle eHgillet!f am hl IIfJt b¥ /'IlJle kI fa it.
,/ Tile engilleer might 1Iot be (lbie to fix it.
3 Expectations
Wh en we expect someth ing to be t rue, o r have a strong fee ling o ur guess is correct,
we use sllOl/ltI or shouldll't:
}'iJ II COli pholle Hell ry at work. He sh ould be ill the office by now.
Do,,'t toke allY food. There slJOlIld be plenty to eat ol/ce yOIl get tllere.
A I/ow lla lf all /Jollr to get t"rollgl, secllrity at tile airport - it slumld,, 't take IOl/ger tha" rllat.
142
Practice
1
Do the sentences in each pair have the same (S) or different (D) meaning? Write S o r D.
o
A Could she be an engineer?
B Do you th ink she's an engineer?
1 A Perhaps we wiU buy some new computers for the office.
B Wc may buy some new computers for the office.
2 A
B
3 A
B
4 A
5
We are visiting OUT grandparents next weekend.
We might visit ou r grandparents next weekend.
She can 't be his daughter.
I'm sure she isn't his daughter.
They might not get married in the spring.
S They won't get marri ed in the spring.
S A He must be very angry.
B Perhaps he's angry.
6 A She should be there on time.
B I think she'll be there on time.
2
Read the conversation and choose the correct words in italics. In two
places. both answers are possible. CIIIID listen and check.
LUCAS
JODIE
LUCAS
JODIE
LUCAS
JOO1E
LUCAS
JODIE
!.UCAS
JODIE
LUCAS
JOI)IE
LUCAS
JODlE
3
This is a nice painting. Wow. J.'ive thousand pounds!
It (O)(mustY can be by someone famous.
Let me see ... er, it's by Darre n Hudson. I've never
heard of him.
He (1) could / might be o ne of those new
Canad ian artists.
No, he (2) mustn'l / can't be. All the artists in this
exhibition are British .
Oh . Look at this one. What do you think it is?
I don 't know. It (3) could / call be a person. Yes. I think it's a woman .
I'm not so sure. It (4) could / might no t be a person. I think it looks more Uke a tree.
No, it (5) mustn't / can't be that. Look, you can sec the eyes, just the re.
Oh, yes, I hadn't noticed them.
There's another o ne like it over t he re. (6) May it be / Do yOll think it's by the same
artist?
It (7) might / may be. Let's have a look ... no, it's got a different name on it.
Well, I don 't like any o f these paintings, anyway. Why don't wc go to the
Bloomsbury Gallery? There (8) can / sholl/d be lots of nice pictures there.
Yes, but it's already five o'clock. It (9) might! could not be open by the time we get
there.
I think it's open until 6.30. 1 think we ( to) must ! collld get there in time.
look at the photos and complete the sentences below with your own ideas.
A 0 It could bep.I!f.'1..of.~j«".~.~.....
1 It ca n 't be
..........................
2 It might not be
........... ....
3 It must be
B
It can't be
........... .. ... . •
2 It might be
3 It could be .
4 It must be .
143
48
Making a guess (2)
must, might, could,
should + have
1 Past forms
The perfect fo rm of modal verbs is modal verb + Iwve + past participle:
POSITIVI
1::::......
:;;::~nYI!
""~~.
I might have (might've"') seen him. You should have (should've) been there.
She must have (must've) done it.
I cannot (can't) have lost it. He might not (mightn't) have stopped.
~~~~;:I : We could not (couldn't) have known ....
QUESnONS Could you have known? (No, I couldn't (have).)
Should they have left? (Yes. they should (have).)
,-_ _ _" , 1 What could she have done? Where should \lYe have gone?
• In spoken English we sometimes use short forms, e.g. should"ve, shouldn't've, mightn't've, etc.
1:1
Pronunciation ~ 1.24
Th ere is also a continuo us form, modal verb + have + beell + . illg:
He must I", ve bee" driv;"g too fast. They couldn't 'rave bee" wa tch;"g 115.
2 Ma king a guess abo ut a past situation
If we're certa in that ou r guess is correct we use must, enll 't o r coufdll 't + I/aYe + past
part ici ple:
£verytllitlg's p;IIkJ YOII must h ave put somet/Jillg red in the mac/line.
rca n 't l/ave. J ahva)'s wasll wllites separately.
Lester co"I,/n ' l have beell driving the car - Ill' doesn't evell OWII a car!
If we are less certain, we use may (II0t), migllt (1I0t) or cOllld + hllve + past participle:
' Wllere lire the kL'YS?' '/ dOll't kllow; I may have left them illlhe car. '
'WilY iSll 't AIi llere yet?' 'I dOIl 't know. Could Il l' have forgotten IIIe date?,
' Wily haven't flley pllolled l1Ie back?' 'They migh t /lot have bel'li getting tlleir messages.'
A
We use miglltn 't Iwve + past participle, NOT couldl/ 't have + past participle, if we are not
certain :
I 'm 1I0t sllre; .I I miglltn 't ha ve passed the exam. (::: It's possible that I haven 't passed it.)
1 I amk/H 't IUWE! pa5s~1
tile f!*(IJ/I.
3 Expectations about the past
We can talk about things we expected to happen in the past with sllou /d + Iwve + past
participle:
Check ti,e post. Tlwt letter sllOlIld have arrived by 1I0W.
You'd better pholle tile hospital. T ller s/Iould have hacl the test results tlI;S momins.
We ca n also use this form for an action that was planned but didn't happen:
We sh ould /,ave /I(ul O/lr exam res l/ lts last week, but they IIm'eII 't (lrrived yet.
I SIIOII/(/ have gmw swimmillg last Friday bllt ti,e pool W(lS closed for rep"irs.
Note that was/were mea/lt to or was/were supposed to have a similar meaning:
The pla/le was IIIeant to leave at six bllt tl,ere was Cl mec//(I/lical problem.
I was supposed to send I,er my email (lddress but I (orgot.
should have for criticism and regrets about the past
144
>- Unit 51.3
was going to ,.. Unit 45.1
Practice
1
Use the words below to write sentences a nd questions that make guesses about the past.
am Listen and check.
o
1
2
3
4
5
2
could I she I come / on the earlier bus?
jackie I might I miss I the train
they I should I get hom e I by now
might / the children I stay / late at sch ool?
I / must I lea ve th e keys I in my coa t pocket
Carol ! might not I receive I your email
Choose the best meaning. A or B.
o Sally might have taken the children to the park.
A I'm sure this happened . @ I' m not sure this happen ed .
It must h ave been a wonderful party!
" I went to the party. 8 I di dn 't go to the party.
2 Ellen can't have been there.
A I' m sure abou t th is. B I' m n ot sure about th is.
3 Check your computer. They should have sent the email yesterda y.
A I think th ey sent an email. B I dOIl 't thin k th ey sent an email.
4 That's a pity. They might no t have known about it.
A They didn't know about it . B I don 't know wh eth er t hey knew about it or not.
3
Choose the correct answer, A, B or C below. CIIID listen and check.
{j AB'!'
NICK
GABY
NICK
C AB'!'
NICK
GABY
NICK
GAilY
NICK
GAilY
NICK
GASY
N1CI(
GASY
Did you read about the ' man with no n ame' in the paper?
No , what was the story?
Th e police found this very con fused man walking o n the beach.
He (0) ., ........... remember h is name or where he was fro m.
He ( I ) .. "...... a car accident o r somet h ing.
No, h e (2)
...... He doesn't have an y injuries.
Well , he (3) ,............ suffering from some sort o f memory [a ss .. .
Maybe. But he seemed to be quite healthy.
What about hi s personal possessions? He (4) ............. a wallet o r somet hin g.
No, he wasn 't carrying an yth ing.
They (5) ... ......... stolen by someone.
I suppose so . But th e police don't seem to thin k that was th e case.
How strange. (6) ............. an illegal immigrant?
No. He (7) .........~ ... He spoke to th e po lice in fluent English, with a local accent.
Don 't the police have an y idea wh o he is? I mean, they (8) , .......... looked at t heir
missing persons records.
Yes, but th ey didn't fin d a match. It's a real mystery ...
0 A couldn't h(lve
1 A must have had
2 A could h ave
3 A must have
4 A must have had
5 A could being
6 A Cou ld he ha ve been
7 A sho uldn 't h ave been
B A mightn 't have been
@couldn 't
B must have
B mi ght have
B might ha ve been
R shouldn 't h ave
B must to be
B Migh t be he
B sh ould be
B must have
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
must
might h ave bee n having
couldn 'f have
can 't ha ve been
couldn 't have had
m igh t have been
Could he bei ng
can 't have been
shou ld n 't have
145
49
Rules must, mustn't,
have (got) to
Do I have to buy a battery fot it?
it's gol a battery I
. But
you'U have to charge
1
home
Form
must'
I must go now. You m ust not (mustn't) smoke here.
Must we leave now?
have to
You have to leave now: They don't have to work today.
Do I have to pay?
have got raJ
I have (''lie) got to pay my phone bill. He hasn't got to work today.
Has she got to work today?
had to
We had to buy a new rv. We didn't have to pay.
Did you have to g et a visa?
You'll have to leave soon. We won't have to pay
tiili(iii~! will have to
1
1
Will she have to get a visa?
Must is a modal verb. Have
(0 and have got to are not modal verbs.
Have got to IS not the same as have got (,.. Unit 26.2),
NATURAL ENGLISH We can ask questions with must, but it is more common to use Imvc to:
Mllst we answer (lff /lfe questions? - Do we have to Uflswer all the qllestions?
2 Positive rules and necessary actions
We use lIave to to say that something is necessary, or is a rule:
Tile l(lxi's here. We l!lIvc to leave /IOW. (necessary)
All car passengers I/(I ve to WCClT (I seat belt. (a rule)
Do I luwe to buy batteries? (Is it necessary?)
NATURAL ENGLISH
In informal British English we often use lIave got to. It means the same as
have to.
We also use lIIusl but it is less common than Iwve (got) to . We usually use "lIIst for
• a rute given by the speaker to another person, o r to h imself/herself:
YOII must w eaT yOllr coat; it's cold Olltside. (parent to young ch ild)
I must lose some weight. (I think 1 should do t hiS.)
• inst ruction s (often in w riti ng and with a passive verb):
Aflswer.~ lIIust be wTiNell ill ink. (exam instructions)
We don't use IIIl1sl or have got to for pasl or future situations, we use forms of have to:
PAST
We l!lId to have visas to vis it Chilla last year.
You'l/ ha ve to cha rge tile battery before YOII call IIse it.
~UTURE
3
Negative rules
We use ca,, 't or /lot aflowed to to say that t here is a ru le NOT 10 do somethi ng:
YOII can 't sm oke /Iere. We're IIOt a llowed to use calclllators ill the exam.
We can also use /lllIst 1101, but usually only for ex plai ning rules and in instmctions:
Remember, childrell, YOII must,, '1 ride ,'Ollf bikes 011 tile grass.
These ligllts must IIOt be used olltdoors.
To talk about negative rules in the past or future we use be allowed to (.- Unit 52.3):
J W(ISII 't aI/owed to ci a that when I was a child. We WOf,'t be allowed to clleck ;'1 IlIItillater.
A
If t here is NO rule to say something is necessa ry, we use dOll 't Il(Ive to, NOT mllsh,'t.
Compare: YOIl dOIl 't have to eat ill/lere, you can eat outside ifyolI prefer. (You have a choice.)
You mllstll 't eat illllere. (You don' t have a choice. You have to eat somewhere else.)
More on don't have to, need to, didn't need to/needn't ). Unit 50
146
Practice
,
Write the words in the correct order to make sentences or questions.
a.ID listen and check.
o
has the see dentist Clare tomorrow to
C/.Qrre. MS... ...
t/J .IU
tlte dwi.st..............
tOl1-Ulrrtlw. . ... ........... ...... ...... .. .................... .
....
...........
1 got he has wear a uniform to ?
2 application form we to had get an
3 to will mobile phone a Serena have get new
4 did to wait you a long time have ?
5 leave !,'llcsts before must midday thei r hotel rooms
2
Choose the correct words in italics. In two places, both answers are
correct.
CIEID listen and check.
FAQs
Setting up a broadband connection and wireless network in your home•
.. My wireLess network is very slow and sometimes it doesn't work. What can I do to improve it?
The most important t hing is th¥osit i~n of your rou ter (the machine that sends out th e wireless
signals). You (0) are allowed to ave to put it in the centre of the house. And it (1) mustn't be /
doesn't have to be next to a TV or computer as t hey may interrupt the signals .
.. I've only got one phone line. (2) Do I have to / Must' have a second line for a broad band connection?
No, you (3) don't have to / mustn 't have a se para te phone line, you can use one line .
.. I don't have a phone line in my house but my neighbour's phone line runs across the front of my
house. (4) Am' allowed to / Have 'got to use his line for my Interne t connection?
No. You (5) don't have tot aren't allowed to use somebody else's phone line; it 's illegal! In any case.
it wouldn't work. You will (6) must/have to get your own phone line, I'm afra id .
.. Is it true that (7) y ou have to / it must be to set up a special password?
No, you (8) haven't got to / don't have to set up a password for yo ur router, but it is a good idea t o
do so. as it will prevent other people using your connection.
3
Find five more mistakes and correct them. Tick (,I) the correct sentence.
o Sylvia has to wear a uniform because she is a nurse.
,/
00 Henry h as !I"
gel to wear glasses for read ing.
Caroline must to do more exe rcise.
2 Do you got to take your holiday before the end of August?
3 You must lock the doors at n ight.
4 The ca r is very d irty; you've got wash it.
S Have you a llowed to park there?
6 Da n en must wear glasses when he was young.
147
50
Necessary and
unnecessary actions
need, needn't, don't
have to/need to
1 need as a modal, need to
Need can be a modal verb (,.. Unit 46), but the only modal fo rms that wc use
are lIeerl,, '1 and /Teed//'t + have + past participle:
YOII neet", 't lea ve yet, it's el/rly. YOII " eedll 't lIave dO ll e tllat report.
Wc generally prefer to use /I ced to, which is a regular verb, with the usual verb changes:
YOII " eed to leavc 1I0W. Do / need to Im y batteries?
She does /l ot (r/oem 't) Ileed to do it. We didn 't need to clUlrge the battery.
need + -ing/i nfinitive
)0
Un its 67.4 and 85.4
2 Necessary actions
We can use tleed to
• to say t ha t some thing is physically necessary: I'm tired. J 'ICed to get same sleep.
• when wc believe that something is necessary o r important: He really IIcecls to lose weight.
• 10 mean have to ()o Unit 49): YOII " eed to score 60% to pass the exam.
I'AST lone's condition was quire serious. SIIe n eeded to stay ill the hospital overnight.
fUTIIRE You'll " eed to get some photos for tllis passport applicatioll.
3 Un necessary act ions, present and future
We use needn't/don 't need to, don', have to or Imvell ', got to to say that something isn't
necessa ry or isn't a rule:
};Oll n eet/,, 't lake allY food -lImell is provided. (It isn't necessary.)
}'Ou dOll 't lIeed to buy Cl battery- it already /las olle.
Mell dOli ', !Iave to do militflry service ill Britain. (It isn't a rule.)
Tl lCre~'i 110 ",sI!. We I",vcn't got to leave yet.
We use wOlI 'll/ eed 10 or WOII't IUlve to for unn ecessary future actions:
You won 't ,wed to bring any e.'(tra money 011 Friday, ever)'thillS is ;IIc/uded ill the price.
I WOII't Iw ve to )W,1t for 101l3i tile bus comes every tell milllltes.
4
Unnecessary actions in the past
We use did,, 't lIee(1 to or didn't have 10 to say that something wasn't necessary in the past.
We don't know if the action happened or not:
The pa;" well' awa)' so I did,, 't nee(1 to see a doctor. We did,, 't !w ve to p ay - it was free.
We use lIeedn 't + /,ave + pa st participle to say that an action happened in the past although
it wasn't necessary:
YOII n eed,, ' , !,ave brollg /lt (l camera. You call IIse millt!.
YOI/ IIeed,, ', !",ve gO ll t! to a pllOtograp/ler's. Tllere's a photo maC/line at tile statiOl/.
Compare:
Carol fl ee(I,, 't h ave takell a towel. Tile gym provides them free of charge.
(Carol took a towel but it wasn 't necessary.)
Carol did,, 't IIee(i to ta ke a towel. Tile gym provides them free of charge.
(We don' t know whether Carol took a towel or not.)
148
Practice
1
Match the tw o pa rts of the sentence s.
o Tomorrow's mea l is included in the price so
A I need to earn lots of money.
1 My ren t is rea lly high so
B I n eeded to take plen ty of mo ney.
C I need n't have taken so much money.
o I didn 't need to take any money at al l.
2 It's going to be an expensive evening so
3 The prices at the holiday resort were much
cheaper than Lexpected so
4 My parents paid for everythin g yesterday so
5 We we.n t on a really long hOliday lasl yea r so
2
E I won't need to take any money.
F I'll need to take lots of mo ney.
Match sentences A- H w ith 1-7. Then w rite a su itable form of need in the g aps.
CIIID listen a nd check.
A There was no rain last summer and the grass didn't grow.
B John cut his hand badly while he was cooklng yesterday.
C My pa re nts changed their plans and didn't come to stay with us last month .
D My brother doe:m't have any money.
E Hclen is going on holiday next week.
r Maria's just painted her h o use.
G Adam's got fantastic eyesight.
H There are some to matoes in the fridge.
o .f.. ..
She ~!{.~.4.. ~~.. .
Z
3
He
We ... .
4
She ........ ... .
5
We ....
........... _.... _._ .... cut it at 311.
6
We .
..... ........... _._ .... call an ambulance.
7
You.
....... buy a new suitcase before she leaves.
He .....
3
. get a job .
...... wea r glasses.
tidied up the guest bedroom.
. .. ....... . paint it again for several yea rs.
... bough t any.
Complete t he conversatio ns with the words from th e box.
CIIIID liste n and check.
d idn't need to do r need to do n't have ']( need to
Aeef:i te needn't have needs 10 won't need to
CUSTOMER
I'd like to join the sports club.
RECF.f'TION1Sl· Right. You (0) . ~..~~...
... fill in thjs for m . Then, after we've processed
t he form, you (1) ..... ..... . .
make an appOintment for a health
ch eck. Each new m e mbe r (2) ... ..
have a health check befor e
using the equ ipment.
CUSTOMER
Oh. [ (3) . ....... .. .. .... ........... .. do that a t m y previous cl ub.
RECIWTlON1Sf Wel l. we h ave a very strict policy here. But don 't wo rry, it'S o n ly a n inte rview.
Yo u (4)
2 CUSTOMER
AS5!S"rANT
........... _.
...... to see a doctor o r a n ything like Ulat.
Here's my ca me ra. I'd like to get some prints made.
Oh, you (S) ....... ....... .. ....... ....... broug ht in the camera. All we need is t he
memo ry card.
CUSTOMER
And I want to take som e m ore pho tos. (6)
ASSISTANT
.. do that, it's a digital camera. You just delete
No, you (7) .... .... . ............ .
the pictures and u se the space on the memo ry card for your new photos.
.. ... .. buy more film ?
149
51
Advice and criticism
should, ought to, must, had better
book.
1
Forms
Mllst and should are moda l verbs (>- Unit 46.1 ): YOII sllOuld see a dodor.
We can also use the perfect fo rm sllOuld (tlor) + have + past participle (> Unit 48.1):
We should have (sIJOuld 've) bought it. SIIOIIIt/ we IUl ve left?
We should IIo t (sl/ ouldn 't) have gO ll e.
Ouglll to and had better have this word order :
J ought l a go. / Qug llt 'lOt to ,go.* OugM I t o go?
I had better go. I had better uot go. Had J better go? ·
* We don't usually use these forms in spoken English.
NATURAL ENGliSH We usually use sh ort forms of had better and should have in spoken
English: You'd better look at tile iustmcnD" book. We shoulclll't 've spent all our mOlley!
2
Advice and wa rnings
We use should/s houldll'l and ought to/Ollglll lIot to i f we think someth ing is a good
o r bad idea in general, and to give advice in a pa rticular sItuation:
People shouldn ' t sm oke indoors. \'011 look terrible - yOIl o llght t o see (/ doctor.
We usuall y use should to ask for advice:
Sh ould J ruk my boss (or a pay rise?
Wc can use mllst o r I1II1SI1,'/ to give strong advice and warnings. It is stronger than
siJollld or ollgllt to:
YOII m ust try this ca ke - Ws deliciolls! I really must lose some weight!
We ",ustn 't forge r to take Ollr l}(Issports. YOII mllstu ', swim there, it's dmlgerolls.
We use had better (IIot) to give advice and warnings in a pa rticular situation.
It usually means ' jf you don 't do/do this, something bad will happen ':
You'd bet ter check ti,e traill times first. (If you don 't do this, your journey might be difficu lt.)
That looks 11Ot. Yo ,,'d bett er ,wt l ouell it. (If you touc h it, YOlL migh t get burnt.)
We don 't use llad better (IIot) to give general advice:
1 Pe9fJle l/ad better 'lot smek-e iml6ers. ./ People sl lOuld ,,'t sm oke indoors.
NATURAL ENGLISH In conversation, we often use J (don 't) thillk and do yOIl tl,;"k with sllOlI/dl
ollgl,t to: Ws expensive. I don 't think we sl lO lIld buy it . (:: We sho uldn 't buy it.)
Do yo u tldll k J oug /lt t o wea r a sllit 10 Ihe i/Jterview?
3 Criticism a nd regrets about the past
We ca n use SllOlIldls l lOllltIlI 't + have + past participle to criticise someone's past act ions:
You should lrave d Olle more n:visioll. YOII slwufd,,' t IUlve bought sllcll a cheap mac/,i"e!
We also use slwl/fdls/wlI /dn ', I/al'e + past participle to ex press regret for a past action:
I sh ould Iw ve phon ed yOIl b"I J was bl/sy. J should,, 't ha ve shouled at YOII. I 'm sorry.
A
Cl
150
We don't use mllst have o r l/ad better to express regret o r criticism :
1 )'e/l must Iw\'e phelled me. 1 l 'ell'a Hetier plumed me. .I YOII sho,,'cllrave p h oned me.
Pronunciatio n,.. 1.25
Practice
1
Choose the best meaning, A or B.
o
The bus is late. You'd better take a taxi.
A Taxis are better than buses .
I think you sh ould take a taxI.
We'd better n ot swim here.
A It's dangerous. B It's better t han t he other swim ming poo l.
®
2 You should have phoned your mot her.
A You p honed her this morni ng. B You didn't phone her this morning.
3 The government should "duce taxes.
A I think taxes aren 't high enough . B I t hink taxes are too high.
4 You ough t to put o n some suncream .
A We went to t he beach yesterday. B We' re going to th e beach .
5 I really must look for a better job.
A I t hi nk this is im portant for my future. B My boss told me to do this.
2
Read the problem page and choose the correct w ords in italics.
CIIIID liste n and check.
Lulu's Problem Page
~ I'm only 19 but I'm always tired and I haven't got any energy_ I used to go to a gym but
I'm a student so I spend most of my time sitting at my computer, and my diet is very bad. I know
I (0) can 't t€houldn'ryat fast food but I hate cooking! What do you (1) advice I think I should do?
11 you are right, you (2) shouldn't I had better eat fast food ; it's very unhealthy!
If you want to have more energy you (3) should have I ought to eat lots of fruit and vegetables. You
(4 ) mustn't I shouldn't have stopped going to the gym! If you are more active, you'll feel better.
~ I work in a factory and in the evenings I stay at home and watch TV. Sometimes I go
to the cinema. Last year t joined an evening class on photography but I only went for a few weeks.
Perhaps I (5) should have I had better kept going to it, but it wasn 't very interesting. What can I do
to make my life less boring?
'!!IiiifW-1(6) think you shouldn't I don' t think you shOUld stay at home all the time - you'll never
I
3
make new friends if you do that! And you (7) ought not to I don't ought to go to an evening class
if you a ren't interested in it. Instead, you (8) should I ought to have join a club with people who are
interested in the same things as you. I know you like the cinema . Why don·t you join a film club?
Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first. using the w o rd in brackets.
Use t w o to five words in your answer. CIIIfJ listen and check.
o It's a pity you did n 't te ll m e a bo ut th e pa rty.
..
Yo u :!.~1:~ ..~.v.~ ~.I.4. .~ .....
(told)
....... a bo ut the p arty.
1 Don 't tou ch the top o f t h e oven , it's still very h ot. (better)
You
..... .......................... .... th e top o f the oven, it's too h ot.
2 I wish [ hadn 't o rde red t h e sou p; it tasted awful.
(h ave)
I ........................... ..... .............. the sou p, it was terri b le!
3 You should ask Jac k, h e a lways gives good advice. (to)
You ...
.. ...... JaCk, he always g ives go od advice.
4 J rea lly th ink you sh o u ld listen to thi s CD, it 's fa n tastic! (m ust)
Yo u
............. this CD, it's fa n tastic!
5 Please tell me wh a t to do wi th this o ld co m p u ter. (think)
W h a t d o you ............... ..
.. wi th t h is o ld com puter?
15 1
S2
Permission
can, may, might,
be allowed to
1 Ask ing f or and giving/refusing perm ission
Yes, you can.
Yes, of course (you can).
No, you can't.
No, I'm sorry.
Yes, sure.
formall
polite
Could I ask a question?
May I make a suggestion?
Might I in terrupt for a moment?
Yes, you can/may.
No, you can't/may not.
Yes,
No, I'm sorry/I'm afraid
of course!
certainly.
not.
fORMALITY CHECK To ask for permission
• we use can in most situations, but i f wc need to be polite, or i f we thin k permission will
be refused, we use lIIay, cOl/hi or might. Migllt is the most formal.
May 1 leave early today? (to your boss) Cou ld we stay all extra night? (to a hotel clerk)
M igh t ! ask a qllestion? (in a formal business meeting)
• we ca n also use Do yOllllli/ld
(forma!), Is it all right if ... and Is it OK la ... :
Do you m ind if J open tile willdow? Is it a ll righ t if I IIse yOllr batllroom? Is it OK to brillg
a friend?
When we refuse perm ission we often give a reason:
'Ca n we park here?' 'No, /'m sorry. It's only for hotel guests.'
ir ...
A
We don't use cOllld or might when we give or refuse permission:
Could fuse yOllr bathroom? X l'€s, )'911 C811/d. X Ne, >'fIU C811!dl/'t. X ¥t'S,
Might J ask a question?
./ Yes, yOIl call. ./ No, yOIl aw't.
I
>'fI1l
might.
~ Pronunciation"" 1.26
2
Permi ssion in rules and laws
We use can/can't or be (IIOt) allowed to when we talk about permission in rules and laws:
III the USA yOIl can tllrn right at a red traffic light.
YOII call't ride a motorbike wit/Wilt a helmel ill the UK.
Are we allowed to take photos ill the museum?
Passellgers aren 't a llowed to flse electronic devices during take·off.
We can also use may/may not to describe rules in written in structions:
I'assengers may flse electrO/1ic devices ollce ti,e seat belt signs have beell switched off.
3
Permi ssion in th e past and future
To talk about permission in the past, we use cOII/d/cO II/dl1 'to r was/were allowed to:
III the 1960s YOIl cou ld drive wit/Wilt a seal bell. YOII could,,'t wear jeans at myoid school.
I was a llowed to s tay up quite late when I was YOllllg.
111 the lIilleteent/I centllry women weren't allowed to vote ill elections.
A
But to ta lk about permission for a single action in the past, we use allowed to, not cOllld:
r.i(la". ./ We were " " owed to go iJome early last FrMay.
We can use will/won't be al/owe(l to to talk about permission at a time in the future:
After you complete the trail/ing, you'JI be a llowed to use the eqllipt1lCIII 011 yOllr OWII.
TIle play starts at eight o'clock. YOIl WOf/ 't be allowed to enter the theatre after that.
X H ~ €fill/cl ge home eRr:t,' l(lsl
152
Practice
1
Match the sentences with the photos. Then write can, can't, are allowed to or aren't
alfowed to in each gap.
~
00
~
~
~
o
You .Hl~~.. use your mobi le phone here bu t you . ~~. ~!!~.~~}9. ... eat ice cream.
.... k...
You ....... ................... .... eat here but you .. .... .
..... .......... bring your own food.
2 You .... ........................... drive a car here but you ,
. .. .............. ride a bike.
... wea r shoes.
3 You ............................... wear socks here but you
4 You .... .. .
. ... loo k at th ings h ere but you
...... ...... ...... touch them .........
2
Read each conversation and decide whether the situation is formal or
informal. Then choose the best words in italics. alII listen and check.
1 A Good morn ing. Th is is Brinier Insurance.(CollldY Ca/I I speak 10 Mrs Ca nford?
B This is Mrs Canford.
A Hello, Mrs Can ford. May 1/ Am I allowed 10 ask you some questions abou l your
hou se insurance?
A I' m sorry. I'm rat her busy at the moment.
B Well, call / might I you call back later?
2 A Now that everyone has given their opinion I think it's time to take a vote.
B Mr Chairman . Mig/ll / Ca/I I ask a question aboul these sales figures before wc vote"!
A No, I'm afraid you mig/lt 1101 / can't. We've already spent loo long o n this item.
3 A
B
A
B
What's going to happen after the new anti-smoking law starts next month?
Well, people call' t / wou't be altowed to smoke in restau rants.
Wilt Iller be allowed to / Ca n they smoke in offices?
No, I don't think so.
4 A This old photo of you at school is so furuly. Did you always wear o ld iea ns to school?
B No, we usually wore school uniform but we could / were allowed to wear jeans o n that
day bec;lUse it was the last day of term .
A Heally? At myoid school you could / misfit wear an ything you li ked!
3
Find six more mistakes and correct them . Tick (.I) the correct sentences.
o
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
""'n"Y gu ns in many parts of the USA.
People are allowed earryH'F8
In my count.ry you can't to smoke in the street.
In the UK, child ren aren't allowed have credit cards.
'Could I use your bathroom, please?' ' I'm afraid you couldn't. It's reserved for hotel guests.'
I' m not allowed to make personal ca l1s from my office phone.
In my country people might vote once tbey reach th e age of eighteen.
After next April wc can't be allowed to bring mobile phones to school.
This device may not be used underwater.
I could use the boss's parking space last ~riday because she was away.
153
53
Requests and suggestions; offers. promises
and warnings can. could, would, will, shall
1 Requests
We use call to make requests in most situations:
Can YOIl help me with these bags? Yes, of course (1 can).
Excuse me. Could you
help me with this?
Can we Imve two coffees, please? Certairliy/Sure.
We usually add please to requests to make them polite:
ClIt! we have two coffees, please?
We put please in front of the verb to make a request stronger:
A
I' ll be with
you
In
Can we ple(lse have a menu? Would YOIl please be quiet?
We often use will you with people we know well:
Will yOIl give me 1I hand witll this?
FORMALITY CHECK We use cO/lid or would for more polite
or forma l req uests:
Excuse me. Could yOll help me with this? (in a shop)
Wou lcl yO ll sign this form? (talking to a customer in a ban k)
But we don't use COI/1tI or would to reply to req uests:
'Would youl/elp me?' J( 'Ves, J wtmld, , ./ 'Yes, of course.'
2 Suggestions
SUGGlmoNS AS
We/You could
$TA"""'"
Let's
SUGGESTIONS AS
QU<ST-.
Why don't we
Shall/Should we
HowlWhat about
watch
watch
aOVO.
a DVO?
watching
We often use Wf!/yoll CQuld and slJOllld we when we are not sure that the listener will like
the suggestion. ' We CQuld try tllat new Japanese restaurant.'
We ca n agre€ or disagree with the suggestion. If we disagree, we usually give a reason:
'S IIlIIl we get a pizza?' ' Yes, let's do that. / That's (l good idea. / Great.'
'How about meetillg lip (or coffee 011 Sunday?' '01" 1 can't, I'm really busy. I'm sorry.'
3 w ill for offers, promises, wa rni ngs
to agree
'Will you sign this for me?' 'Yes, I will.' (~ ~.)
'Will you have some more cake?' 'No, thanks, I won't. I'm on a diet.'
to offer or promise to
do something
We'll drive you to the station if you like.
We won't forget how kind you've been to us.
to say if someone else
agrees or is able to do
something (or not)
Take it to Marco - he'll fix it for you.
Ask my teacher about it - she'll help you.
Don't ask Carol. She won't know the answer.
promises/warnings
I'll be with you in a minute. Don't touch the cooker - you'll get burnt.
We can also make offers with shall l/we or IMe cOIlld. We use these forms when wc are not
sure that the listener wi ll want to accept:
'SI,a ll we help YO" witll t/Jat?" No, tha nks. 1can manage Ot! my OWII.'
'/ cou ld get Lucy's present (or you.' That's kind o(you, but I'd ralller do it m yself '
A
cm
154
We don 't use the present simple to make offers:
'My Imir's wet.'
~ ' {set )'61/
Pronunciation'" 1.27
(f
a
minute. I'm helping this
customer right ~OOW:::':;._-'
19'i·,oel.' ./ '/'11 get YOII a towel.' ./ 'Shall I get YO" a towel?'
Practice
1
Write the requests. suggestions a nd offers in the correct order to complete the
conversations.
liste n and check,
am
o A I'm really late. I'm going to miss my train.
S stati on you take I'll the to
A T V can please YOll the turn off ?
B Yes, surc.
2 A I real ty don't understand how to work out these math s problems.
B give extra I lesson an you cou ld
3 A I don't realty want to go out th is evenin g.
S getting pizza how a about ?
4 A I don't t hink we' re ready to order yet.
B fi ve in I back shall come m inutes ?
5 A it bag put would in a please you ?
B Yes, of course, Madam.
2
Complete the conversation with the words from the box.
Clll!il listen and check.
can could you help course how about I'll .Jel.!s shall shall I would you
LAURA
Mmm. There are so many taptaps to choose from.
N£lL
(0) J~~ ........... ask somebody to help us.
L\URA
ASSISTANT
OK. (1) .... ............. . we get one of the shop assistan ts?
There's o ne over there. (2)
.......... . go and ask
him . ... Excuse me. (3) .....
. us?
Of (4) ..
..... . 1 see you' re looking for a laptop.
. .. you tell me what you' ll be using it fo r?
Yes. We want to replace our computer. It's old and it
won't last much longer.
(5) ......
!.AURA
NEIL
Right. (6) ... ...... ..... . . lookin g at some of these ones?
Mmm. We also want to take it with us when we t ravel and those o nes look pretty
!AURA
heavy. (7) ........ .. ... ...... get one down so we ca n t ry ca rrying it?
O h , this o ne's qui te heavy.
ASSISTA!'iT
(8) .. ... .. .. ...... .. show you some of t he lighter models?
ASSISTANT
3
Complete the conversations with one word only (or a short form) in the gaps.
Use a different word each time.
1 A Mum. (0) . 0.!~... you help me wrap t his present?
B OK, but t here's no wrapping paper. I (1) ... ...... get some next time I go to the shops.
A Actually, I think there's some in the kitchen drawer. (2) ..... .. ... don 't we use that?
B O h, is there? (3) ....... ... J go and get it?
2 A Right, Mr Parsons . (4) ....... ... you put your cash card in t he reader, please? Thanks.
Now, (5)
.. you type in your PIN number? Tha n k you.
R Will you be able to give me the cash in twenty-pound notes?
A Yes, of (6) .... .
155
Review
1
MODULE 9
UNITS46 AND 47 Choose the correct words in italics.
Although it took us a long time, we managed to0pen}'openiflg the old safe.
When I was youn ger, I ca n / could run very fa st.
After he finishes t he mechanics course, Oave catl / will be able to service his own car.
Mr Webber matJaged to / could fit th e carpet yesterday, with my broth er'S help.
Come this way. The nurse might / call see you now.
That restau rant was quite expensive. We may not / coldel nol go there again.
'Wh y is )anine so late?' 'She cOllld /lot / might tlot have t he correct add ress. '
That must,,'( / can" be David at th e door. I know he's away o n holiday.
My heating broke down yesterday but I was able to I could borrow a heater from
next d oor.
9 Why don 't you go up to Mr Gray's office? He call / sllould be back from lunch by now.
10 Look at old Mrs O'Leary. She mllst / can be at least ninety years old !
o
I
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
2
UNITS 46. 47 AND 48
Complete the sentences with the verbs from the box.
could can can't cou ld have ca n't have must must have
might not shou ld have to be able was able to
o Elizabeth . ~L ................. be in; I can see the light in her window.
Perhaps you should take some cash wit h you. The restaurant .............. .. ............ accept
credit ca rds.
2 Good news. Thc cngineer ............ .. .......... ... fix you r computer yesterday, so you can
use it aga in .
3 You were very lucky. You ......................... ... been badly hurt.
4 We ............................ go to t he museum today; it's closed.
5 There ............................ been a terrible storm . Wh en Jeff got home he was
soakin g wet!
6 Those old photographs .......................... .. be in the cupboard . I h aven't looked in there
fo r ages.
7 Uncle Mike ...................... ...... gon e away. His car is still parked outside our house .
..... .. announced the winner by now.
S Turn on your TV. They ...... .. . .
9 I' m having Spanish lessons. I wan t
to Madrid .
10 Take some warm clothes. It .. ... ... .... .. _
3
156
. .. ... .. . to speak th e language when I go
.. be very cold there at this time o f year.
UNITS 47 ANO 48 Match the questions 1-5 with the replies A- F.
a Is Mr Knight getting a pay rise? _ _ _
A He ca n 't have been. He was in the office.
1 Is it possible to see Mr Knight
----,S He could be. It depends on his sa les
later today?
resu lts.
2 Is Mr Knight working at h ome today?
C Yes, he shou ld be back by four-thirty.
3 Was Mc Knight working at home
0 Yes, he should be there by now.
yesterday?
E He can't be. I've just seen hi m in the
4 Why wasn't Mr Knight at the meeting
office.
yesterday?
F I don't know. He sh ould have been t here.
S Is Mc Knight in his office?
4
Read the article and choose the correct answer, A , B or C below. In two
places more than o ne answer is possible.
UNITS 49 AND 50
How-to Guides
12 Using Dry Ski Slopes
Dry ski slopes are a cheap and effective way of learning 10 ski
before you take the plunge and book that expensive holiday in the
mountains. But. as WIth all sports, there are several dos and don'ts
that you should know before you start.
• Skiers (0) .. ........ be reasonably fit. Skiing can be physically
demanding. )f you are in any doubt about your fitness you
(1) ... ... .. .. get a check-up from your doctor before using the slope.
• You (2)
.. .. be an experienced skier - all levels of ability are
welcome on the dry ski slope.
• You (3) .... ... ... wear skis at all times on the slope - it isn't safe to walk on it in ordinary shoes.
(You (4) .......... bring your own skis, they are available to hire.)
• You (S) .......... wear special clothes when you are on the dry ski slope, but we recommend that
you wear strong glOVes as the surface of the slope can easily burn your hands if you fall. Because
of safety regulations, children under the age of sixteen (6) ..... .... . wear protective helmets.
•
Most dry ski slopes have a cate or restaurant so you (7) ... ....... to bring your cmn food or drinks.
But remember that food and drinks (8) .. ........ be taken onto the ski slope at any t ime, because
of the risk of acCidents.
0 A need
B must n 't
w ill need to
needn 't
2
need
3
4
have got to
n eedn 't
5
6 A didn 't ha ve to
7 A must not
8 A needn't
B m ustn 't
I
5
A
A
A
A
A
UNITS 46, 49 AND 50
B musl not
B don't need 10
B don 'I have to
B mustn '!
B mll st
B needn 't
B must not
© have to
C won't need to
C don 't have to
C m u st
C have to
C don't have to
C need
C don't need
C don't need to
Read the conversation and choose the correct words in italics.
went skiing at the new dry ski slope l ast Wednesday. It was great fun.
MIKE
I
DELtJ.
Reall y? I didn't know you could ski!
MI KE
Well . I (O) €an 't} migllt,, 't reall y. But you (1) mus t" 't / dO/r't " ee(/ to be a n experienced
skier. A nyone (2) call I may do it. I mean, I've never skied before so I (3) must I liad to
have lessons. But they have really good instrudors who teach you the basics. After
about haJf-an-ho ur I (4) earl / managed to start skii ng reasonably well.
DE1J...\
Did you (5) llave to I lwd to wear special clothes?
MIKE
Not rea lly. I (6) llad to I must wear skis, of coursc. But I (7) was able to / cOllhl hire
them at the slope.
OE1J...\ Did you have lunch there?
MIKE
Well, I took som e sandwiches. In fact, there's a reall y nice restaurant there, so I
(8) needn 't I ml/sln't have done t hat.
157
6
Match the sentences with the pictures, then complete the sentences with
a suitable form of must, have to or need. If two answers are possible, write both .
UNITS 49 AND SO
A
B
F
o
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
~===~
C
D
G
H
r =;;::;;:=:1
We really . ~. l~/.~t ..... get a new television .
He ....... ... ....... .. ... ... .. . buy some warmer clothes before next week.
.. bought all that food. There's plenty in the fridge!
you .. ..
You .. ........ .................... feed the ani mals. It's dangerous!
We .... .. .. ... ... ... ........... wea r smart clothes. It was a very fo rmal party.
Mum, you .. .. .. .. ... ....... . .......... pay, it's free.
.... .. be switched off during the performance.
Mobile phones
Great. After next week I ..
.. park in the street any more!
Complete this conversation at a conference hotel with phrases from
the box. There are three extra phrases.
UNITS 51 , 52 AND S3
aren't allowed to co uld have could you how about I' ll may4 ought not to
ough t to shall I should n't have why don't you you 'd better
CLERK
Good afternoon, sir. (0) . M~y. .~ ............... ... help you?
GUEST
Hello. I'd like to check in, please. I'm here for the conference on tech nology
in schools.
CLERK
Certainly, sir. (1) .
GUEST
Of course. Is my room ready?
CLERK
No, I'm afraid not. It should be ready at half past two.
GUEST
Oh, right. Well, I've got q uite a lot of bags .
CLERK
That's no problem. (2) .. .. ........ ... .. ........... leave them in the luggage room?
(3) ....... ...................... ask the porter to take them there fo r you?
GUEST
Yes, than ks. Er, I've parked my car on the street outside the back en tra nce of the
hotel. Is that OK?
CLERK
park there, it's aga inst the fi re regulations.
You (5) .............................. block the access to the hotel. There's a car park for guests
at the side of the hotel.
GUEST
Oh. Do you think
CLERK
Well, that's a no-pa rking area so perhaps (7) ... .. ... .. ... ................. put it straight in the
I'm
sorry, si r. You
.. ... com plete this fo rm , please?
( 4 ) ....................... .. . .. . ..
I (6) ........................ .. . ..
move it along a bit?
car pa rk.
GUEST
158
OK. (8) ".
.. ................... go and do that now.
8 All UNITS look at the signs and notices. Then complete the sentences below, using the
words in brackets.
0
1
Do not leave
2
No ball
games
bags unattended
at any lime.
3
rNJ@'§II)
[§J
F~r best results,
:::::::: mIcrowave.
~frl
4
5
~ u ;EI re iupil'tV/
~$~
V~e
.r
6
/er
t::.z-" ." ~.'I0
111_ I'~k:Y/7a"7
H",U,
~ .30.
6
Weather warning:
Severe frost tonight.
9
8
7
Two TV celebrities
opened the flew
shopping centre in
Bristol y esterday.
End of season
Aud,t/OilSjor
SALE:
Shahespeare's Macbeth
Everything
must go!
b, l,dd CDf1WITl.'W
at rh, Amdale Centre
IIIlll
o Vou . ~,,~ . Y~.~r:..l?11!.. ~.i!.':t:. Y~.~.
I
..... at all times. (keep / bags I with you)
You
.. , in this park. (play football)
2 We
3 [th ink we .. . ,........ ..
.H .. .. .. - they are incl uded.
(buy I batteries)
...... " .............. .. ............. (cook I this I in the microwave)
.... tomorrow evening? It might be fun.
4 How ............... ,..................... ..
(try / keep fit class)
5 She ........................................ .
thirty-five! (be I thirty)
..... ; we were in the same yea r at school and I' m
6 Wc'd ............................................ .
.. fro m the garden - there's going to be frost
tonight. (bring I those plants in)
7 Only adults ............. ,........................ .
8 What a pity I didn 't go! I .............. .
(buy I th is product)
.............. !
(meet I someone fam ous)
9 That looks interesting . ....................... ... .... .. ..... ...... .......... and have a look?
(we / go I inside)
10 Why don't you go? This ..................... .... ... ... .
(be / Ihc chance)
................ you 'vc been waiting for.
159
Test
MODULE 9
Modal verbs
Choose the best answer, A. B or C.
I I'd like to .......... sing well.
A can B have ability to C be able to
2 We ran out of milk last n ight but I .......... buy some at the corner shop.
A cou ld B was able to C can't
3 The buses .......... get very crowded before they built the new Underground .
A could B can C were able to
a refund .
4 Tt took us a lo ng time, but eventually we managed
A to get B get C getting
5 This ... ....... be you r book. It's got your name on it.
A ca n B must C perhaps
6 It's quite a popular course. There ... ... ... . be any p laces left on it.
A might not B must no t C could not
~
Unit46
)- Unit 46
,... Unit 46
)- Unit 46
>- Un it 47
>-
Unit 47
7 The h eating's been on all day so t here .......... plenty of hot water for your bath.
A could be B should be C can't be
,.. Unit 47
8 Everything's soaking wet. It
.... have rained very heavily last night.
>A shou ld B could C must
9 I .......... to football pract ice yesterday but I had a bit of a stomachache.
>A can 't go B should have gone C couldn't have gone
10 It's eight o'clock. We .......... leave now.
>A 'vc got to B are have to C 've got
11 When we arrived at the gate, we .......... show our passports.
>A must B had got to C had to
12 You .......... take an y of the confidential files home. It's against company rules.
A don't have to B haven't got to C mustn't
>-
Unit 48
Unit 48
Unit 49
Unit 49
Unit 49
13 I'm really putting o n weight. I .......... some exercise.
A need doing B have need do C need to do
>- Unit 50
14 ... ..... .. my ca r so I left It at home and came on the bus.
A needn't have brought B didn 't need to bring C haven't needed to bring >- Unit 50
15 That cut looks bad. We .......... phone for an ambu lance.
>- Unit 51
A 'd better B must better C should have
16 I'm really sorry. I ... ....... sa id all those terrible things about you.
>- Unit 51
A shouldn 't B shouldn 't have C mustn't have
17 'Excuse me. May I take a photograph?' 'No, I'm afra id you .......... .'
>- Unit 52
A mightn 't B couldn't C can't
18 Our teacher was sick, so we .......... leave school early yesterday.
>- Un it 52
A were allowed to B could C might
19 One more thing, madam . .......... you confirm you r date of birth?
>- Unit 53
A Would B May I C Shall
20 ' I' m starving!' 'OK. I .......... you someth ing from th e fr idge.'
>- Unit 53
A ' m getting B '11 get C get
160
110
Conditionals
Before you start
1
Read Danny's blog and his phone conversation with his father. look at the highlighted
grammar examples.
A RRESTED!
DANNY GOODM AN
Sorry it's been a long time folks, but I'm just back from my trip to the
States to go to my cousin's 21st binhday party, and guess what ... I
was arrested! You see, I'd taken some medicine for my fear of flying
- going to the States was the longest journey I'd done. The box said
to take two, but it was a long flight and I thought 'I'll t ake fou r in
case two don't last long enough : Four was obviously too many: they
made me aggressive and I behaved rather badly on the plane back .
It's so annoying - if I wasn't so afraid of flying, I wouldn't have taken
anything ! Anyway, the police officer said, 'The airlines always cal l us if
someone causes a problem on a plane. It's very serious' I apologised,
but they took me to the police station. t ca lled my Dad _
IJANN Y
I)AD
DANN Y
DA D
DANNY
I)AD
2
I'd rather you didn't do that, Danny. I'll call my lawyer - wait unt il he gets there.
Oh, OK. It's stupid - jf I hadn 't taken that medicine, I'd be home now.
Yes, well, if you hadn't accepted that invitation to your cousin's party, this wouldn't
have happened ...
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted
grammar examples will help you.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3
The police h ave arrested me, Dad. I took some medicine for my fea r of fl ying on
the way home from Las Vegas, an d apparently I became aggressive and upset the
passen gers n ext to me. I can 't remember. An yway, can you come? I'm su re the
police would believe you if you talked to them . You know I wouldn 't ask you to do
this unl ess I had to, but I' m rea ll y worried .
Of course. I' ll come st raigh t away. Are they treating yo u well?
Yes, but they want me to sign a written statement.
>- Unit 54
>- Unit 54
>- Unit 55
>- Unit 55
>- Un it 56
>- Un it 57
>- Unit 57
>- Un it 58
Notice: we always info rm th e pol ice if you will steal ! steal from us!
It's freeZing outside. Take your coat if! ill case you have to wait fo r th e bus.
I would invite her to t he party if I kllow / kllew h er phone nu mber.
We wou ldn 't ask you to help us unless! ill case it was necessary.
If you had arrived o n time, we won't ! wouldll 't have missed t he t rain .
If we had n' t met in t he hospital, we wou ld both still be ! llove been single!
I would n 't have agreed to marry you if 1 didn 't ! dOI/ 't love you!
Do you have to stay in Ca nada? We'd rather you come / came home.
Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
dW1?J 8 l,UP!P L aq 9
~ , up[nOM
S ssa[un t
Mau'! £
a SID U! Z
[1?"' ~ S
I
161
54
Present and future conditions
ca tch me if I run
fast enough I
1
Present conditions (zero conditional)
A conditional sentence has two dauses.
the condition (if) clause
the result clause
I
I
Irpeople steal from rllis SIIOP, I/le store detectives always catch r/,em .
The ifclause can come before or after the result clause.
We use the zero conditional to describe real situations that ca n happen at any time,
or one event that always foll ows another. We can use wlteH instead of if:
If/Whell we talk to the baby, she smiles.
We often use t his conditional form, with the imperative in the result clau se, fo r ru les and
to give instructions:
If ti,e lift breaks dol''''', press the a/arm bultoll.
I(yo/l arrive atter the stMt 0r llle perfomulIIce, please w ait outside until the first ;Ilten 'ai.
With this meaning, we use if, not IVllefl, in the ifclause.
11<1/1,&1 a fed light cemes S /I, eaU the techllidall. .t If a red light comes 011, ca ll tI,e techlliciall.
2
Future conditions (first co nditional)
We use the first conditional to talk about the results of a POSSIBLE future condi tio n , one
we t hink is likely to happen:
Iftlley calel, YOIl, tlley'lI call tile police. If! do,,'t see you at tile gym, I'll giJ'e yOIl a call.
Note the comma after the condi tional clause when it comes before the result clause. If the
conditional clause comes after the resu lt clause, a comma is not necessary:
Tlley WOII 't catch me if J filii fast el/ollgh.
A
In th e first conditional the if clause describes the future but uses t he present te nse, not will
o r wot/ 't:
1 If}(m will gel the jsb, Ile'l! mo.<e 10 ,'Jew ¥aFk. .t If /(111 gets tile ;ob, Ile'lI mOire to New York.
We can use t he present contin uous in the ifcla use, and can o r might in the result clause:
Ifit's rainillg tomorrow, we mighl fl ot go to tile festival.
We can make offers and warni ngs that depend on a future condition:
IfyolI wait tllere for a minl/te, /'11 get yOIl (I few brochllres.
If yOIl childrell dOll't stop {iglltiI1S, I'll come alld s top yOIl myself!
3
Alternatives to if
unless
in case
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
even if
(It might/might not rain but you will be prepared.)
I won't wash your car even if you pay me/ (if you pay me or not)
You can borrow the car provided I have it back by six o'clock.
(1 must have the car back by six o'clock.)
providedl
as long as
162
I won't wash your car unless you pay me. (if you don't pay me)
Practice
1
2
Match the two parts of the sentences. CllllJlisten and check.
o
When you book a superior ~oo m ,~
A we can provide a choice o f meat-free di shes.
If you take items from the minibar, ~ B room service can provide snacks.
2
3
4
S
6
If the fire alarm sounds,
If you eat in the h otel every evening,
If you require a vegetarian m eal,
If you require a meal after 10.00 p.m.,
When you check out,
C
D
E
F
G
we provide fresh fruit and fl owers every day.
we'll give you a discount on your meals.
we will add them to your bill on departure.
leave t he building immed iately.
do n 't forget to hand your key to reception.
Write the verbs from the box in the correct form to make first conditional
sentences. Use will or might (not) in the result clause. CllllEllisten and check.
be able to I not have confuse / allow not cover / see
get ,I steal no t have I n ot be tell I not return
Credit card fraud - the facts
If a credit card thief
3.#! .... .... .....
the
chance, he .~.~~..~!. ............ .. your card or
your money. How can you prevent this? There are
several ways:
1 Always cover your PIN number when you use
it. If you ..............
. ......... it, someone
................. . ............ it.
2 Don't talk to people at the cash machine - a thief
... you by talking to you if you
.. .......... him to.
3 You need good securi ty on your computer - thieves .... .... ... .
you
.. get into your accounts if
.... ....... proper security.
4 When you buy something on the Internet, make su re the website has a 'locked' symbol.
I
I1 it ...... ... .... ... .. ............ one, it ..................... .. ....... secure enough .
5 Don't lorget, if you .... ...
.... your PIN number to another person and your
money is stolen, your credit ca rd company .. ........... ... .
3
. .. your money.
Find seven more mistakes and correct them. Tick (.I) the correct sentences.
.
o If I get th e Job at Siemens, f~~~:eto Swan sea.
I Take your warm coat ton ight if case it gets co ld .
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
Mike really dislikes Luke and Pete. He won 't come to your party unless they come.
Wh en you go out, don 't fo rget to lock t he back door.
I' ll meet you at 6.00, but when my bus is late, do n 't wa it for me.
If t he corner sho p won't be open, I can go to t he supermarket.
If I do n 't cat much during the day, I always get a headache.
Even my boss begs me to stay, I won 't listen to h im .
The taxi won 't wait at t he airport if your plane will be delayed.
I'll make some sandwiches provided you get hungry on the journey.
The match might be cancell ed i f the weat her's really bad .
163
55
Unlikely/unreal
1 Second conditiona l
CONDITION if + past simple
RESULT would (not) + infinltive ---:===~
If we moved our of the city,
we would (we'd) be safer.
If he wasn't so miserable,
he might" have more friends.
If you lived in the country,
you'd be able to go/you could go horse-riding.
• We use might in the result clause to make the result less certain.
2
Unlikely future conditions
We use the second conditional for future actions or si tuations that are possible, but
UNLIKELY. Compare:
• FIRST CONDITIONAL My boss is pleased Wit/I lily work. If I get a pay rise a,is year, I'll buy a lIew
car. (I think I might get a pay risc.)
• SfLOND CONDJ1l0NA L J know I've made a lot o{mistakes at work, bill if I got a pay rise t"is year,
I'd buy a lIew car. (I don't think I'll get a pay rise.)
3
Unreal present conditions
We can use the second condi tional for present situations that are imaginary, not real:
If they had stricter laws agaillst crime, we wou/dl/'t /Ulve to move! (They don't have these
laws.)
We wOllld,, 't go abrood if we l /(ul hot slimmers here. (We don't have hot summers.)
4
Advice
We often use the expression If I were yOIl, I'd ... to give persona l advice:
If I were YOIl, I'd get a taxi home from the I)arty. ('" I think you should get a taxL)
NATURAL ENGLISH Many people use was in this expression. Some people thi n k th is
is incorrect:
[I'd get more exercise if I was you .] ./ I'd get more exercise if I were yo u.
5
Alternatives to if
We can also introduce unlikely/unreal condition clauses with
• IIlIless fo r unlikely conditions: ./ I wOllldn't ask (or yOllr Ilelp ""less I needed it.
but not unreal conditions:
f wOll/d be more active )( IIIIIe55 I/lfld ffrtliri a5. ./ if I didn't have arthritis.
• imagille/sllppose to ask about imaginary situations:
Imagille YOII/wd a mifliOIl dollars, what wOllld YOII spelld it a ll? (You don't have a million
dollars.)
Suppose they lived ill the COlllltry, wOllld they (eel sClfer? (rhey don't live in the country.)
fORMALITY CHECK In informal British English, we can also use say:
Say YOII collld live anywhere ill the world, where wOIIId YOII live?
164
PRACTICE
1
Choose the correct meaning. A or 8.
o If Charles got a pay rise, he' d buy a better car.
A I think Charles will get a pay rise.
I think Charles is unlikely to get a pay rise.
U house p ri ces rise, we' ll sell our flat and buy a cottage in the country.
A The speaker thinks house prices will probably rise.
R The speaker thinks house prices probably won't ri se.
2 If I were you, I'd take the train to Cornwall; it's more relaxing than driving.
A I'm giving advice. B You've taken the t rain before.
3 If I had a mobile phone, I' d ca ll the police.
A I might ca ll the police. B J can't call the police.
®
4 Suppose you had a yacht, where would you sail to?
A You have a yacht. B You don't have a yacht.
S rabIo would be very disappointed if he didn't pass the exam .
A Pablo expects to pass the exam. B Pablo doesn't expect to pass the exam.
2
Write one word only (or a short form) in each gap to make second conditional sentences.
&ID listen and check.
o If I .~~X0...
1 If there ... _
..
to another country, I think I . ~.~~~~........ go to Mex ico.
___ m ore rain here, the countryside
2 I ..
. .... . talk to him right now if I .................. you - he's in a terrible mood.
3
.... there were no borders between countries, wouldn 't it ...
4 The directo r wouldn 't make any redundanaes .. ...... .
5 If jonas .. .... .... ..... . .. you to maHY him, what ..
6 I've got an awful voice, but if I .................. sing, I .
3
....... be much green er.
it
... wonde rful?
_ really necessary.
you say?
.... join a choir.
Read the letter and then complete the responses below, using the
underlined parts of the le tter to help you. CIIID listen and check.
This week's problem
We're really worried about our son at present.
He's fifteen and he's just started going round
with a gang of older boys who are involved in
petty crime. (0) We don') take him to school
in the morning. and we know that he doesn't
actually go to school a lot of the time - he meets
these boys. 1l1ey go lo the cinema and funfairs,
and our son uses (1) the mOneY we give him Ior
to our son about this yet. because we're sure
(3) he'd jyst He to us - he accuses us of treating
him like a child and watching him all the time.
(4) We really don't know whether 10 talk to the
~about him - it seems so drastic. 1l1cre's
a l>arents' evening al school next week. so
(5) perhaps we should speak to hjs leachers
first We don't know (6) if there's any way they
lunch to go with them. (2) .'\"ne~h~a~v~
en~'~
LI~a~
lk=e~
d:.._~c~an~h~
el~D~Y~S~
. _ _ _ _ __
o
.
If .y.~~ ..~~.* ~.~}~ .!.~~~!. .... in the morn ing, you could make sure he goes inside.
1 He wouldn't be able to spend money on funfairs if you ........... .. ..... ........
2
J
-
...... ..... . .
wou ld talk to your son if I ... .. ...... ..
3 He probably.
........ ....... ._......_.. ... .. .. lie to you if you trea ted him like an adult.
4 If I were you I ... . ... ...........
. ... unless you know he has committed a crime.
Your son is very youn g and you don 't want the police involved at this stage.
S It would be a good idea if you
.. _...... _..
. ...... They might be worried, too.
6 The teachers know your son. If you speak t.o them, they ........... ... ........ ............. ...... _.... .
165
56
Past rnr,,1i1ril
1 Third condit ional
ON!) ON
an rl
If we'd arrived on time,
we'd have flown to Majorca
If we'd arrived on time,
we wouldn't have missed the flight.
If he hadn't stolen the money,
he wouldn't have lost his job.
E U :r
uld (not) + M
+ p{II,
d ple
We usually use short forms (we'd, wouldll 't, etc.) in this conditional.
We can also use cOllld Ilave/ miglit have + past part iciple in the result clause:
I(we hadn 't lost the semi-fillat we might IUlve WOII tire tournament. (less certain than wOl/fd)
YO II could have gon e to university ifyolI'tI studied Iwrder. ( = you would have been able to)
NATURAl ENGLISH In American English it is possible to use would have + past participle in the
ifclause, but most British English speakers think that is incorrect:
11 would have spoken to YOII if 1 wou ld have see" you. I
./ f would have spoken to YOII if 1 had seen YOIl.
Differences between British and American Engl ish .. page 352
2
Unreal pa st co nditions
We use the third conditiona l to imagine situations or actions in the past that we know are
the opposite of the fact s:
Jfhe IUld s tolclI the company plalls, lie wouldn't IUlve kept them ill his office.
(We know that he didn' t steal the compa ny plans, but we imagine a past where he did
thiS.)
If the past cond ition happened, we use a negative verb. If it didn't happen , we use a
positive verb:
~1f~,~~~~~~::JI~1might: ::;:,:,:a;y.;d: :,·n:::::::::::J
condition didn't happen
(I didn't get the job.)
job,
I wouldn't have moved to Edinburgh.
If I had got the job,
I would have moved to Edinburgh.
I couldn't have stayed in London.
Sometimes we use conditiona1 forms of verbs on their own:
We were really wjoying the party and would have stayed 10l/ser. ( ... if we hadn't had to leaVl')
J wOllld have liked to meet yOllr friends from Argentina. (... if I had had the opportu ni ty)
3 Reg rets
We can use the third conditional to talk about regrets from our past, often with collld have:
I could have got a better job If I'd staye(1 at university.
We migllt n o t have IJad the accidellt If tile IVCfllIwr had been better.
f wish, if only .. Unit 58.2
166
Practice
1
Match the results 1- 5 with the conditions A-F. Then complete 1- 5 with would have,
wouldn 't have or could have.
wc~..~.~~............ bought a fas ter car ~A if I'd studied harder.
o
1
......................... ca lled you yesterday
8 if I'd practised the violin every day.
2
............................... got a better degree
C if I'd remembered you r phone number.
3
.. ............................. left my parents' home
0 if I'd had enough money.
4 I ............................... played in an orchestra
E if I'd known how much renting costs.
5 I
F if I'd realised the company was in
t rouble.
...................... taken the job
2
Complete the email.using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
CI!IIlI listen and check.
Subtect
IHelpl
Hi Mum and Dad
I'm afraid I have to ask you for some money - and I'm very ashamed to tell you about this. You
see, I lost my job a few weeks ago. I deserved it because I upset a customer - if I hadn't been
rude to the customer, my boss (0) . ~~~~~r~'(~fi.~ ............. (fire) me. And I was in debt
because of the car - obviously, , wouldn't have got into debt if I (1 ) .......... ..... ... ...... ........... .
(not buy) the car, but I needed it for work. Then, one day recently t was in a local shop and'
took some money from the till. If it hadn't been open, I (2) .... ............................ ............. .
(not take) the money, but it was so easy. Ileh the shop before they noticed, but then, a couple
of days later I went bad: Into the shop and the shopkeeper saw me. That was really stupid if I (3) .............................................. (not go back), he wouldn't have recognised me, I
denied taking the money, so he called the police, and they arrested me. If I'd admitted it to the
shopkeeper and paid him back, he (4) .................................. (not cal~ the police. So ... can
I borrow (500 to pay the fine? I know I've been stupid - if I (5) ................................... (ask)
for your help weeks ago, this wouldn't have happened .
love Harry
3
Write what these people said . They are talking about their regrets with WOUld, might or
could. For 5 and 6, write sentences that are true for you. ClllJl listen and check.
o
Pietro d id n 't get a place at college because he didn't apply in time .
.Ij.r.~..'Vf!.~..~. #.~! ..~ ..~~.~..~.~~.J~t .~..f.~~~. ~~ .~~.~: ............... .
Last year Olivia spent all her money on clothes and could n ', afford a ho liday.
2 Samuel d id n't notice the speed camera and he got a fine for d riving too fast.
3 Patrlcc broke his leg on a skiing trip and he wasn't able to become a footballer.
4 Kimiko ate some fish which was bad, so she was very ill.
5 If I hadn 't ....................... .
6 If I had .............. .
167
57
1
Mixed conditionals
Mixed past to present conditional
We use th is conditional to talk about Qresent results of an imagined past condition/action:
,
,
( The thief did trick me. )
( I am in prison now. )
1(lIwl t/lie( 'l(Id,, '/ tricked mc, I wouldll't he ill prisollllolV.
,
,
1(1 had leam t to play the violin, f could be ill all orcl lestm 110W.
( I didn't learn to play the violin. )
( I' m not in an orchestra now. )
CONDITION jf + past p4H'fec1;
RESULT would (nod + inflnhiY.
/f that thief hadn't tricked me,
I wouldn't be in prison now.
If we had missed the tram,
we wouldn't be here to enjoy your wedding.
If you hadn't woken me up,
I might still be in bed!
We ca n also use cOlIlll/might + infinitive in the result clause:
IfYOII hadll 't I/Od tile operatioll, yOIl cOllld be really ill IID\\!.
We might be ill {/ better {inancial positioll i(YOII'd takell tlmf iob!
2
Mixed present to past condi t ional
We use th is conditional to talk about imagined past results of a present condition/situation:
,
If I didn't believe
( I do believe you. )
yOIl,
,
I would have left
yOIl.
( I didn 't leave you.)
,
,
If yOIl were a better stlldetlt, YOII could have gone to I/niversity.
( You aren't a good student. )
COHOmoH If +
Sf simple
( You didn 't go to university. )
RESULT couldlwould (not} + have + past
participle
If I didn't believe you,
I would have left you.
If John wasn't a hard worker,
he wouldn't have got a promotion.
If I had a better memory.
I could have won the Mastermind competition.
We can also use COllld Imw/migilt have + past participle in the result clause:
If we I"u", 't lost tile first matell, we might shll lLa ve been ill tile competition. (less certai n than
wOllld)
YOIl coulci have gOlle to Imiversity ifYOll were a better stlldellt.
(= You would have been able to. / You aren 't a good student.)
168
ID]
Practice
1
Read each sentence. Decide if each explanat ion, A and B, is t rue (T) o r false (F).
o Gary could have been a fa mous footba ller if he was more prepared to trai n hard.
A Gary isn't a famous footballer.
.T.
B Gary doesn't li ke training hard . .7:. ......
-' If Ma nfred's parents had moved to the UI<, he migh t speak English now.
A Mant red's parents moved to the UK.
B Manfred doesn't speak English . ......... .
2 If Noel and Ji m had ta lked to each o ther mo re, they could still be friends today.
H They are still friends.
A They didn't talk to each other enough . .... ...
3 If Juri.t d id n 't berieve her sun 's story, she might have called the police.
A Julict doesn't believe her son's story.
B Ju liel called t he police.
4 Joan might look rea lly old now if she hadn't had cosmetic surgery.
B Joan doesn't look very o ld.
A Joan has had cosmet ic surgery.
5 Helen would have found a h usband years ago if sh e wa nted to get married.
A Helen wants to get m arried.
2
B Helcn has fou nd a husband .
Read the conversations a nd choose t he corre ct words in italics.
am liste n a nd che ck.
o A I hear you lost that n ew la ptop computer you'd bough t.
B Yes, it was stolen. I fee l rea lly stupid now -I 'd still h ave the compute r and all my work
o n it if I IUldll 't left didll 't leave t he bathroom window open .
A Mum, can p ay wit h my Xbox?
B Yes, go on. W h at would YOII do / would YOII have done in the eve.nin gs if t hey hadn't
invented the Xbox?
2 A Why are you here? I t hought Jenn y said th at you'd ca ncelled the meeting?
B Well, no. If I cancelled / had cancelled t he meeting, I wouldn't be here now, would I?
3 A We've just bought a fla tscreen TV.
B But you've a lread y got o ne.
A No, if we already h ad o ne, we wouldn't buy / wouldn't /love bOIlSM one. would we?
4 A Ga ry said tha t h is bro t her was very lazy.
B Neil, lazy? No, if that was true, I didll 'l marry / lI'ould,, '( have married him a ll t hose
years ago!
5 A Do you have an y regrets about getting m arried whe n you were very young'!
B Of cou rse not! If we {fir/n 't get married /Imdll'l got married when we wcre young, we
collldll't enjoy /wollldfl 't IJav/~ efljo),efl all o ur gran dchild ren an d great-grandch ildren now.
3
Writ e condit io na l sentences. using the w o rds in bracke t s. Use could o r might if possible.
am Listen a nd check .
o Th ere m ig h t have been more wars in recenl yea rs if (the Un ited Nations I exist).
.
:n~r.~ ~N.. ~r.~ ..~~.'1: .~.\Y..W!'!!'f.. ~~..~.y.~!:~ ..if..!.Iy,...0.~!~. N..~.~.~ ..~.i4.":'t..~~.
1 If van Oha in and W hittle hadn 't in vented th e jet e ngine we (have I mass air trave.1 1 today).
2 We would n 't all use W indows today if (Bill Gates I start I M icrosoft) .
3 If t here were still a lot of racial proble m s in the US, (t hey I elect / Barack O bama) .
4 Fewer African people wou ld have died if (we I have I a cure for m ala ria).
5 If Tim Berners-Lee h adn't created the World Wide Web, (the world I be I very d iffe rent).
169
58
only, it's time ...
I
1 wish and if only + past simple/would
We use wish + past simpl e to talk about present situations, when we arc unhappy
with the situ<llion :
I w;sl, we w ere still olll/oUr/ay. (We aren't on holiday now.)
We wish we {lid,,'t Ii IIC so far away. (We live too far away to see ou r fri e nds.)
I wish we had a lI ew car. (Our car keeps breaking down .)
If only means the same but it can have a li ttle more emphasis:
If ol/Iy J (litl,,' t get allgry so easily! ("" I get angry easily, but I don't li ke it .)
•
We don't use wish or ifollly with a present tense:
11 ",ish J 1'(Hoe
•
if
hetffri6", ./ I wish I had a better iob .
To express a wish about the future, we use hope + present tense verb, no t wisll:
X,, \l'i-sh "6/1 Juwe ,., g69.(/ he!;ck",. .11 hope you /love a good holiday.
We can use wis/';ir ollly + wOI/M (lIot) to ta lk. about a habit in someone else that
wc would li ke to change:
If on ly JeflflY woulcl talk about lIer problems. I wislt >,011 would,, 't bite your flails!
2 wish and if only + past perfect
We use wis/Vif ollly .. past perfect to talk about a past situation o r action that we regret:
I've fai/ed my exams. I wish I'd s tudied /Iarder.
If only I h ad,,'t left all my jewellery here. I left it ill tile drawer ami it's beell stolell.
I'm really tired. 1 ",isl, I'd gOf,e to bed earlier.
A
We don't use wisMf ollly wit h the pa st si mple if we wa nt to ta lk about the past:
\\ "eek. .I If only I'lad ,,'t sllOuted at my boss last week.
X l(fm /.,.! difl.II'lsluml (11 "" , iJ95s It~st
3 it's time and would rather
We use the past tense after it's time and wOllld rather when we arc talki ng about the p resent.
• Ws (abo ut) time means we think that someone should do somethi ng:
Come 011 - it's awe we went /lOlI/e. I t 's about time )'011 got 011 the plal/c,
• it's Iligll time + a past simple verb is stronger and suggests that the action is u rgent:
It's Iligh tim e ,'011 sta rted looki" g for a flat of your ow,,! YOII cafl't stay here for ever.
• We can also use the in finitive with to (with or without (or + object pronoun):
Come 0 11 - it's time «(or liS) to go IlOme. It's about time (for 'vu) fa get Ofl the pla"e.
We use wOII/d rather to say what we prefer:
I'd raO,er we sta yed tll home. (= I'd prefer to stay ",)
We'd ratl/Cr W~ didn't go by plcme. (= We'd prefer not to go .. .)
Woultl YOII rather I paid YOUIlOW or later? (= Would you prefer me to pay you now or later?)
170
Practice
1
Read the letter from a man in prison to his wife. Choose the correct
underlined words. CIIID listen and check.
My JUfrut MDItiqu.c.
I ""n:t bt:1in to tdl Y"K kDw 1tU(.tH. I M.l.r.r YOK. If dmy I (O) 4&1 Ij,rtpt l QU!'n.'t li.str.oof)
fA} TDmM-y EV411J' jlfU tMse ,tumtkr 4jt! w'kett. he. s"iJ Iu. W4lft1Jt.J lit driver u tlfk.t- him tD thL
Itirport. Obwlo(J'ly, I wi.sk tke poliu {1} ,;(j.W;t Mtdl / !teu/",,' fIIl14b1 u.r 1ft tlu. ",,,,rc.hoHJe,
bJ.tt I wi..rh. e\"el1. tM.Ilt"e elute I (;2.) Vd.,,'t believe / ~M:t belj.eM KiJ story.
Well, I'm Jtuc.. 110 ...., ",1111 1 Su.ppdJC. I'M. lu.Lk.y tJutt its omy for two YUlrs. I j«.It wiJ'h. t~t
I (3) ru!1 / ri&E ,/4.rer to korm. If o~y YOK (4) C4HM yj,rit / "KId My" yj,rjw{ /tU. M4re
oft""" tlwt. I'm. Jure l~ WOlAltI be uuier.
1ki"!5'J' "rm't t(JO b.., J.tue, f"UIlly. I (.I{11. work. 'u.ri~ tke '''Y ",11.Ji the. ev~.r "re OK..., hltt
the ~htJ ",re. "'WfOJ- - I rurlly ",uk tke Dtw pn..rOI1QJ (5) wou,li !WIg. / wqWMt ttU1M
so 1tU(.tH. l1.Oi.re ",t ~Ht. "'114 I wi.rk I ((DJ kffi1. / ~ jet JOIm. tM.Ilre Jlup.
Welt, I'd better .10. It's tiJU (7) ~ / ~ the. Dtws for 'evuUty Il'I"tivitiu', I do
tJ1jtJY jetti'Y letters from yc/.( ,,11.Ji I wi.rh. YOK (C) WO!1U write / ~ to wte MOre oftut..
I ('I) li1ili / ¥
that tu .lee yOK .100)1" bKt td r"tw (10) ya/( dont bri~ / yo/( .!Wt't
~ tlu. cJul.!rel1.. - I do":t WIII1t thtM. to .lee IU we.
2
Complete the sentences with would I wouldn't and a verb from the box.
ClllJillisten and check.
dose (not) leave (not) make (not) play turn off wash tip
o
I
2
3
4
5
I wish
I wish
I wish
I wish
1 wish
1 wish
you . !i.~!¥.~ . ~'!Il~. m! ....................... .. after you've eaten.
you ............................................... .. your clothes in the living room.
you .................................................. phone calls late at night.
you ... .................. .... ... ... ...
......... the fridge door.
you ................................................. music reall y loudly.
you .......................... ............... .... ... . the TV and talk to me!
3 Find and correct the mistakes in each sentence.
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
I wi sh ~~~~tt~~t~~~hat job offer last week.
We'd rather you don't bring you r children with you .
If o nl y wc have enough money for a new kitchen.
We wish you get good news from your son next week.
Wo uld you rather went to the mountains thi s year?
I wish you won't criticise me in front of your friends.
Isn't it time the gas bill to come?
4 Complete the sentences so they are true for you.
o
I wish my parents . W.~~~I}:tt.~L~.J.~..'!I..~hHl. ............................................................... .
I wish my best friend ......................................................................................................... .
2 If o nly I hadn't bought ......................................................................................................... !
................................................ .
3 I'd rather people didn 't ....................... ......... ........... .
4 I wish I could ................................. .
... ...................................................................... .
171
Review
1
MODULE 10
UNITS 54 ANO 55 Choose the correct words in italics.
~-,
o The director wouldn't ca ll a special meeting if I IIllless it were really nccessary.
People arc always friendlier when t he sun is / was s io ing.
2 It m ay be a good idea to take extra money even if/ ill case the museum isn 't free.
3 If I were prime minister, J wifl / wOllfd increase taxes immediately.
4 Arsenal are doi ng well - t hey will ! wOllld win the group stage if they dot/ 't / did,, 't lose
their next match.
5 Suppose / Wllell Abba played together again, do / wOflld you go to see t hem?
6 We will get to the airport in time if / IIIlless there isn 't m uch traffic o n the motorway.
7 Provided this Illness Iws / doesn't haw time to develop, it is very easy to t reat.
8 I know it's un li kely, but will / would you accept the job if they offer / offere{/It to you?
2
UNIT5 56 AND 57 Rewrite the sentences, using past or mixed conditionals.
o
Tlna owned a clothes sho p but her business was in t rouble, so she went to the bank. A
man ran out of the bank and knocked her over, so she injured h er s ho ulder.
IfTina .~~~:~-'~.~..~~ .. ~~. ~!'!!1!<:... ...., she wou ldn't .~!'.~..~.~ . ~~~.~.......... ,..... ,.
The bank manager ca lled a doctor. The doctor decided she should go to hospital.
If the bank manager ........ ................... ........... .. ..... . , Tina wou ldn 't
..•••.•••.•..•.•............................•••
2 While Tina was waiting at the h ospital, sh e met an old schoolfricnct .
If Tina ............... ........ ....................... , she ............................. ................. .
3 They had to wait for a lo ng time so Tina told her fr iend about h er business.
. ............ , ......................................................
4 11na's fri end had just received a lot o f money and she invested in 'I1na's busi ness.
If ....................................... ........................ .
If TIna 's friend ............................... ..................................... ......... ........ ...... ......................... .
5 So, because Tina hurt her shoulder, she met her o ld friend, and 11na's business is now
pro fitable. TIna's business might not ........ .... ... ..... .. ............................................................ .
3
UNITS 57 AND S8 Look at the list and complete the past regrets and present wishes of a
lonely person who lives in an old person's home.
"':!""
WLrhu
o I fU,ver JtUlrried (mJ ~w I'm rurlly 1011Lly. 00 I'd likL to ,"",ve more mo~y.
1 I didH..'t M-ve A'~ , hiidreH.. «nd 1101'1 I'm iH.. If I'd prefer to liVe i"" my OWl1.-homL.
«H.. oLd p~plu home.
5 I'd likL the p~ple hue. ta be fr~ndliu
:2 I didH..'t .rtM.dy wlw-t. I w«.r Y0W!9er.
to mL.
31 Jiv«i • "lfi.rh lifo.
" I dO J1,'t likL beil1:9 aid!
o
If I .""(""''.':~" L'''~.,I(.,;t.<J!..I'~y..".''' .... .......... .................................................... .
1 If I ....................................................................... ........... ,........................................... ....... .
2 1 wish I ..................................................... ......................................................................... '
3 If only I ..............................................................................................................................'
00 I wish ' .~(~.~ . ~.~y. ...................... ...................................... ................... ....... ............. .
4 I'd rather .........................................
............................................................................. .
5 I wish the people ........................ .......................................................................... ..
6 If only I .............................................. . .......................................... ............................. ..... 1
172
4
ALL UNITS Complete the article with one word (or a short form) in each gap.
End of the road for canoe couple
'Canoe couple' John and Anne Darwin arc now
bolh in prison, as the coun decided they were
both guilty of trying to cheat money out of an
insurance company. John Darwin went canoeing
in March 2002 and 'disappeared' - the canoe was
found some weeks later. but there was no sign of
John. In fact. he had already left the country. Some
momhs later, Allnt was able tQ claim £250.000
from their insur.ulce. ' 11C couple had been in
fin ancial difficulties, and (0) .... m:~.l:1f... not ha ve
committed the crime if Ihings had ( 1) .
been so bad. a spokesman said.
All ne Darwin moved to P:mama in 2007, to be with
her 'dead' husband, but in December 2007 John
Darwi n came back to ijritai n and gave himself up ifhe hadn't done th is, Ihey (2) ................... still be
free and living in Panama. Until this time, both their
sons believed thei r father was dead. The couple now
(3) ..... .. ............ they hadn'tlied to their sons. and
John Darwin (4) ................... that one day they
will forgive him. His wife Anne now says that she
(5) ................... he really (6) ....
. drowned
that day.
5
John Darwin ad milled his guilt and received a prison
sentencc of six years and three months, and his wife.
who refused to admit guilt. received six years and six
months - she would cenainly (7) ....
.. gOI a
shOr1er sentence if she had admilled her pan in the
story. The court might have (8) ................... more
sympathetic (9) ........... ....... the couple hadn't lied
to their sons. If the couple beha ve themselves in
prison, they ( 10) .................. be ~leased in about
four years. Whether they witl be able to rebuild their
Jives is another SIOry.
ALL UNITS Complet e the second sentence so it means the same as the first , using the word
in brackets. Use two to five w ords in your answ er,
o I can't come to the meeting because I' m ill. (wo uld)
If I . '1.~!.~~~..i.l.I/.J.~~.~.{
........ come to the meeting.
You can go out tonight, but you must come back by 10.30. (as)
. ... back by 10.30.
You can go out tonight ............... .... ....... ..
2
sh oul d go to t he doctor about your bad back. (were)
If ............
. .............. , I'd go to the doctor about your bad back.
3 I thought t hey'd have arrived by now. (time)
YO ll
It's about .... ............ ......... ....................... .
4 I don 't like the fact that you smoke in the house. (wish)
I ............................................................. in t he house.
S That job invo lves moving to Berlin, but I don't think I' ll get it. (move)
I ........ .... .. ..................................... .. ........ to Berlin if I got that job.
6 Vou didn 't get the jo b because you're so lazy! (h ave)
If you weren't so lazy, you ......................................... ............. ....... the job.
7 Which sport wo uld you play if you were really athletic? (suppose)
......... 1. ...... . .... ................... ..... . ..... . . . .....
really athletic, wh ich sport would you play?
8 I have short legs and J hate it! (only)
If
..... short legs!
173
Test
MODULE 10
Conditionals
Choose the correct answer. A, B or C.
I I don 't know wh at's wro ng with th is computer. If I press FI,
it always .......... down.
A close B doses C will close
>-
Unit 54
2 .......... Mr Grainger arrives while I' m at lunch , please ask h im to wa it
in my o ffice.
A W hen B Un less C If
)0.
Unit 54
3 If it's rain ing when you arrive, .......... to the statio n and pick you up.
A I com e B I'll com e C you com e
)0.
Unit 54
4 I won 't accept the job .......... they offer me more money t han
I' m ea rn ing n ow.
A u nless B if C when
)- Unit 54
5 The man ager won 't give Kevin his job back,
.. .... he gets on his knees
and begs!
A as long as B in case C even if
6 He wou ld certainly buy a better car if he
A had B wou ld h ave C d idn't h ave
,... Unit 54
... ... en ough mo ney.
7 Imagine you .......... have a superpower, wh ich on e wou ld you choose?
A could B would C can
>- Unit 55
8 If I .......... Geraldine, I'd defi nitely tell her son to leave ho me.
A am B would be C were
9 Wh ere would you go if you .......... a holiday next year?
>- Unit 55
A ~
B_
C ~U _
10 The govern ment .......... lost the election if they hadn't put taxes up.
A won 't have B had n 't C wou ldn 't have
11 If you .......... th is question correctly, you would have passed t he exam .
A answered B h ad answered C answer
12 I' m not su re, but Heide ...... .. .. h ere for t he summer if we'd invited her.
A will have come B would have co me C migh t have come
13 If you ... ....... at your boss that day, you'd probably still have t he job no w!
A hadn't shouted B didn 't shout C don't shout
14 Anne would have made more frien ds in th e village if sh e .......... so shy.
A isn't B wasn 't C wo uldn't be
. UnnS5
>- Unit 56
>- Unit 56
>- Unit 56
>- Un it 57
>- Un it 57
I S We ......... . in Greece now if the travel company hadn't go ne o ut of business .
A would be B were C will be
16 I'd reall y like to talk to Jim again . If only I .. .. ... ... his phone number!
A know B knew C didn't know
17 I'm worried about Robert - I wish h e ....... .. us where he goes in t he eve ni ngs.
A tell B will tell C wou ld tell
>- Unit 58
18 I'm sorry we offended you. We wish we . ........ such awful things.
A hadn 't said B d idn 't say C had said
>- Unit 58
19 Come on. It's time .......... t he plane now.
A get on B we get o n C to get o n
20 We do n 't like those friends you hang around with.
We'd rather .......... with t hem again .
A you didn't go out B you don't go out C you no t go o ut
174
,... Unit SS
>- Unit 57
>- Unit 58
>- Unit 58
>- Unit 58
Word order and
sentence patterns
Before you start
1
Read the conversation. look at the highlighted grammar examples.
res
Hi, Phil. What's that you're reading?
I'ltll.
Hi. It's Time Magazille - it's a really interesti ng
article about the Bur j Khalifa - a building in Dubai.
I'll show you a photo of it. Amazing, isn't it?
TESS
Wow! How ta l] is it?
PHll.
It's over 800 metres tall, and it's now the tallest
building in t he world. There are morc than 160
floors in it. [ t makes me dizzy just to look at it!
ANDY
I've heard of it. Who designed it?
I'I-lIL
I think it was designed by an American architect.
What's it fo r? Offices, maybe?
TESS
Well, it's got offices, apartments, a hotel, a
restaurant ... everything.
It's so tall - I can't imagine the feeling at the top.
Have you ever been to the top of a really tall
building, Andy?
I'HIL
TF.ss
ANDY
TI.SS
ANDY
TESS
2
Yes, I have. I've been to the top of the Sears Tower
in Chicago, but that's only 450 metres tall.
What's it like?
Well, it's di fficult to describe. You can feel it
moving in the wind .
It sou nds exciting!
Now read the sentences and choose the correct w ords in
italics. The highlighted grammar examples will help you.
1 Marianne and Jim showed to liS /IlS their holiday photos.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
Don't talk to your father li ke that! [t makes him angry / to (eel angry.
'Is the class full?' 'Well, there is/are already twenty students on the register.'
It was difficult find / to filld anything in the sales. The shops were crowded .
It's really sunny. Have yOIl /J/It / YO II have pllt the washing out?
' Has Jeremy started playing in t he band yet?' 'Yes, he's /lte has.'
I've got a spare cup of coffee. Who is it (or / (or is it?
Who phoned / did pholle you at six this morning?
The mountain we climbed was 1,000 metres high / high 1,000 metres.
I hear you've just been on a Caribbean cruise. W hat did it like / was it like?
>- Unit 59
>- Unit 59
>- Unit 60
>- Unit 60
>- Unit 61
>- Unit 61
>- Unit 62
>- Unit 62
>- Unit 63
>- Unit 63
Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
;;))(1 111 SP.M 01 1I:1i'!4 S;;)ll;;)W 000'1 6 [klU04d 8 J011! S! L
SP.4 a4 9 lnd nOA <lAP.H S pug 01 vale £ AJSUe Z sn I
6
Go on line for Cl full diagnostic test
175
59
Word order
in statements
This IS the Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao. It IS an art
gallery in the north of Spain. It con tain s an Importan t
collection of European and Amefican paintings.
Designed by architect Frank Gehry, the museum has
made people Interested In the Industnal city of Bilbao,
and a lot of t OUrists
1
VISi t It
now.
Subject + ve rb + object/complement
Word o rder is im portant in English because it helps us understand the mean ing of a sentence.
Th e basic o rder in state men ts is subject + verb + object. The subj ect and o b ject are usually
pronou ns or noun phrases, and t he object is a different t hing/ person from t he sub ject:
A
SUBJECT
vatB
OBJECT
The gallery
contains
an important collection of paintings.
Wc a lmost always n eed a subject before the verb: 1 !5 lmikiing a ,le\\, kitdum aI/ Ms Illm~.
lis buildiHa' a Ilew kite/lell ill !Iis !leuse Ome. ./ OW e is buildillg a flew kitchen ill Ilis hOl/se.
• Transitive verbs (e.g. cOlllaill, build, visit, take, like, fe(l Ye, describe, s(lY) almost always need
an ob ject; but with some transitive verbs, we can leave out the object if the meaning is
clear:
' W/,ere are til e girls?' 'They've just left .' (j ust left , e.g. the house/ the room)
DolI 't talk to Errof 1I0 W - he's writillg . (writing, e.g. a letter/an essay)
• Intransitive verbs (e.g. come, go, arrive, (al/, wa it, lalld, happell, lal/gh, m i ll, swim) do not
usuall y have an object:
Somethillg has happen ed. They weren 't I(lllghing.
• So me verbs have a com plement, not an object. The com plement tells us somet hing
about the subject. Verbs like be, become, seem, appear, remain, look, smell, taste can have
adject ive complements:
Fio/la remained ull/lappy about her eX(lm results for weeks.
Th(ll cake sm ells strange - have you bum t it?
After be and become th e co mplement can also be a noun or noun phrase:
The Tate Modem is all art gallery. Joseph beca me a shop assistant wl/eTI lIe left school.
Word order in questions >- Units 61 .1 and 62
2 Su bject + ve rb + obj ect + complement
Some verbs (e.g. make, call, col/sider) can be fo llowed by an object AND a compleme nt.
The obj ect is usually a person and the complemen t is usua lly an adjective:
COMPLEMENT
The museum
The teacher
We all
3
has made
called
considered
people
me
her behaviour
interested (in 8ilbao).
stupid.
really rude.
Subject + verb + (obj ect I co mplement) + adverbi al
An adverbial can be a one-word adverb or a phrase that often starts with a preposition.
Adverbia ls answer questions such as How? When? and W here? They usua lJy come after the
verb (or after the ob ject or compl emen t if there is one):
T he guests arrive,1 yesterday . Tile Cugge/lheim Museum is all art gal/ery ill tile IIorth of Slmill .
176
4
Subject + verb + that clause
A lot of verbs expressing thoughts and speech (e.g. think, believe, say, complaitl, know,
promise) are followed by tlwl ... a clause:
He
I
The staff in the company
believes
complained
didn't know
m
that children
be more polite.
that my soup was cold.
that their jobs were in danger.
Verbs followed by wh - word ... clause .. Un it 77.1
Verbs followed by another verb >- Module 12
5 Subject + verb + object + object
Some verbs can have an indirect object (usually a person) as well as a direct object (usually
a thing):
SUBJECT
Jonarhan
Panasonic
The local baker
A
VEAl
bought
didn 'r offer
made
INDIRECT OBJECT (penon)
his wife/her
Chrislhim
Andy and me/us
OIRECl: OBJ
(thtog)
a gold ring.
the job.
a wedding cake
We use the word order above with a few common verbs (e.g. ask, bril'S, bllY, find, give,
lend, I1wke, offer, pay, promise, read, send, show, teach, tell, throw and write). But with most
verbs it is incorrect:
X }lIdith desCFibed!fer l'isit9rs a,e h9l1se. .I !uditll described the iJouse to Il('r visilOrs.
If we put the indirect ob ject second, we need to use a preposition, usually to or for:
Panasonic
The local baker
a wedding cake
When we give something to someone, we use to; when we do somethi ng for someone,
we use for.
I'm jllst sendillg atl email to my brother. J won 't be long.
Call YO" find all illteresting recipe for me?
This pattern is less common than I'm sending my brolher an email./Catl YOII (ill(/me ... , etc.
A
We don't use a preposition before the indirect ob ject when it comes first:
)( }mwt/um beltg/" {8, lIis wife (j geld fing. .I !onarhall bought /lis w ife a gold rillg.
)( }ellatlum bel/gilt {8, ller (j gokl RI/g. .I !onat/wII bOllght IlCr a gold ring.
6
Adverbia ls and wo rd order
Adverbials usua lly come al the cnd of the sentence:
TI,e Nat/mwl Gallery is if, tile cen tre of Lon don . There was 110 S1l0W las t winter.
We usually put adverbials in this order if there is more than one in a statement:
Let's have breakfast
The next train will arrive
Roger Federer didn't play
tomorrow.
in the Italian coffee bar
vel}' well
at pJatform 2
ar the French Open
in five minutes.
lasr year.
If we want to emphasise an adverbial of time or place, we can put it at the beginning of the
sentence:
Last year, Roger Federer did,, 't play very well. (But this yea r, unli ke last year, he played welL)
More on adverbs and word order >- Unit 24
59 WORD ORDER IN STATEMENTS
Practice
1 Complete the sentences with the phrases from the box. Two sentences only need a full
stop (.) - they are complete.
o We went to the dnema last night and saw . ~J~.~s.~.fi.:J.!:t.t:: ....... .
1 We were so thirsty that we drank ...... ........................................... .
2 Is eve'l'th;ng OK? You don 't seem ..... .. ........................................ .
3 After Julle fini shed her course, she became .................................. .
4 QUjck! The train is leaving .......... .. .................... ........................... .
S It was a great holiday. but we spent ....... .................................... ..
6 Tell me when the new guest ~ arrive ............................................. .
7 The course was interesting, but I didn't read .......... .......... .... ....... .
8 What h,ve you been do;ng? You look ..
. ............................ .
all the books
a MAtastic Rim
a li tre of water
a nurse
reaUy tired
too much money
very happy
2 Show the best place in each sentence for the words in brackets.
ClllDllisten and check.
0 Temperatu res reached 38 degreesLlast year.
The coach will meet us ou tside the school gates.
2 Everyone in the trai n compartment was reading.
3 Our fr iends didn't wait after the concert.
4 Fabio ca lled his fr iend .
S The new doctor arrived yesterday.
6 The local council promised lower business taxes.
7 Ugh, your trainers smell .
8 The children were playi ng in the back garden earlier.
3
(on the south coast)
(at 8.30 in the morning)
(a book or magaz.ine)
(for us)
(stupid)
(at Ule hospital )
(th e shopkeepers)
(awful)
(qu ite happily)
Read the conversation and choose the correct words in italics.
c.m listen and check .
RICK
How's the band going?
CARt
It isn't. I've left.
RICk
Oh, I thought (O)frlmt yOIl were) YOII wel1' that really enioying it!
CARL
1 had (1) at fi rst a gfeat time / a great time at. first. Everyone In tile band
(2) appeared really frie /ldly / really friendly appeared and ambitious too, which
I rea lly li ked.
know you were hoping it wou ld work out. What happened?
Well, we played (3) last Friday (I t COlllvay's / at COlJlvay's last Friday, and ...
ItlCI:
Con way's - that's great, it's really well-known.
CARL I know, and it was good - we played (4) really well (or OI'er a ll hOllr / (or over twhow
really well , and the audience (5) really happy seemed / seeme(/ really IllIppy.
RICK
Go on.
CARL Then. at the end of the evening, Mr Con way himself offered (6) to lIS / liS a regular
I:riday night job there.
RICk.
Fantastic!
e ARL
But the others turned it down - they didn't want to commit themselv(>S to every fr iday
evening. They made (7) me really at/gry / retdly angry me! So next time we prachsed, I
gave (8) them a cllOice / a clloice tllem - ei th er take the job at Conway's or I'd leave.
I:.ICK
And they told you that you could leave.
CARL
J:..xactly. So I left. Stupid, isn't it?
RICK
CARL
178
I
4
Write the words in the usual order to make statements.
o last term head teacher of the loca l secondary schoo l became Jeremy
.J~~.~yJ~~~ ..~~. l~.~o/...oJ.t.~,.I:t!~.l..!.«-.~!14~.ry.f.~~.~( .~.ft..t.~, _ ... __ . ...... .... .. ...... ......... .
1 has had the exhibition a lot of interest
2 that prom ised he would call me Errol
3 these days !rina quite sad seems
4 their birthday presents gave the twins jan
5 at was laughing the clown everyone
6 your fat her h as made really angry your terrible beh aviour
7 to the insurance company my lawyer all t he documents sent
8 at the debate MaTeo his arguments on Thursday qu ite well presented
5
Read the text about frank Gehry and find six more places where you can
improve the word order.
Frank Gehry
Frank Gehry is one of the most fa mous architects in the world. He was born
m. 1'f:2'f
ill 1929 ill TOlOnto but moved in 1947 to Los Angeles. He an architect
il1- fo rol1to
became after studying arch itecture in
California and design at Harvard, and h is
career has lasted over forty years. His designs have always
been really large and very expensive to build . Some were so
costly, such as the Wait Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles,
that many people considered 'unbuildable' them. His career
really took off when the Guggenheim Museum was built
in Bilbao in 1997, changing an old unused waterfront into
an area that both modem and romantic looked. Gehry
completed the Wait Disney Concert Hall in 2003 and it is
now the home of the Los Angeles Philhannonic Orchestra .
These two buildings, and others, have eamed some
important architectural awards him . One of Gehry's most
recent projects is the Serpenti ne Gallery in London - this
was in England his firs t project.
C>
Go ont lne for more practice
179
60 there and it
There's an interesting skyscraper in london , It 's
called the Swiss Re bUIlding. If you're in the City of
london, it's easy to see this building as it is much
higher than most of the o thers around it
1 there + be
We use there is/tI,ere are to say that
something happens or something exists, often when we talk abou t it fo r the fi rst time:
TllCre's all illterestillg skyscraper ill Lont/oll.
Tll ere lire several good restmmlllts Ilear where we live.
We can use there + a form of be in most tenses and forms:
71lere used to b e a post office Ilere. n,ere aren't going to be (lilY more classes tllis week.
Th ere migllt be all extra class (or beginllers next week. Is tI/ere a good film 0// TV tOl/igM?
A
CD
2
We use there + i,~, not there + (Ire, with a list t hat starts wit h a Singular noun:
)( Tllfl't! are (l pell, (1 fuk, fl/I(l S6me JJeOIOf.5 6/1 et-wiz ck5k .
./ T/l ere's a pell, a ruler all(/ sOl/le pencils 011 each desk.
Pronunciation'" 1.28
there an d it
TI/ere introduces new information; but we use it to say more about the in formation:
There's a II('W ciIJel/1(I ill 10WII. It's got six screens.
A
We don't use il to say something ex ists:
1 Ws a semI/a I'llid a smaU g,'m (It the IlBl el.
./
There's a sallna and a smal/ gym at the hotel.
3 it as a subject
We use it as a sub ject in expressions for
• time: WI,al time is it? It's tell o'clock.
(+ lake): How lOllS did it take to get here? It only took a fC\1/ minules.
• days and dates: W/lat day is it? It"-s 14111 October. It's my birt/lda)'.
• distances: It 's only 25 kilometres to Bordeaux. It isn't a very long way.
• weather + verb: It's snowing. It's really /lOt here. It milled al/ week.
BUT + noun: 1.'t WHS H let 9,£ffl;II 6/1 Ilelid-ar.
./ T/lere was a 101 of rai" 011 holiday.
• identifying people: Hi, it's ChillY here. It's Malcolm at the door.
• descriptions: It's borillg Ilere. It was a diffjcu/t time il/ my life.
A
Although it has no real meaning in these sentences, we can't leave it OLlt:
1 [-5 111,. hirtl,oo". ;t l5 Milling.
4
it + be + adjective/noun + infinitive wit h to
We can use this pattern to describe how we feel about a situation:
ADJEcnv£
It's
It wasn't
It will/would be
It might be
nice
possible
difficult
imeresting
Ir's
a pity
It wasn't
a mistake
a pleasure
It has been
lS0
NOUN
INFlNJTM with to
to see you.
to get tickers for Saturday.
to find a new secretary.
to invite Joachim to give a talk.
to leave before the film ends.
ro change my course.
to meet your family.
Practice
1
Complete the sentences with There is. There are, It's, or It was.
o We' ll have to open a new class . .~..~.r:~............ ... lOO many students in this one.
1
.................. . an oven, a microwave and a fridge-freezer in the new apartment.
2 [ hated being a teenager. ............................. the most embarrassing time of my life!
. a m istake to t hin k your boss won 't notice if you don' t go.
3
someone at the door for you.
. ........... .... a young woman.
4
5
..... snowing again today.
......................... always snow here in January.
...... so many people here. ..........
........ wonderful to be so popula r!
6
2
GRAMMAR IN USE
Choose the correct words in italics.
8ID listen and check.
CRAIG
$ONIA
CRAIC
SON1A
CRAIG
SONJA
CRAlC
SON!A
CRAtG
SON tA
CRA IG
SONtA
CRAlG
SON IA
3
Hi. Have you just come back from.,Q:oatia?
Yes, a place called Korcula. (0) Is !I.l!':Vquite near
Dubrovnik. (1) II I There was lovely there.
How long (2) did take I did it take to fly there?
Not long - less than three hours.
(3) Was ill Was useful for your architecture course?
Oh, yes. (4) It's I There's a fantastic o ld part o f
Korcula town that we visited. And (5) tllere's I it's o n
an island , with no cars.
Oh ?
Yes. (6) There lit's very hilly and (7) are I there are steps in most of the streets.
The walls around the Old Town have got several towers - they' re fascinating.
A walled city - lovely. Did you visit any of the towers?
Yes, some of them. (8) 11 was I There were twelve o riginally, but there aren 't so many
now. There (9) is I are also some fantastic old buildings, like the Anneri Palace.
(10 ) Were tllere I Were any beaches on t he island?
Oh yes, it wou ld be a pity (l l )goillg I to go to the Mediterranean and not visit any
beaches! We stayed at a beach resort. [t had everyt hing - there (12) was I were
a beach, a hotel and some very good restaurants.
Did you have good weather?
Mostly. (13) Tllere l it was rain the day we arrived, but then (14) was I it wa.~ warm
and sunny for the rest of the week.
Complete the second sentence so it mean s the same as the first, using the word in
brackets. Use two to fi ve words in your answer.
listen a nd check.
am
o Can I pOSSibly start the course two weeks late? (possible)
Will .i-!.. ~~.p'q!.JJ!!!~ ....... ,............. for me to start the course two weeks late?
We found a box of matches, some petrol and old clothes in the garage. (there)
......... a box of matches, some petrol and old clothes in t he garage.
2 Was there a lot of rain while you were in Sri Lanka? (it)
.. .. .................... much while you were in Sri Lan ka '!
....... ... ....
3 Wc didn't have any difficulty in completing the deal in t he end. (difficult)
In the end, it ....
the deal.
4 Did you see anyone interesting at Veron ica's party? (was)
.................. anyone interesting at Vero nica's party?
5 Finding the right person for t his job won't be easy. (to)
[t ......................................... .. .. .
find the right person for t h is job.
181
1 Yes/No quest ions
Yes/No questions ask if something is true or not: Is it the biggest palace illlhe world?
• If a statement contains be, an auxiliary verb or a modal verb, th is moves in fro nt of
the subicc in questions:
I •
i
The water is from a bottle. - Is the water from a bottle?
-:rhe builderS: were working here all day. - wire the builders iworking !Iere all llay?
• In present simple and past simple statements, there isn't an auxiliary verb, so we use do/does/dill:
M tlwt/ier. w orked whe" I was at school. - Did Y.Q
alii wO"rk wllen YOI/ were at school?
VERB TYPE
main verb be:
SUBJECT
Is
Was
auxitiary verbs, e.g. Is
Have
Did
modat verbs, e.g.
Will
Should
VERB
the water
the meal
COMPlEMEPR/OBJECT
from a bottle?
enjoyable?
the examiner
you
your mother
coming
bought
you
the letters
clean
wo,k
be sent
to the school?
some fruit?
when you v.rere at school?
your room this weekend?
out today?
We usually say yes/no q uestions with a rising tone (...=:n: Was the m eal enjoyable?
CD
Pronunciation'" 1.29
2 Short answe rs
We can answer yes/no questio ns with a short answer. The short a nswer uses be,
an aux iliary verb or a modal verb:
'Is that all illteresting book?' ' Yes, it is. '
'Have yOIl bol/gllt som e frl/it?' No, I haven 't . I forgot.
'Should I enter tile competition?' 'Yes, you s /lO flld.'
'Does Ella speak allY (oreignlaIlSllages?' 'No, she does ,,'t. '
A
We don't use short fo rms in positive short answers:
'Is it raillillg?' X ' Yes, it's. ' ./ 'Yes, it is. '
We usually use only the first auxilia ry or modal verb in short answers, not the main verb:
'Have yOIl bOllgM som e fruit?' X 'Ves, [ lun'f bOIlS/lt. ' ./ 'Yes, I have. '
'Should tI,e letters be sellt oul" tod{IY?' X 'Ves, Iller should he sell t. ' ,/ 'Yes, flley sllO flld.'
3 Negati ve qu esti ons
We can make negative yeS/flO questions to check information or ask fo r agreement:
Is n 't tile Royal Palace ill Madrid tlte biggest? 'Wasn 't the traffic (11'1'(1111' 'Yes, it was.'
Wc can also use a negat ive question when we are surprised:
Dilln 't yOIl know that? I thollglTt everyone knew.
Note the answers to a negative question:
Didn 't yOIl know? Yes. (= I knew.) No. (= I didn' t know.)
182
m
Practice
1
Match the questions 1-4 with the short answers A-J. There are two short answers
for each question .
0 Does the park stay open in the winter?
Did the flight arrive o n ti me?
2 Hasn 't th e DVD recorded t hat show?
A.G ..
3 Will he.r book be published this year?
4 Sh oul d the form be sen t back to th is address?
A Yes, it has.
B ~Je, it EloesA't.
C No, it hasn 't.
D No, it wo n't.
2
E Yes, it should.
F Yes, it did.
G Yes, it €Ioes.
H Yes, it will.
No, it shou ldn't.
J
No, it didn't.
Read the information about Edinburgh Castle and write yes/no questions about it. using
the words in brackets. Then write short answers.
•
on an extinct volcano above the city of Edinburgh
•
•
built by King David I in t 130
J ames I of England was born in the castle
•
more tha n 1.25 million visitors a yea r
•
fa ntastic views over Edinburgh
•
the ticket price includes a guided tour
am listen and check.
0 (be I in I city)
I (built I long time ago)
2 Oames I I born)
3 (get I lot of visitors)
4 (can I scc the city)
5 (t he tic.ket price I include)
3
Find six more mistakes in the conversation and correct them.
am listen and check.
JACK
VIJAV
JACK
VUAY
JACK
VijAV
Are YOK !Joi'1j
Are g8ing )'81:1 to join any clubs o r societies at universi ty t his year, Vijay?
Yes, I' m . I' m interested in joinin g the photography SOCiety. Why, you aren't
going to join any?
I' m not sure. Isn't t he fi nal year more difficu lt than t he others?
No, it is. At least, people say it is. Th ey arc having a 'cl ub fair ' to in troduce all t he
cl ubs and societies t his year?
No, they not. All the information is o nli ne, and we can ask questions by email.
That's a shame.
JACK
Why? You n ot t h in k it's a good idea? We can find out about the societies when we
want.
VUAV
I suppose so, but I prefer to discuss things fa ce to face .
183
62
Wh- questions
In the seventeenth century.
Who built it?
Shah Jehan,
Why did he build it?
To remember his wife after she died.
1 Wh- questions and question words
Wh- questions ask for information. They always start with a WM- word:
COUf5e? What do you want
when, how
When did your visitors arrive? How did they-get here?
where, why
Where have you been? Why did you leuve so suddenly?
whose, which
Whose book are you using? Which chapter are you on?
to
A
We need to use be, an auxiliary verb o r a modal verb in most wll- questions:
1 ~W"re , .Hi jj~iltg? ./ WI,ere are YO" livi/lg? 1 HIm ttmget herd ./ How did YOII get here?
• With what, w/lOse and Wlliell wc can have a nOlln before t he verb:
Wha t time is it? W hose class are YO" ill? Wllicl, slIbj ects are you taking rllis fear?
• We can also make negative q uestions:
Wlwt di(I,, 't YOII /lTulerstmul? Why d itl,, 't you say som ethi/lg?
A
We usually say wll- questio ns with a falling in to nation ('~) : Where have YOII been?
m
Pronunciation)o 1.30
2 Subject a nd object questio ns
In most wll- questions the wll- word is the OBjECf of th e verb; we use th e question word
order:
verb
auxiliary
I
(lid
(an swer)
I
hair elum
I
build?
(the Taj MahaJ)
Who, what, wl/ieh and whose can be the SUBJECT of the verb; we use statement word order:
sub 'cc
,
obi ect
verb
built
ate
hit
(answer)
I
the Ta; MaIm/ ? (Shah Jchan)
the strawberries? (the birds)
the gate?
Uack's)
Compare these subject and object questions:
ub'e
ill i/lvite(/ Mary,
A
I
object -------;,
Who did Jim i/lvite?
Jim invited Mary ,
Wllo and whal in subject questio ns take a singular verb:
1 Who liw i" O,i:s /'0Ii:5e? ./ Who lives in this IlOllse?
1 lV/lilt IU/ppen flfler ~he illleP>'iew? ./ Wlmt Ilal'pe'ls after the interview?
3 Wh- q uestions + prepos it ions
If we u se a verb + preposition in a wlT- q uestion, we usua lly pu t t he preposition at t ile end
of t he questio n:
W/, ich holel (lid flley stay at? Who were YOIl living with fI,ell?
With wllell and wllere, we don 't usually use a preposition:
1 Where did tll£'jI' sfar at' ./ Where (lid they stay?
184
Practice
1
Complete each question with one word only, CIIEJ listen and check.
o
Wlurt ... .... .. is the name of the building in the photo?
... . was the castle built? Was it a long time ago?
.. idea was it to visit t he castle?
2
3
built the castle - was it someone famous?
..... .. ..... ... did they get all t he bricks from?
long did it take to build it?
4
5
6 W ho did the king build it ... .... ... ..... ... ? Was it one of his wives?
7 What .. .... ... .... .. .... do the castle gardens close?
8 Which
.. . do the guides speak?
2
Complete the questions about the article. You need to use both subject and object questions.
A disk containing details of
o What .~~.~ , ~~!~ .."." .."". tOday? A di sk
containing detai ls of government policies .
government policies was stolen
today in Cl dramatic car chase. The
government car left the Home Office
at 6.00 p.m., and a van immediately
started to follow it. A high-speed
chase ended when the government
car crashed into a lamp-post. Two
masked men jumped out of the van
and grabbed the briefcase containing
the disk before speeding off.
3
1 What time
.. .... .. ... . ... .. .... .. . .... .. .... .. t he
Home Office? It left at 6.00 p.m .
2 What ..... ..... .. ... ... .. .. ...... .. ...... .. .. .. to follow it?
A van.
3 When
.... .. ... .. ... .. ...... ? It fini shed
when the car crashed into a lamp-post.
4 Who ......... ............... .. .. ....... ....... out of the
va n? Two m as ked men .
5 What ....... ... .......... .............. ... ... . .. ? They
grabbed the briefcase containing the disk.
Read the answers and write a suitable wh- question for each one.
am listen and check.
o .~~~..4..~~.~~4~~.~ ..~.~~.p.~.~~?
The bu ilding in the photo is the Statue of
Uberty.
?
It is on liberty Island, in New York Harbour.
2 .................. .. ..... ..... .
?
Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, a French architect.
He was comm issioned by the French
government to design it.
3
?
5
?
Because the French wanted to present a gift
There are various things you can visit, apart
to the Americans, on the 1Oath anniversary of
from the Statue, such as a museum.
American independence.
4
6 .......... ...... ......... ... .... .
?
It was finally opened ten years late - on 28
?
It is famous because it's one of the best-known
images of the United States.
October 1886.
185
63
how, which/what,
who and whose
1 how
We usually use flOW to ask about the WAY somet hing is done: flow did illey build ill
We use flO W + adjective/adverb when wc expect the answer to be a number or a
measurement of something:
'How old is the Ta; Ma/wl?' 'It's 400 years old. ' 'How lOllS is ti,e film ?' 'It's 90 mil/lltes IOllg. '
'How often (lrc the classes?' 'Once a week. ' 'How many people work here?' 'A/mill 200.'
'How IIIlIch do ti le lessons cost?' 'They're £30 at/llour. '
A
A
When t he question contains the adjectives tall, high, 101lg, wide, dee/" we put the ad jective
in th e answer. Notice t he word order: How tall is Thomas flOW?
X Th8mas;s 'fllI J.B me/m . .I TlIOfIIllS is 1.8 m etres taU.
Notice the answer to a question asking about a person's age: X M)' IHm~;lIIe';5 se\'en ,.eaffl:
./ My daughter is seven . / My dallgllter is seven years old.
Wc use how to ask about health, opinions and progress, often in set phrases:
'How are YOII?' 'Fille, thanks.' 'How's tile hotel?' 'It's OK. '
'How's the lIew ;ob goillg?' 'Well, thallk you.'
2 which and what
Wh icl, and what both have simi lar mea nings but w/licll asks about onc or more o f a small
number of things:
+ noun
with people
small number
large number
........
"""""
-'
1
-'
-'
wMr
1
.t
./
1
with things
-'
-'
W/lOt 's for dinner? WllOt are they playing? Wllat sort O(S/loeS sllOll1d I wear? WI,at time is it?
Whicl, (,irport did YO" fly from, Heatllrow or Gatwick? Which leaeller lJave yOIl got for Itistory?
• We do no t need a noun if it is clea r wha t we are asking about:
'Ollr college offers I(lngllage courses.' 'Really? Wl,icl, do YOII teach?' (= which cou rse)
• We use what + do to ask about a person 's work:
WIm! do you do? What did YOllr grandfather do?
A
We can use what + be + like (but no t how) to ask for a description :
1 H6w i5 it 111ft'? .t W/wl's it like?
Wlwt was the exam like? )(!l WtlS lihe ea-s,..' .t It was easy!
Notice the difference between :
'What's she like?' 'She's yOllllg alld aNractive, (I l/(l s/Ie's very clever.'
'Wlwt (Ioes S/ IC like?' 'She likes climbing - she goes every weekend.'
3
who and whose
We use who to ask about people, but we use w/lOse (with or without a n o un)
1'0
ask about relationships and possessions:
\,Vho did YOl/flleet (It tile con ferellce? WlIO 'S yom (avol/rite film star?
WI,ose daughter is s/le? Whose n ewspaper is a'is? W/lOse is that?
More on whose
186
>-
Unit 72 .1
Practice
1
Complete the questions w ith how and an adjective or adverb if necessary. The answers will
help you.
liste n and check.
m
c.m
o '.J:I.~.W..9J{ ................ is your grandfather now?' 'He's nearly ninety.'
1 ' ... ... ............ ............. is the hotel from the beach?' ' It's about SOO metres.'
2 ........................ .. .... was your weekend at the health spa resort?' ' It was great, thanks.'
............ __ ._. are the Belgian chocolates?' 'They're €25 a kilo.'
3
· is your son now?' ' He's much better now, th ank you.'
4 ................... .
5
· do you go to t he theatre?' 'On ly about twice a year.'
6
is your journey to work?' 'It lakes about half an hour.'
7
is t he swimming pool?' ' It's ] .8 metres at t he deep end.'
8
2
· bedrooms does the apartment have?' 'Three, but one is very small.'
................ .
Choose the correct words in italics.
o Tt's an interesting house.(Wllo)1 Whose does it belong to?
1 Wlw 's / WllOse th e architect?
2 Wlwt / Whicl, pa rt o f the house overlooks the pool?
3 W hat does I is it like inside?
4 What / Which does t he owne r do? Is he famo us?
5 Oh, he manages a famous foo tball team - which / what
team does he manage?
3
Complete the conversation with the words and phrases from the box.
There are two extra words or phrases.
listen and check.
c.m
how long
what
TOM
ANNE
how o ld
what's
(0)
twenty-four
twen ty·four old
which university wRe
.l'Iiw
." .... have you
chosen as Ul e new trainee?
It's a young woman - Sun ita PateL
who's
TOM
So (5) _... _.............. ........... was
ANNE
she there?
[ think it was six yea rs - incl uding
her postgraduate studies.
Oh, (1) .......................... she like?
Very intelligent with great ideas.
KAT E
I think she'll be good for us.
TOM
(6)
......................... did she do
at postgraduate level?
Mainly industrial design.
(2) ............................... is she?
ANNE
She's pretty young really-
O<A"
Good. (7) ................... .
team will she be in?
ANNE
Well, (8) .............................. got
space for a new person at t he
only (3) ... .
4
what does
whose
TOM
(4) .................
MINE
study at?
Manchester.
. d id she
moment? Tom, how about you?
Write questions, using the words below. Then write true answers.
o how o ld I you?
1 what I phone number?
.~~~ ..~~~..'!~.y~~?.. .r~.~~~
2 how long / study English?
3 how far / nearest cinema?
4 what I like dOing.on holiday?
5 whose songs (or music) I prefer?
187
Review
1
MODULE 11
UNITS 59 AND 60 Complete the conversat ion with w ords and phr"ases from the box. There
are fiv e extra words or phrases.
at the school on Saturday evening d idn 't take gave me gave to me
H-was It was me so angry on Saturday evening at the school see
There was there were took to sce to you were there you
NICK
Hi, Jan . How was your weekend?
JAN
(0) .!.~. ~~f. .................... great! I went to t he sch ool reunion.
NICK
What school reunion?
JAN
Our school reunion ! Didn 't you know about it? (1) ... ........................•... an advert in
the school magazine.
NICK Oh, I don't read that! How was it, anyway?
.. everyone again.
JAN
Rea lly good. It was lovely (2) ... .. ...... .
NICK
Did man y people from our class go?
JAN
Yes, (3) ...... .. ..... ... ....... .. ...... about twelve of our o ld classmates there.
N ICK
Where was it - and when?
'AN
It was (4) ................................. ... ... .... ......... ... ... .. .... .. .. ...... ... .......... ....... ... .
NICk
Did you go by t rain?
JAN
No. (5) ............................... raining really h eavily, so Stuart (6) ...................... ......... a lift.
It (7) ........................ ...... . very long to get there - only about twenty minutes.
N1CX
And (8) ............................... any su rprises?
JAN
Well, yes. Just after we started eating, two people in realJ y expen sive clothes and
jewellery came in . I d id n 't recognise them at first.
2
NICK
And?
JAN
But t hen I realised it was Leroy Watson and Shelley Mi les - they're married now and
they run t hei r own business, obviously a very successful business!
NICK
Leroy uSl'<i to make (9) .... ..... ... ... ... .... ....... - he always t hough t he was better th an
the rest of us. Did you ta ke an y photos?
lAN
Yes, I' ll show them (10) .... .... .
. ...... .. at lunchtime.
UNITS 59 AND 60 Find six more mistakes a nd correct them. Tick (.... ) the correct sentence .
•t
o When t he speaker made a joke, the audience didn't laugh[!.t .
1 The protesters behaved at the demonstration really badly.
2 My grandfather showed to me his photos of t he war.
3 ElIa was with the architect's p lans delighted.
4 Let's meet at the ticket office at n ine in the morning.
5 There's someone on the p hone for you. There's your mother, 1 think.
6 The children called TIbs their new cat.
7 There arc a few usefu l t hings at the beach resort. It's a mini· market, a cash machine
and several restaurants.
188
3
UNITS 61, 62 AND 63
Read the text and complete the questions for the answers below.
Chinese cave dwellers
For the next part of Gave Egerton 's series
on unusual communities. he visited China.
We arrived in Van'an at 7.00 in the
evening and night was already falling. but
we were surprised that the area was Quite
light - the caves had electricity and bright
lights! Mrs Vuang came to meet us and
gave us tea and cakes in her living room.
Mrs Yuang and her family live in one of
the more modern caves, which has a living room, a kitchen and three bedrooms.
The Vuang family lives in Shaanxi Province, China, where there are several million people living in
caves, and most of them really like their cave homes. Most of the people there are farmers, and need
to be near their work, so the caves are perfect. They are ecologically friendly because they're built
directly in the ground, but they are also very comfortable because they protect the residents from both
heat and cold. And we found out the next day that there are cave schools and shops there, too ...
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
4
.l\Ij,.1t. ~. ~i./..t~y..~.~v~ .... ;n Van'an?
They arrived at 7.00 in the evening.
............................................... surprised?
Because the area was quite light.
Because they had electricity in the caves.
............................................... qu;te Hght?
What ............................................... ?
She gave them tea and cakes.
...................... her cave have? It has three bedrooms.
They are in Shaanxi Province.
. the caves?
in the caves? Several m illion.
Most of them arc farme rs.
..... do there?
....................... .
They'rc very com fortable .
.... like?
From both heat and cold.
................................. fro m?
.............................................. the next day? That there are schools and shops there, too.
ALL UNITS Choose the correct answer, A or 8.
o Are the conference organisers going to d iscuss the arrangements with us?
® Yes, they are. B Ycs, they're.
I Who told you about our fi nancial problems?
A I to ld Christophcr. B Christopher told me.
2 What did you get for your birthday?
A Well, Louis gave a new coat me. B Well, Louis gave me a new coat.
3 Should we change some money here before we go to the States?
A Yes, we should. B Yes, we should change.
4 There was a phone call for you this morn ing.
A Who was there? B Who was it ?
5 What's Michael's wife like?
A She's very friendly. B She en joys opera a lot.
6 Have you set up a meeting with the people from GaUagher Brothers?
A Yes, it's at their office o n Monday mo rning.
B Yes, it's on Monday mo rning at their office.
189
Test
MODULE 11
Word order and sentence patterns
Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.
1 .......... our friends at the pizzeria last night.
A Met B We met C Met we
.. Unit 59
2 Have you had a hard week? You ..... .... . this evening.
A seem tired B tired seem C seem to tired
,.. Unit 59
3 The rece nt conflict has .......... of the proble ms in the country.
A made aware people B made people aware C people aware made
4 The manager promised .......... a pay raise if we worked extra hours for a while.
A at us a ll B to us all C us all
5 Ca n you throw .......... ? I' ll get the things from the boot.
A_b=~Bb=~=C~_'~Qr~
,.. Unit 59
,.. Unit 59
~ ~~~
6 Luciano was studying .
A really hard at the llbra ry yesterday B at the library really hard yesterday
C yesterday at the library rea lly hard
... Unit 59
7 The circus was pretty good . .......... a clown, an acrobat and some juggle rs.
A There were B There was C It was
»-
Unit 60
>-
Unit 60
»-
Unit 60
»-
Un it 61
11 'Do you think we should take umbrellas with us tomorrow?' ' Yes, .......... .'
A we should B we take C we should take
»-
Unit 6 1
12 ' I wasn 't able to give you r note to the lecturer.' 'Why? .......... to the lecture?'
A Didn 't you go B Did you C Did you go not
»- Unit 61
13 We haven' t seen your son for ages . ... ...... is he living now?
A What B Where C Where place
»- Unit 62
8 The ground here is very dry. .......... hasn 't rained much at all recently.
A There B It's C It
9 I've heard a lot about you. It's a real pleasure .. ....... you at last.
A meet B to meeting C to meet
10 ' Has the film started yet?' 'Yes, .......... .
A it did Bit's C it has
14 I know Henry's got two brothers.
.. . married t he soap opera star?
A Which d id B What brother C Wh ich brother
)- Unit 62
15 ' I'm afraid I told someone about your wedding.' 'Oh dear. Who .
A you told B did you tell C told you
)- Unit 62
16 When you visited Stockholm, where did you
A stay B stay at C stay to
190
.. ... 1'
..... ?
.. Unit 62
17 'We're fl ying to London next weekend.' 'OK. Which airport will you .......... ?'
A a.rrive B a rriving C arrive at
)- Unit 62
18 ' How far is you r new apartme nt from the sports centre?' 'Oh , on ly about .......... .'
A 500 metres fa r B 500 metres C 500 metres sports centre
»-
19 ' What was Dave's cousin from South Mrica like?' '
A She liked peanuts. B She was like OK. C She was OK.
)- Unit 63
20 I've never seen that car in t he ca r park before. ......... is it?
A Who B Whose C Who's
,.. Unit 63
o
.....
Un it 63
Verbs with -ing forms
and infinitives
112
-
Before you start
1
Read t he advertisement. look at the highlig hted grammar examples.
Paul Garrison
Do you enjoy cooking?
Do you want to learn something new?
Then com e along and join one of Paul's
cookery classes.
Learning a new skill can be very rewarding, and
learning to cook new dishes can also be delicious!
This autumn, Paul is offering classes in Thai cookery.
Come and experience his unique method:
•
Paul prepares all the ingredients fir:.t. including
•
Then you watch Paul make a dish from beginning
his special spice mix
to end
•
He teaches you to mix your own
spices and
curry
powder for the dish
•
Finally, you try copying Paul's recipe.
Paul lets you progress at your own pace, and if
you'd prefer to watch and not to cook, that's
also fine.
You also eat all the wonderful dishes you have prepared!
Autumn (erm 18 September-} 0 December. Thursday 6.30--9.30 p.m. Only £180.00,
all ingredients included.
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted grammar
examples will help you.
I Have you enioyed take / taking part in this cookery class?
2 Speak / Speaking a foreign language helps us understand other nationa lities.
3 The children really didn't want to go / go to the swimming club.
4 I'd prefer not to have / having any oil on my salad.
S Will you teach the children to / to the children play chess?
6 They wou ldn't let me join / to joill the club because I'm not yet sixteen.
7 'Th is phone doesn't work. ' 'Try to tum / lllmillg it on!'
8 It all happened so fas t - I saw the car burst / bursting in to flames.
3
,..
,..
,..
,..
,..
,..
,..
,...
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
64
64
65
65
66
66
67
67
Check your answ ers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
lsmq 8 &uluml L UIO! 9 01 u al pl!4:) a41 S
(lA\?4 01 p 0201 £ 2 up(l~;)dS Z 8UI'lel I
6
Go onbne for a ful l diagnostIC test
191
64
Verb + -ing form
What
doYIII
do to
relax?
1
Verb (+ adverb/preposit ion) + -ing form
When we use two verbs together, the second verb is o ft en in the -ing form. After verbs with
adverbs/prepositions (e.g. give lip, thillk of), the second verb is always in the .illg form.
More on verb + preposition
>- Units 89, 90 and 91
5
likes and
dislikes
dislike can't stand enjoy hate" like
love· (not) mind prefer·
I enjoy nor doing anything sometimes.
5imon doesn't mind working lare today.
ideas and
opinions
admit consider imagine
look forward to recommend suggest
Do you admit stealing that watch ?
I'd recommend staying near the beach.
He suggested paying by credit card.
think of
actions that
start, stop
begin - continue" c/eliJy give up
srart ~ stop· finish keep (on)
or continue
practise put off spend (time)
others
alloid can't help deny involve
mention miss risk
Has he given up smoking?
I spent t\tVO hours preparing this meal.
Lena practises singing every dily.
You can't risk losing your job over a silly
argument.
• These verbs can also be folloYJed by an infinitive, 'iOmetimes with a difference in meaOlng (,.. Unit 67).
A
In the verb look (onvard to, to is a preposition, so we use an -illS form :
1 1'111 leeking ,feAwmJ'8 see y6f1 Rgtlill. ..f I'm looking fonvtl rd to seeitlg YO" again.
The -illg form sometimes needs to be
• negative: I hare not getting to a statiOIl or airport 011 time.
• perfect (for an earlier action): f oe admitted having sellt tile wrong email. (= that he had sent)
• passive: DOIl 't rillS atter 10.30 - I IIale being woken ut' by the phone!
2
The -ing form as subject, and as object
The -illg fo rm can be
• the subject of a sentence: Swimming is a good all-round exercise.
Living i" tile city is more excitillg t//(Inliving in the callI/ try.
• the object: My job il/volves listening to music. (object of il/volves)
J //(/te beiug woken lip by the pllolle! (object o f //(Ite)
3 go + -ing fo rm; do the/some + -ing form
We someti mes use go + .illg fo rm to ta lk about doing sports and other activities:
The boys often go fislling at tile weekel1d. J go shopping - it's tile best way to relax!
A
We usually use go + ·illg fo rm where there is a verb fo r the activity: I sail - I go saili"g.
Where the activity is a game, o r does not have a verb form , we use play or do:
..f I play football. ..f I do karate.
We use {lo + tile/some with . illg fo rms to ta lk about work in the home:
Have yOIl dOlle ti,e iro"ing? We'd better do som e c1e{II/hlg tllis weekelld.
Spelli ng rules f or ·;ng forms .. page 350 do the shopping or go shopping ? .. Unit 92.1
192
Practice
1
Match the pictures with the sentences. Then complete each sentence with a suitable verb in
the -jng form.
o .T.~~.~ ....... on a mobile phone in a restaurant really annoys me - it's so rude.
1
.. .. ..... ... ... is very good exercise for strengthening you r arms and legs.
2 We often go .. .. ..... . .., .. at the weekend - being in t he cou ntryside is lovely.
3 There's nothing morc relaxing than .
...... by the sea, watching t h e waves.
.r?
4 I don't mind .............. .. __ as long as it's in front of the TV!
2
Complete the sentences using the -in9 form of the verbs in brackets. You will need to use
the perfect or passive form for some of them. aDllisten a nd check.
o Did your secretary mention . ~~!19. .:I:~.~ .. " ...... (have sent) the package to me?
We're rea lly looking forward to ... .. ... .
... (have) two weeks off work in
the summer.
2 I don't mind ............... ... ......... ......... (not watch) SportslliglJt if you want to see that
fiJm o n Film 4.
3 .. .. ... ...... ..... .... .............. (spend) too m uch time on their own often makes
people depressed .
4 r can't imagine ............. ........ .... ...... ..... (be offered) a job like that.
5 The students admitted ................ ................... . (have copied) their essays from the
Internet.
6 I hat.e .................... ..... (work) here. I ca n 't stand ........................... .. (be told) what to
do all the time.
3
Complete the conversation using the -;ng form of the verbs in the box.
c.m Listen and check.
call camp do go make not be play tell Hy
l ULES
I' ve got some information about that new club. Listen, it says: 'Fo r young
people who love (0) lm.':18 .. ..... new things, and who enjoy (1) .... ...... .. . .... new
team sports and
friends! We offer lots of activities, so if you like (2) ... ....... _
(3) ............ .... ... martia l arts like judo an d kara te, this is th e club for you. In the
summer, we also expect to go (4)
...... .... .. and canoeing'.
NICK
Oh, OK. Sounds good . I like all of those things .
J ULES
Mc, too. I've really missed (5)
NICK
Yeah. Well, at least we've still got th e bowling altey - can you imagine
(6)
... able to go there with everyone on a Friday even ing?
j ULES
No, I can't! It would be awful. This new place opens next week. What do you think
... .... .... to t he sports centre since it closed down.
about (7) .......... ..... .... the o thers and (8) ...... _........... t hem about it?
NICK
Yes, Jet's do that.
193
65
Verb + infinitive
1 Verb + infinitive without to
We use t he infin itive without to after modal
verbs (e.g. call, will) :
We ca" use the swimmillg pool after 8.00 a.m.
We'll semi YOII all entry form i" the post.
Afte r th e verb ' ,cfp we ca n use the infini tive w ith
o r without to. The re is no cha nge in mean ing:
I 'll ',e/p puck your mcksack.
We h elped to tidy lip after tile party.
make and let + infinitive w ithout to >- Unit 66.3
2 Verb + infinitive with to
want wish
I you agree to help them?
Why did we d ecide to go camping?!
I'm learning to read classical Arabic.
f uture
arrangements
aim arrange expect hope
offer plan prepare promise
refuse threaten
The hotel aims to provide excel/ent service.
The college promised not to give up my place.
Our neighbours are threatening to call the police!
appearance
appear, pretend, seem, tend
Mr Knowles doesn't seem to be very confident.
People round here tend not to go to bed early.
other
attempt (can/can't) afford
ask deserve fail offer try*
We can 't afford to eat out tonight.
The letter fa iled to arrive on time.
mental states
or activity
agree choose decide
forget" learn remember"
• These verbs can also be followed by an -ing form, sometimes with a difference in mealllng (»- Unit 67).
Verb (+ object) + inf in itive w ith to ,.. Unit 66
The infinitive sometimes needs to be
• negative: S/,Cappears not to worry abolllller weight. (NOT k1 tl8 ' l\'6FI)')
• continuous: I expect to 'Je ea ming a lot of money whell I 'm forty! (a co n tinuo us action)
• perfect: We plan la h a ve fi n ish et! all of tile decorating by IlIly. (an action t hat will be
comple ted in t he future)
• passive: l ack drives over llle speed limit all tile time - lie deserves to be cclllgllt .
3 would like, etc.
We use the infin itive with to after would ('d) + Iike!love/llI1te/prefer:
I'd really like to leam a new skill - IJer/lI1ps we cOllld go sailillg?
/{Ickie would prefer 1I0r to go out tll is evellillg {IS slle's really tired.
We can use t he .illS form after like, love, lIate and prefer without wOllld ('d) (,.. Unit 67 .1).
Com pa re:
I'd love to go mO/lll tain climbillg. (in t he futu re)
I love goillg mountain climbillg. ('" I e njoy t he activity.)
I'd prefer to stay in tOlligllt . (on this occasio n)
I prefer eating at IlOme to eating in restauf{ll/ts. (in general)
4 would rather + infinit ive w it hout to
Afte r wOllld mtller we ca n use the infinitive without to. We o nly use th i.s if the subject of
wOllld rat/ler a nd the second verb is the same:
same subject
I
l
We'd rat/,er we wellt by plalTe, '" l-Ve'd ra ther go by pial/e.
would
194
rather + past si mple ,.. Unit 58.3
Practice
1
2
Choose the correct words in italics. In one place, both answers are possible.
CllJ!ll listen and check.
o Do you think that the government migh~1 to call a genera! election soon?
1 Leila would love to learn I learning to play the saxo phone.
2 The builders ex pect have / to haw fi n ished t he roof by t he end of next week.
3 If wc wanted sell / to sell our house right now, we wou ld have I to have to lower t he price.
4 Children t hese days refuse to told / to be told how to do t hings.
5 My Canad ian friend has offered to h elp teach I to teach our ch ildren English .
6 We'd prefer to spend / spellding our h oliday somewhere quiet and peacefu l.
7 Th e writers threatened /Jot to I to lIot complete t he script fo r the next epi sode of the dra ma .
S We'd rather to spend / spend holidays with friends t han visit new places.
Read t he text a nd find e ight mo re places whe re th e word to is missing .
c:IIJiD Liste n and check.
Avison Extreme Sports Holidays
Have you ever wanted f t ry a really different, adventurous holiday?
Would you love go parasailing or rock climbing, potholing or bUI19'''' ju
Why not try an Avison sports holiday?
This is how it works: you tell us what you can and
can't do, and what YOu'd like be able to do. We assess
your abilities and offer teach you at least two different
eweme sports in one week. If you choose accepl our
offer, we decide on a dats and then arrange collect you
from the nearest station or airport.
Our promise to you: we promise provide you wittI all the
equipment necessary and expert training in the chosen
3
"Og,,,",,
sports. We help you
intensity of the training. You
safe environment, with the minimum
Your promise 10 us: you promise not overestimate your
abilities - we can ~)' work with what is already there!
Interested?
~~
Th~n
call us on the number
below or visit our webslte.
Write the words in t he correct order to make quest ions. Start w it h t he underlined word
o r phrase.
D woul d like ca n 't afford to do lYlliU but you to do ?
.'('!~~. :~.~.~.~..y.~~. #!:-~. ~~..~~ ..~.~..~.I{.~ .t:4fo..~.(~~..r!.~?
............................
do you in ten yea rs' t ime to be doi ng want what kind of work ?
2 forgotten recently have to do .lYllil1 you ?
3 studying English
.I:rlJ.rn to have fin ished hope you do ?
4 ai m you by the t ime you' re sixty what do to h ave done ?
4
Now w rite t rue a nswers to t he quest ions in Exercise 3.
o
.
.r~ .I.~ .~~..~~Y~.. ~~~.~~..v:!~.~~r!.,.. ~~.! f1Ivtjt..Ajft.r~ ~ ..of.~ ..i.~: ..
................ ........... .................
1
2
3 ............ .
4
195
66
Verb (+ object) +
infinitive; make
and let
Mrs Grant IS teaching Justin to
play the pIano. She makes him
practise
1 Ve rb (+ object) + infinitive with to
With some verbs it is possible to put an object between the first verb and the infinitive:
ask beg dare expect help intend mean need
require want wish would likellove/hatelprefer
verb + Infln/tl
+
ad + InflnltMi with to
Sami wants to find a better job.
Sami wants his son/him to find a better Job.
I didn't intend to spend .so much money
I didn't in tend Lara/her to spend .so much money.
A
We don't use a that clause after these verbs:
1 ,6ft> 1:Jes3V!d /illkmiR UKir she (Hdtl'tgo Old altme. ./ We begged A ntoni" n ot to go Ollt alone.
A
We can use the infinitive with or without to after help:
I'll I,elp yOIl carry those bags. / 1'II 11elp you to ca rry those bags. (>- Unit 65.1)
2 Verb + object + infinitive with to
With other verbs we ALWAYS put an object between the first verb and the infin itive:
advise allow cause encourage forbid force invite permir
persuade recommend remind reach reil order warn
Mrs Gmllt ;s ((melljng Ju stin to pl(,y tile piaI/o.
We allVays encourage the students to plan their revisioll.
Can YOII remind me 10 set the alarm (or 6.30 wh en lVe go to bed?
A
To make t he infin itive verb negative we put /lot BEFO RE to:
The p6!iee 1)t'FSflfI(letilhe SIII/mRII Fe IIBr SJI86t. .I Tile police perslladed tile gllllffU/II 1101 to shoot.
Some verbs (m/vise, allow, forbid, permit, recommend) can also be followed by an -illS form as
an obiect (,... Unit 64.2):
1
Tile mallagemellt does 1I0t a llow staff to sm oke.
BUT Ti,e m(/IItlgemcllt does II0t a llow sm oking.
We recommend students to use a gootl dictionary.
BUT We recommentl llsi"K a good dictionary.
3 make and let
The verbs make and let always h ave an o bject, and are followed by the infinitive without co:
Mrs Grant m akes ,"Still p mcfise every day. (= forces h im to)
Ollr manager lets us work from home once or t",ice a week. (= allows us to)
Tile soldiers made til e prisOfJers walk 50 kilometres.
But in the paSSive, we use to before the infinitive. For let, we use al/olVed to (>- Unit 52.213):
Tile prisoners were m m fe to walk 50 kilometres before IlIey w ere a llowed to sleep .
1 ... 1I1e,' weFe,,', iell8 sleet}. ./ They were,,'t a llowed to sleep .
196
Practice
1
Write sentences a bout the pictures. using the words below.
m
~
0 she I encourage I jump
m
m
.5k?.~~.I1-.r:'19~. t.~.J:t~r:s.t;...f9..J!V!1f. ..~Iy". ~~... .... ..... ....
I teach I play
2 they I let I sleep
3 he I help / carry
4 he I warn / not skate
1 she
2
Complete the conversation with the phrases from the box.
CII!!B listen and check.
me follow members to sell ffiHttftg to sell to show
to use us to paint you break you to stay
STEVF.N
Davina, you know you recommended (0) J"'~.~ ...... to gallery owners about
showi ng our paintings? Well, I've been invited (1) ....... . ... ... some of my
paintings in an exhibition .
OAvrNA
That's wonderful news! Well do ne.
STEVI:."N
Thank yOll . And I expect (2) ...
quite a few of them.
Ah, aTC these paintings that you've done in the art club, while we've been teaching you?
Yes. Why?
DAVINA
STEYf...'I
DAYINA
STEVEN
DAVINA
STEVEN
D,WIN"
SrEVEN
DAVINA
3
H
. .. . ... "
• •
••
You know the club forbids (3) .. ...... .......... pai ntings done in club time?
No, why on earth is that?
Because our money comes from charities, we can 't make a profit.
SO you teach (4) .... ......... .. .... , but then we aren't allowed (5)
Well, not in order to make a profit. I' m sorry.
our new skill?
Well, J suppose you tan't make (6) ....... .... .... ... the rules if I'm not a member, so
I resign!
That's a shame, you really are one of o ur best artists. I'd like (7)
the dub, Steven, but if we let (8)
..... .. . the rules, everyone will want to do
the same ...
Find a nd correct the mistake in each sentence. CIIiI!D list e n and check.
. YO I{ t o
o We wa nt tt:klt yeli come ho me by eleven o 'clock th is evening.
1 My boss asked me work late last weekend.
2 We were made do an h our of extra h omework after sch ool.
3
4
5
6
The police officer was orde.red to not arrest the man.
We would like that yOLl do the washing-up sometimes!
After we'd fill ed out the fo rms and paid, we were let drive the hire car away.
Gina's frie nds persuaded her giving up smoking.
7 The police recommended to keep the doors and windows closed .
8 I had to remind the students not be late for the test the next day.
197
67
1
Verb + infinitive or -ing form
Infinitive or -ing fo rm with
similar meanings
After the verbs begit!, cot/tinllc, hate,
intend, like, love, prefer and sMrt, we can
use an in finitive o r an -ins form with
little differe nce in meaning:
Oh I/o! It's jllst startcel to rait, . /
Oh 1I0! /t's jllst started mining.
Notice th is small difference in British
English with like:
We like illviti"K friends to dinller at rite
weekend. (:::: We enjoy this.)
I like to S(lve (. fiN/e bit o(molley every
molllll. (= It's a good habit a nd I choose
just stopped to take a
for five minutes. We've gal
another ten
practise!
to do it.)
2
Infinitive or -ing form with different meanings
VERB
IOIIM
forgetl
remember
for an event or situation in the past:
I'll never forget riding my first bike.
Do you remember leaming to swim?
go on
continue an activity:
They stopped, but we went on
walking .
regret
feel sorry about something you did!
didn't do:
I regret not studying harder at
school.
finish an adion:
stop
try
+ to + INffNlTIVE
for something you should do/should have done:
Don't forget to lock the back door!
Did you remember to bring the COS?
change from one adlon to another:
After a slow start, she went on to win the
mc•.
say sorry, particularly in formal letters:
We regret to inform you that you have not
been called for interview ...
Have you stopped practising now?
finish an action In order to do something else:
No, \oV€"ve just stopped to take a break.
do something as an experiment:
Try turning it off and on again.
attempt to do something difficult·
I'm not an electrician, but 1'/1 try to mend it.
3 feel, hear, see, etc. + infinitive or -ing form
After sense verbs (e.g. (eel, Ilear, see) we can use
• ob ject + infini tive withollt to
• object + -ing fo rm.
The meaning is slightly different:
We were watchillg the rll1l1vay and saw yOllr plane arrive. (= We saw t he plane as it came
down and landed .)
We S(fW YO llr 111(m e arriving as we parked the car. (= Wc saw th e plane in the sky, but we
didn't sec it land .)
4 need, help and can't help + -ing form
The verbs need and help have differe nt meanings, depending on their fo rm :
I n eed to dri"k some water. (+ infinitive with to = physica l necessity)
Tills room needs cleaning . (+ -iug fo rm = someone should clean it)
I l lclp (to) ru" the local charity shop. (+ infinitive with to"" aSSist, aid)
I co llld,, 't help laughing . (+ -ing fo rm = couldn 't avoid doing it)
More o n need + -ing fo rm
198
~
Unit 85.4
need to ~ Unit 50
Practice
1
Choose the correct meaning. A or B.
o
1
2
3
4
S
2
The TV presenter fini shed talking and went on to introduce her guests.
A She continued doing one action. @ She started doing a second action.
The cleaner needs paying.
A We should pay the cleaner. n The cleaner sho uld pay us.
I like to go to the dentist every six months.
A I en joy doing this. B I choose to do this, to have my teeth checked regu larly.
I've tried so hard to understand this science course, but I ju st ca n 't.
A I've made a lot of effort. B I've done a lot of experiments.
I won't forget to pay the bills wh ile you're away.
A I remember this from my past. B Thi s is somet hing I should do.
J saw you rehearsing for the play - you were really good.
A I saw the whole o f the rehearsal. B I saw part of the rehearsal.
Read the email and choose the correct words in italics. In two places. both
answers are possible.
Listen and check.
am
SubjeCt: 1New hobby!
Hi Caroline
You know when we last spoke you said I should stop (0) to feel ([eeling)sorry for myself here
and find something to do? Well, I have! I needed (1) re get I getting out to meet people, so
I decided I'd try (2) to join I joining a group of some kind. I started (3) to look I looking for a
'Naturewatch' group in this area, and I found one.
It's really good - the people are nice and there are walks and other activities every weekend
and some evenings. I love (4) walk I walking anyway, and J quite like (5) to go I going out in
all weathers, or sometimes at night to see a badger or foxes (6) to look I looking for food. Last
weekend, we actually saw an eagle (7) fly I flying over us - it was chasing somethi ng and it
disappeared from sight in seconds. You can't help (8) to get I getting excited when you see
something like that.
So you can stop (9) to worry I worrying about me - I really don't regret (10) moving I to move
here, after all!
5usie Q
3
Complete each sentence with the correct (infinitive or -ing) form of the verb in brackets.
CII!i1Ilisten and check.
A I love (0)
.~~.'4.'19........._....... (cook) for frie nds. You must t ry my onion soup .
B Well, I can smell something ( I). .
A Oh! I think I remember (2).
.. (burn). Did you turn the cooker off?
... ._..... (do) it, but I'd better go and check.
2 A I've had the letter. This is what they said: 'We regret (3)
.... .. (inform)
you that your application will not be taken any furth er.'
B So what does that mean?
A Well, they're trying (4) ...... .. .. .. ..... .
. .. .. (tell) me nicely t hat I haven't got the job.
B Oh, no. What will you do now?
A I' ll go on (5) .
(find) a job!
... ..... .. .. (look), of course. I still need (6)
199
Review
1
MODULE 12
UNITS 64 AND 65 Co mplet e the sentences w ith suitable verbs in t he infin itive or
-;ng form.
o
Olivia is helping .!.~.!.~~.I:t: ................ ch ildren at her loca l school.
.... his driving test tomorrow. We all hope he'll pass.
1 Larry is preparing .... "" ......... .
2 Pete is learning ............................. .. French - so he can talk to his new cu stomers
in Pa ris.
3 Flona and Ch ris en joy ..... ... ....................... ten n is at t he club.
4 Sieve goes ............................... at the new pool every Saturday afternoon .
S Oave pretends ............................... classical music, but he hates it rea lly.
6 Doreen's house is always perfect. She does some ............................... before work every day.
2
UNITS 64, 65 ANO 66 Write o ne w o rd o nly in each gap.
AI.F.X
Hello, you 're h ome early. How d id the meeting go?
Awfu l! It all sta rted to go wrong when th e car broke down. I d idn't want
JUOllll
(0) . ~~ ............... get my suH d irty so I gave up (1) .................. to fix it aft er a few
min utes ..
So then what d id you do?
JUD ITII
You know I hate (2) ................... getting to a meeting o n ti me ... so I took a taxi.
Juorm Alex! That must have been really expensive!
AlEX
ALE:<
1 d id n't in tend (3) ................... go all the way by taxi - just to the station as I knew
there was a train at about n ine o'clock. But there was an accident on the way, and
I missed the train anyway.
Juorn l
So you went all the way by taxi?
AU .x
Yes, the driver d id n't wa n t (4) ............ _...... take me because he had an oth er
appoin tment, but I persuaded (5) ................... to. Of cou rse he made (6) .................. .
pay the whole fa re, an d extra because he'd missed his appoin tment.
Jumnl
Oh, Alex .
Then at the office they said I couldn't give my presentation because I was late
- [ didn't (7) ........ .. ......... them see I was annoyed, but [ was! They were angry, too
ALEX
- they had hoped to (8) ................... the meeting on time so that they could fi n ish
by lunch time, and they h ad wa ited for me for over an hou r. It was a completely
JUDlTl-I
3
wasted day.
And a really expensive o nc!
UNITS 64, 6S AND 67 Complete each sentence so it means the same as the sentence above it.
Use an · jng f orm or an infinit ive.
o
Christa likes swi mm ing and ice-skati ng. She prefers the second activity.
Christa prefers .... ~:-.~~.~ .~ . #:~ ..~j.~.~;~.... .
The driver was tired and felt li ke ha ving a break. So he stopped drivin g.
The driver stopped driving .................. .. ........... a brea k.
2 Lucia was feeling very unhappy. She pretended she wasn't unhappy.
Lucia pretended ............................... un happy.
200
3 Karel is called ' Daddy' by his stepdaughter. He likes it.
Karellikes ............................... 'Daddy' by his stepdaughter.
4 Wc went to Disneyland when I was young. I' ll never forget it.
I' ll never fo rget .......... ..................... to Disneyland when I was young.
5 Brad had taken the money from the shop. He admitted it.
Brad admitted ............................... the money from the shop.
6 We will have fini shed building the house by March. Well, that's the plan!
We plan ............................... building th e house by March.
7 I heard what they were saying. I couldn't help it.
I couldn't help ..................... ......... what they were sayi ng.
S Jan's brother suggested that she went on holiday with him . She didn't agree.
Jan didn 't agree ............ ................. with her brother.
4
ALL UNITS Read t he t ext and choose the best answer, A, B, Cor 0 below.
Raku
Course dol"" 19 September - 15 December
Course fee: £150.00
Raku is a Japanese method of making pots which dates back to the
sixteenth century, and which people have continued
(0) ......... to the present day. The pots may awear (I) .......... cracked
or broken, but Raku potters expect (2) .......... slight imperfections
- these result from the Raku process; Raku pots need (3) ..........
('cooked') at very high temperatures - about 1000-C. which creates
s~ght
cracks. These are then repaired by painting the pots. Of
course, with such high temperatures, we must (If) .......... extreme
care in making the pots.
Raku is suitable for anyone who enjoys (5) .......... wilh their hands -
we do not expect (6) .......... any pottery before, as we leach
(7) .. ....... and create your pots. You can look forward (8) ......... .
many creative hours on Ihis course, and you will have a number of
beautiful pots 10 l ake home at the end.
Due 10 increased demand, we advise (9) .......... for a place soon.
Please nole: Ihis college does nol allow (la) ..
classrooms or studios.
OA use
I A be
2 A their pots to have
3 A be fired
4A taking
SA work
6A you to do
7A you to design
SA to spend
9 A to apply
10 A smoke
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
to using
being
to have their pots
being fired
to take
to work
you to have done
to design you
spend
appl y
to smoke
© usi ng
C was
C their pots have
C to be fired
C take
C to working
C you to be done
C to designi ng you
C to spend ing
C to apply you
C smoking
in any of the
to be used
to be
having their pots
are fired
taken
working
you to doing
you to designing
o spending
o you to apply
D to smoking
0
0
D
0
0
0
D
0
201
Test
MODULE 12
Verbs with -ing forms and infinitives
Choose the correct answer, A. B or C.
We had to put off .......... on the cruise until next year.
A to go B going C go
,.. Unit 64
2 Do you mi nd .......... here? It's a non-smoking office.
A not smoki ng 6 not smoke C not to smoke
.. Unit 64
3 Can you imagine .......... your university degree before you' rc fifteen?
A having finished B have finished C to have finished
.. Unit 64
4 .......... is a cheap and easy way to relax - and catch your own food!
A Go fishing B fish C Going fishing
,. Unit 64
5 You should .......... confirmation of your booking wi thin t hree working days.
A receive B to receive C receiving
,. Un it 65
6 The children decided
...... t heir ho lidays with us last year.
1\ not take B not taking C not to take
7 Wc don' t expect .... ... ... for very long before we h ear about the job.
A to wa it B to wa itin g C wa it
,. Unit 65
-,. Unit 65
8 Stop worryi ng about t he promotion. You really dt'scrve ........ .. it.
A get B getting C to get
,.. Unit 65
9 Wouldn't you ju st hate .... ...... in a factory?
A work B to work C to working
10 Wc will do all we ca n to help you .......... an unforgettable experience.
A have B having C to havin g
_,.. Unit 66
11 AngeUna begged h er friends ........ .. to the party without her.
A not going B not go C not to go
,. Unit 66
12 You don't have to remind .......... all the time - 1 am eighteen now !
A to take me my key B me my key to take C me to take my key
13 We advise .......... through the starter book befo re the course begins.
A studen lS to work B to work students C st udents working
,. Unit 65
,. Unit 66
,. Unit 66
14 We do not recommend
. only the minimum amount o ff your cred it ca rd
each month.
A to pay B pay C pa ying
,. Unit 66
-IS Slaves were made .......... for hours without rest and without food or drink.
A to work B work C working
,. Unit 66
16 Do you remember .......... to that concert in Hyde Park when we were teenagers?
A to go B we go C goi ng
,. Unit 67
J 7 Many people regret ......... . the opportunity to go to un iversity.
A not have B not having C not to have
18 We saw the p lane ........ .. out of the sky - it was really terrifying.
A d rop B dropping C to drop
19 I couldn 't watch the animals ......... . each o ther in that documentary. 1 turned
off halfway through.
A attack B to attack C attacking
20 If you can't help .......... unhelpful comments, then please don 't say anything.
A making 8 make C to make
202
,.. Unit 67
,. Unit 67
,. Unit 67
,.. Unit 67
Reported speech
f- 13
Before you start
1
Read the newspaper article. Look at the highlighted grammar examples.
Minister wins case against newspaper
Sports Minister Andrew MOfgan won
his court case today against The Globe.
The newspaper claimed in March this year
that Mr Morgan had used taxpayers' money
to buy his new luxury apartment in London.
Mr Morgan refused to admit doing anything
illegal and said he would speak to his lawyers
the following day. Although some of his
political colleagues had advised him not to
take The Globe to court, Mr Morgan decided
against taking their advice. His lawyers
supported his decISion and today Judge
Simmonds Ofdered the newspaper to pay the
Minister £250,000. After the case we asked
Mr Morgan how he felt about the result, and
he told us he was delighted. When asked what
his plans were now, Mr Morgan said he would
be at work the following day as usual.
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted grammar
examples will help you.
1 My lecturer claimed that II/ave I /lad copied part of the last essay from someone.
2 Scan told me last Monday that he would call me tile folfowillS day I tomorrow,
but he didn't ca ll me till the weekend.
3 Michelle asked me what I tllVl/gllt I did 11IIi/lk about her news.
4 The staff want to know what is YOllr decisio/l l YOllr decisioll is.
5 The judge ordered tile girl to do I ti,e girl sl/O/lld do community service.
6 My teacher advised me dOIl'1 apply /1101 to apply for a university course yet.
7 Bcrnie seems very unhappy but he won't tell me I to me wha t's wrong.
S We told the children's parents what they had said, but the children refused
to adm it to say I saying anything wrong.
3
.. Unit 68
,..
..
..
,..
,..
,..
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
68
69
69
70
70
71
,.. Unit 71
Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
8ul,{es 8 ;}UI L A,dde 01 10U 9 0 P 01 ]J18 ;}41 S
SI U01S!XlP m OA v lq8nOlH I f Aep 8U1MOIIOj ;}4l Z pUll
C>
Go onl lne for a full dIagnostIC test
203
68
Reported statements
The union leader said that their members had
voted earlier and that the result would be
available latcr in the afternoon, but he added
Ihal he couldn't say any more.
1
Repo rt ing speech
When we repeat another person's words, we can use d irect speech or reported speech.
• For direct speech, we use the exact words and we put quotation marks ("") o r inverted
com mas (") around them:
'I'm really hungry because J haven't eaten since breakfast,' said A1IIwbel.
• When we report speech with a report ing verb (e.g. say) in the presen t, we use the same
tenses, but we have to change the pronouns and verb forms when necessary:
A/mabe/ says (t/Jat) she 's really hungry because s/le IIaslI 't eaten si/lce breakfast.
• W h en we report anot her person's words some time after he/she sa id them, we usu ally
use a past tense verb to introduce them, and we change the tense of the verbs as well:
A/lllabel said (that) s/le W ( IS really h1lngry becallse s he hadn't eatell since breakfast.
• We can use tll(lt after said but we o ften leave it out:
fake said he would meelus here.
2 Te nse chang es in re ported speec h
ORIGiNAl WORDS
REPORTED STATEMENT
Present simple:
'We work for the town council. '
-
Present continuous:
Past continuous:
'I'm doing the washing.
-+
Past simple:
'We decided to leave earlier today.'
-+
Past continuous:
Past perlect continuous:
"wasn't telling the truth.'
- She admitted she hadn't been telling the truth.
Past simple:
They said they worked for the town council.
She said she was doing the washing.
Past perfect:
He said they had decided to leave earlier that day.
Present perfect simple:
Past perfect simple:
'My guests haven't arrived yet. '
-+
Present perfect continuous:
Past perfect continuous:
'We've been waiting for ages!'
-
be going to:
'They're going to stay at home tonight. '
was/were going to:
..... They said they were going
Most modal verbs (e.g. can, will, must):
'/ can't say any more.'
'The result will be available later. '
'You must stop writing!'
could, would, had to;
-+ He added that he couldn't.say any more.
-+ He said that the result would be available later:
-+ She said we had tolmust stop wn"ting.
She said her guests hadn't arrived yet.
They complained (that) they had been waiting for ages.
to stay at home that night.
Some verb forms don't change.
• Past perfect: 'll/adu't m et your sister before.' -+ He said (that) he hadn't met my sister before.
• Modal verbs collld, wOIl/d, sl/OlI/d and IIIIIStll't:
'We could go to Fra/lce {or ti,e day.' -- Lell suggested (that) we could go to Frallce for the day.
'You mustll 't talk dl/rillg the exam. ' -+ He imisted (that) we mustn 't talk during tile exam.
204
3
Other changes in reported speech
We usuall y change pronouns and time and place words in reported speech:
dl""
1
--
d_
him/her
Joday
tonight
his/her
lomonow
.. ·.'r~·.I ..
heIshe
me
mine
his/hers
,ou
l/we
J'OU.r
my/our
,ours
we
us
our
ours
mine/ours
'hey
~·_
..
next (week. month,
etc.)
ago
yesterday
them
thar day
that night
the neKt day
the following day
the next/the foIlowtng
(week. month, etc.)
before
the day beforel
the previous day
last (week, month. etc.)
the last/the previous
(week. month, etc.)
now
here
'hen
their
theirs
-•
this (place
Pauf said, 'I arrived ',ere atl hOllr ago.' - Paul said he had arrived there (w/lQllr before.
Ange/ique and £lienlle said, ' We're sta rting our course at rite college n ex t montlr.'
- Tl1er said they were starting their cOllrse at the college ti,e following m OtltlJ.
fORMAl1TY CHECK Wc do not usually repeat yes and 110 in reported speech, except in
informal specch for emph asis:
rYes, we decitled earlier to<Jay. ' - He said tliat they had decided earlier lIwl day.
- (informal) Anyway, lie said tllat yes, tlley lIad decided ear/ier tllat day.
4 Reaso ns for not changing t he tense
There are times when we ca n choose not to change the tense of verbs in reported speech .
• When the situation or fee lings/opinions in the origina l speech are still true:
M three .~jsters halle bright red lIair.
I really like your frielld.
- He told me lIis three sisters /wlle bright red hair.
- Slle said slw really likes YOII.
Compare:
We're ' ealling tomorrow at 6.30.
- They said lhey're leaving tomorrow at 6.30. (reported on the same day as the o riginal)
- They said they w ere leaving tI/e /lext day at 6.30. (reported some days after the o riginal)
• When the verb fo llows the linking words after o r because:
fl ocked the door atter 1 finished dealling.
- She told him she'd locked the door after she finiS/led cleaning.
OR She told him she'd locked the door after sl/e'd finish ed cleaning.
I'm annoyed because 1 was
talk;~
and YQu intenupted me.
- She said she was anPloyed because she was talking and I interrupted her.
OR She said she was annoyed because she had been talking and J had interrupted IIer.
205
68 RE PORTE DSTATEMENTS
Practice
1
GRAMMAR IN USE
Read the newspa per report and choose t he correct w ords in italics.
In court this week
Maggie Givans reports from Brentford Magistrates' Court
On T uesday. local shopkeeper Barry Southgatc
exactly what speed he (5) W(lS I hod bun
appeared in court for dan~erous dri ving. Police
Constable Harricl Diamond said that on the night of
14 February she (0) ho,( seen {had seen). dari;: bl ue
travelling at, He also said said that he (6) has/had
Volkswagen Golf travelling al high speed through
a residential area, She stopped the motonst, Mr
Somhgate, and a~ked him to tell her his driv ing
speed. He replied that he ( I) has / had no idea.
When PC Diamond asked 10 sce his driving licence,
he replied that he (2) would / will bring it to the
police station (3) lonwrrow Ithe following day,
closed his door and drove off. again at high speed.
In responsc to Magistrate Richard Pound's
questions Mr Soulhgale said (4) I t he knew he
had been over the speed limit. but he didn ' t know
2
forgotten to take his licence to the police station
(7) Ihe nUl / nexl day, The magistrate wanted to
know how he could fo rget something important
like that, and Mr Soulhgate explained that his wife
(8) has had / had luui their first baby that day,
so he (9) call 'I / hal/n ' I/)eell able to take his
licence to the police stati on. He added that he
had been ru shin g to th e hos pital ( 10) the evening
before / yesterday el'ening, and that was why he
had been dri vi ng so fast. Magistrate Pound said that
Mr Southgatc still (It) must / had to pay the fine
for speeding but that hc ( 12) wishes / wished him
and his new fami ly all the be.~t.
Co mplete t he re po rte d statements. Ma ke all the cha nges you can.
CIIIB Usten a nd check.
o POUTICIAN (to reporters): I'm ready to answer your questions.
The politician told the reporters t.~!.. ~. ~~! . ~~y. .................. .
to answer their questions.
REPORTER: People were offended by remarks in your speech .
A reporter said people ...........
.. .. ... .. ........................... .
remarks in the po litician 's speech.
2 I'OLtTlCIAN: I didn 't make any offen sive remarks in m y speech yesterday.
The politician stated ...................
........ .... ...................... any o ffensive remarks in
3
his speech ............ .
I was just describi ng my plans for next year.
POUIl CIAN:
He said that ............................ .............. ......................... his plans for the next year.
4 REPORTf.R: You must know that people have asked for your resignatio n.
The reporter sa id that the politician .... . .............................................................................. .
for his resignation.
S POt.mcw:: I ca n't u nderstand it myself. I simply described the situation in the country.
The politician said ..................................... .......................... hi mself.
He ............................................................... the situation in the country.
6 POLITICIAN: I have been working very h ard and I see no reason to resign.
He added that ..................................................................... a nd he saw no reason to resign.
7 I'OLlTIClAN: I will make a full statement about my plan s tomorrow aft ernoon.
He ended by saying that ...
206
.. ......... _....................................................... ..
3
Mat<h the spee<h bubbles 1-8 with the reported statements A- L. Two more of the spee<h
bubbles can match two stateme nts.
o I' m revising for an
exam at the moment.
1
Adrian~
revising for an
eKam at the moment
the exam yestefday
eveni~.
4 I've already taken
an exam this week.
6 I'm going 10 take
the (,!(Bm this week .
7 I took an
exam last week.
o /.1 ..
4
2 .......... 3 ...... .
III
A She said she'd alread y taken an exam that week.
B He said he had taken an exam t he week before.
C She said he's revising for an exa m at
the moment.
o He said he was revising fo r the exam
that evening.
E She said she's already taken an exam t his week.
F She saifl she was revising fo r a n eJl'affi then.
G He said he was going to take the exam
that week.
H She said sh e was going to lake t he exam t he
next day.
He said h e's revising for an exam t h is evening.
j She said she 's re... ising for an exa m althe moment.
K He said h e was revising for an exam then.
L She said she was revising fo r the exam
ycste,rdayeveni ng.
4
5 .......... 6 .......... 7 .......... 8 ......... .
Rewrite the quotes in reported s peech. Do not change the te nse if it is possible not to.
ClOD liste n and check.
o ' You mustn ', discuss the case outside the court room .'
The judge said that we . ~~~..4.4~f..~~. ~~ .~.~!!.e;..~~..,!?~.~..~.~ ~.......... .
'The museum was o pened to t he public in 1965.'
The guidebook says ............................ ....... .. ......... ........................................ .
2 ' I' ll take a tax i h ome after the fil m tomo rrow evening.'
Joh n told us lasl Friday .......... ............ .... ... .....
3 ' Humans first walked o n t he moon in 1969 .'
. ............................................. .
The lecturer said ............................... ........ ......................... ...... .
4 'Samir's HI and can 't co me to sch ool today.'
Mrs Richards, Sami r's mot her said ... ....... .. .
5 'Jaso n had been working fo r me for two yea rs at that poin t.'
. ... ... '
............ ....... ........... .. .... .
The manager told the police officer ............................................................................... .
6 ' We' re meeting our cousins from Vancouver at the weekend.'
Lou and Jane to ld us last week ............................................... .
5
Complete t he sentences so they are true for you.
o When my teacher gave back my last piece o f ho mework, h e/shc said .~~~.. ~ .~~f..~.~ ..~f. ...
.~y.. !!.e4: .p.~~ ..of.'t!.~!.~ .......... .
1 Wh en my tcach er ga ve back my last piece o f h omework, he/sh e said ................. ......... .
2
3
4
5
A fr;end complimenled me recently. He/She said .... ....... ............ ................................... .
The last lime I was upset, iI was because someone sa;d .......................... .................... .
The last time I wen l lo t he dentist, he/she said .............................................. ...
The last person who spo ke 10 me was .... .. ... ....... .. ..... He/She said ........ ......................... ..
207
69
Reported q uestions
Miss Doyle was faced with a crowd of
reporters yesterday. They asked her why
s he wa nted to move 10 Paris and whether
s he was leaving the show. They also
wanted 10 know who he r new agen t was
- but she remained silent. and was quickly
driven away from the studio.
1 Wo rd order in reported questions
When we report a question, we change the word order of the question - it becomes the
same word order as a statement:
direct question
reported question
'Arc YOII goillg to buy that book?' ..... He asked
I
' What was tile
A
A.
,
(+ subject)
,
+ verb
if
I
was going to buy the book.
tI,e result
was .
iflwltetherl wh- word
I
re.~lIlt? '
,
- They asked wlJat
I
,
We do nOI use auxiliary do, does or did in reported questions:
X He /uked wl/at time did the fligllt lem'e J'lafis. ./ He asked what time ti,e flight. left Paris.
We make the same Changes in tense, pronouns and time and place words as for reported
statements :
The reporters asked, 'Did you le/l lls the truth yestenlay, Minister?
-- Tile reporters asked tile Mit1i.~ter if lie had told tl,em tile truth the day before.
We don't use question marks in reported questions:
ask~d
W-(lS satisfied willl tile fflom?
./ They asked if I was satisfied with tIle roolll.
X The,'
in
2 Reported yeslno questions
We introduce reported yes/llo questio ns with (lsk/wa11l to know ... itor whether:
'Has yOllr IIl1ioll agreed tile new pay dea l?'
-- Reporters asked the leader ifhis union had agreed the new pay deal.
'Did tlte Millister amwer YOllr questiolls?'
-- She asked me wh ether the Millister had a/lSwered my questiolls.
'Have YOII a/ways lived ill this city? Why do YO lllike it?'
-- They wanted to k now if I had always lived in the city, ami why [liked it.
With ifand wllether, we can add or 110t at the end of the question:
Site asked if/whether tile Millister had answered my qllestiolls or 1I0t.
3 Reported wh- quest ions
A.
We introduce reported wh- questions with ask/w(lllt to know + wh- word:
• 'When will the article appear;11 ti,e newspaper?'
- They asked us wile" the article WOI//(/ appear ill the newspaper.
'Wllere's the casl1 desk?'
- Slle wlll/ted to k now wllere the casll desk was.
We don't use an object after wa/lt to kllOw:
X The)' wall red to kllew me wh,.! liked it.
General information on questions .. Units 61 and 62
208
I
Practice
1
Write the words in the co rrect order to make reported questions. Start with the underlined
word or phrase. CIIIiD List en and check.
o would be asked my mother I home when
~y".~~~~. ~~.~..~~.~/.vj~'~~'~~ '~'~" """" " '"
1 my friend couldn 't co me wh y to his party asked
2 had to know the offi cer if wan ted t he keys 1
3 h ow lo ng W
it
asked had taken to get th ere
4 he cou ld have his boss a pay rise asked J.Qhn whet her
5 MaIi.a to kn ow i f liked her hairstyle we wanted
6 th e sa lesma n whet her we the car o r no t asked wa n ted to bu y
2
Read the reporter's
questions and complete the text w ith
reported questions. CI!III!I Usten and check.
o Are you going to leave t he show?
1 Who caused the break-up?
2 Wh y can' t you sort out your p roblems?
3 Are y Oll unhappy because Annette gets
mo re money than you?
4 Do you thin k An nette's a better Sin ger
t han you'!
5 Wh at will you do next?
6 Have you thought about giving
up singing?
"That repo rter was h orrible. He wouldn 't go away. He asked so many questio ns. He
asked me wh eth er (0) J .W.'l'f...9Q(I:!8 ..~QJ~y.~.l~ ..r.~W..QUW.C .. . He wanted to know who
( 1) .. ... ....... .. ... .. .
........ .. ..... .. . ...... and also why (2) ...... .. ......... .. .... ... ....... ..
Obviously, I did n't say an ythin g. Then he asked me (3)
because Ann ette got mo re money than me, and h e was so rude - h e asked
(4) __ ...... ... _..... ._.
(5) .
... ......... .. . Imagine th at! He wanted to know
. .... and then he asked
.. ! At that poi nt I told him I wasn't
(6) ............................................. .... ............ .. .
goi ng to answer any more questions and sh ut t he door in his face. "
3
Think of four questions that people have recently asked you, and report them.
o
M y. .wifo .,Wi m<. w""t.I. "'.""',,.."",•./11",1<""",- kit..>JitIht... .....
............. .
I
2
3
4
209
70
Reported orders.
requests and advice
1 Reporting orders
We can report orders, requests and advice
with a repofting verb + in finitive wit h to.
These reporting verbs all need an object.
We usually report instructions and orders
wit h tell:
Tile doctor said, 'SLOp working so hard.' ..... The doctor told me to s top working so !/ard.
We use order when the meaning is stronger:
Tile police officer shollled: 'Gel out of the car!' ..... The police officer orllered llS to get out of the car.
2
Reporti ng requests
We usua lly report requests with ask:
My mother said, 'Will yOIl please tidy YOllr room?' ..... My motiler asked me to tidy my rOOI1l.
We can use beg fo r a strong request:
'Please - oh, please - give liS tile sweets.' ..... n,c cllifdreu begged liS to give them lhe sweets.
With these verbs, we make the same cha nges to pronouns and time and place words as for
reported statements. We also change the ten se if necessary:
011 Mom/ay my mot/ler said, ''ndy your room wheu yOIl get back (ram school this a(temoon.'
- My motller asked m e to tidy m y room when I got back (rom Se/100/ th at aftemootl.
A
3
We don't use say + to to report requests or orders: X Mf lIIallrer said me L=8 hd""1f ream.
To request information, we use ask (+ obj ect) + i(/wl1ether/wll- word:
He (lsked (m e) i( Iliad everything I needed.
Reporting advice
We report advice wit h advise, tell or warn:
Tile doctor said, 'I think you sllOllId go to a gym. '
_ The doctor (ld vised m e to go to (/ gym.
Tlte teacher said, 'YOII sllOlIld (If/lake the exam. '
- The teacher told all the students to tllke the exam.
DOli said, FBe care(ul- there's ice 0/1 the road.~. '
- Dad warned m e to be careflll bemllse there was ice 011 the roads.
A
We do not use this pattern with suggest. We use sugsest + sllOlIld or slIggest -+ -ing form:
X Tile dech;Jr suggested me te get seme (Yiff€;se .
./ The doctor suggested (Olat) I sllOullI get some exercise.
./ My friends suggested goillg to lhe gym.
4
Reporting negative orders, requests and advice
We report negative instructions, o rders, requests and advice with verb -+ IIOt + infin itivE'
with to:
'Please dOIl't brillg (ood illto the shop.' - Tile assistallt asked us "ot to bring fOOd jllto the sllOp.
'1IVol//d,,'t buy a /lew car i( / lVere YOII. ' - My (ather advised m e '101 10 buy a new c(/r.
We ca n also use W(lf/1 in a situatio n where there is some danger:
'DolI't swim beyond tile rocks.' - He war"ed liS n ot to s wim beyolld ti,e rocks.
'Don't do too 11/11(/1 exercise at OIlCe..' - The doctor warneri m e tlot £'0 do loo IIII/cll exercise at ollce.
210
Practice
1
am
Subject
Read the email and choose the correct words in italics.
listen and check.
I
HiVicki
I've just come back from my Spanish oral exam. It was awful! I was really nervous. Our teacher
had advised us (0)
try to stay calm tG"o try to stay calm) but of course, that was really difficult.
A group of us were waiting outside the exam room, when a woman came past and told
(1) us to I to us to stop chatting - she warned (2) that we don't I us not to make too much
noise or we'd be in trouble. Then she asked one of our group (3) to go I go in, and we realised
that she was the examiner! She was so unfriendly. One of the teachers came past - she could
see we were all nervous, but she told (4) us not to I us to nor worry. After a few minutes, the
door opened again and a man invited me to go inside. He was quite friend ly, but of course
the unfriendly woman was also in there - she ordered (S) that /1 me to sit down, so I took the
nearest chair. At first I couldn't understand their Spanish . After a couple of minutes I felt better
and when they asked me (6) that 1 to talk about my last holiday in Spain, I was OK. But then
the woman told me (7) stop 1 to stop, and started correcting my Spanish, so I felt awful again!
The man advised (8) me to 1 me slow down - he said it wasn't a speed competition - and from
then it seemed OK, I'll just have to wait for the results now .
2
Decide whether each sign is giving an order or advice, or making a request. Then use the
words in the chart to describe each one.
o
.Th4..Jfj~.!<i/J.""..,,,UOJ"".kL, .
.~. :~f9.~. ~!.J.:.:r.
2
3 .. ......... . .
WARNING
WET PAINT
4
tells us
warns us
asks us
advises us
3
to
not to
feed the fish.
smoke.
wear a hard hat,
queue from this side.
touch the paint.
@] Please queue
from this side
Complete the reported orders. requests, advice and warnings. Use tell. ask. advise or warn.
QZlDl listen and check.
o
'Don 't ta lk in t he library.'
Th e librarian .M~.~.~.tM.l~~. ,i.~J~. U·!?.r:~.r:y.
'I'd take som e food for the journey, if I we re you .'
My mot h er .. .... .... .. ... ... ... .. ... ...... .. .. ... .
2 'Please ha ve your tic ket s ready.'
The clerk
3 ' Do n 'l go in the sea - i t's d a ngerous.'
The li feguard
.... .. ...... .. ....... .
4 ' It 's best if you ta ke th e fi rst train t h a t a rri ves.'
The guard
... ...... ...... .... ... .. ... ..... ... ...... .....
5 'Pick your rubbish u p!'
The p o lice officer .. .. ... ... .. .. .. ...
211
71
Reporting verb patterns
1 tell and say
The two most common reporting verbs are
tell and say. Wc use these two verbs to report
information, but we use them in different ways.
• TeJl needs an object, usually a person:
He l olel tile reporters t"al the explosio/l llad
beet! all accident.
• Sew d (X!S not usua lly have an object:
fie St.;ti that the explosioll had bee" all accident.
• But we ca n use an object with say. if we
int roduce it with to:
He said to the reporters tll(lt the exploSion had
been (I" accidellt.
A
X A il5a said us silt amltf.,, 't wa!k RI,,' fllrther.
.I Ai/sa said (to liS) sIte cOllld,, 't walk allY further.
)( Aitsi/ leld she col/kIll" walk 8h',. !iI,lI/er.
t AiJsa told HJ LIS /Imf slf f C8 /1 kJ/I 't wa[.k (m,.
,..,....
i
refused to admit
sending soldiers here. He told
reporters that the desen
./ Ai/sa told liS (that) she Ctm /tlll 't walk allY further.
2
Reporting verb patterns
There are different ways of reporting speech, with different verbs:
VERn
MT1UN
1 verb
+ that
clause
no object
add admit announce claim complain insist reply respond
say state suggest
+ object
reil someone warn someone
2 verb +
no object
agree claim offer refuse
+ object
advise someone ask someone beg someone ern:ourage someone
invite someone order someone persuade someone
remind someone reil someone warn someone
no preposition
admit advise consider regret suggest
+ preposition
admit to apologise for complain about insisr on
thank someone for
infinitive
with to
3 verb
+ -ing
form
I'ATn:II.N I 'I'm getting married ill fllly.'
_ 5imOll amwlHlCecl tlwt
was gettiug married illlllly.
',e
]'An.:RN 2
-
' You must remember to book tile I/Ore! later.'
He reminded me lo IJOok tlte hotel later.
sorry I lost your umbrella. '
- She apologised for 105illg my umbrella .
I'A'ITERN 3 ' 1'11/
•
Some reporti ng verbs (shown in blue above) can have two or more pattern s:
Tlte boys ad",itle(1 that they had broken the office window. I Tile boys (u/m iNed breaking the
office window. / The boys cu/",itled to /Jreakillg ti,e office wi/ldow.
When a reporting verb is fo llowed by a preposition (e.g. thallk someolle (or), we always use
the -ing form of the verb that fo llows:
5/,e thallked me (or helping her.
You can check which preposition is used in a good dictionary.
212
Practice
1
Choose the correct words in italics. In four sentences, both answers are possible .
o I agreed@! him to sign the bank forms for my son.
t Wc told YOII / to rOil that we couldn't see you that evening.
2 The thief fi nally admitted to stealing / thar lIe /I(ut stolen the painting from the gallery.
3 Your representative said my hWiband I to my husband that no payment would be taken .
4 The dentist suggested tlwt I should visit / visilillg him more regularly.
5 The programme makers apologised upsettillg / for upsetting a 101 of people.
6 Mario insisted 011 buying / rJwl lIe should buy dinner for me as a ' thank you'.
7 She complained to my manager thall waS lazy / aoolll my being Iclzy.
S The school encouraged its studencs / to its students to go to un iversity.
2
Complete the conversation with the verbs from the box.
CIIID listen and check.
agreed annou nced apologised encouraged insisted regretted said told thanked
RASHlD
li EN
RAS IHll
liEN
RASIIIl)
li EN
Sorry I' m late. Have you seen the news yet?
No. My dad ca lled - he (0 ) ..i.IY.!f~~...... on telling me all about h is hoUday. Wh y?
Well, you know there's been a bit of trouble with the TV company I work for?
The complaints about that really violent series, yeah.
The managing director ca lled the whole compa ny to a meeting after work and
(1) ................... that he was going to resign this evening! He (2) ................... that he
took full responsibility for the problems, because hed (3) ................... to show the
series although he knew how violent it was, so it was his fault.
That's amazing, Isn't it ?
RASHIIl Yes, well, he's a very honourable man. He (4) .......... , ........ for causing any difficulties
Bf.N
itASHID
3
for his staff, you know, wi th reporters, and (5) ................... us all that he was very
proud of the way we had behaved over the last two weeks.
Did anyone ask how he felt about leaving'!
Yes, he said he (6) ................... having to make this deciSion, but it was the only
one he (ould make. Anyway, he (7) ................... us for supporting him, and
(8) .................. LIS to stay on and make the company a success.
Report the spoken words. using the verbs in brackets. You can report some of the sentences
in more than one way.
liste n and check.
am
o
'OK, Dad. I did take £5 from your wallet, but it was to buy Mum a birthday card.' (admit)
The boy . ~~~!~~ .~~~ .4.m~h4.f~~~.f ..~~I.~~ . .............. .
'Would you like me to open the windows?' (offer)
The woman ....................................................................................... .
2 'I n answer to your question, the club accepts members of all ages: (reply)
The assista nt ................................................. ..... .. .... .......................... .
3 ' [ really am the best cll'Ctrician in the area.' (claim)
He ....................................... ........................... .................... .
4 ' Please try o nc o f my cakes - they' re delicious. You will? Good: (persuade)
!lily friend .................................... .. ........................ ......................... .
5 ' We didn't tell the reporter about' the company's financial problems.' (admit)
The rnanagcrs ... .................................. ... .............. ......... ... ....... .............. .
213
Review
MODULE 13
1 UNrTS 68, 69 AND 70 Read the conversation between a student and her tutor, then complete the email below it with one word
(or short form) in each gap.
lVTOR
Jess, could you come into my o ffice, please?
JESS
Of course.
Thanks. j ess, I've just read your essay, and it's excellent.
Thanks. That's really good news!
Well, actually, it isn't. Tell me, j ess, did you write that essay yourself?
or course I did .
Well, there's a problem . I received an essay from another studen t in the gro up
yesterday, and your essay is almost identical to that one.
nrrOR
JESS
TUTOR
JESS
TVTOR
JESS
I don't understand. How is that possible?
lVTOR
Well, did you di scuss it with other students?
JESS
Yes, three or four of us wo rked on it together. You always say to us: ' Don 't struggle
on your own ; talk to o ther students.'
WTOR
True, that could ex plai n similarities, but your two essays are iden t ic al. I ' m goin g to
send the two essays to the Head o f Departmen t tom o rrow.
JESS
What w ill h appen?
WTOR
This is the first time this situatio n has h appened, so the H ead o f Depart m en t might
ju st give you a warning. But you really must be m ore careful in future, Ellen. You
shouldn 't wor k too closely w ith o th ers w h en you 're writing essays. The departm ent
really can 't h ave problem s like t his.
Hi Samira
I'm just writing to tell you about a really awful thing that has happened at university. This
morning my history tutor asked me (0)
.!!'. ............... go into his office. When I got in, he said
that he (1) ...... ...... .. ... .. just read my latest essay and that it (2) .. .
... .. .. . excellent . 1said
that was good news, but then he said that it (3) ............... .... and he ask.ed me (4) .... ... ... .. .. .
I'd written the essay myself. I told him I had, but then he said that there was a problem. He said
that he had received an essay from another student in the group the day (5) .. ...... .. . ..... .. , and
that (6) ... .... .. ...... .. .. essay was almost identical to that one. I (7) .. ..... ........... how that was
possible, and he wanted to (8) .. ... .. ... ..... .... whether I had discussed it with other students.
I told him that three or four of us had (9) ................... on it together - he always advises us
(10) .................. to struggle on our own, and to talk to other students. Anyway, he said that
(11 ) ....... ............ explain similarities but that (12) .................. essays were identical. He
said he was going to send the two essays to the Head of Departrrnmt the (13) .................. .
day. I ask.ed him what (14) ................... happen and he said that as it was the first time the
situation (15) ................... happened, the Head of Department (16) ................... just give
(17) ................... a warning. He(18) ..... .. ........ .... me to be more careful in future, and
(19) ..... .............. me not to work too closely with others when (20) .. ................. wri ting
essays because the department couldn't have problems like that. I simply can't understand
what hapPefled .
214
2
UNITS 70 AND 71 Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first. using the
word in brackets. Use two to five words in your answer.
o
Gwyneth said: 'Would you like to join our team in the quiz competition?' (invited)
Gwyneth ..i.~.~ ~ . ~.i~~~............. their team in the quiz competition.
1 'Don't run in the school corrido rs,' the head teacher told us. (ordered)
..
2
3
4
5
The head teacher .................................... .. .... ....... .............. in the school corridors.
'I'm really sorry that I didn't remember your birthday,' jen nie told her sister. (remembering)
jennie ............ ..............................
.......... her sister's birthday.
'My advice is that you shouldn 't give up your job yet,' Dad told me. (to)
Dad ......................................... give up my job yet.
Our manager said to us, 'I'm going to pay for everyone's lunch and that's final.' (insisted)
Our manager ......................................... for everyone's lunch.
'john, please don't ride that motorbike again,' said his fath er. (begged)
John's father ........................
........ ride that motorbike again.
3 AU UNIT5 Choose the correct words in italics. In five places. both answers are possible.
MUM
Alan, how many times has your father told you (0)
to not spend ~ot to spenC9ages on the
land line? That's what your mobile is for.
ALAN
Sorry, Mum. but that was a reporter from the local newspaper. She phoned me.
MUM
Oh. what did she want?
ALAN
She wanted to know how I ( 1)
M UM
Oh. I see.
was feeling I am feeling after winning the regional final of the
Junior Musician of the Year competition.
Al.AN
Yeah, she said she (2) has been / hod been at the competition and she thought t hat
(3) I'd performed 11 performed really well. She asked when (4) was 1going 11
was going to
the national final. so I told (5) her / to her that' might not go because I (6) can't I couldn't
afford to go to London.
MUM
What did she say?
ALAN
She said that the local newspaper (7)
will I would sponsor me if money was a problem. She
invited me (8) going I
to go to the office tomorrow and have my photo taken for the paper. I
not /1 wasn't sure. you know, I said (10) her I to her that I (11) had only done it /
only did it for a laugh . But then she told me what a good opportunity (1 2) was it I it was and
she tried to persuade me (13) to go / going to the final.
said (9) I'm
4
MUM
What did you say?
AI.AN
I told her I'd see her ( 14) the
All UNITS
next day I tomorrow at her office, of course!
Find four more mistakes and correct them. Tick (.....) the correct sentences.
o The police officer asked me where die yeH werk.
1
2
3
4
5
6
YOK WOrJw;{
The docto r told that I should have an X-ray as soon as possible.
He phoned me last week and asked what I had been doing this morning.
He admitted to Icavi ng a cigarette burning in an ashtray, which caused th e fi re.
That woman wanted to know where were the nearest toilets.
Ou r history tcacher said that the Hundred Years' War lasted more tha n 100 years.
We can't go into th'e theatre yet - they told us to not.
215
Test
MODULE 13
Reported speech
Choose the correct a nswer, A. B o r C.
1 Maria said last Sa turday that she .......... her moth er in hospita l
t he day before.
A had visited B visited C was visiting
»- Unit 68
2 Mike sa id yesterday that he .......... us as soon as he had any news.
A calls B will call C would call
,... Unit 68
3 The doctor to ld me that I .......... drink less coffee.
A shall B should C to
,.. Un it 68
4 jenna said the other day that she ..... .. ... to your party this even ing.
A comes 8 had come C is coming
,.. Uni t 68
5 'Arc you and 1 both in t he team fo r Saturday?' ' Yes, Lcwis said he'd selected
both o f .......... .'
A us B you C wc
,. Unit 68
6 When [ called Ihe cinema the other day, they sa id all the tickets
h ad sold Qu i .... ..
A th e day before B t he nex t day C yesterda y
7 The reception ist asked us jf ..... ..... upgrade to a better rOOIll .
A we like to B wou ld we like to C we would like to
8 My mum wanted to know which restaurant .......... go to for Sunday lunch.
A we want to B we wa nt C do we want to
9 I asked that man where ......... . , but he doesn't know the ci ty.
A is the nearest metro B was t he nearest metro C th e nearest metro was
10 Your sister wants to know where
her football boots.
A you put 8 did you put C do you put
11 Sali ma asked us wh y .......... to the club recently
A we didn 't go B wc hadn 't been C we weren 't
,. Unit 68
>- Unit 69
>- Unit 69
,.. Unit 69
,.. Un it 69
,.. Unit 69
12 The genera l ordered h is soldi ers ....... ... .
A no t to shoot B not shoot C to not shoot
216
,.. Unit 70
13 'Will you stay for supper?' - She asked . .. ...... fo r su pper.
A if I stayed B me stay C me to stay
,.. Un it 70
14 There are signs warning
..... th e city centre this weekend.
A d ri vers avo id B drivers to avoid C avoid d rivers
,.. Unit 70
l S The shop assistant advi sed ..... ..... the following day.
A me to come back B me come back C me coming back
,.. Unit 70
16 Th e presenter told .......... t he sh ow was over.
A to her guests that 8 her guests th at C that
,.. Unit 71
17 The woman at t he front .......... we could use the back en trance.
A said us B said to C said
,.. Unit 71
18 The gym instructo r suggested th at ...... .... do forty m inu tes a day at first.
A me to B I shou ld C me doing
,.. Unit 71
19 The managing d irector thanked all his staff .......... him d uring the crisis.
A fo r supporting B far support C to support
,.. Unit 71
20 I was very tired when I got home, so Pete offered .......... dinner.
A m e to cook B to cook C cooking
.,.. Unit 71
Relative, participle
and other clauses
114
Before you start
1
Read about lan fleming. look at the highlighted grammar examples.
IAN FLEMING
lan Ffeming was the writer who invented James Bond. Casino Roya/e. published
in 1953, was the first novel in which this character appeared . Flerning went on to
write eleven more James Bond novels before his death in 1964.
As a young man, Fleming's ambition was to join the British Foreign Office. But he
failed to get a job there, which was a great disappointment for him. Although he
had never intended to be a writer, he got a job as a journalist for Reuters News
Agency. Then, at the start of World War Two, Fleming became a secret information
officer in the Royal Navy.
Leaving the navy in 1945 , Fleming took the decision to write. But it was his work
for the navy, which included several secret expeditions, that had given him the
ideas for his James Bond novels.
The first James Bond novel to be made Into a film was Or No, in 1962. The film,
starring Sean Cannery, was a huge success.
Nobody really knows what makes the James Bond stories so successful. But now,
half a century after Fleming's death, they are as popular as ever.
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted grammar
examples will help you.
t Marie Curie was the scientist wlliclll wllO discovered X-rays.
2 That's the London house ill wlliclll whicll ill lan Fleming was born .
3 We got the fli ght s, tlTat / wlTich were very c heap. o n the Interne t.
4 My best frie nd didn't come to th e party, wllO / which was very annoying!
5 'Goldfmger', m(/de / wl1icll made in 1964, was th e third james Bond fi lm
with Sean Cannery.
6 Most of the james Bo nd fi lms featllring I (ea ll/red Sean Cannery are now
available on DVD.
7 To arrive I Arriving at the railway station late at night , Clara couldn't find
a taxi to ta ke her home.
S The last j a mes Ha nd novel to be writtetl/ writing by [an Fleming was
'The Man With The Golden Gun'.
9 My brother's main aim in life is (or /0 be / to be rich.
10 I don't understand what/ tlwt ou r teacher is saying.
3
>- Unit 72
>- Unit 72
>- Unit 73
>- Unit 73
>- Unit 74
>- Unit 74
>-
Unit 7S
>- Unit 76
>- Unit 76
,.. Unit 77
Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
leltM or <)q 01 6 U ~mJ M all 01 9 8U!A!JJV L
SU!Jnleaj 9 ~pew S" tPlljM V lj:l14M £ 4 :l!4M Ul Z OqM 1
217
Arthur (anan Ooyle is the writer who invented Sherlock Holmes. The Hound of the BaskeM
is a novel he wrote in 1901 . It is set in the wild Dartmoor countryside.
1 Relative clauses
Relative clauses give us information about the subject or object of a main clause.
Defining relative clauses describe exactly which (or what kind of) person or thing we mean:
which writer?
I
I
Art/l1If Conan Doyle is the writer wllO invented Sllerlock HO/tiles.
what kind of phone?
I
I
I
Do yOll l/ave a pholle wldeh takes photos?
We introduce a relative clause with a relat ive pro noun:
FOR
EXAMPLES
who
people
Mrs Lee was the woman who taught me to play the piano.
which
animals or things
(but not people)
Their cat has killed the rat which was living under our house.
I've got a water heater which uses solar power.
that
people, animals and
things
He's the man that I spoke to. Sue's got a cat that loves coffee l
It's a phone that takes photos.
whose
possession and
relationships his,
her, its or their
to be your boss.
Hanna owns a horse whose coat is completely white.
I'm working for a company whose head office is in Zurich.
FORMALITY CHECK
I know the woman whose husband used
Whose is quite formal. It is less formal to use with. We can also use which
has for animals or t hings:
Harma owns a horse with a completely white coat.
Steve's the boy with tile red hair.
I work for a compally whiclllJas its head office in ZlIficll.
A
We don't use what (:. Unit 77 .1) in the same way as tliat:
1 .Crank's the mall what ewns ellr 16«11 ~'m ./ Frank's the mall that owns Ollr local gym.
A
The relative pronoun REPLACES 11e/liim, she/her, they/them, ete:
1 Ka rl is the tt'Rcher whe he Ilcf.ped /1S . ./ Karl is tile teaciler W/IV helped liS.
1l del/'t talk te peeple that I tlen't like them . ./ J dOIl't talk to people that I don't like.
No n-defining relative clauses >- Unit 73
218
2
Leaving out the relative pronoun
The pronoun (e.g. 1'1110, w/!icll, that) in a relative clause can be the subject or object of
the clause:
SUBJECT
Arthur Conan Doyle was the writer who invented Sherlock Holmes.
«(onan Doyle invented Sherlock Holmes.)
OBJECT
'The Hound of the Baskervi/les' is a novel which he wrote in 1901.
1-_____1, (He wrote the noveL)
We can leave out the relative pronoun when it is an
informal writing:
'The Hound
of the Baskervilles' is Cl /lovel he wrote in
OBJEC1~
especially in speech and
1901.
We usually include the object relative pronoun in formal writing:
To activate yOllr card yOIl fm/st IIse tile new PlN /ll/mber whiell we sellt by recorded delivery.
FORMALITY (HECK
. . We cannot leave out the relative pronoun when it is a SUBJECT:
1 Aft-har Cellim De,.le WH!i #Ie wRier i/U'emf'fl SheFl6€k Helmes .
./ Artllllr COllall Doyle was tile writer wllo ill vented SI!erlock Ho/mes.
3
Clauses with when, where, why
We can also use wl1ell, where and wilY to introduce relative clauses.
• WI'eI/ introduces a relative clause about times, days, years, ete:
TI,ere was a storm on tile day wllell my sister got married.
• Wllere in troduces a relative clause about places:
Do yOIl kllOw any sllOps where yOIl ca" get desigller jeans?
We can also use wiJicil/tJwt (+ ill) to talk about places:
71wt's the 1/OIeI wllere we staye(/. That's the hotel which/that we stayed ill.
• Wily introduces a relative clause about reason:
That's the reason why I'm late.
We can leave out the noun before when, where and why:
That was when 1 lived ill London. (the time when)
This is w h ere my best friend wem to .~cllOol. (the building/place where)
Ami that's wily we're lale. (the reason why)
We can leave ou t when after day, year, lime, etc. and wily after reason:
Tll ere was a storm 011 the day my sister got m arried. That's the reaSOfI I'm lare.
4
Prepositions in re lative clauses
We sometimes form relative clauses using verbs with prepositions, such as apply (or.
FORMALITY CHECK The position of the preposition is different in formal and informal
English:
-!II~~;::::J
I applied for
that job.I work with
Steve. _
That's the job which I
applled for.
Below are the details of the job fo r
which you applied.
Steves the man who I
It's important to get on with the
people with whom- you work.
work with.
• If we put a preposition before who. it changes to whom .
. . We don't use prepositions in clauses beginning with whell or where:
1 used to live ill this 1101Ise. 1 Thi~ i~ Nw hOllse l\~,ere 'used w li~ jll .
./ TillS IS Il1e hOllse where I used to fIve.
. . We cannot put a preposition in front of tlwt
" 'rl ' . t' h lE I: t' ,,,
h
'k'
I've been lookillg (or t/lis book. ",/ 'T'/II~ I~'/Ie boof)f)k,{)/ ,;la/,' 'be't! ~/JI ,ek~ "~.
lIS IS t le
t lar ve ell 00 !rig ,or.
2 19
72
RELATNE CLAUSES (1)
Practice
1
Choose the correct words in italics. In two places both a nsw ers are possible.
~ listen and check.
o Agatha Christie is the writer@/which invented Miss Marple.
1 Is this one o f the DVDs that / what you've already seen?
2 Mike's the man who / whose wife writes detective novels.
3 What's the name of the hotel which I that you visited last summer?
4 Carol's the teacher whose / who will be taking over our class next term.
5 I prefer books tllClt I which have a happy ending.
6 I could never live in a house that I who doesn't have a nice garden .
7 A whale is an animal who I tllat breathes air but lives underwater.
8 I'm afraid it's by an author who I whose name I ca n't rcmember.
2
Find five more relative pronouns in the text that ca n be left out.
CIEIII Listen a nd check.
The detective novel
For over a hundred years detective stories have been one of the most popular forms of writing. The
book~hey appear in are often called 'whodunits' . In many cases the detectives in these novels
are professional police officers. A typical example is Inspector Morse, the famous Oxford detective
who was created by the writer Colin Dexter.
But many of these charaaers are private detectives who help the clients who they work for. Perhaps
the best-known is Philip Marlowe - a private detective invented by the author Raymond Chandler in
a novel which he wrote in 1939.
Of course. not all detectives in fiction are professionals, many are amateurs. One of the most famous
of these IS Miss Marple. a cnaraaer that Agatha Christie invented in 1927 .
In more recent years, scientists and psychologists have taken over the role of detectives in popular
fiction. This is due to the increasin91y important role which science plays in modern police work . One
of the best-known of these 'detectives' is Or Kay Scarpetta - the invention of American crime writer
Patricia Cornwell. Cornwel1 introduced Scarpetta to the world in Postmortem, a book which she
published in 1990.
3
Complete the sente nces with which, where, when or why. Leave out the pronoun where
poss ible.
o This ta stes awful. I don 't know . ~.I:t.Y............. I ordered it!
It was raining by the time ... ... ....... ... ... we got there.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
220
Is this the place ................... we're supposed to meet them?
She works in a building ................ .. used to be a hospital.
Is that the reason ..... .... ... ....... she never answers your emails?
This is the house ........... ........ my grandmother was born.
1969 was the yea r ................... human beings first landed o n the moon .
What a terrible thing to say! I don 't know ................... she's always so rude to me.
It was a film ............... .... seemed to last forever.
Do you remember the day .. ....... ......... we mct?
There were a couple o f q uestions ...... ....... ...... were too difficult fo r me to answer.
4
Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first.
Sentences 4-6 are more form a l English.
o
We used to go to that school.
That's the school .~.~..J1!.~H.9.o ..~~...
1 I told you about that woman.
She's the woman .................................................. .
2 You were interested in a musical. Is it Mamma Mia?
Is Mamma Mia the musical .
... ...... .... .... ............... ... ?
3 We walked under th at old railway bridge.
That's the old railway bridge ............ .
4 The insurance com pany has al ready paid for those repairs .
Those are the repairs .
.......... ...... has already paid.
5 The committee has no control over this matter.
Th is is a matter
6 The bank has lent money to t hose customers.
Those are the customers
5
.... has no control.
. .............. has lent money.
look at the text a bo ut a TV show below and complete it
w ith this information.
(0)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
The Internet and mobile phones d idn't exist in the nineteenth cent ury.
Shcrlock Holmes lives in the flat at22 1B Baker Street.
Conan Ooyle invented the basic plots.
Sherlock Holmes uses his powers of observation to solve cri mes .
Bencdict Cumberbatch has starred in many recent films and TV shows.
Or Watson's ca reer in the army has ended.
Ma rti n Freeman became famous for his part in Tile Office.
A 21st Century Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock is a new BBC television series based on the novels of Arthur Conan Doyle,
but set in present-day London. Of course , the original stories were written in the
late nineteenth century, a time (0) . ~.~':1:-.t~. !~~.~..~.~ .~.l?~!~.p..~~ A.i4.~!..~ i·I.( .
In this new version all kinds of modern technology are used.
Although the stories have been updated to the twenty-first century, lovers of
the original novels will be pleased to know that many of the familiar characters
and places have been kept for the new series. For instance, the flat (1 ) .
. __....................... is still 221 B Baker Street.
The writers of the series have used the basic plots (2) ........ .
.................... ... .. .. ............ .. but they have been made more exciting and moder n. The
main characters are:
Sherlock Holmes:
Holmes is a b rilliant detective (3) .
. The part of Holmes is played by Benedict
Cumberbatch , a young actor (4) .. _.. ..... ....... ... .
Or Wat son : Watson , a doctor (S)
...... ...... ... ... .......... , is Sherlock Holmes' best
friend . The part of Watson is played by Martin Freeman. He's an actor (6) .
in the hit comedy series The Office .
.....
.
•
o Go onlrne for more pract ice
_. .- .
•
~
...
22 1
,
Non-defining re lative clauses
Non-defining re lative clauses do not describe exactly who or what we mean. Instead they
give us extra information about the subject or ob ject of a main clause:
Alexallder Solzhenitsyn, who was awarded the Nobd Prize in 1970, wrote several /lovels,
If we remove t he clause, the sentence still makes sense:
Alexander Solzhenitsyn wrote several novels.
Compare this w ith defining relative clauses:
Angela Green is the woman who lives n ext door.
Angela Green is the woman. [which woman?]
A
We don't use that or what in non-defin ing relative clauses:
)( The pRinting, that is flOW resleFffl, can he seen ill ~he .\'atiOl1fll Galle,,?, .
./ The paintins, which is now restored, can be seen in the National Gal/cry.
Because non-defini ng relative clauses do not identify the su bject in the main clause, there
is a difference in meaning:
DEFINING
The passengers wllO were ifljured in tile erasll were taken to hospital.
(Only the injured passengers were taken to hospital. We know that some were
not injured.)
NON-DEfINING The passengers, wlro were if/jured in til e crash, were taken to hospital.
(All the passengers were taken to hospital. We know that they were all in jured.)
2
Punctuation and use of prepositions
Unlike defining relative clauses, non-defining relat ive clauses are separated from the rest of
the sentence by commas. We usually put the clause immediately after the sub ject it refers to:
A )( The IIlItller 8(the 1l8wlli.'CS in frlinhHrgli, \~'!li(1l rOil ca" Em,. fer €2'{h
./ Tile author of the /Jovel, whieh you can buy for £20, lives i/J Edinburgh.
We use prepositions in non-defining relative clauses in the same way as in defining relative
clauses (>- Unit 72.4):
Sue recently won a prize, wlrich she never stops talking about.
That house, whieh we used to live in, has been sold.
CD
3
Pronuncia tion
>- 1.31
Comment clauses with which
We can use a non-defining relative clause, usually at the end of the sentence, to say
someth ing about the whole of the main clause:
Tile anny team was unable to make ti,e bomb safe, whieh m eant everyone had to leave the area.
Solz/ltmitsy" wrote his books while he was still a prisoner, w/lieh was very brave.
A
We use which, NOT who, w/lOse, that or it, to introduce a comment clause.
We put a comma before w/lic/!:
)( S6ll/leflitsj'll
\\lffiW
/,;s
heeks while he was still a prisefler, wJ/e WRS vcr,. hra.'C.
./ SolzllCllitsyn wrote his books while lie was still a prisoner, whicll was very brave.
222
Practice
1
Choose the correct mea ning. A or B.
o Emma's sister, who isn 't married, lives in New York.
A Emma has several sisters. ~mma only has one sister.
TIlis building is part o f the Riverside development, which has just won a design awa rd.
A The building has won an award. B The Riverside developmen t has won an award.
2 Wc stayed at the first hotel we saw which had a swimm ing pool.
A We only looked at one hotel. B We looked at other hotels without pools.
3 I chose t he grey suit, which cost S 100.
A The colou r was more important. B The price was more important.
4 Two students who took t he exam passed with d istincti on.
A More tha n two studen ts took the e.xam. B Only two students took the exam .
2
Rewrite the sentences, using non-defining relative clauses.
o I went to universi ty in Ca mbri dge. Cambridge is a beau tiful city.
l.:1.~. t.'1 ..I;t.w.r:~r:':~~..~.~~~i.49~, ..~~~~..4..t:'..~~~M. ..~~: .............................................. .
Hwnalliquelless Is the fi rs t book that Glauco Orlo lano has written in English. Orlola no is
Brazilian .
2 HarHtt's chocolate factory has dosed down. It used to employ over a th ousand people.
3 You can 't smoke in restaura nts an)' more. I'm pleased about that.
4 They've closed down our local library. This is reall y an noying.
5 The course start s o n Monday 12th January. T he course lasts ten weeks.
6 The new compan y president wi ll be Sandra Jackson. Sandra Jackson 's period as creati ve
director was very successful.
3
There a re four more missing commas and three more incorrect pronouns
in the text. Write the correct words and the missing commas. SIll listen and check.
whU.lt.
,
L
The nineteenth century, tkat· was the golden age of Russian literature produced the worldfamous novelists Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky, the poet Alexander Pushkin and the
playwright Anton Chekhov. Tolstoy's novel War and Peace what was written in 1869 is often
considered to be the greatest novel of the nineteenth century.
Russian literature continued to flourish in the twentieth century. Internationally, the two Russian
novelists who were most successful were 80ris Pasternak and V1adimir Nabokov.
Nabokov, that spent much of his life in the United States also wrote novels in English .
Pasternak was the author of Dr lhivago that was made into a hugely successful film in 1965.
He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 but refused to accept it.
223
74
Clauses after
the noun
true story of a Scottish pirate,
I
1 Reduced relative clauses
We often make relative clauses shorter, like this:
'RobillSOIl Crusoe' is (/ /lovel wli c is
011 tllc true story of AlexlIIJ(/t!r Selkirk.
- 'RobillSOIl Crl/soe' is Q /lovel
Ws about a mall who Jl
..... It's abOllt a ll/(III
.VI
",,=
e~
011 the tme story of Alexallder Selkirk.
Oil {/ deserted island.
011 a deserted island.
• If the verb in the origi nal rela tive clause is active, we use the -illg fo rm:
It's (I shop that sells desigller jealls. - It's a shop selling designer jell/Is.
• If the verb is passive we use the -ed fo rm :
It's a novel whiclr is based 011 a tme story. ..... It's a 1I0WJ basc(i 011 a (TIle story.
• We ca n on ly make clauses shorter when the noun we are describing is the same as the
subject of the relative clause, NOT if it is different:
noun we are describing,*- subject of relative clause
,
,
This is a photo o( the IlOt el that we stay it! every year.
1 Thi-s is,1 phete efthe !'eEeI st<~rjllg ill i!i'£¥)',rear.
More on other participle clauses
A
We only use the .illg form if the action is happening now or is conti nu ing. We can not use
it fo r single actions in the past:
TI/at was the customer wllo plumed yesterday. (single completed action)
1 That
A
2
,... Unit 75
W(IS
ti,e CIIst8111er pl/elling ,<eslerdil,..
We don 't use .illg forms with state verbs (,... Unit 29.3/4) :
1 He's tile mall 6\·,."illj' rile ({~cl:8",. ./ He's the mall wllO OWIIS lhe (actory.
Infinitive clauses
We often replace a relative clause with an infinitive clause after a superlative, after the first,
tile second, etc., o r after olle, "ext, fast, few and only (,... Unit 76 .2) :
Yuri Cagaril1 was tile first 111(111 tllat Wfnt into space.
- }'uri Cagarill was the first lIIall to go inlo space.
She was the ollly olle wllO helped m e. - Slle was llle only olle to IIelp m e.
3
Using prepositions instead of relat ive clauses
We often short en sentences with the help of prepositions:
• relative pronoun + Im ve - witI/:
This qllelle is for passellgers wllo have EU passports.
- This qllelle is for passengers willl EU passports.
Is there a reSlllllm,,1 tlwl has a vegetarian m enu lIear here?
- Is there a restallmllt will, a vegetarian m enu lIear here?
• relative pro noun .. be .. preposition - in/at/on, ete:
/ like tile paillting whicll is on the bedroom wall. - IUke the paintillg on the ber/room wall.
Wlmt are tllose plal/ts that 'lfe ill your garden? .... What are tllOse IJ/alll.S ;n YOllr gardell?
224
m
Pract ice
1
Choose the correct words in italics. In two places. both answers are
possibte. I:IIIIlI listen and check.
IG'mt YOf/ 're readills)at the mo ment?
ANXA
What's the name of the book (0) realii llg
KARl
Imperilltrl by Robert Harris. It 's a book ( 1) recommeuditJg/ rCC(JllllllfIlded by my histo ry
teacher.
That's about the people (2) wllo were killed I killetf by th e volcanic eru ptio n in Po mpcii.
isn 't it?
ANN"
No, it's a his torical novel (3) basing! based 011 th e Inll' story of Cicero.
ANNA Who was he? Wasn 't be the fi rst person (4) became I to becom e an empero r?
KARt No. He was o ne o f the politicia ns (5) Jilting I /i\'t'd in Ro me at t he cnd of the Republ ic.
KARI
Af'-'NA
KARt
2
Was it an expensive book?
No. ' go t it from the market. There's a stall there (6) that II(IS I with lo ts of bargain books.
Complete the second sentence so it mea ns the same as the first. using a redu ced relative
clause. an infinitive clause or a preposition + noun. CDIID listen and check .
o It's a poem that somebody wrote in th e sixteenth century.
It's a poem .. .~!,.#.0.-..i.~ .~~. f.~~~~ .~~!1!Y. ....
00 Was she the only person that visited you ?
Was s he the only person .~ .. ~~ .y.~~ .............. ?
000 Is th ere a bank near here that has a cash machine?
Is there a bank lleaT here . !'!".i#:.~ ..~~.{h- ..~.~~~ .........
Daniel was the first perso n that spo ke to me.
?
Daniel was the first person ..... .......... ..
.. ........... .
2 There was an old letter t hat was found under thc fl oor.
Th ere was an old Ictter .............................. ...... ........................ .
3 What is the name o f the building th at's next to the library?
Wh at's the name of t he building ......................................................... ?
4 My grandfath er gave me th at watch.
That is the watch .................. .......................... _._ ........... by my grandfather.
5 This is the third DVD player that has broken down !
11,is is the third DV D player ....... .... .. .... ..... .
6 I need a computer that has a bigger hard drive.
I need a computer .................................... ....... ............ .
3
Replace the underlined phrases with reduced relative clauses, infinitives or pre positions.
Then match the descriptions with the w riters and characters from fiction .
o
1
2
3
, It,it/,
A scienti stL Wft) Aas two different personalitit!s. ~ Madame Bovary
A man who was left o n a deserted island.
Saris Pasternak
The only Russian writer that refused the Nobel l'rize.
Dr Jekyll/Mr Hyde
A po lice detective who li ves in Oxfo rd.
William Shakespeare
4 A writer who was born in St ratfo rd -upon -Avo n in 1564.
5 A secret agent who has th e code name 007.
6 A woman who is married to a country docto[ in
nineteenth-century France.
Robinson Crusoe
Inspector Morse
James Bond
225
75
Participle clauses
Written in 1961, Carch-22 IS a nowl
about a young American soldier, John
Yossarian . In the middle of World War
Two he is sent to fight in Italy, leaving
his friends and family behind.
,
Participle clauses
Participle clauses give more information
about a noun . We use the -ed or -ing form
of the verb. Participle clauses don't have
a subject because their sub ject is the
noun/pronoun in the main clause:
pa rticiple clause
subject
'ritle" in 1961
'Catc:h -Z2. is a novel about a yOl/llg America" soldier, /olln Yossarial1 .
subject
III the middle of World War Two,
participle clause
is sellt to f1ght in Italy, leaving his fjjends and [amilr behind.
FORMALITY CHECK In written English we often put participle clauses in front of the main
clause. We use a comma to separate the two clauses.
Participle clauses are common in written English because they let us give a lot of
information in a single sentence.
More on sentence-building ,. Module 19
2
Participle clauses of reason, resu lt, time, etc.
_
fULL ClAUSE
PARnCIPlE CLAUSE
reason
Because he's a student he can get a
discount on rail trave/.
Being a student, he can get a discount
on rail travel.
result
A snowstorm covered the motorway
The result was that dozens of drivers
were trapped in their cars.
If you give it enough water and
sunlight, the plant will grow to three
metres.
As I walked into the room I noticed the
flowers by the window.
A snowstorm covered the motorway,
trapping dozens of drivers in their cars.
condition
time!
sequence
Given enough water and sunlight, the
plant will grow to three metres.
Walking into the room, I noticed the
flowers by the window.
There is also a perfect form, having + past participle (,. Unit 64.1), which we can use to talk
about an action that happened earlier:
Having paid th e en tran ce fee, we walked illto the muse/lm.
(= After we had paid t he entrance fee, we wa lked into the museum.)
3
Forms fo r active and passive meanings
In participle clauses the -ing form has an active mean ing:
Tile bank manager opelled the safe al/d noticed somethillg strange inside. (active verb)
- Opetlillg tile safe, the bank manager noticed something strallge inside.
The -ed form has a passive meaning:
The flood victim stood 011 the roof. He was t rapped by the risillg water. (passive verb)
- The flood victim stood 011 the roof, t rapped by the rising water.
226
Practice
1
Choose the correct meaning. A or B.
o Jake fell over, breaking his glasses.
A l ake fell over because his glasses were broken.
@)jake's glasses broke because he fe ll over.
t Having read the boo k, I don't need to see the film .
A I bave to read the boo k but I don't need to see the film.
B [t isn't necessary to see the film because J've already read the book.
2 Stored in a fridge. the dish will stay fresh for fo ur days.
A If you store it in a fridge, the dish will stay fresh for four days.
B [stored t he dish in a fridge for four days.
3 Being a doctor, people often ask me for advice.
A Doctors often ask me for advice.
B People ask me fo r advice because I' m a doctor.
4 Havi ng passed the driving test, I was able to buy a car.
A I was able to buy a car because I'd passed the driving test.
B I bought a car before I passed t h e drivi n g test.
2
Complete the article with words from the box. There are three extra
words. ClllllIl listen and check.
annoyed arrested arresting being -gefft h aving become
joining leaving left n eeding used using
I The true story of Alexander Selkirk
..
(0) ...~~m. in Scotland in 1676, Selkirk. was the son of a shoemaker, and very different from the character
he inspired in the novel Robinson Crusoe. As a teenager he was very badly behaved. (1) ..
causing trouble in 1695, he was ordered to appear in court, but he ran away to sea, (2)
....... for
.. the cr(!oN of
the pirate ship, Cinque Ports. He was a skilled sailor and was quickly promoted.
(3) .............................. sailing master in 1703, Selkirk soon started arguing with Thomas Stradling, the ship's captain.
In October 1704, (4) ............... .............. to collect fresh food and water for his ship, Captain Stradling decided
to stop at one of the deserted islands of Juan Fernandez. (S) ...... ........ an old ship, the O'nque Ports also
needed repairs. Selkirk wanted the crew to repair the ship, but the captain refused, and, (6)
by Selkirk's continued demands, sailed away without him.
(7) ............... alone on the island for more than four years, Selkirk had to find ways to stay alive. Fortunately,
he was able to make his own clothes and tools, (8) ...
3
the skills he had learnt from his father.
Complete the sente nces with participle clauses, using the information in brackets.
am listen a nd check.
o
.!!f!'0:~ .!h!.~ ..'.~!~r~.... , we d o n 't get much free time. (becau se we have three children)
1
..... ... , we le ft t he restaurant. (after we'd paid fo r the mea l)
2
.............
. .... .. ......... , InvictilS is based on a true story. (it was filmed in 2009)
3 Karen ran out of the b uilding, ...
............ ..... .... ....
. ....... (she ca lled for h elp)
4 ....................................... d I noticed two people a rgUing. (as 1 loo ked out of the window)
5
............ ....... .... ............ this rose can grow to a h eig ht of two metres.
(i f yo u plant it in a sunn y sp ot)
227
76
Infinitive clauses~___--1
And Then
Were None was
book by Agatha ChnSlle to sell more
than 100 million cOPtes, It IS one of the
few books not to feature her famous
characters Hercule POIrot or MISS Marple.
1
Infinitive clauses (infinitive + to)
We often use in finitive clauses after the verb be:
As a child, lily lIInlJitiOIl W(15 to study m edicille. My ambition is to IJeco me tI vet .
There are act ive and passive forms of the infinitive:
simple"
ACTIVE INFINITIVE
PASSIVE INFINITtVE
The most Important thing is to tell the truth.
I hate to be told lies .
• There IS a ~rfe<t form to have told and a continuous fOfm to be telling (.. Unit 65.2).
To make the negative fo rm wc put flot in front of the infinitive:
It is olle oft/re few books lIor to featllfc her (amolls characters Herrule Poirot or Miss Marple.
Presidetll 50lmlO was tile o/lly heatl of state not to be jllvite{i to tile con(ermce.
A
We don't usually Include a subject in an infinitive clause:
X !t is imfHJRtWI ,'811 10 tell Olt! H,..~h. ./ It is important to tell ti,e truth.
But ir the subject or the infinitive clause is different from the subject of t he sentence, we
can use (or + subject + infinitive with to:
I tllil/k it 's imlJOrf(ltIt for politicians to t ell the tmth. My aim is for m y childrell to be haIJPY.
NATURAL ENGLISH There are some well-known expressions with infinitive clauses that we
use 10 make a comment about something we are saying:
1 really dO/l 't like Ilil1l, to be IWll est. To tell the trllth, tile show was diS(lIJ/JOillti/lg.
Infin itives w hich follow certa in verbs, e.g . I refuse to leave '" Unit 65
2
Infinitives after superlatives, adjectives, etc.
We often use infinitive clauses to replace relative clauses after a su perlative, after the first,
the secol/d, etc. o r after O/le, /lext, last, (ew and ol/Iy:
ft was tile first book by Agallm CI"istie which sold more limn 100 milliOIl copies.
- 11 was the first book by Agar/m Christie to sell more tha/l 100 milliOIl copies.
Wc also use infinitives after adjectives which describe people's feelings and opinions:
We're delighted to be here. I'm IUlpPY for them to join the class.
3
Infinitive of purpose
We can use an infinitive clause to describe the purpose or reason for an action:
Ca rlos went to college to s tudy law. I took a pill to get rid of my Il e(Ida ch e.
A
228
We don 't use (or + infinitive of purpose:
X ne M'ull6 tile C6Nltr ,'fJr ffl gttt t'f ttu:i. ./ He went to tile comer to get a taxi.
fORMALITY CHECK In more formal English we can also use i1l order to o r so as to:
We moved to BriglltOlI ;n or{ler to be 1Iearer ollr grmulcllildre1l.
Please mOlle to tile frOIlt so {IS to allow m ore room (or the late arrilla/s.
We can put tile infinitive clause before the main clause for instructions:
To make a ca ll, press the greel/ bullon. To inflate t/le life j(lCket, 1'/11/ 011 tile red cor(l.
III
Practice
1
Write the words in the correct order to make sentences. Start with the underlined word(s).
o an ema il to DaoieJla the Internet cafe went send to
.1?.'!~~ .."'!.t;-~}~ ..~~J~~¥'! .~..~~.:!0.4..'!.~.~.~.'.. " ...... ". "
the first man
on the moon walk to NcU Armstroog was
2 to unive rsi ty 10 chemistry my brother went
study
3 not a mess to 1 make promise
4 th e third person to
2
~
is
this morning phone me
Choose the correct words in italics. In two places. both answers a re possible.
aID listen and check.
1 A We' re goi ng to Sky trip Tours (0) for booking I(to boo~our next h oliday.
B Rea lly? Why are you going there?
A It 's the on ly travel company (1) to clwrge /lot / 1101 la c/Jarge for children under sixteen.
2 A ['ye put lemo n juice round my plants (2) for I to stop the cats digging them up.
S Does it work?
A I' m not really sure, (3) telli"3 / to tell the truth .
3 A Are you applying for university?
B Ycs. I'm trying to get a place (4) to study / tilat studies economics.
A Good for you. It's so important (5) Utat peuple / (or people to gel a good educatio n.
4 A I'm looking for something (6) to give J (OT giving to my cousin for his birthday. I've heard
tJlere's a good video ga me called 'Space Wa rriors' - do you have that?
B I'm not sure . You' re the first person (7) that's asked / to risk me for that one . I' ll iust
check on t he computer. No, we're out of stock at the moment. 1 could order it for you.
A Oh, h ow long would that take?
B I don 't really know, (8) tltat I'm / to be ho nest.
3
Find six more mistakes in the conversation and correct them.
am listen and check.
"
,u"{CEI.A
I' m going to the library .fef get some books o n Marco Polo. Do you want to come?
Sure. Who's Marco Polo?
He was one of t he first Europeans visiting th e Far East. Ht' wrote a book about .his
!U\U.A
adventures in t 298.
I t hi nk I've heard about that. It was the first book for to describe Chin a and Kublai
ANGEl.A
Khan, wasn 't it?
Yes. I'm writing an essay o n him for my course. It's really important because 1 need
ANGFLA
II ~LW\
BEU.A
ANGf.LA
BEUA
,\ NGELA
10 get a good grade for th e essay in o rder for pass t he course. 1 don 't wa nt to be th e
on ly person in my year to pass not!
Well, it sounds like a fascina ting subject, an yway. It 's my ambition visit China
one day.
I'd love to do that, too. Liste n. Do you want to go fo r a coffee later?
I'm not sure. I' m supposed to be meeting He.Jena.
That's OK. I'd be happy her to joi n us.
229
77
Other noun
structures
The Grapes of Wrath,
by John Stelnbeck. IS
a fascinating book. It
describes w hat life was
like for poor American
farmers In the 1930s.
1 Wh - clauses
Wh- clauses can express the same as a noun or nou n phrase, but we tend to use them more
in inform al Engli sh.
N UN PHRASE
I don 't ag ree with their decision.
Have you been to our house?
They told us about the designer.
I don't understand this method.
wr,.: CLAUSE
- I don 't agree with what they decided.
- Have you been to where we live ?
- They told us about who designed it.
- I don't understand how you do it
• Wh· clauses are not the sa me as reJative clauses:
I (/Ol/ 't (Igfet' with tlleir decision. (n oun phrase)
- 1 don 't agree with W/llIt Oley d ecided. (W/,- clause)
- 1 dOll 't agree will! /lIe decis ion a,at they made. (relative clause)
• The who clause acts like a nou n, so it can be the sub ject o r object of a verb:
Wlwt he diel made us very angry. (= His actio ns made us angry.)
It describes what life was like (or poor fanners ;1I til e 1930s.
(= It describes poor farmers' living co nditions.)
What usua lly means ' the thing(s) t hat':
What w e do is /IIore illlportalll thall wllat we kllOw.
(= The th ings we do are more important t han the things we kno w.)
I clOII 't know much abollt art, bllt I kllOw what I like. (= I kno w the things th at [ li ke.)
A
We don 't include the noun in a clause beginning with what:
I (./e,, ', (i3,rt'llll'iIIl the decisifm what tilt',. (kcid~d. ./ 1 dOIl 't agree with w1lat they decided .
J(
Relat ive clauses with when, where and why .,.. Un it 72.3
2
Comparison clau ses wi th no uns
We usually make compari sons using ad jecti ves and ad verbs (> Units 21, 22).
But we ca n also compare nouns:
She's richer OUIII me. - Slle's got more mOlley tlwn me.
Tlleir IlOuse Is bigger t/WII ours. - Tlleir hOllse has more space 111011 OIlrS.
Nowadays it does,,'t take as 10llg to get there. - No wadays it. [lIkes less t ime to get there.
We can al so make superlative forms using the most/the least + noun:
all Ollr sta ff, !ackie had ti,e fewest comlJlaillts .
Sally has the Ie(lst mOlley , so we sholl/d let I,er Iw ve the cheapest ticket.
Or
More on morelless a nd the mostlthe least > Unit ' 2.3
230
less '" Units 21 and 25
III
Practice
1
Rewrite the underlined phrases, using who. what. where, why or how
and a phrase from the box.
listen and check.
am
she dedded He-ete he knows you live wrote it he's doing it
she does they 're goi ng t hey did it
o
I'm not very pleased with his actions.
I Do you know their destinat ion?
2 Can you explain their method?
3 [s that his reason?
4 I don 't know the author of that book.
S Excuse me. Is this your address?
6 Her job isn't very exciti ng.
7 Her decisioo seems rather selfish to me.
8 His koowledC-f is im portant.
2
Choose the correct words in italics.
o I' m amazed by which IGvhC19he knows.
What I Tlmt we need is a really good dictio nary.
2 The person with a,e most / more correct answers wi ns the competition.
3 I don't care wltere I w/l icll we go for our holiday, so lo ng as it's near a beach.
4 Sarah mure earns mOl/ey / earns more !/Iolley than me.
5 Tile thing what / Wltat that man did is outrageous.
6 Can you explain Omt / how he solved the puzzle?
7 Which house has most the I tile most bedrooms?
8 W llOt I Wily she left him is something we' ll never know.
3
Complete the text w ith one word only in each gap.
aID Listen and check.
The Embarrassment of Riches by ';mon 'ch,m,
Th is is a book about l-I olland in th e sevcnteenth
:mists came from and (7)
celllu~j Ihe golde n ,Ige of Dutch hislory. Simon
to create such amazing works of at1 . But he docn't
..... they managed
$chama, a p rofcsSOr of history at Columbia University,
ignorc the ordinary ~oplc of that lime; he describes
uses this book to te U us about (0) ... :~.~~...
(R). .
i.hinks is a key 1ll0melll in
Euro~an
he
history - the binh
...... . life was like for people at a ll levels of
society.
ha~
of the first modem society. T he book explain s
11lis is a big book and
(I) ................... l-I oHand buih the world's first
(9).
maritime e mpirt and created a 1O!cr:tnt socielY which
than mOSt history books. But,
... ' -' .. faCI5 and figures
has lasted until the present day. He descri1.x:s the
because Schama is such a master
people that ercateclthis society: (2) .................. they
Storyu:][cr; it lle\'t:r seems dull
were and (3)
or academic. If )'Ou
........... they achien:d it.
\\~un a
I-I e is panicul arly strong 011 coJtural histol),. I-I c ha~
history book that is thorough ly
dearly done (4) ...
rcse,lrciJed, but has all the
resean;:h th an most
hi,torians because his knowledge of Dutch art is
cxci tc mcrn of a novel. then 'Tnt.
cnormo us. In fact, (5) ...
EmharraJJmrol if Ri,nu' is probably
.. we
knOll
about
most D ut ch anis\Jl is fairl), limited. but Sc hama uses
exactly (I 0) .
ule evidence very well. He tells us (6) .................. the
looking for.
o Go on lme for more practice and
Cl
prog ress test
.. ..... you are
231
Review
1
MODULE 14
UNITS 72 AND 13 Complete the sentences with one word o nly in each ga p.
o The t raffic was bad. That's . ~h-Y............ we're so late.
I That 's th e hospi tal ................... J was born.
2 Wha t was the name of the man .................. killed President Ken nedy?
3 This p hoto was ta ken in the year ..... ..... ...... ... my parents gal ma rried.
4 Is she the girl ................... broth er used to teach you football?
5 We didn 't get a room with a sea view, .......... .... .... . was disappointing.
6 I don't know ............... .... I failed the test. Perhaps I didn't do enough revision.
7 Fleming had never been back to the city in .. ..... ............ he grew up.
S The hero of the film wasn't good-looking,
... .... is unusual in a Hollywood film.
9 My uncle, ............ ....... used to be an actor, loves telling fu nny stories.
10 The ' Dark Lady' is t he mysteriOUS woman for
......... . Sha kespea re wrote some of
his best poems.
2
o
1
2
3
4
S
3
Match the sentences 1-5 with the meanings A - F.
The candidate who [ s po ke to was
A Some o f the ca nd idates had enough
only twenty·one.
experience.
The candidate, who I spoke to, was
B Some of the ca ndidates wanted
only twenty·on e.
h igh er salaries.
Th e cand idates who were under twenty·
C AU of the candidates wan ted higher
one didn't have enough experience.
sala ries.
The candidates, who were under twenty·
D There were several ca ndidates for
o ne, didn't have en o ugh experience.
the job, but the one I spoke to was
The ca ndidates, who h ad been to
twen ty·one.
university, wan ted h igher salaries.
F. None of the ca ndidates had en ough
The ca n didates who had been to
experience.
university wanted higher sa lari es.
F There was only one ca nd id ate fo r
the job.
UNITS 72 AND 73
Complete the descriptions, using the information. Each description must
contain a ll the information in one sentence only, with a re lative clause.
UNITS 72 AND 73
- slle was ti,e first woman
to be prime minister of
Pakistan
- slle died in 2007
o
This politician ~b.!:! ....:y.~:f...~.~.ft.r#...........
..~~.~.~ ..t.9...k~..p..d.~...~~.~.~r. ..pt......................
.I ...
..P.~!4:f.M.Ih.. 4.f.M..~.~ ..;y)J!.Z,...._.................................. .
232
-
- it was taken by Maria/1IIe's
{atlJer
- it shows Iter playing 0 /1 ti,e
beach witlt Iter brotller
This photo ................................................................... .
- it was pail/ted hlllldreds of
it belol/ged to Qlleell Marie
AI/toil/ette
+- it is IIOW wartl, a milliOIl
dol/ars
+-
years ago
- it sllOws a mall ridillg a
I,orse
2 This picture ...................................................... _......
+-
3 This antique chair ....................................................
WiflStOIl C/lllrchill lived
her fa tller was il/ the grollp
Aerosmil"
+- she's bee/! ill fots of
Hollyw()()(J fi lms
+-
ill it
- it belongs to the National
Trust
4 This house
5 Thi s actress ....
.................................. .........................
- Iller filmed '1..or(1 of ti,e
"";;-:;.;,
6 This va lley .............................................
4
Ws tile only one to stay
open at I/igllt
+- it sells all kinds of food
alld drillk.
+-
Rings' I,ere
- it 's ill New Zeala /ld
7 This shop
UNITS 72, 73, 74 AND 75 Find seven more mistakes and correct them. Tick (.I) the
correct sentences.
o
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
He wrote a book, ~".\' I haven't read, when he was a young man.
The com puter wh ich I bought it last week has broken down.
Having eaten a large main course, I had no desire for a dessert.
The Wright brothers were the first people flying an aeroplane.
I prefer meals making with fresh ingredients.
Dorot hy is often late, that the boss fi nds really annoying.
Ca n I see the sales assistant that I spoke to him yesterday?
Those parking spaces arc for people with young children.
Labyri"tI, is the best book I've read recently.
Walked into the room, I noticed somet hing strange in the corner.
Apparently $usa n was the last person speak to her before she left .
233
5
UNITS 75, 76 AND 11 Complete the second sentence, so it means the same as the first, using
the word in brackets. Use two to five words in your answer.
o This was the first novel that was published on the Internet. (be)
This was the fi rst novel /~.~~.P.~Hf.~....... ..... on the Internet.
I'll never forget the advice which my grandfather gave me. (given)
I'll never forget ............................................................. by my grandfather.
2 Because she is so pale, Caroline gets sunburnt very easily. (being)
............................................................. , Caroli ne gets sunburnt very easily.
3 I needed some toothpaste so I went to the corner sho p. (get)
I went to the corner shop ....................................................... ..
4 This is the only place that doesn 't charge for parking. (to)
Th is is the on ly place ......................... ..
5 Can yO ll tell me the way I should set up this DVD recorder? (how)
Can you tell me ....... .......................... ............. ............. this DVD recorder?
6 The car can be quite noisy if you drive it at high speed. (driven)
...........................................
.. .... , the car ca n be quite noisy.
7 Can you describe the thi ngs that were stolen in the robbery? (what)
Can you describe ......... ................ .............. ..................... in the robbery?
6
All UN ITS Complete the article, using the words in brackets. If necessary, add pronouns
and make changes to the words in brackets.
Who was the real Sherloc.k Holmes1
Sherlock Holmes is probably the most famous detective in literature. Of course, he wasn't a real
person . His character is based on a real man (0) .'1.~~.. '!!~..~.'!. ... (career I have) a huge
influence on Arthur Canan Doyle, (1) ............... .. .. .... ..................... (be) the author of the
Sherlock Holmes books. The man's name was Joseph Bell and he was a leading surgeon
(2) .............................................. (teach I medicine) at Edinburgh University.
Conan Doyle first met Joseph Bell when he went to one of Bell's lectures in 1877.
(3) .............................................. (notice) Conan Doyle's ability and intelligence. the great
doctor decided to make him his assistant. This gave Conan Doyle the chance to observe Bell and to
see (4) .............................................. (he I treat) his patients.
Bell believed that the most important thing was (5) ............. .
.. .............. ... (find out) as
much as possible about a patient. He did this by very close observation of
(6) ................................. ............. (they I move), acted and talked, and by looking closely at
their bodies, hands and Clothing. For example, by looking at someone's hands he could often work
out (7) .............................................. (job I they I do). By listening carefully to their accent it was
possible to find oot (B) .............................................. (they I come from).
This technique of deduong information from very detailed observation was the inspira tion for
Sherlock Holmes. Holmes notices things (9) .............................................. (the ordinary
person I be) usually unaware of. and this is often the key to solving crimes.
(10) .............................................. (live /in an age) before DNA and scientifIC evidence, Holmes
must use his ovvn intelligence and powers of observation.
234
7
All UNITS
Read the text and choose the correct a nswer, A , B or C be low.
0 A who her
1 A which
2 A Basi ng on
3 A to have earned
4 A lived
5 A in wh ich
6 A whose
7 A most admire Rowling
8 A where she was
9 A To be
10 A published
11 A that
12 A which
® whose
B that
B Which basing on
B who she has
B who lived
B that
B who
B Rowling most admires
B who was
B Being
B to publish
B wh ich it
B what
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
that's
that they
Based on
whose having
living
where
which
Rowling most adm ires her
that she was
Been
publishing
which
that
235
Test
MODULE 14
Relative, participle and other clauses
Choose the (orrect answer, A. B or C.
She's the film star .......... husband is a famous writer.
A who's B whose C which
~
Unit 72
~
Unit 72
~
Unit 72
4 Clive is the man .......... my cousin Lucy.
A married B w hich married C who married
~
Unit 72
5 That's the hotel where we used to ..... ..... .
A stay In B stay C stay in it
~
Unit 72
~
Un it 73
~
Unit 73
~
Unit 73
~
Unit 74
~
Unit 74
11 David was the first person ......... . to me when I arrived.
A to ta lk B which talking C that he talked
~
Unit 74
12 .. ...... .. In 1980, this photo shows the Prime Minister at university.
A Taken B Which it was taken C To be taken
~
Unit 75
~
Unit 75
~
Unit 75
~
Unit76
~
Unit 76
2 Who is the plumber .......... your leaking tap?
A fixed B what fixed C that fixed
3 We always go to the shop .......... has the lowest prices.
A that it B where C that
6 The airli ne displayed their new uniform .. ..... .. . at the press conference.
A which is bright red B ,which is bright red, C t ha t is hright red,
7 His fi rst novel, .......... was made into a film , was written in 1936.
A which B that C which it
8 'haven't had a si ngle job offer, .......... is very disappoin ting.
A that
B which C for which
9 j've been visi ting all the places .... .... . in the guidebook.
A that mentioned B mentioned C which they are mentioned
IQ There are no t heatres in the town .......... .
A living in B that living in C that he lives in
13 There was a strange man .......... in t he doorway.
A to stand B standing C who standing
14 What'S the name of the actor ...... .... James Bond in this film?
A playing B p layed C who playing
IS It 's im portant
.. anyone your PIN number.
A to tell not B not to tell C t hat to not tell
16 Pat rick was the only studen t .
100% in the test.
A to get B that getting C who to get
17 Marion moved house ........ .. neare r to her elderly parents.
A (or to be B that to be C to be
.,.. Unit 76
18 .......... they said to me was really surprisi ng.
A Which B Wha t C That
236
.,.. Unit 77
19 Why don't you show me .......... you bought today?
A the things what B which C what
.,.. Unit 77
20 These days 1 read .......... than I used la.
A t he more books B more books C t he most books
.,.. Unit 77
-.
!.It
Linking words
~:
0:
:;; '
Od
15
Before you start
1
Read the extract from a geography textbook . look at the highlighted grammar examples.
The Indian monsoon
The Indian monsoon is rain caused by hot
air blowing over India from the Arabian Sea.
Monsoon rains are very heavy in India because
of the Himalayan mountains in the north of the
country. The mountains are too high for the
clouds 10 pass over, so all the rain falls on the
south side - over central and northern India. In
addition to the rain, there are high winds and
frequent storms.
The monsoon begins some time dunng June and lasts for several months. Up to 10,000 millimetres of
rain can fall during this period. Even though Indians are used to the monsoon, there are many towns
that still can't deal with all the water. In fact there is so much rain that most cities get flooded . After
falling continuously for two or three months, the rain eventually stops in September.
Although people in most countries complain about rain, Indians are pleased to get the monsoon.
Not only does It cool the air, but it provides the water that is necessary for growing crops. Since 80
percent of the year's rain falls during the monsoon, farmers have learned to grow suitable crops mostly rice and cotton_
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted grammar
examples will help you.
1 We didn't go to the beach because of/because the bad weather.
2 For / Since we have a large ga rden, we should have the party at our house.
3 There was so much sun tllat we gOI / to gel sunburnt .
4 The suitcase was too heavy me / (or /lie to carry.
5 Not only lie arrived / did he arrive late, but he didn't bring a present.
6 In additi on to we paid tile hotel bill / /lIe hotel bill, we had to pay for parking.
7 Despite / Although it is hot in Augu st, we enjoy going to the beach then.
8 The ma nager refused to give us a refund despite / even tllollgll we had a receipt.
9 We u sually take ou r hOlidays d/lring / while the summer.
10 After living / to live in Thailand for a year, we got a taste for spicy food.
3
>>>>-
78
78
79
79
80
Unit 80
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
>>>- Unit 81
>- Unit 81
>- Unit 82
>- Unit 82
Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
SU!A!] 01 2upnp 6 q Sn0 4~ uaAa 8 lj2nOlHlY L II! Q laWlj a41 9
,;)A!llC ;)lj P!P S ;}W 101 t 108;}M lcql £ <l:JU!S Z 10 asn C:Jaq
o Go
Gr1 ' lne
for a full diagnostic test
237
-~"'," ~·';;Jjll~/l't.~e~,:au5e there is plenty of sunshine and rain,
farmers in some parts of Asia can grow two nce
crops a year They flood the nce fields With water
in order to
the
1 Join ing clauses
We always use linking words (e.g. becallse, sin ce) to ioin a subordinate clause to t he main
clause in a sen tence. The subordinate clause gives us more in format ion abou t the main
clause:
lin ki ng word
main clause
ubordinat cia
used
an fain
We can pu t the subordinate clause (+ comma) at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis:
f"'armers
({Ill
'W
0
ro s u
ar
Because there is p len ty of sunshine mId raj", farmers call grow two crops a )'ear.
o r we can use it to talk about something we've al ready mentioned ( ~ Unit 103):
T lley always ask to see a members/lip card. Since we (Iou 't I/(I ye OfIC, \\le ca ll't get i"to the elub.
2
Int roducing a reason
We use 1x'C(IIlSe to introduce the reason for something:
I don't Ilse traim because tl,ey are too expensive. Tile sllow was cancelled bealllse it ra ined .
If we use a noun fo r the reason, we use because of.
f do,,'t use tmins beca use of tile cos t. Tile sllow was cal/celled IJealllse of tile rai ll .
We use as or sinci' to introduce a reason we already know:
A s we're IM e, we'd better get a tax;' (We know we are late.)
We ca,,'t get into tllis club s ince we don 't h ave a m em bers/l il) wrd. (We know we don't
have it.)
Other meanings of as )- Units 22.213 and 82.1 and since )- Unit 37.3
3
Introducing a purpose
We use ill order to, so as to, ill order tlwl and so tllat to say why we do something.
MAIN CLAUSE
UNKING WORDS
They flood the rice fields
to I in order la I
with water
so as to
They've changed the law
in order that' so that
+ SUBCLAUSE
+ lNflN
,
protect the
young plants.
the police can listen to caffs .
• We often use modal verbs (e.g. ca", could, will, would) after so that and i" order tllat:
I'm buying a l1Iagazille so thatI'll have som eOliug to reatl on tile flig llt .
• We can lIse all these expressions to introduce a negative result:
I callght tile earlier trai" so ( I S not to be late for my interview.
We look plenty of dollars so Olat we wouldn 't r,," Ollt of cas h while we were ill tile US.
Infin itive of purpose (e.g. f went to the shop to get some milk.) )- Unit 76.3
238
Practice
1
Choose the correct words in italics. In one place.
both answers are possible. CIIIl'I listen and check.
AMAI\'OA
Hello, Elizabeth. W hat are you doing here?
F,Lll.... 1I1'.T1-I
f've come (O)@lforbuyoneof those patio heaters.
"' MANOA
ReaUy?
EU7.ARETH
AMANUA
I'.LlZAIIF.111
" ).,lANDA
2
Match the two parts of the sentences.
o
1
2
3
4
S
6
3
Yes, we thought we'd buy o ne (1) because ofI as it's
getting cooler now. We need one (2) ill order / so that
we' ll be able to carry on sitting outside in the evenings
.. . and - well, it's (3) because I because of the grandchildren, too.
They love playing in th e garden when they come to us after
school. I want' to be able to si t outside (4) ill order I so that to watch
them . What about you?
Oh, I'm looking for a hosepipe. (5) As I Sinci.' the garden's so large,
it's really rather hard work with just a watering can - and ['m not getting an y
younger! But th e> ones here are al[ too short. I need an extra lo n g anI!
(6) so as to I ill order Owl reach the plants at the back of the ga rden.
What about an automatic watering system? (7) Bealllse of I Becallse this summer
has been so dry, we've put o ne in our garden . It 's very good. It comes with an
automatic timer (8) so tllClt / sillc(' you don't have to worry about turning it on
or o ff.
What a good idea! I'll see if they' ve got one here.
We water the plants because ~
We water the plants because of
Because it doesn't rain very o ften,
We wa ter the pl ants so as
In order to make the plants grow,
We water the plants so
We wale.f the plants to
A
B
C
0
E
F
G
we water the plants.
make them grow.
it doesn't rain very often.
that they wi ll grow.
the lack of rain .
we wate[ them .
to make t hem grow,
Find six more mistakes and correct them . Tick (.f) the correct sentences.
CIIiID listen and check.
o
.,
Carri e wore a big hat so fef not to get her hair wet in the rain.
We arrived at the theatre early that wc could get good tickets.
2 I'm going swi mming every day for to lose weight.
3 Since you don't have any money, I' ll h ave to pay fo r you r meal.
4 I got up early so not to be late for the job interview.
S
6
7
8
4
The fi sh are packed in ice so as to stay fresl1 for the journey.
I couldn 't play football for six months because my broken leg.
Louis studied English in order understand Ame.rican films.
Wc didn't h ave a h oliday last summer because of we didn't have enough m oney.
Complete the sentences so they are true for you.
o I'm stud ying English so that .!. .~~..~~,1..~t:!1.L.i:t.~. ~.~~.~ . ~~..~~~~~~.......
1 I'm studying En glish so that
.. ... ......... .
2 I en joy
3 I'd like to ....
4 [can 't stand ..
..... ... .... .... because
in order to
.... ..... .... because of .. _.. .
239
79 Causes and
results
Hurricane Ka lrina passed j ust cast of New
O rleans with winds of over 200 km per hour.
As a result. local ca nals were damaged in
fifty places. Tlle damage was so had thlll
more than 80 percent of the city was Hooded.
1 therefore, as a result
In forma l Engli sh we can use Therefore o r As a result (+ comma) to introduce a result in a
new sen tence:
cause/reason
result
,
I
There \Vas a major hurricane. As
(l
result, local ewwls were (IOmagel / ill fifty places.
Tra;IlS l/ave become very expensive. Therefore, more people are travelling by hus.
2 so, such a (lot of)
Wc often use so to introd uce a result:
There was a lot ar mi" so the city was flooded . I slept late so I was latc for work.
Wc can also use so and such + a tll(l t clause to give more information abo ut the cause
and lin k it to the resul t. In spoken English we often leave ou t /lw t.
• so + adjective/adverb: Tile damaje was so bmi (Owt) tile city was flooded.
• SlIell + a/all (+ ad jective) + noun: It was su ch a stro ng hurrica ne (th at) tile city was flooded.
• so mlldl/fittle + u ncountable nou n: He ate so II1l1ch food (Ow t) he feft sick.
• so many/felY + plural noun: Tllcre were so m {lllY people (tha t) we couldll't gct ;,/.
• s/lcll (I lot 0(+ nou n: TI/ere was such a lot oflloise (t/lat) 1 jllst cOllltlll 't sleep.
3 too, enough
We use too and el/ollg"
+ infinitive with to to say wh y a resu lt is/isn 't possible:
POSSIBLE
EXAMPlES
not too + adjective
adjective + enough
adverb + enough
enough + noun
I'm not too old to dance!
My new laptop is light enough to carry anywhere.
I worked just hard enough to pass the course.
There's enough food to feed everybody at the party.
NOT POSSiBlE
,
too + adjective
too + adverb
too much/many + noun
The lake is too cold to swim in.
Caroline types too slowly to be a secretary,
This is too much work to do in one day.
nor + adjective + enough
nor + adverb + enough
nor enough + noun
The lake isn't warm enough to swim in.
Kevin doesn't exercise often enough to get fit.
There isn't enough money to pay for it.
"
To int roduce a d ifferent sub ject before t he infinit ive we can use for + subject + in finitive:
There isn't m Olls h work for liS to do today. It's loo far for h im to cOllie.
A
240
Ad jectives and adverbs always go BEfO RE elloIlS";
X "11111(;]1 etlEmg/' sHtmg l'9 ClIR)' tlmt bag. ./ I'm not st roflg efl ougll to carry thal bag.
Practice
1
Complete the sentences with the words a nd phrases from the box.
a lot of as a result for many ffltH:I:t so such
o
There was so .~J:1:
........ flooding t hat we couldn 't get back to our homes .
There was such ... ..
....... snow we could n't see out of the windows .
2 The waiter behaved ................ .. . rudely t hat I walked out of the restaura nt.
....... ., the lakes d ried up completely.
3 It d id n 't rain for four months.
4 It was
.. ..... .. a lovely pictu re I really had to buy it.
5 The shop had so
..... ... .. .... bran ds of sh ampoo I just did n 't know wh ich one to get .
6 That car's much too expensive
2
.......... us to buy.
Complete the second sentence so it means the sa me as the first, using the word in brackets.
Use four or five words in your answer. a!D Listen and check.
o
Wc can't go o u tsid e today beca use it's really cold.
It's }~q.. ~J.4.fo.t:.. ~.. .
..........
to go o u tsid e today.
Th e chair is too uncomfortable to sit in.
The ch air ... . ...... ...
(for)
(com fo rtab le)
. .......... sit in .
2 It 's possible to read t h e book in fi fty minutes because it's short.
The b ook ................... .
(t hat)
..... yo u can read it in fi fty m in u tes.
3 Because I' m only sixteen, I can't vote. (young)
I'm ............... ..
.. .............. because I'm on ly sixteen.
4 We can't swim across t h e ri ver because t h e water is movin g very fast.
Th e water ..
.......... for us to swim across the river.
5 There was such a strong wind that I cou ld hard ly stand u p.
It ..... .............
3
(too)
(w indy)
co uld hard ly stand u p.
Complete the text with one word only
in each gap.
am Listen and check.
Tsunami
One of the greatest natural disasters of recent years was the tsunami that
occurred on 26 December 2004. It was (0) ........ ~.~ ... destructive
(1) ...
.. more than 225,000 people were killed.
The tsunami (or tidal wave) was caused by (2) ........... .. a powerful
earthquake that it was felt as far away as Alaska. The result was a 30 metre·high
wave which hit all the countries bordering the Indian Ocean. There was almost
. .. , very few people were prepared for it.
no warning of the tsunami. (3) .
Many houses were destroyed because they weren't strong (4) . .. ........... to
. ... young or weak to hold on to solid objects were swept out to sea.
resist the huge wave. People who were (5) ...
Many of the beaches hit by the tsunami were popular with tourists. (6) ............. a result, more than 9,000 of
the casualties were European visitors. Most of the countries around the Indian Ocean didn' t have (7) .....
resources to cope with the disaster (8) ....... . ..... it was necessary for international agencies to help in the rescue
operation.
Fortunately, there was (9) .... ... ....... much publicity that more than $7 billion were raised worldwideenough (10) ...... .. ... .. many people to rebuild their homes.
C>
Go on lme for more practlCf'
241
1 and, both, not only
To add extra information we lIse {Iml :
Dove tllmed the key and opened the door.
To co nnect two similar actions, th ings or people wc can use bolh ... aJl(f:
Clim Eashvoo{{ both acted ill the film and directed it.
We stock botll gas mId electric cookers. Botlt MeI(lIIie alld Iter sister lire doctors.
To emphasise two pieces of information we ca n use lIot ollly ... (bllt/bllt a/so):
It's
1I0 t
ollly expellsive, it's badly m ade.
Not Oll'Y is it very cold, bulllle 51111 ollfy shines (or two /lOlIrs a day.
Not only d()('s tile machine wash yOllr clotiles, /Jut it also dries them.
A
If there is a subject and verb after IIot Oll/Y we put be o r an auxiliary/ modal verb
(e.g. do, does, did, a m) BEFO RE the subject (» Unit 102.2):
It is very cold. - X .'¥Bt 810'1.,. it is \'t'J?' fflid .I Not oll/y is it l'i'f}' cold ."
He gllVe me flowers. - X NB' BI/I>' lie gtn'e /lie ./ Not only did lie give me flowers, ...
2 as well as, in addition to
We also use the expressions as well as and (in formal English) ill addition (to):
She l/as a car as well a s {/ bicycl('. As well as a bicycle, sill' l/as a car.
YOII must SUIJply proof of YOllr CIIrrml (u/dress in additi(JIJ to proof of identity.
We offer a mnge of pl/olle serYices. It' additioll, we am supply illtemet access .
•
If we use a verb afte r as well as and i1/ addition to, we use the -illS form :
~w!1I as ",",os tile \'iolin. ./ Harry sings as well a s IJ/a yillg tile viol ill.
X rklrr,. sings as
3 or, either ... or, neither ... nor
We use or to introd uce a choice between two or morc things:
Which do yOIl prefer - tea o r coffee? I'd like a holiday i/l Spain, Portugal or Morocco.
When there are only two choices we can use either ... or:
}lOll ((I ll either com e with m e or stay here. We can go eitl/C,. by blls or by tmin.
For two negatives, we ca n use neWler .. . liar:
Slle l/as 110 ta/ellt - she call lleith e,. Sins 110" dance! (= She can't sing and she ca n 't dance.)
NcitllC" the c//airm(1/I lIor his assistant IIsually attends tile conference.
If the re is a subj ect and verb after neitller or 1I0r we put be o r an auxil iary/modal verb
(e.g. do, did, have, sl/OlIld) BEFORE the subject (,.. Un it 107.1):
Sandy has,,'t got any children aud ,with er/ llor have I.
Tlley dOIl 't watdl TV ami n or/ neith er do we .
•
242
We don't repeat the verb after IIcWler/ nor: X TI,e,' tff;lll 'f Hwlcl, TV «lid flBr tie we \~lc".
Practice
1
GRAMMAR IN USE
Complete the information with one or two words in eac.h gap.
[j]
Apollo Theatre
\ N"ither cameras
I1.O r
recording
\ d'''ioes'~~e allowed
Special tou r packages
available for 10 days
only! You can book
.. "........... on our website
T-shirts and
p~~~~~ ~~e available for
sale in the theatre foyer.
or by phone.
inside the
~
New aCCOunt holders:
2
City Car Parks
Please pay at t he machine
yOu will need to provide
Not only ..... -.....
proof of identity as
Superlux clean your
........ ...... proof of your
clothes, it also leaves
.. .. .. _............ tathe
current address.
them smelling as fresh as
summer flowers.
machine in the car park,
there is a machine inside
before returning to your car.
the station.
Complete the sentences below. using the information from the questionnaire.
CIIIIlJ listen and check.
Steve
Debra
(Iaudio
Anna
watch TV
~
./
~
./
listen to music
~
./
./
~
play computer games
./
~
./
~
use the Internet
./
./
~
~
~
./
./
What do you do in the evenings?
read magazines
o
~
$teve doesn't watch TV and neither A~.l:-!.{~~w
Neither ..
nor .............................. plays computer games.
2 Bot h ....................... .
. .......................... use the Internet.
3 In t he evenings Anna either
4
...... read magazi nes.
.............................. ........ Claudio and ............... ........... .....
5 Steve doesn 't listen to music and .
. Anna.
6 .. .... ... ... .............. .... Steve play co mputer games, he also ............................... the Internet.
7
..................... .... Debra and Claudio listen to music.
....... read magazines and .
8 Steve ........... .
3
.... .. Oebra.
Complete the sentences so they are true for you.
At t he weekends I 3'..'I<4PP''!3. ........... "well as yi.r',<i'!3"'Y3!!''''''P~.~ .. .
1 I don't .................. ..
and neither does ..................... .............................. .
2 I can both
and ........................... .................. .
o
3 I don't h ave.
4 Not on ly ...... .
.................. ......................... . or
. ... , I also ................................. .
.......................... !
243
81
Showing
differences
i
rains
in the summer, Britain
has many popular holiday
resorts. People usually
enjoy themselves despite
the bad weather.
1 Simple differences but, while, whereas
We use bllt to show a si mp le difference between two pieces of information:
Tile weather was cold bu t it did/l 't raill, Tile latest B(ltmml movie is exciting Imt very violent.
My mobile pI/OTIC l/as a camera IJUt it doesn't play music.
We can use whereas or while in more formal English:
Flight BAlOl leaves from He{/t/lrow, wltereas/wl/ile {/igM IJA2061caveS from GalWick.
Clauses with wlli/e and whereas ca n come at the start or end o f the sentence. Wc don 't start
a sentence with bllt unless bllt refers to information in the previous sentence:
./ W/,Ue the food there;s very good, it isn't expensive.
X BHHlw ,'e6d there ;5 .'ff}' good, it i-sn 't f*:pe-ns;ve,
./ Tile (ood in tllat new restallmllt is very good. nut it is,,'t (IS expellsive as YO" migllt expect,
2
Surprising differences although, even though, despite, in spite of
We use allllDl/gll, tl/ough an d evell though to in troduce a surprising difference:
A ltIlOllgh it oftell millS ill lITe Slimmer, Britaill l/as mally poplllar IlOlitlay resorts.
We ellioyed Ollr holiday eve" tllOllgl/ it mined.
They're great jeans, a/ollgh t/l('Y're expellSive,
Wc do n't use a n oun phrase after these expressions:
~ ,,,,re liked 01" \Wflk fl't'1I Olologll bml \I'ffilller, ./ We like(i ollr walk eve" t hOllgll it rained .
We use despite and ill spite of befo re a noun phrase o r an -illg verb:
People I/sl/ally elljoy themselves deS/lite tile bml wea ther.
Despite its hllge success, tile website is quite tliffiCIIIt to /lse.
J passed the exam ill spite of IIot answering all tile questio/ls.
A
If we want to include a subject and verb after despite or ill spill.' of we add the fact that:
/" spile if "lineel, we liked OIlF-WfHlf. ./ III spite of t.he fact tha t it railled, we liked Ollr walk.
~
NATURAL ENGLISH In spoken and informal English we often use though at the end of a
sentence to express a difference:
We had a great IlOlitlay. It millcd most of lhe time thollgh!
3
Formal differences however, nevertheless
In more formal English we can use 11Oweveror Ilcvertl1eless to emphasise a difference.
We usually put the two pieces of information in separate sentences and u se IlOwever or
IIevertheless (+ comma) to introduce the second sentence:
Cre(lit cards fire very IIseflll for travellers. flowever, tile interest rates call be very high.
Egypt II(IS very little raillfall. Neverth eless, (anners grow many crops IIsing water from the Ril'(!r Nile.
Using linking words in w riting ,.. Unit 101
244
Practice
1
Choose the correct words in italics.
am listen and check.
o
Marion en joys her life 110IVcver evell thougl! she doesn't ea rn a lot of money.
1 We had a nice swim alt/lOlIgh / despIte t e water in t he pool was rather cold.
2 Dave got th e job in spite of he wore /wearillS jeans to t he interview.
3 Your phone bill has not been paid for two months. Nevertheless, / EVe1/ OlOlIglI, we are
prepared to give you one more month in which to pay before disconnecting yOUT line,
My best fr iend's a brill iant footballer despite I bill he's useless at swimming!
Blit / While the Vest ra may not be the cheapest model, it's the most relia ble.
We enjoyed t he show despite we missed I missillg the fi rst twenty minutes.
In spite of it / the fact that it was brand new, the car broke down after only o ne week.
Our classes are designed for intermediate skiers. However, / Although, we can provide oneto-onc lessons for complete bcginners.
4
5
6
7
S
2
Complete the facts with the w ords and phrases from the box.
CIIEJ listen and check.
although but it despite even though h owever
in spite of t he fact nevertheless whereas while it
~ia,nge la~,tSf.
r-"'·
(0) ._I).!t.~~./:t: ............. the USA only has 5%
of the world's population, it uses 26% of the
f
world's energy.
f ;;:~a::~s(~~a.~i.~~.~~~~~.~~.~.i~.~~.~.~.~~e;hat
r
- ; it leans at an angle of almost four degrees.
(5) .... ........ ..... .. ....... ... being 27 times smaller
~ than the USA, Norway has a longer coastline.
The valleys near Ross Island in the AntarctiC are
,
covered in snow and ice, (1) .......... _...... _.... _. _,
~ it hasn't rained there for two million years.
f ~~~~~:~:~7;)i~.~~~ ~~I.~~~~~.~~~ ~~.II~vere
f
..
..
... storms in the Pacific are called typhoons.
The Amazon occupies only 1.5% of the world's
~ surface. (3) ........ .. .... ... ..... .. ..... , it produces
20% of the earth's oxygen.
3
r·
New York is an American cjty. (7) .. _............ , .. /
it contains more Irish inhabitants than Dublin -
~ Ireland's capital city.
f
The AtlantiC Ocean
IS
much smaller than the
-:: Pacific (8) ... _.... _................ .. has saltier water.
Find six more mistakes in the conversation and correct them ,
JAN
How was t he fol k music festiva l?
RUBY
Not bad. It rained most o f thc time although! tM~h
That's no fun when you're in a tent.
I know! In spite of my tent's q uite a good one, it still let t he rai n in.
JAN
RUBY
JAN
RURY
J,\N
RUBY
JAN
RUBV
Were the bands good?
Well, but some of t he first few acts weren't great, most of t hem were. Actually, ('vcn
howeve r we were quite near the front, it wasn 't always easy to hear t he music.
Was there a problem with the sound system?
I thin k so, yes. Oh , onc thing that was great was t he food. It was delicious, despite to
be mainly vegeta rian !
So you 've developed a taste for vegetarian food, have you?
Not reall y. Although en joying it at the fest ival, I don't think I could eat it all the time.
245
82
Ordering events
We saw the hurricane
warning when
we turned
on the TV As soon as we
knew the storm was coming,
we closed the shutters on
the windows. Then we went
to the basement and stayed
there until I! had passed
over us.
1
Common linking words for time
~be~fo~r~,~~~!lI~~~~S~~~~~~we
~~we~n~tTcto~~i~~~
after
We went to the basement after we closed the shutters.
a series of events
as soon as
one event
immediately after
another
when
event(s) in a period
when
of time
while
at the same time
As soon as we knew the storm was coming, we closed
the shutters.
We saw the warning when we turned on the TV
during (+ noun)
Mandy saw her cousin when she was in New York.
I sent Cl lor of emails while I was on holiday.
I senc a lor of emails during my holiday.
()' ooriRg I was cm hoHdtly)
until
We stayed in the basement until the storm had passed.
while
Luisa fed the baby while Daniel made the supper.
We can use after/wfore + -jllg verb to show the order of events:
We wellllO the basemell/ after closing tile shutters.
After closing tile shutters, we went to tile basemellt.
We closed tile slluners before gO;'lg to tile basement.
Wi, e" , before, after and wllile/during can mean 'whenever', o r 'every time t hat ':
I always get Il eada clles wllell the weather's 11Ot. (every time that the weather is hot)
Jackie IIsed to feef nervous tlurillg exams. (every time she took an exa m)
A
After linking words wh ich refer to the future we use the present tense, not will or goillS to:
11'11
2
ph611e >'6 11 as 56611
(15
I \1'11/ (Iffll'i!. ./ I'll pllone YO"
(IS SOOll (IS
I (lrrive.
Describing a series o f events
When wc describe a series of events in t he past, we ca n use the linking words {irst, thell,
after tllat, afterwards, later, ill the end and evetllllafly (meaning 'after a long time'):
First, we closed the wi/ldow sllutters , Tllen we welll to the basemellt lI/IlI waited tI,ere.
Eve"tlllllfy, we were able to go back upstairs. Later, we wellt outside to look at the damage.
A
We put these linking words at the beginning or end o f the senten ce, not in the middle:
1 Stel't! pfficJ ti,e hill fffler I/Iat we left the Fe5Mllffml.
./ Steve paid tile bill. After IIlaf , we left tile restal/rallt,
./ Stevt' fXlid the bill. We left the restaurant after that ,
We ca n use first , next, tllen, after that and fillally in a series of inSlructio ns:
PlIt the DVD illto tile machine. Then press 'select channel'. After
you ClIII cllOose .,.
'"at.
First, pllllhe potatoes ill a pilll ofboilillg water, T llC" slice lhe IOm(Iloes, Next , take aI/ ollioll '"
NATURAL ENGLISH
Wc don't usually use more than two or three of these lin king expressions
in a paragraph .
More on linki ng words in written English
246
~
Unit 101
Practice
1
Read the information and choose the correct words in italics.
CIIID listen and check.
Vesuvius: a volcano erupts
On a hot summer morning in the year I>D 79 the citizens
of the Roman lown of Pompeii were woken by a
sudden earthquake. (0) ~ soon as /)efore people
felt the earth shake, they ran out of their houses to see
what was happening. Vesuvius, the mountain which lay
behind the lown, seemed to be on fire.
(1) During I While the people watched, a huge column
of black smoke rose from the lop of the mountain.
(2) After / Then the smoke had covered the sky, huge
chunkS of grey ash and rock started to rain down on
the ruins of Pompeii.
the city. The terrified citizens began to run into their
houses or along the streets of the City. (3) After that / While they were running, a huge cloud of grey
poisonous smoke filled the air around the town, killing everybody within a few seconds.
(4) When / Later, long streams of red -hot rock began to run down the sides of Vesuvius, burning the
trees and vegetation. (5) Eventually, / Next, after eighteen hours, the smoke cleared. Nothing was left.
All the citizens of Pompeii were dead and the town had disappeared, buried under three metres of
grey ash. It was not seen again (6) while / until it was rediscovered in the eighteenth century.
2
Complete the conversations with a linking word from A. and a phrase
from B.
am listen and check.
A a#et after that as soon as before then until while
B they asked l--ftt:ttsft I' m waiting they ca lled I began they had you leave
MUM
Right, Lama. I'm going to work. Don't be late for your interview.
LORNA
I won't. I'll leave (0) ."!ft.~:.lft.~~
:-'I UM
Have you read all the infor matio n they sent you?
LO RNA
Yes, Mum, I have. But I' ll read it again
MUM
O K. And don't forget 10 call me (2) . ... ....................... ......... the interview.
LORNA
I
LATER
............
my breakfast .
( 1) ...
.. ..... for the trai n.
won't, Mum. I promise.
m AT DA1' . ••
LORNA
Mum, it's me. J was the last one. I had to wait (3 )
interviewed all the oth ers. But it wasn't a problem. I managed to read everything
carefull y again (4). . ... ............... .. ....
. ... me.
M UM
How d id it go? Were you nervous?
LORNA
Yes, I was a bit nervous at first.
But
they were very friend ly and sta rted with some
.... ... . ....
.. to relax. (6) ...
. ... ... .. .. me
easy questions. (5) .
about my previous experience, so that wasn't too bad. Oh, the train 's coming. I'd
better go now.
247
Review
1
MODULE 15
UNITS 78 AND 79 Match each sentence beginning 1-8 with one of the endings A- E. Some of
the endings can be used more than once.
----=-----
o
In Britain it is so cold in the winter that
I
2
3
4
Farmers can't grow oranges in Britain because of
Farmers can't grow oranges in Britain because
A o ranges and lemons
can be grown there.
~
B o ranges and lemons
ca n't be grown there.
C to grow oranges and
In Brita in it is too cold
In Britain it isn't warm cnough
o
lemons.
the cold weather.
E it is cold in the winter.
5 It's cold in Britain In the winter. As a result,
6 In Britain people build specia l glasshouses in o rder
7 In Britain people build specia l glasshouses so that
8 Britain has such a cold winter that
2
UNITS 80 AND 81 Complete the sentences with a suitable word or phrase. Match them with
the pictures.
B
D
E
o This sh ows tha t you're married .~~.... .. ...... it's usually made of gold.
G
F
................... it has wings, it can 't fly . .... .
2 It can send emai ls ................... it can't make a cup of coffee.
3 People often usc this to pay fo r things in shops . ... ............... .. it can be used to get
money from cash machines.
4 You could ................... buy this from a shop or make it yourself.
5 Not on ly ................... t his allow you to breathe underwater, but it also h elps you to sce
the fish.
6 This will keep you dry in the rain . ... .. .. .
3
. .. , it doesn 't work very well if it's windy.
UNITS 80, 81 AND 82 Join the sentences, using the linking words in brackets. Make any other
necessary changes.
o Would you li kc a view of the sea'! Would you like a garde n room ? (or)
.W.~~M. Y.~~ J~ ..'!.xi.':~..of l~.f.~ .~~..'.'1. ..9~.t:~~ . ~~~ .~? ... ....... ... ... ... ......... ... .... ... .. .................. ..
We can go to t he museum. We can have a walk by the river. (either ... or)
2 I finished m y essay. Then I sent those emails. (before)
3 Andrea lives in th is part of the city. She works in this pa rt o f the Ci ty. (both ... and)
4 The company's head office is in New York. Its biggest fa ctory is in Texas. (while)
5 I was wearing a smart suit. I wasn 't allowed into the h otel. (even thou gh)
6 I heard the news on the radio. 1 immediately phoned my best friend. (as soon as)
248
7 The President didn 't resign. The Vice President didn't resign. (neither ... nor)
8 The children all caught colds. They aU went swimming in the lake the day before. (after)
9 Karl is very experienced . He can't find a good job. (despite)
10 1 felt rather sick. It happened while I was fl ying to Moscow. (during)
4
All UNITS Read the email and choose the correct words in italics.
Hi Nick
Thi~ is just a quick email (0) and (becaus,1 want 10 ask you a favour. I think you told me that
your friend William is now in the army, (1) or I eirher is it the navy? Anyway, I've decided that
I want to join the army (2) after I after that I leave university next year (3) and I or I'd like to
talk to someone about it. (4) Despite I Even though I've only met William once, I'm sure he'd
be able to give me some really useful advice. He was (5) such I so friendly that I think he'd
be really easy to talk to. The problem is, (6) w hen I whereas I met him I didn't get his phone
number. Can you give me his mobile number (7) because I or give him my number
(8) in order I and ask him to call me if that's easier?
Thanks!
Gavin
5
All UNITS Complete the text with one word only in each gap.
THE GREAT STORM
(0) .AA~~h.... Britain is a place that rarely
has extreme weather, there have been a few
exceptions over the years. They include the
great storm of October 1987. Dozens of
people were (1) .................. kilied or injured
and billions of pounds of damage was caused
to buildings (2) .................. property.
The bad weather began over the Bay of
Biscay. (3) ................... increasing in
strength for a few days, this became a
huge storm which started to move north.
(4) .................. , on the evening of 15
October it hit the English Channel. Neither
the BBC (5) .............. the Meteorological
Office had predicted the storm earlier.
(6) ................... , when it arrived, nobody
was prepared. Suddenly, in the middle of the
night. hurricane winds (7) ............. torrential
rain swept over southern England.
London was badly affected (8) ................... of
the large number of tree-lined streets. The winds
were (9) .................. strong that thousands of
trees were knocked over, falling on top of cars or
buildings that were close to them.
(10) ................... the storm there were power
cuts as the high winds and falling trees destroyed
electricity cables. As a (11) ................... , many
places were in complete darkness, which made
things difficult for (12) ................... the fire and
ambulance services.
Surprisingly, even (13) ................... there were
hurricane force winds throughout the night,
several people were completely unaware of
what was happening. Not (14) ................... did
they sleep through the storm, they didn't even
hear the falling trees crashing onto their cars on
the street. Of course, as (1 S) .. ... ... .. .. ... .. .. as
they woke up, they received a nasty shock!
249
Test
MODULE 15
linking words
Choose the correct answer. A. B or C.
.......... we know t he owner of the sh op. we always get a good price.
A Because of 11 Because that C Be<:ause
.. Unit 78
2 .......... the house is o ld, it ca n get very cold in winter.
A As B Because that C So that
.. Unit 78
3 We got up early .......... be on t ime for t he flight.
A so t hat B so as C in order to
.. Unit 78
4 Wc took an umbrella .......... we wou ldn't get wet if it rained.
A in order to B so that C since
.. Unit 78
S There was a bus strike yesterday. ........ .. most of my colleagues wa lked to work.
A So that B As resu lt, C As a result,
.. Unit 79
6 It was ... ...... I recorded it on to a DVD.
A such a good programme that B so good programme that
C so good programme to
;,. Unit 79
7 It's too cold .. ...... .. to the park today.
A for go 8 to go C that we go
.. Unit 79
8 The weather wasn't .......... her to sunbathe.
A enough warm for B warm enough C warm enough for
;,. Unit 79
9 .......... and her sister sing in the loca l choir.
A Mela nic also B Bot h Melanic C Melanie both
,. Unit 80
10 Not only .......... a new sports ca r, but he also bought a speedboat.
A did he buy B he bought C he did buy
,. Unit 80
11 Alan goes jogging every morning as well as .. . ...... to the gym regularly.
A he goes 8 going C goes he
;,. Unit 80
12 I don't wear glasses and neither ......
A do m y brothers B my brothers do C wea r my brothers
;,. Unit 80
13 .......... the hotel was comfortable, it was ra ther a long way from the beach.
A But B In spite of C While
,. Unit 81
14 We got home in tim e even t hough ...... ... ..
A a t raffic jam B t here was a t raffic jam C being a traffic jam
,. Unit 81
15 The Sin ger performed weJl despite ...... . .. a sore th roat.
A t ha t she had B having C 10 have
;,. Unit81
16 The garden is rather smal l. .......... , they manage to grow quite a lot of vegetables.
.. Unit 81
A Nevertheless B Despite C W h ereas
17 I saw myoid school teacher .......... I was in Rome.
A during B until C when
.. Unit 82
18 .......... I got into bed, J turned o ff the lig ht and fell asleep.
A As soon as B While C During
,. Unit 82
19 After .......... t he back door, I wenl upsta irs to my bedroom .
A that I locked B to lock Clocking
.. Unit 82
20 In the morning we went down to the beach . ... ...... at the beach cafe.
A We had later an ice cream B Later, we h ad an ice cream
C Later that wc had an ice cream
;,. Unit 82
250
116
Passive forms
Before you start
1
Read about Yves Saint Laurent. look at the highlighted grammar examples .
.
Great fashion designers
of the 20 th century
Y
yes Saint Laurent is considered to be one of the most influential fashion
designers of the twentieth century. His designs have been copied many times
and his ideas form the basis of many of today's most famous fashion labels.
Saint laurent was born in Algeria but at the age of seventeen he moved to Paris
to work for the famous clothes designer, Christian Dior. At first Dior had him copy
patterns and help with details, but it was clear that this young man had a great talent
for design. So, when Christian Dior died in 1957, the job of chief designer was given
to Saint Laurent by the directors of the Dior fashion house.
Saint Laurent created his first fashion collection for Dior in 1958. His designs for Dior
were a huge success and within a few years he was making plans to start his own
business. The new company was set up by Saint Laurent in 1962 and quickly became
the most successful French fashion house of the 19605 and 70s.
But it wasn't enough for Saint Laurent to design clothes for the rich and famous. He wanted to create designs
that anybody could afford. So in 1966 he formed a new company called R;ve Gauche and
had his clothes mass-produced in different sizes, so that anybody could wear them.
Saint Laurent always wanted to be different from other designers. For example, it is
said that he was one of the
first French designers to use black models in his shows. And he was certainly the first designer to put women in
trouser suits and dinner jackets - clothes that had previously only been worn by men .
2
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted grammar
exa mples will help you.
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
Your car isn't here. It has taken ; heen takell to the garage.
Do you think that iackct was designed by; ora man?
That ring was give/l to; givell my mother by my father.
My application for a loan was turned by /Ire bank down ; down by the ballk.
1 have Cllt my hair ; my hair ClIt o nce a mo nth.
My boss had me take; to take the report to the printers.
Paris is t hought being; to be the most beautiful city in Europe.
8 It is saying / said that th e city is more beautiful than Venice.
3
.. Unit 83
.. Unit 83
.. Unit 84
.. Unit 84
..
..
..
..
Unit85
Unit85
Unit 86
Unit 86
Check your answers below. Then go t o the unit f o r more information and practice.
p]I~S
.
8 aq 01 L a'l.€l 9 In:l J!Elj Aill S
)jueq a ljl Aq UMOP t Ol UaA!S f Aq Z ua'l€l uaaq
25 1
83
The passive
1
Forming the passive
We use a form o f be + past participle (>- page 348-3 50) o f the verb. The object of the active
verb becomes the sub ject o f t he passive verb:
active
v~r b
+ object
,
subject + passive verb
They buy their clothes ill the sales.
Their clothes a re bougllt in tile sales.
We don't usuall y repeat the same subject and fo rm of he in a sentence:
Th e ca rs a rc ta ken to the port, [lite cars are} loaded Ollto ships alld {lhey areJ sent to their
destinations.
_
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
tenses
They import all the clothes from China.
Did Fabio design her dress?
All the clothes are imported from China.
Was her dress designed by Fabio?
continuous
Somebody's washing her jeans.
tenses
They weren't selling those designs
last year.
I haven't ironed your shirt yet.
Her jeans are being washed.
Those designs weren't being sold last
year.
simple
perfect
tenses
will and
infinitives
-ing forms
People had seen that design before.
They will post the results tomorrow.
We need to repair your shoes.
I'm nor going to finish the report today.
I hate people shouting at me.
Your shirt hasn't been ironed yet.
That design had been seen before.
The results will be posted tomorrow.
Your shoes need to be repaired.
The report isn't going to be finished today
I hate being shouted at.
More on passive infinitives and -ing forms ~ Units 64.1, 65.2, 75 .3 and 76.1
NATU RAL ENGLISH In spoken and informa l wri tten English , we sometimes use a form
of get instead of be to form the passive. We can on ly do th is to desc ribe actions, not
states:
What happened? Did lie get beaten up ? We got st uck in tile lift (or (111 hOllr!
Other uses of get, e.g. get married
~
Unit 92.3
If we want to say who or what does an action when using a passive verb, we use
by + noun . We usually put this at the end of the cla use or sentence:
Katie Holmes' wedding dress was designed by G iorgio A rma " i.
Did you buy that sweater from a sllOp or was it kn itted by your mother ?
A
Verbs with no o bject (intransitive verbs, e.g. arrive, come, grow lip, IlappeTl, wait) cannot be
made passive:
! WQS gF6WIl up
~
~
ill EdinYurgh. ./ 1grew up in Edinburgh.
An email has been RrriW<i. ,/ An email has a rri ved .
Born is always passive:
I was Im m ill 1990. Where were your parellts born?
252
2
Reaso ns for usi ng the passive
Wc often use the p<lssive when we want to ta lk about an action rather than the person or
thing that does the action. We do this when
• it doesn't matter who does the action:
Tile votes will be cOllnted at tile end of llle meeting.
Have the /Jarcels been delivered?
• we know or can guess who does the action:
Here's your skirt. Ws been dry-cleaned. (o bviously b y the dry clea ner's)
/ brougllt my car to YOllr garage yesterday. Has it been repaired yet? (by the garage)
• we don't know, o r wc don't want to say who does the action:
My bicycle IUls bee" sW/en! (I don' t know who sto le it.)
I see tile was/ling-lip luun ' t been done again! (I do n 't want to say who hasn't d o ne it.)
• we want to talk about general feel ings or beliefs (~ Unit 86):
The b/lildillg js believed to date from tile Chirtee"l/I cenhlry. (Most people beli eve this.)
• we want to be polite or we arc in a fo rmal si tuation:
Have tile reports been typed yet? (more polite than Have YOII ty/Jed ti,e re/Jorts yet?)
YOllr applicatioll will be (fssessed by tile mal/ager. (more fo rma l than TIle mal/ager will
assess your ap/JlicaIiOlI.)
3
Using passives in w rit ing
Passives are more common in writing than in speech.
• Wc uSllally prefer to start a sentence wi th known in fo rmation (someth ing that has
already been mentioned) and then put new information at the cnd . The passive helps us
to do th is:
known information - ----,
r---
Ventlirer Lopez wore an amazing wedding dress . • Vera Wan£. designetl it .1
known
.I Jennifer Lopcz wore
in/onnatt~io~n~-----'I LI----.Jn~.~wiU!1information
all amaz;,rg weddi"g dress. It was tlesigmtl by Vtm Wa"g .
• We genera ll y don't like to put a long subject before the verb, so we often use the passive
to move the subject toward s the end of the sentence, after the verb:
[Tile low prices 011 a selection of slimmer sllits in the shop wj"dow attraded /ls.1
./ We were tlttmeted by the low prices Otl a selection of summer suits ill tile shop wiT/dow.
More on t he use of passives in writing
4
~
Units 103 and 105.2
Common uses of t he passive
We often use the passive in these situations:
news reports
academkand
_writing
I ~onsond
_ways
"-iblng
01
-
Three men have been arrested by rhe police.
The missing child has not been seen for three days.
The results were announced early this morning.
Three possibilities have been suggested and these
will be examined in Chapter 3.
The crystals were heated to a temperature of 150°.
This plant needs to be watered daily.
The doors are locked at 10.30 p.rn.
Staff expenses are recorded on form SE 11 and
supported by receipts.
The employees are paid monthly by cheque.
253
83 1l1E PASSM
Practice
1
Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first. using passive forms.
CIIID listen a nd check.
They were pa int ing that wa ll yesterday.
We've turned o ff t he lights.
We wil l send you an email tomorrow
They aren't making that mooel any mo re.
o
1
2
3
Th at wall ..~~~ ..~.~~. p.~~. Y~~~'!Y
The Lights ......................................... .
You ................................................... .
4 Do I have to fill in this form?
That tnodel .................................................. .
Does this form ............................ .
. ..... ?
5 They haven 't repai red your computer yet.
Your computer ............................ .
6 They' re going to close the road for 24 hours. The road ...................................... .
2
Complete the descriptions of the pictures, using passive forms of the verbs in the box.
build count Eieeerate fi nish repai r wash
o This house ..4..1?~ . ~Y&.r:~w.!.
The votes .................... .
2 This castle ...................
3
in 1250.
3 The roof needs ..................... .
4 The bridge ........
................ next year.
S The dishes ......................................... yet.
Use the information in the email to complete the sentences below.
_!""IX
SubtKt jWedding plans!
HI Hilary
I'm so pleased that you can come to our 'NeCIding! Jake and I have planned everything CNer the last
few weeks. At the moment we're sending out all the final invitations. (Don't WOfry, I haven't invited
Jane Anderson. I know you don't get on with herl) I was a bit worried about the cost but last month
Mum and Dad agreed to pay for the reception. They paid the deposit last week. That was a relief I
Have you decided what to wear yet? I've bought my wedding dress (it's a bit big so I have to alter
it). The shop had reduced the price.so it was only a few hundred pounds.
Do you remember Aunt Terri? Apparently she's got a fantastic new video camera, so she's going to
film the ceremony. We've got a professional photographer as well. She'll take the formal photos.
And Antonio from the Italian restaurant is doing the catering, so the food should be great!
I can't wait to see you there. It's going to be a great day!
'"cy@
o E.verything . h!¥. .k~p~~
I The final invita tio ns ..............
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
254
........... by Jake and
Lucy.
................ at the mo ment.
Ja ne Anderso n .............................
.. to the wedding.
The deposit for the reception .
.......................................... last week.
Lucy has bought her wedding dress but it has ..................................... .
The pdce o f t he d ress ............
. ............ by the shop .
The ceremo ny ........ .
............ ..... by Lucy's au nt.
The formal pho tos ........... .
....... ..................... by a professio nal photographer.
.......... ............. by An to nio.
Th e cateri ng ................... .
4
Choose the best word in italics. Sometimes both are grammatically
correct but one answer is more suitable. CIII1I listen and check.
HOW 15 PAPER. MADE?
Everyone enjoys reading fashion magazines and newspapers.
But have you ever thought about how the paper (0) we print them I
(they are printe'!Jon is mader
Most paper is (I) mode I making from wood. First, (2) they cut the wood I
the wood is cut into small pieces.These (3) mix I ore mixed with water
and heated to produce a kind of thick paste. Then chemicals
(4) we odd them I are added to clean the paste and make it white.
Next the paste is spread on a screen and (5) dried I is dried. The
water drains away or evaporates and (6) are left I leaves a thick layer
of paper. (7) We then pass this J This is then passed between two large
rollers (circular machines) to make it thinner and flatter.
(8) The paper can then be cut I They can then cut the paper into the
correct sizes.
5
Three more of these paragraphs would be improved if the second sentence used a passive
form. Decide which paragraphs they are and rewrite the second sentence.
o
Philip Green bought the fam ous British clothes sto re, Moss Bros, in 2008. Because they
ran o ut of mo ney, the o riginal owners sold it.
J.~.~':l.~.!.q.l!..~Y.#~. ~.r:!!J~~! ..q ~.~~ ..l?~~~.l~y..r~~..q~.. if. ~.~Y: .
1 Live Aid was the most successful fu nd-raisi ng event of the 1980s. A grou p of well-known
British and Ameri can musicians o rganised it in Ju ly 1985.
2 The Laurentian Library in Florence is one of the greatest buildi ngs of the Italian
Renaissance. Michelangelo designed it in th e .1520s.
3 Jea ns fi rst became popular when they were worn by fi lm sta rs and Singers in th e 1950s.
Elvis Pres1ey and Jam es Dean were the two stars who had the most in fluence on young
people's fas hion at that time.
4 In recent years several high street sto res have started sell ing copies of designer jeans.
People who ca n't affo rd to buy rea l designer clothes often buy them.
6
Rewrite these sentences so they are true for you. Change the underlined part.
o
1
2
3
4
S
My watch was made in Australia.
My school was built in the 1960s.
MyoId photos are stored in the C-3 rac-c.
My favour ite shirt is made of .D.)1Qn.
My hair is usual ly cut by m y m other.
I don 't like food th at has been fried .
255
84
Passives with
modal and
other verbs
1 Moda l ve rbs
We make the passive for m o f modal verbs with the modal verb (+ /lot) + be + past participle.
There is a perfect fo rm - moda l verb (+ 1I0t) + have /X't!1I + past participle.
Present
Perfect
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
You must wash silk by hand.
You should not iron this jumper.
They might have turned the electricity off.
She couldn't have washed it yet.
Silk must be washed by hand.
This jumper should not be ironed.
The electricity might have been turned off.
It couldn't have been washed yet.
We oft en use modal present passives for written instructions and rules:
Silk ",,,s t be was/led hy hand or dry-cleaned. TIlese lights allll/ot be used olltside.
We often use modal perfect passives to make guesses about the past or to talk about past
expectations (>- Unit 48.213):
1 dOIl't kllOw wily the c(lke's bumt. It may have bee" left il/ tile oven (or too 101lg.
This computer still iSI/'t 1V0rking; it should 'lOve bee" repaired (lses (lgo!
2 Ve rbs with two objects
With t hese verbs, e.g. give, offer. buy (>- Unit 59 .5), t here are two ways of formi ng
t he passive .
• The 'person ' object beco mes th e sub ject o f th e passive verb:
S lI~ject
obiect
Amal/(/a
1V(IS giwlI
first prize
Sylvia is goillg to be offeretl a flew job
(/ II('IV kitten
Tile children
lVue boilS/if
(by tile judges).
(by ller boss).
(by their mllll) .
• The 'thing' object becomes the sub ject of the passive verb, and we put to or (or in front
of the 'person ' ob ject:
First Wilt!
was given to
Ammu/a
(by the judges).
Sy/via
(by I,er boss).
A lIew job is goillS to /x offered la
tile cll ifdrc" (by their lllmt).
A new kitten
lVas bollgllt for
3 Verb + adverb/prepositio n
We can usually make passive forms of phrasal verbs (>- Unit 91) if they have an object:
Tlley pulled dowII tile old school ill 2005. - The old schoo/lWIS fJlllletl dow" in 2005.
Sally IUls give" away Kemal's CDs. - Kemal's CDs ha ve beell givm away (by Sally).
A
We don' t separate the verb and adverb:
1 KeIllHI'S Bid CH9tlles IIH\-e bee" gi\'t'J'1 b>' San" snLRt··
There are a few prepositional verbs (>- Unit 90) that are common in the passive:
The old Hoover factory IUlS IU!CII IIsed as a supemwrkt't (or several years.
Nf.'W York is k llow" as 'The Big Apple'.
Coca Clumel wa.~ rcgtlrded as tI,e best (lesigner ofille 1920s.
256
Practice
1
Write t he words in the co rrect o rder.
o
c.m Listen and check.
the questio ns all be answered must
.AU. .~~ .q~~!V..~.( . k~.fmm~~,
down by t he comm ittee o ur pro posal been has turned
2 left was by m y grandfather to me that house
3 a pay rise hasn't Geraldinc given been
4 be in the USA can this mobile phone used ?
5 taken couldn 't that ph oto been at o ur wedding have
2
Rewrite these hist o rica l f acts. using passive forms. Begin with the underlined w o rd .
o The Fren ch government gave the Statue of Uberty to the United States in 1886 .
.~. s.~.~~ .if.. ~ik~ .~~{. j.~r.~. !.~..~~ . 0.~0..s.~~!.'d. . p.y.. !.~..f.r:~h..!1p.¥.~.. f~. J"f.~:..... .
The Spanish brought potatoes to Europe in the sixteen t h century.
2 Neil Armstro ng took 3n American nag to the moon in 1969.
3 Tho mas Wolsey gave Hampto n Court Pa lace to King Hen ry VIII in 1525 .
............................................................................................... , .................................................. .
4 The South African governmen t scnt Nelson MandeJa to prison in 1962.
5 France sold i.Qujsjana to the United States in 1803.
3
Find six more mistakes in the conversation and
correct them. CIIID List en and check.
fJ(PERT
Well, thi s is an interesting fash ion print. Did you buy it ?
OWN !'.R
No, it was given to me :¥ my grandmother just before she died.
EXI'EI(l '
So she was the pe rson wh o bought it?
O W NER
Not exactly. She found it. It had left on the side of the road by
somebody.
f.x rERT
How amaZing. Tell me, is th is the original frame?
OWNER
No, I think it may been changed when my grandparen ts moved
house. They had a really good carpenter and he made new
frames for all their pictures. It might have been put in to a new fr ame fro m him.
EXI'E RT
That's a pity. These prints are always worth more if th ey've been keep in their
original fr ames. [t should n 't have been taken o f the o rigina l fr ame o ut, really.
But if it was for sale put up I ex pect it might fetch several hundred pounds ...
257
85
have something done
1 have/get something done
Wc use limit.' something done (/Ia ve + object
+ past participle) when somebody does
somet hi ng fo r li S (something we want o r ask
them 10 do):
Grrafd IIUS a I/Ms SIl;ts nuuJe
for /lim .
(His tailor makes them .)
We're going to IlU ve ollr kite/,ell pa;'lted .
(Decorators are going to do iL)
Wc can use this pattern wi th all tenses of
l/(/ve and make questions and negatives:
Will tltey have their IlOuse painted /lext
year?
W/ull lw s slle had done ill lhe gardm?
Have YOII had yo ur hair Cllt?
a tailor in London. Today Gerald's getting
him to make a winter SUIt.
We havc,,', /1(1(1011' car repaired yet.
We ,lid,,'t have ollr house painted last yellr.
fORMALITY CHECK In Info rmal English we can use get something dOlle wit h t he same
meanings:
Your Iwir's lovely. Where tio YOII get if cut? Call I get m y Ctl r lWls h ed Ilere?
We also use haw/get something done when somebody does something to us that we didn't
want o r ask for, oft en something bad .
Serge; got his pass/HJrt st:olell yesterday. (: A thief stole it.)
A
We always use Imve (not get) something dOlle in the present perfect ten se:
)t We ' lre g 91 611f WRIer SI"fIP'" diSC€lImected .
./ We've 1/(1(1 ollr w(lt er supp ly (IiSCOlIlJ ecteti . (= The water company did it .)
2 have somebody do something, get somebody to do something
In fo rmal English we use have + obj ect + infinitive 10 lalk abo ut making someone do
something:
Tile customs of'(icer had m e ope" my suitcase. (: He made me o pen my case.)
I'm sorry about tile mess ;11 YOllr room, sir. /'11 have someone clean it immediately.
In informal English we use get + object + to + infi nitive with the same meaning:
Gemlrl's gt' ltlllg I,i", t.o make a SlIit. I got the chi/tirell 10 cle", Oil' their rooms yes terday.
If we tell a person to make something happen, wc use t he imperative:
Tercsa, I",vc tile IIew l)(Iti eflts fi ll ill (onl/s, please.
When YO" go to the shop, get th em to gi ve YOllr mOl/ey back.
The form s with seL arc more common in British English and the forms with have are more
common in American Englis h.
3 need + -ing
We can use an -i1l3 form o r infiniti ve after /leed in order to give a passive meaning:
These dirty clollles /l eed to be wash ed . (: It is necessary for somebody to wash them .)
- These clotlles n eed waS /ling .
My Iw ir;s very 10113. It needs to be wt . - My h(lir neells wtl'illg .
More on need for necessity ,.. Unit 50
258
Practice
1
Complete the sentences, using a form of have. get or need and suitable forms of the verbs
in the box.
break
J*H+lt- show test wash
...t •
~::
.... her nails .p.~~':t!~ ..
.... his eyes
Kart ........... .
2 That van
3 The police officer .......... "
4 Barry ............ .
2
GRA MMAR IN USE
........................... him m y driving licence.
.. me
.............. in a boxing match last year.
. ........ his nose
Read about the dub and choose the correct w ords in italics.
aDD Listen and check.
THE SPOIL YOURSELF CLUB
• What is the Spoil Yourself Club?
The Spoil Yourself Club is there for your every need, Once you pay the $10,000 membership fee you
1&0 arrang~a l mosl anything you want.
can caU us at any time and get us (0) arrange
• What can you get for me?
• What about other services?
We can get almost anything for you. For
example, if you need a new designer dress for a
If you've had a hard day at the office and JUst
want a relaxing massage, we have a team of
special party we can have a top designer
excellent therapists ready to help. You can
(1) produce / produced something for you
have your hair and make-up (6) to be done I
within a few days. If you need a table at a five-
done by our expert beauticians. But we haven't
star restaurant we can (2) have had / have the
forgotten about those everyday problems. So,
best table (3) reserved I to reserve for you at
if your central heating system breaks down we
just an hour's notice. If you've had (4) cancelled
a flight I
a flight cancelled, we can get one of
will get a plumber (7) coming I
to come to your
house in half an hour. If your car needs
to service,
our pilots (5) to fly / fly you anywhere you desire
(8) servicing I
in our private jet.
mechanic collect your car and return it to you
we can have a
later the same day.
3
Complete the sentences, using suitable forms of the w ords in bra ckets.
alI!J listen and check.
o Your room is filth y! .G¥...~~..~lM.~..'"!P. . . at once! (get / it I clean up)
1 I' m going grey, so I .. .. ....................... ..
2 Sindy .. .. ... .............. .. ..........
.. ...... every six weeks. (have I m y hair I colour)
... wilile sile was at tile gym. (get I pilone I steal)
3 Something is wro ng with your TV. I t hi n k .
. . .............
(it I need I check)
I those docu m ents / copy)
you r bags u p to your room now, si r. (have I the porter I take)
...................................... here? (get I my passport photos I t ake)
4 .................................. .................... while you were ou t? (get
5
6 Excuse me. Ca n I
6
Go urllllw for more pr<'lc
tiff'
259
86
Passive reporting verbs
1 Using passive reporting verbs
We can use passive reporting verbs
• to ta lk about general fee lings or beliefs:
His compollY is thought to be wortl, almost
three billion dollars. (= Many people think
this.)
• when we don't know (or we don't want to
say) who made the statement originally:
fl was s uggested that tile factory shollld be
closed.
I'm afraid your fees were considered to be
too expensive.
2 Patterns with passive reporting verbs
We usually use the reporting verbs believe,
consider, expect, know, report, IInderstand, say,
state and think. There arc two patterns.
• It + passive verb + tllat clause:
It ;s said that Ra/ph Lal/rell is tile world's
richest fashion designer.
Yesterday it was reportee/ that fl,ree
prisoners had escaped frolll the islalld.
• Subject + passive reporting verb + to + infinitive;
The American team is exp ected to will. (=- Most people expect them to win .)
His compallY is tl/Ought to be worO, almost three billioll doUars.
To talk about the past, we use the perfect infinitive (,.. Unit 65.2); there is an active and
a passive form:
People say ti ,e Romans built tile tOWII . - Tile Romans are said to /,ave built the tOWII.
People believe the town was built by the Romal/s. - The tOW/I is believed to have bee"
built by t/U! Romans.
FORMALITY CHECK These patterns are used mai nly in news reports an d in academ ic and
scientific English:
Tllese poems {Ire cons idered to be Slmkespeare's (illes t works.
TI1e " ew software is expected to require more memory.
3 supposed to, meant to
SlIpposed to and meant to have several meanings
• Wc often use them for something that was arranged or expected but didn't happen;
He was s upposed to plloue lIIe yesterday. (= I expected him to phone but he didn 't. )
WI,ere are tlte keys? They were s upposed tu IIave beell left on my (iesk.
Wlrere's /ollll? He was m eant to be Ilere IIalf Oil IIOllr ago!
• We also use supposed to/mcallt (0 for th ings we should or shouldn't do. We often use it
when people 'break the rules' or do thi ngs we think are wrong:
You call't go ill t"ere. YO/l 're m ca"t to U/uit Olltside.
SIlIl! We aren't s upposed to talk ill tlte library.
• But slIpposed to/meallt to can also describe a general belief:
Try their lamb curry. It's s upposed to be rea/ly sood.
You s"ol/Id take /lIe traill; it's m eant to be less stressful tlWrI (lyillg.
More on reporting verbs and patterns >- Module 13
260
Practice
1
Choose the correct meaning, A or B.
o
PhiUipC Starek is considered to be the world's greatest designer of household objects.
®
A PhiUipe Starck thinks this.
Many people think this.
Tom Cruise is said to be the richest fi lm sta r in the world.
A p(>Qple think this, but it may not be t rue. R This is a fact.
2 Wc're supposed to take a present with us.
A Our hosts eX pl!ct us to take a present. B We forgot to take a present.
3 It is believed that the government will cancel the high speed ra il way line.
A The government believes th is will happen. B Some people believe this will happen.
4 How annoying. We were meant to have seats in the front row!
A They've given us seats in the front row. B They haven't given us seats in the front row.
S It has been suggested that Martin stole £100,000 from his emp loyer's bank accou nt.
A Some people say Martin did this. B Martin says he did this .
2
Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first. using the word in
brackets. Use four or five words in your answer.
listen and check.
am
o
I expected Harriet to send me a parcel. but she d idn't.
(supposed)
Harriet ._ ..... :~~f. -"~~PP.P:f.e4..t.~J.~ ...... me a parcel.
1 Many fa shion writers think that New Yo rk is the top fashion city in the
world these days. (said)
New York _
.. ............ ... the to p fashion city in t he world these days.
2 My landlord doesn't li ke me smoking in the house. (meant)
"m
.... .. ...... . in the house.
3 The TV news says that the football cl ub has a new owner. (reported)
The football club ... ... ,.... . ......... _._ .. _
_.......... a new owner.
(supposed)
4 They wanted m e to go to their party but I was too busy.
I
.................. _.... ........ .... .... , their party but I was too busy.
5 I've been told that Armani design s
All her clothes
3
an he r clothes.
(believed)
........................................ by Armani.
Rewrite the underline d phrases in the talk, using the words in brackets.
am listen and check.
' Welcome to Ca ndleburgh Hall, the historic borne of the Westmoor family. (0) The bouse is
said IQ have been deSigned by Robert Smythsoo, a lthough we don 'I have any proof of that.
But we certainly know it was built around 1570. (1 ) We were going to visit the stables today,
but I' m afraid they arc curre ntl y closed for repairs. (2) We think they'll be finished in April.
so you'll be able to see them then. Today we're starting in the main drawing room. In fact ,
(3) many people think it is the most beautiful room in the house. But it holds a dark secret.
(4) Some people lx:lieve that Sir He nry Westmoor died here. In fa ct, (5) they say he was killed
by his own brother. Now, if you'll all foliow me, we'll move to the Queen's Bedroom ... th is
room got its name because (6) wc think that Queen Elizabeth J slept here in the 15805 .. .'
The house ... ~J.~p.~!.~..~~..~~~. ~~.~ .~~ij.~..~y...~~~ .~.~r.:~.~~......
1. We
o
2 The work
3 It ........... .
4 Sir Henry West moor
5 It .... ... ...... .. .
6 Queen Elizabet h I .
..
(supposed)
........ . (meant)
.. ................ (expected)
(considered)
..... (be lieve)
. .... . (said)
(thought)
261
Review
1
MODULE 16
UNITS 83 AND 84 There is a mistake in each of these signs and labels. Find the mistakes and
correct them.
o
I '-"
"'IU M4de it'\. the EKJ'"C
"'!It.
u.u.,/1,
This garment must
be not dry -cleaned.
This toy was iA t!=le
~ EUf911eaA UAieA maEte.
4
2
This site has been
dosed by our
engineers down
whi le we upgrade
3
This l(Jb/~ has bee"
~sen'edol'he
The shop be closed for
st aff training. We will
re-open at 2 p.m.
mDnogelllenf.
7
our servers.
5
2
Do not ope n the
doors until the train is
arrived at a station.
6
r---:--:---:---:--.
Two tablets should to
take after each meal.
UNITS 8S AND 86 Complete the article, using suitable forms of the words in brackets.
Fake fash ions
(0) It. .M.I.''-i4..tMtt. .... .......... (it I say I that) most designer goods sold in street markets these days
are fakes. It isn't surprising: most designers only se11 their goods through upmarket shops. There is
even more of a problem on the Internet. In June 200S a French court found eBay guilty of a110vving
fake goods to be sold on their website. The court (1) ....................................... (have I eBay I pay)
£40 mi11ion to the luxury brands Louis Vuinon and Christian Dior in compensation.
Of course, the people who buy these items often don't know that they are fakes. A man who paid
£500 for a 'Rolex watch' only discovered it was a fake when he (2) ...................................... .
(have I it I repair) by a local jeweller. People often find that clothes are fakes when they
(3) ....................................... (need I wash). They wash them and discover that they shrink or the
colour changes - something that would never happen with a real designer product.
(4) ... .
. .. ... .............. (It I often I argue) that designer brands are much too expensive.
People don't like paying such high prices and don't seem to care that designers are losing money.
But the truth is that buying fake goods does have serious consequences because the people who
deal in these fakes are often serious criminals. They (5) ......... ..
. .. ... ... ............ (have I the
goods I make) in sma11 factories in the Far East or South America and then import them to Europe
and the USA. Some of the people making the goods (6) .. .. .......... ...... ' ............ ...... (think I be)
children who work in terrible conditions for almost no money. They are the ones who pay the real
price for our fake designer clothes.
3
UNITS 83 AND 86 Choose the best sentence to continue each paragraph. A or B.
o Marek brought a beauti ful carved wooden table back from India .
A An old Indian ca rpenter in Delhi made it.
®It was made by an old Indian carpen ter in Delhi.
1 Davina was really thrilled when she got her first car.
A It was given to her by h er pa rents just before she went to university,
B Just before she went to university her parents gave it to her.
262
2 Susie and Jim were shocked when they visited their old school.
A Somebody had demolished it and built a block of fla ts in its place.
B It had been demolished and a block of Oats built in its place.
3 Guemica is one of Pablo Picasso's most famous paintings.
A He painted it while he was living in France.
B While he was living in France it was painted.
4 The Member of Parliament for Warton North was arrested by the police this morning.
A He is reported to have sold government secrets to the Enquirer n ewspaper.
B Some people say he has sold government secrets to the Enquirer newspaper.
4
All UNITS
Read t he note and the letter. Choose the best answe r, A, B or C below.
DlltI,
Reddlng Lexton Student Loans Ltd.
Redding House
Loughborough
LX890M
to'"'
'f tkiJ
(0)
by you II.! my IWCt of kil1-. C4u1t1
you Jo it for ttte.? It Will.! (I)
l4.!t m.:Ilttk but I've ol1ly ju.st
received it. Su. you Uitu;
8ill X
5u,",~ ~
Dear Mr Kingston,
Thank you for choosing Redding Lexton Student Loans. (2) .............. over one m1ll1on
adult students with loans in the OK, so we know that there is a. wide choice of student
loans on the market. We belleve that our Student Loan Plus Is the best choice available.
We a.pologise for the fact that you did not receive the appllcation form last m onth. There
was a. postal str1ke in Loughborough. and we believe ( 3) ............... in the post.
The appllcation form ( 4) ............... with this letter. The form (6) ............... in black ink
and signed at the bottom. Please ( 6) .......... .. .. by your next of kin.. The form then needs
( 7) ............... to OUI' Loughborough office. The bottom section (8 ) ............... and kept as a
receipt.
The completed contract (9) .............. OUI' customer service department in due course.
The first tnsta.lment of the loan (10) ... .... ... ... . direct to yOUI' bank account as soon as your
application has been approved.
Yours sincerelY,
Ja.cobDunn
Sales Executive
0 A has filling in
I A supposed to have been sent
2 A We think there are
3 A it may 10 be lost
4 A is enclosed
5 A you should com plete
6 A section 9 have completed
7 A being posted
8 A can be torn off
9 A is sending to you from
10 A can making
® has to be filled in
B supposing to be sent
B There are thoughl being
B we may lose it
B enclOSing
B should be completed
B have completed section 9
8 to be posted
B can torn off be
8 to you will send by
B can to make
e has to been filling in
e supposed 10 been sent
e There are thoughl to be
e it may have been lost
e be enclosed
e should you complete
e have section 9 completed
e that it is posting
e can be off torn
e will be sent to you by
e can be made
263
Test
MODULE 16
Passive forms
Choose t he correct answer, A, B or C.
2
3
4
5
Sorry. Your clothes .......... yet.
A didn 't been ironed B haven 't done iron C ha ven't been ironed
Film sta rs love .......... .
A been photographing B being photographed C being photogra ph
.......... in t he 19605?
A Did the house build B Was the house built C Was built the house
What happened? .......... hurt?
A Did he get B Did he been C Got he
The novel was
A by C harl es Dickens written IJ written of Charles Dickens
C written by Charles Di ckens
~
Unit 83
~
Unit 83
,.. Unit 83
,.. Unit 83
~
Unit 83
~
Un it 83
6 The experiment .......... under strict medical supervision.
A we ca rried o ut B was ca rried out C was carrying out
7 Thanks for the medicine ........... before o r after meals?
A Should it be taken B It should take C Should be taken it
,.. Unit 84
S This heater .......... in a bathroom.
A can ', to use it B no t can be used C cannot be used
~
Unit 84
9 David .......... .
A a ca r was given by his uncle B to his uncle was given a car
C was given a car by h is uncle
~
Unit 84
10 I'm not su rprised your camera isn't working. It .......... ou t in the rain!
A shouldn't have left B shouldn 't have been left C shou ldn 't to be left
,.. Un it 84
11 Rome is often .......... '
A as lhe Eternal City known B known as the Eternal City
C as known t he Eternal City
,.. Un it 84
12 Mrs Osbourne .......... o n ce a month.
A her hair coloured B has coloured her hair C has her hai r coloured
)0.
13 I .......... serviced next week.
A am being the ca r B am having the car C h ave done the car
,.. Unit 85
14 Don'l worry, sir. I ......... . you th e contract this afternoon.
A will have my assistant fax B will have faxed my assistant
C have my assistant done tax
~
Unit 85
~
Unit 85
~
Unit 86
17 The ancient Ro mans .......... cen tral heating.
A arc be,lieved to invent n arc believed have invented
C arc believed to have invented
~
Unit 86
18 We were expected .......... the match against the army team.
A to lose B losing C to be lost
,.. Unit 86
15 Those curtains are very dirty. They really need
A to wash B washi ng C have washed
16 The painting .......... worth at least fi fty millio n dollars.
A is tho ught to be B it is thought to be C is thought being
19 You can't park t here. You .......... at t he side of the building.
A supposing to park B are supposed parking C are supposed to park
20 Where's the report? It was supposed ... .... ... by this mo rning.
A to being fi nishing B to have been fini shed C to have done fin ish ed
264
Unit 85
,.. Unit 86
,.. Unit 86
Word combinations
117
Before you start
1
Read the information about curling. Look at the highlighted grammar examples.
UNUSUAL SPORTS NO 27
Famously described once as 'doing the
housework on ice' because of its similarity to
sw~ping
the floor, curling is an old Scottish
sport. The game consists of two teams
playing against each other, moving ten stones
down an ice path, trying to get them as close
to the home circle as possible. The teams take
turns to 'throw' the stone down the ice, with
players 'sweeping' the ice in front of the stone
to make it smoother. The team with most
stones closest to their home wins the match.
Most people have heard of curling, but not many people have Cl detailed ~nowledge of the sport.
In the Winter Olympics of 2002, the Great Britain women's team (consisting of Scots) enjoyed great
success and brought the gold medal home to Scotland . Many people were amazed at just how
exciting this sport could be. and were looking forward to the next Winter Olympics.
It is also quite a gentle sport. and players are unlikely to be hurt while playing it. People often take it
up when
they are children and continue playing it into their 70s or 80s! If you feel l ike trying cu rling
yourself. but you don't like getting cold, you coul d
2
try playing
a game of curling on your computer!
Now read the sentences and choose the correct words in italics. The highlighted grammar
examples will help you.
1 We usually have; take turns to put the children to bed.
... Unit 87
2 The American runners always have great ; big success at the Games.
... Un it 87
3 We were rea lly amazed at ; with the prices in Greece this year.
... Unit 88
4 Evans said that h e had no knowledge about; of the robbery at all.
... Unit 88
5 Have you heard from; of that Icelandic band ca lled Sigur R6s?
... Unit 89
6 I really don't feel like working ; working like this afternoon as it's so sunn y. ... Un it 90
7 I've read quite a lot about curling and I think I'd like to take lip it ; it up.
... Unit 91
8 'Are you coming to our party?' 'Yes, I'm looking fo rward to it ; it to.'
... Unit 91
9 I'm nearly ready. I just wan t to do; make the washing-up.
... Unit 92
10 I never use saunas because I rea lly don't like going ; getting hot.
... Unit 92
I j The team will be bringillg; takillg their medals to show us tomorrow.
... Unit 93
12 Be careful when you get into the pool - don't slip and damage ; lIl/rt yourself. ... Unit 94
3 Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
l Jn 4 Z l
dn 11
L
IjU!Supq 11 Su!Ua& at 0P 6 l! Ol S
9 ) 0 S )0 t .}e £ .}e;ulj Z a'l.t!l
SUPpOM <1)!!]
265
87
Common
collocations
1 Verb + noun
Collocations are words that often go together. Verb + noun collocations sometimes
change the mea ning of the verb, e.g. rill! + a business.
~::::::::::::::::::::::;:;;;:~;;::::;;;:J
VERB + NOUN
take
miss
turns action
When do you ta ke your final medical exams?
In this game, you take turns to throw the dice and answer questions.
a chance
The police need to take action against these thieves.
the bus a penalty
I was late for work because I missed the bus again.
You've missed the point of my argument - you don't understand.
a photo an exam
the pOint a person
a business
Radcliffe ran a good race and won by over thirty seconds.
My brothers and I have been running the family business for years.
tell
a story the truth
a joke
Go to bed! Your father won't tell you a sto ry if you misbehave.
There's no point in discussing this if you don't telf the truth.
start
work the car
an argument
Why couldn't you start the car this morning?
I knew that he wanted to start an argument 50 I refused to speak.
make
a mistake the bed
a promise
I think you've made a mistake in these accounts.
Don't make promises if you can't do what you say!
run
2
a race a shop
Verb + noun + preposition
VERB + NOUN + PREPOSmON
EXAMPLES
take
pan in pity on
care of
Aren't you going to take part in the swimming competition?
I don't take care of the children much because I work full· time.
make
friends wi th
the most of
I haven't made friends with many people here.
The wea ther 'S awful here but we're trying to make the most of it.
run
the risk of
You run the risk
have
confidence in
The company has problems, but I have confidence in my managers.
of hurting yourself i f you don' t rest after your inj ury.
3 Adjective + noun
NOUN
EXAMPLES
strong
swimmer smell
wind coffe€
I'm not a very strong swimmer.
Last night's strong w ind has blown down a lot of trees.
heavy
rain traffic smoker
Industry meal
There was very heavy t raffic on the motolWay last night.
The heavy industry outside the town creates employment.
great
difficulty time
interest success
I had a great ti me at your party - thanks for inviting me.
The athletics team had great success at the Olympics.
goodlbad
haM luck
light
meal rain
DJECTlVE
A
266
oews
coat
Biting your nails is a really bad habit -I wish you'd stop.
The weather wasn't too bad - just a little light ra in most days.
You o ften ca n 't t ranslate directly fro m other languages. Always check in a good dictionary:
1 We J/(ul R fiu le 11Ii~, Hli" )'e5i t'Ftffly. .I We Iwd a little light rai" yesterday.
ID
Practice
1
Put a line through the incorrect collocation in each group.
o
1
2
3
4
5
2
take ... care of I an exam I t"'e lisl! ef I tu rns
ma ke ... friends with I a mistake I a photo I a prom ise
(a) heavy ... industry fl uck I smoker I t raffic
(a) great ... diffi culty I in terest I smoker I t ime
tell .. . a joke I a promise I a sto ry / t he truth
(a) strong ... coffee I rain I swim mer I wind
Now complete the correct collocations for the words/ phrases you have put a line through
in Exercise 1. Add a verb or adjective.
o ..r.~.!.~..r:~.I:-: .tif... .
3
2
4
3 .. .... .... .. .... ... .... .
5
Read the sentences and complete the (allocations. Use a verb in the correct form. or
an adjective. CIIiID listen and check.
o w ;n you . ""'~ ... ..... t he bed, befo,. you go out t h;, mom ;ng?
1 The secret of ..... .. .......... . a good jo ke is not to laugh when you get nea r t he end.
2 It isn 't very cold in Milan in March, so a
..... .... coat or jacket sho uld be en ough.
3 That new perfu me has such a
...... . smell t hat [ find it annoying.
4 We urge you to ................ confidence in your government in these difficu lt times.
5 Th is workshop will teach you all you need to know to ...... ... .... ... .. your own business.
6 Please listen - you're .......... ... ... ... t he poin t. I'm not tryin g to criticise you at all .
7 We advise early bookin g as there is always ..
.. .. interest in t h is eXcu rsion.
B We've o n ly got a day's holiday Icft, so we'd better ..
4
the most of it.
Complete the email with collocations. Take a word from Box A and one
from Box B.
Listen and check.
A I:laQ great great heavy started strong strong take took
c.m
B
-----------
argument coffee diffi cul ty kf€* part pity rain success swimm ers
~~==~~---Subject Isports Competition
Hi Mags
I've just come back from the inter-school sports competition - chaos! I suppose we had
(O) .~~~..~~ ... ...... with the weather, as there was (1) ..... .. .. ............... for most of the day,
but the organisation was terrible. There were over 50 children running the 1OD-metre race, and
the teacher in charge put them all on the t rack at t he same t ime. I t ried to t alk to him about
it, but he wou ldn't listen and very nearly (2) ................ .
..... ...... ..... with me.
Also, the swimming went badly. You know that we have some very (3) ............
.. ... at the
school, who usually have (4) .................. _. ... in these inter-school competitions, but there was
something wrong with the water in the pool - too many chemicals, perhaps - and the girls had
(5) ....................... in keeping their eyes open under the water. After a couple of races. their
eyes were really red, so I (6) .........
.. on them and told them we wouldn't allow any
more of our swimmers to (7) ....................... in the competition.
Anyway, I think next year we should ensure that we hold the competition at our school. Right
now, I need a nice (8) .............. ..... " .. , ! See you tomorrow .
Jason
267
88
Adjective or noun
+ preposition
l1le UK's main hO I)/,! or success in the
Olympic sailing evcnllies wilh Luey .
McGrcgor, Annie Lush alld Ally Martm
(piCfl4rt'1/).
1 Adjective + preposition
feel ings
ADJECTJVE + PREPOsmON
EXAMPlES
afraidlscaredlterrified + of
proudlashamedljealous + o f
annoyed/worried/upset + about
Sally is terrified of spiders,
I'm really ashamed of your behaviour.
I'm not really upset about my ream's results.
delightedlboredlpleased
I was bored by the lesson.
.. with/at/by
behaviour
surprised/amazed/shocked
+ at/by
nicetKind/unfriendly/mean + to
We weren't pleased with the builders' progress .
Aren't you shocked at the violence in the film?
I was really surprised by Saman rha's news.
She's very k ind to animals.
abi lity
goodlbadlexcellent + at
capablelincapable + of
Nathan is excellent at painting.
Julia is in capable o f making a decision.
similarity
similarlidentical + to
different + from /to
keen + on, fond + of
mterestedlinvolved + in
That car is very sim ila r to your last one.
Spoken Portuguese is d i fferent from Spanish.
likes
other
fulllshorVtlfed + of
readylfiVfamousllate/sorry + for
LiSiJ is keen on tracing her family tree.
You aren't vet}' in volved in that book, are you?
Gary can't come - he's sho rt of money
He has only recently become fit for the
competition.
More on preposition + -ing form ... Unit 14.1
A
Some adjectives (e.g. gooli, bad) can have more than one pre(X>sition, with different meanings.
for example
• ab ility: She's quite good at work iflg Ollt maths problems.
• an ad vantage: Do i/lg reglllar exercise is good for YOII .
• behaviour: Safima is very goo(1 to I,er mother - sill! tloes (1/1 IIer sl/ opp ing.
2
Noun + preposition
needs
demand/request/need/wish + for
movement
response
riselfalVincrease/de<:rease + in
reaction!response/solution!
attitude + to
The bank has announced a rise in interest rates.
contact
relationship/contact + w i th
She has Cl good relatio nsh ip with (he students.
other
cause/cost/example + of
opinionlknowledge!hope + of
advantage/disadvantage + of
The cause of the flooding was heavy ram.
8ritain's main hope of success ... lies WIth.
He's got the advantage of speaking Chinese.
matter/trouble/problem + wi th
belief/trust/confidence + in
What's the matter w i th you today?
People don't have confidence in the
government any more.
for
Do you get a severe rea ction to insect bites?
We need to find a so lution to the problem.
• We use reiatronsh(p + between before two peopleJgroupsfthlngs;
The relationship between Aiel( and his brother has always been diffICult
I don't understand the relationship between global warming and wetter summers.
For preposition + noun, e.g. at home, on time, for sale
268
>-
Unit 18
~
Practice
1
2
Match the two pa rts of the sentences. CIIiIlIlisten a nd che ck.
o The governmen t is very worried A to h is fa t her, Ki rk .
I Princess Diana didn 't have a good relationship
~ B about the state of the economy.
2 There has been a huge rise
C for relaxation .
3 Pete Sampras was extremely good
D in ho use prices th is year.
4 Michael Sch umacher is famou s
E with find ing e nough water.
S Some countries have awful problem s
r with the press.
6 Michael Douglas looks very simi lar
G for motor raci ng.
7 Some breathing exerdses are very good
H of playing the saxophone.
8 form er US president Bill Clinlcn is fond
at playing tennis.
GRAMMAR IN
us£ Write the correct prepositions. C\IIlIliste n and check.
COACII
Everyone's fit (0) . .fo..~. .. ......... Saturday's match except for Wayne.
MANAGf.R
Wayne? Why? What's t he matter
COACH
His left ankle is painful. We don 't know t he cause (2) .................. it yet - he's
haVing a sca n this afternoon - but we may not have him for Satu rday.
MANAGER
OK, so we need a new ca ptain for Saturday. How about Ewan?
COACH
( 1 ) ...
[' m not sure. The relationship (3)
great. He's not good (4) .
. ..... him?
.. h im and some of the o thers isn't
. .... , talking to the referee. I thi n k Th ierry m ight
be better.
MANAG .:R
You' re right about Ewan, but L'ro 5tH] annoyed (5) ........ ... ....... Thierry's
comments to the p ress recently, and hi s attitude (6).................. the team in
general. Vou know, h e's been late (7) ........... ..... .. training every day this week,
COACH
OK. Perhaps we could try Roberto. It might be good (8) ................... him to
have some responsibility. He's become a lot calmer since he's been involved
(9) ................... that charity he supports.
MANAGER
3
You're right. It's time to show more confidence ("10) .................. him . I'll tell
him later.
Answ e r the que stions abo ut yourself. Use full sente nces.
o What ki nd of relationsh ip do you have with your colleagues I classmates?
L~~t:- ..'!.!J.q~.(~~~h.ip. ..~.i!.J:!:. ~y...t1.~3.¥.f... .
............ .. ... .. ........ ............ .. ........... .
L What kind of relationship do you have wit h your colleagues I classmates?
2 What were you last rea lly su rprised by?
3 What's the main advantage of studyi ng English for you?
4 Are you involved in any o rga nisatio ns? What?
5 Do you get an allergic reaction to anything? What?
6 What are you most scared of!
269
89
Verb + preposition (1)
Peter Edwards succeeded in winning first prize in thi s year's
-Young Baseball Slar' competition. His father and grandfather
were there to congratulate hhn on his success.
1
Verb (+ preposition) + object
With many verbs in English we ca n put a noun/pronoun ob ject straight after the verb:
Britisll people discuss the weatller every time tliey meet!
But other verbs need a preposition before the object:
British people talk about tile weather every time they //I eet!
A
There are many verbs that don't need a preposi tion in Engl ish, (e.g. allswer, demal/d, disCI/ss,
eIIter, expect, leave, p"onc, request):
X f~'eIJ'fJ/le dRfJped wllen he entered to the F89m. ,./ Everyone clapped when lie clltered tile room .
2
Verb + preposition combinations
Some verbs can be followed by di fferent prepositions, (e.g. talk to/talk about). It is a
good idea to check these in a dictionary.
!++~atabout
;~~~~~11 complain
hear know read speak
arrive laugh look shout stay
1
talk think write
apologise apply ask care look pay search wait work
+ in
arrive believe stay succeed
!+!;n!to~~~~~I
approve consist hear think
bump crash drive run
concentrate decide depend rely insist
1
+ for
+ of
+ on
+
to
+ with
belong explain happen listen speak talk write
-
agree deal stay
Th e Prime Minister apologised for Britaill's involvemellt ill the slave trade.
The music next door is so IOl/d Owl I cal/'t cOllcet/trate 011 my work.
AI/me(!'s job is la cleal with riiffiCIIlt customers.
It is possible to have more tha n one preposition + noun combi nati on after a verb:
I spoke to
3
270
the manager last week about the problem with the car.
Verb + object + preposition + object
Some verbs can have two objects after them. one with a preposition and one without:
• cOllgratlllate + person + 011: Peter's father congra tula ted him on iJis success.
• aCCllse/relllitlti + person + of She reminded tile player of his al?pointmellt with the (Oac/I.
• ask/blallle/criticise/plltlis/J + person + for: DOlI't blame me for yOllr m istakes!
• compare/provitie/slwre + person/thing + with: The assistants will provide YOII with /m/ler.
• borrow/tralls/ate!prevellt + person/thing + from: Do YOII tralls la te texts from English?
Notice the difference between to and at after throw, kick, Sl/Ollt and pOint:
He tllrew the ball la the girl. (for her to catch it)
He threw tile ba/l llt tile girl. (to hit her)
Verbs with two objects ,... Unit 59.5
Practice
1
2
Match the two parts of the sentences.
o Does this mobile phone belong
You don't have to pay
2 My mother's always complain ing
3 The police car crashed
4 Did you and your friends decide
S What time does the train arrive
6 I find it difficult to believe
7 The two planes didn't co llide
8 The apartmen t consists
am listen and check.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
on where to go for your holiday?
of a kitchen, living room and two bedrooms.
for children to visit the museum.
in good luck and bad luck.
into a tree at the side of the road .
with each other on the runway.
to anyone in th is class?
at London Paddington station?
about t he clothes I wear.
Complete the newspaper article with one word in each gap if necessary.
There are two places where you do not need a word. ClllIiJ listen a nd check.
18August 2008
CHINESE ATHLETE
WITHDRAWS FROM RACE
I
n the bigscst shock of the Beijing Olympics so
far, Chinese athlete Liu Xiang withdrew from the
I IQ-metre hurdles this moming. Many people in the
packed stad ium had been waiting (0) ..... .
ft..r:.... .
Liu - wanting to see this great Chinese hero - and
they walked out once it was clear he could not run.
Everyone has been talking (1) ................... Liu
since he won his first title in the 2004 Olympics
. answers. What
and then broke the world record in 2(K)6, and they
had ha ppened (5) .................. their great athlcte?
were all c:l:pecting (2) ... .... ....... .... an easy vielOry
How could he disappoint the 1.3 billion people who
for the young athlete. Although China has the most
were relying (6) .................. hi m ?
medals, a win by Li u was hugely important to
It appeared that Liu had a damaged ankle, and
thcm because Chinese athletes rare ly succeed
despite the fact that three doctors were dealing
(3)
(7) .................. his inj ury, it prevented
........... track events. As soon as Liu
walked off the track, questions were being asked and
3
the press demanded (4).
(8) ................. from even starting the race.
Find and correct the mistakes. The preposition may be unnecessary. incorrect. or missing.
o
O~
We decided La vote to choose t he class representative.
Has your fr iend apologised of his behaviour at the party yet?
2 I t hin k I might apply a job at the local sports centre.
3 Do you think th at Ca rol is keen on entering into competitions?
4 Wc don't really agree o ur neigh bour'S political views.
5 The kittens are so cute - you can't help laughing 10 t hem.
6 The police are searching the missing child all over t he town.
7 If you' re unhappy, why don 't you phone to Ihe shop and tell them?
8 Don't th row stones to ot her children - you might hurt t hem.
27 1
90
1
Verb + preposition (2)
Prepositional ver bs
Prepositiona l verbs arc a very common type of verb + prepositio n combination. Generally,
wi th th ese verbs, the preposition loses its usual mean ing. Compare:
We ar rivc(/ a t tile station (Ill hOllr early. (verb + preposition; at = preposition of place)
We arrived a t tile solutioll very quickly. (prepositional verb; at has losl its meaning of ' place')
2
Prepositiona l verbs with a small change of meaning
With some verbs, the preposition often makes only a sma ll change in the meaning of the
verb. We can work out the mean ing of many common prepositional verbs:
ask for believe in care for go for happen to listen to look at look like
say to speak to stare at talk to think about think of wait for
'Have YOII t hollgllt of (l '/amI' for the baby yet?' (thillk of'" produce an idea)
'No, we've beel! thinkins abou t it bllt IWl'(m 'l decided 011 ol/e.' (tllink abollt = consider)
3
Prepositional verbs w ith comp lete change of mean ing
Somet imes the preposition cha nges the meaning completely. Compare:
The driver braked too lIard (Ill(/ ra il i "t o the barriers. (illto = movement)
We m ll illlo some friell(/s of ollrs tile otll er day. (= met by chance)
We managed to get t l/rollgll tile crowd alld get close to tile stag('. (throllsll = movement)
I dOll" know IlOw tile people tllerl' will get through the winter. (= survive)
VERB
272
,
ING
EXAMPlE
arrive at
reach
Have you arrived a t a decision about the new teacher yet?
come across
find, meet
I came across her diiJry when I was cleaning her room.
feel like
want
'Do you want to go sWimming tonight?, 'No, I don't feel like it.'
get over
get through
recover
survive
Has your daughter got over the flu yet?
I don't know how I got through that interview- it was really tough!
look after
look into
look like
take care of
Investigate
be similar to
Can you look after the children tomorrow evening?
The police are looking into the IAIOmon's disappearance,
The baby really looks like his facher; doesn't he?
run into
meet (by
chance)
Amazingly, we ran into some old friends when we I<Yere visiting Rome!
see to
orgamse
Will you see to the flowers at Gail and Carls wedding7
stand for
stand for
mean
accept
What do the letters BBC stand for 7
We won't stand for this kind of behaviour on the streets of our dty!
take after
be similar to
Everyone says that Cheryl takes after her grandmother
11
Practice
1
Match the verbs in these sentences with their meanings. A or B.
o 1 The soldiers got over t he fence.
) A climbed
2 Has Simon got over his iU ness?
2
3
4
5
2
>B
I The police wil l look into it.
2 Look into the camera viewfinder.
The bus arrived at the Lovel! Road bus station .
2 Have you arrived at a conclusion yet?
1 What does OPEC stand for?
2 Please stand for th e National Anthem.
1 Will they get through t he journey'!
2 Can you get through this gap in th e fence?
1 We ran into her at th e supermarket.
2 The car ran into a woman at the crossin g.
recovered from
A focus your eyes in this direction
B investigate
A reached an answer
B got to
A mean
B get onto your feet
A pass from one side to the other
B
surv ive
A
met
B
hit
Write the words in the correct order. CII1iD listen and check.
o family you like do anyone your look in ?
.P..~ .y~.u.. .~.~~.!.~.."'''Y/~.~..i.~ .Y~~r. fo~.i·!-y.? ........ .. .... .
me strange a this morning really to thing happened
2 on the bus at please people don 't the stare
3 my daught« " m stay;ng fo , at home me to
4 Heath e.r's think you new what of apartmen t did ?
5 take all of him grandchildren BeTt's after
6 going to dreadful for I' m not behaviour your stand
3
Complete the letter with the correct form of the verbs in the box.
CIIID listen and check.
ask come feel look see talk think t hink Witit
"
"-
'--,
Ho..... OIC. '::PJ? I'mju5l ....."..~~ '::PJ "cp.dt rd:..c. wh..k I'm (O) .~~~...... for ~ pa.r.c. bo,dt
1:.0 T().b.ec.. I )(.rQ....o I ht\...c.t\'1:. burI Lt\ I:..ouc:h ......I:.h ':fN fC.~. b.k. I'w burI (0 ....... .
o,bo::o.k. '::PJ " bI:. ~~c. wo: ~ 1:.0 F"f~C.. I:Ii'od wo: skUd ~t. ~!:..hu 500"1. So. do '::PJ
(2.) ....... ..... ....... IiJ(.c. e~ 1:.0 I:.h-. n"IV\'S ~ of !:.he. F"rc.nch Opc.n I:.&Mi.5 ......I:.h ...-e? I 'ouIow
'::PJ'rc. " 1:.c.N\i..5 fC¥\ , I:Ii'od '.fN eo.Jd mclkc. a. wo:dl.1l1\d of Lt.. I ......::\5 ~ ~ ... i;.he fX"k. hc.f"c. n.ec.r.l:.loj
when I ( 3) ................... ~ "'" old M..RtId ....ho 1iJ(.c.5 1:.c.nni-5. I:Ii'od a.5 wc. wc.rc. (4) .................. .
1:.0 w,ch ot:.hu, ~ ~or..td I:.N>,!:. !'oN. Nld b..>o Uck.t.t.5 !:.J..o,I;. !'oN. eoJdr. 'I:. v5t. She. offc.rw I::.~
1:.0 ...-e ord di..<*'I'i;. (S) .... ........ ....... for ~ ~ for I:.~ • ....h..c.h o.x:>;S 50 .....ec. of htr. ~.
Lf '.fN'rc. vc.c.r~ . a.I '::PJ ....uI 1:.0 do ..5 boc*. ~ ~ - I', (ID) ................ _.. 1:.0 a.I I:.he. o!:.ht.t
O(l"~roI:.5 . IiJ(.c. a. hoUl l.r. P0lfl5 for 1..15. I'm !><.Xc. !:.h:Ik. f"r.",....~ ....... ( "l) ...... ............. "fUr !:.he.
chi..lo7c.J\ I::.~ wc.c.kud. What. do ':'fN (e) ................... of I:.ht. '-<ka.?
Lc.1:. ...-e k!'l()....) •.
-
N\.kk."
273
91
Phrasal verbs
1 Two-part phrasal verbs
A phrasal verb is a verb + adverb/preposition (e.g. fill ill, fah'
COl/Id yOIl (ill ill this furm (///({ relum it to liS by post?
DO/l't take YOllr calli off-we're goillg shoppi"S
om:
//Ow.
Ph rasa l verbs are similar to prepositional verbs, but t he word order is sometimes d ifferent.
• In prepositional verbs, th e preposition comes immediately after the verb and before
the object: Slw's looking ,,(ter the chi/tlrel/. She's looking u{ler /llem .
• [n phrasal verbs, the adverb/ preposition can come AFrER the noun object, and it
A LWAYS comes after a pronou n object:
Did YOII fook up tlwl word? Did YOII /ook that word
"p? Did yOIl
/oak it UI)?
::===:::=:::JI~viERM::'___J[i:+~NO
~U~NUO~B~J~ECT
~===:'=-""1
prepOSitional
verb
phrasal verb
PRONOUN OBJECT
work for (be
employed by)
I work for Gerald Bryant & Sons.
, I WfJrk GerakJ Bf)arlt 8 Sons f()f.
+
I work for them.
, I ~",fk mem ref.
take to (like)
I took to my teacher immediately.
, I fe6I<. fflj> feaffier t6 iffln1ediatE'lr
I took to her.
, I toelc f1er to.
work out (solve)
I've worked out the solution.
I've worked the solution out.
I've worked it out.
He took off his boots.
He took his boots off.
, lie 'oell: oH Mem.
He took them off.
take off (remove)
, I've ''/6,</ced 611' if.
You can work out fro m a good dictionary whet her a verb is preposit ion"l or phrasal. Look
at the position o f the obiect (st//) in these diction ary entries:
take to sth to start to like someone or something.
Sandm took to it straight away. (prepo.!itiofUll )
r-,--,
take sth off 10 remove a piece of clothing.
He sat on the bed to take his boots off. (fltr".!",!)
A lot of two·part phrasal verbs arc intransitive- they don't have an object:
Comc jll, wc'rt' almost read>', Tlte plalle look offllearly lhrt'/!' hOllrs /ale. (= left)
We often use them in exclamations:
Look out! TI/ere's a car comillg! Hurry up! Tile taxi 's itert'. Go 011, I 'm lislmillg.
A
We don't use an object wit h intransitive phrasal verbs: X Ti,e plt1lle t96k ef(tlle RIIIII'(~'.
2 Three-part phrasal verbs
There are also some phrasal verbs which have an adverb and a preposition (e.g. look (onvard
to, kt.'ep lip lI'illl, Clll dowlI 011). We don't separate the parts of t hese verbs:
A
274
.I I 'm looki"g fonwml to my holiday.
X {'Ill lookillS (oFlwil'd mr III:JURar to. X I'm looking "11' !lolifl(l,' f{JA I'(Ir<l le.
3
Change in meaning
A phrasal verb usually has a d ifferent meaning from the verb on its own:
W hile he was exercisillg, tile gymnast felf and broke his leg. (: dropped to t he ground)
The Ca nadiallS are famug behind /Jow. (= going morC' slowly th an th e ot hers)
A lot of phrasal verbs comb ine wit h different adverbs/ prepositions and have di fferent
mean ings:
PHRASAL VERB
MEANING
give
deliver
stop
You were supposed to g ive this essay in yesterday.
Why don't you give up eating chocolate?
J couldn't make o u t what J had done
reject
They offered her the job but she turned it down.
Can they t urn the race roun d and win the gold medal?
Steve tu rned up late as usual.
in
up
make
out
up for
understand
invent
make better
down
round
ch~nge
up
arrive
up
turn
M
to annoy her.
When you're the boss you can make up your own rules.
You'd better make up f or forgetting mt birthday!
Some phrasal verbs can have mo re than one meani ng:
YOII were supposed to give this essay ill yesterday. (+ o bject = deliver)
J know I call 't beat yOIl at chess. I give in! (no object = surrender)
If an ob ject is very long, we put it aft er the adverb/preposition:
./ 1 collldn't make Oll t what J had don e to aunoy her.
)( I couldn 't make what ! had (.'fIne te atme,' IIer eut.
4
Ph rasal verbs in informal English
Many phrasal verbs have the same meani ng as anot her, more fo rmal verb (e.g. find Ollt
(information) = discover, take off (your coat) = remove).
FORMALITY CHECK Phrasal verbs are more common in infor mal English.
INFORMAL
I'ORMAL
I took tile damaged CD back to the shop.
Please return damaged goods within ten days .
Wc can't put Ill' with his behavio1lr.
Staff will /lot tolerate mde behaviour.
Carrie t'lrlled dow" SemI 's proposal.
Tlltors m(/y reject III/sl/itable topics for essays.
They left me out of tile hockey team this year! Unfortunately- ollr (/ge/l ts omitted
this i"fonllatioll.
J think I'm going to cul dow" my hOllrs at work. Tile management illte"ds to redu ce
working /lOlIrs.
Call YOII throw these old things away?
We ask visitors to dispose of their mhbish.
5 Adverb/preposit ion meaning
The adverb/p repositio n som etimes helps us to work out the meaning o f a p h rasal ve rb:
stand lip I get up I lift Ill' I pick up (movement in an upwards direction). But many of th em
have oth er mea nings:
an
a
much left.
able to catch them up.
maintain 5th
The Danish boat is just keep ing up w i th the S/ovakians.
down
reduce,
movement
downward
The business was losing money so we decided to r un it down.
He fell down and hie his head.
Note your answers down on a piece of paper
out
remove
Can you take the rubbish out when you leave later7
do completely
I think I've managed to work out the answer to this problem.
stop connection
Turn the N off! J can't hear myself think.
deparl
We're setting off really early tomorrow morning.
off
275
91
PHRASAL VERBS
Practice
1 Complete the sentences with a suitable adverb/preposition. CIIIDI listen a nd ,heck.
o Are you goin g .~.u.!:, . ..... with you r friends this evening?
This report isn 't very clear. I can 't make .. ............ what he's saying.
This new d iet involves giving .............. fat and sugar.
The talks failed when the union turn ed
.. ... ... the company's last offer.
This new type of engine cuts ............. on carbon dioxide.
When you fly, wear several layers so t hat you can take them
...... as you get h otter.
6 I'd better fini sh my assignment thi s evening so that I ca n give it .............. tomo rrow.
7 Our friends wcre astonished when we turned
....... . at their doo r.
2
3
4
S
S Han nah was always very good at making ............ sto ries.
2
Complete the race report with the
correct form of the phrasal verbs in the box.
miD Listen and check.
catch up give up keep up with leaye 91:lt look out
make out make up for set off turn round
" Welcome to the 155th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race.
The crews are on the river beneath me - I'm standing on Putney
Bridge. Oxford are the favourites this year, but they've had to
(D) !~.'(~
... their strongest rower ....o~ ... ofthe boat as he has
been unwell recently. Right, they're ready to (1) ...................... .
And they're off! Cambridge immediately take the lead and Oxford are falling behind ... it seems that
they're struggling to (2) .......................... Cambridge today ... It's a bit foggy on this bend; I can't
(3)
.. them
...... very clearly, but I t hink that Oxford are getting faster.
Yes! They had a very slow start but they're (4) ............... ......................... it now. (5) ................... Cambridge!
They're (6) ................... you ................... !
Now Cambridge are starting to speed up again, but Oxford are right behind them. Don't
(7) .................. , Oxford, you're nearly there! You're coming to t he last bend ... .
There's the finish line and it's neck and neck, but Oxford are pulling ahead. Yes, that's itl After a terrible
start, Oxford have (8)
3
... the race ,................ and won! Well done, Oxford! "
Write the words in the correct order. Where there are two lines, there are two possible
word orders.
o fill form could in appl icatio n you the ?
.(1."!J.t!. .y.o.~fiH..l.~J~.f'lppl.~fi9. I;\-.forml.
already in it have fill ed I
2 meaning dictio nary loo k th e a up in
3 up looked in I d ictionary it t he
4 you forward holiday are to your looking ?
5 been it weeks forward for I've looking to
6 address you down ca n t he write me for ?
276
4
complete 1 move 1 lvemove)
move T 1 depart 1 complete
complete 1 move 11 remove
move t 1 depart 1 complete
move t 1 depart I complete
complete I move 11 remove
complete 1 move 11 remove
0 Please leave out that part of the emai!.
1 Wh at time arc wc setting o ff in the morn ing?
2 They're going to pull down the old cinema.
3 Eat up - we've got to leave in five minutes.
4 Please lift me up, so I can see what's happening!
5 The dentist is goi ng to take my tooth out.
6 My feet hurt! I really must sit down.
5
11
Underline the phrasal verb in each sentence. Then choose the correct meaning from the
words in italics.
Rewrite the formal extracts in informal English by completing the sentences below.
Use suitable phrasal verbs.
lID
[j]
BEDFORD HOTEL
Guests arc requested
not to arrive later
than 20.00.
[!J If YO; are rejected
for this position. you
may still apply for
future vacancies.
Yours sincerely
Want to
STOP SMOKING?
It is thought that
the evidence was
Then come a nd
ask your d octor
f or he lp.
rn
New College
Library
[l] Approximate time
necessary 10 solve
this puzzle:
20 minutes
in vented.
SOUTHERN RAIL
III Sizeshrinkers
Bad behaviour is
not tolerated on our
traIns . We always
inform the police.
undertakes to
reduce your weight
by 10%
in t hree months!
[§]
All books must be
returned before
the end of term.
o
We aren't supposed to }~~.~....... ......... later than eight o'clock.
I Appa rentl y, we can ask the doctor to help us
smoking.
2
3
4
5
They t hi nk that the evidence was ....
It should take about twenty minutes to
It says I can apply in future even if they .. ... .
... the answer to the puzzle.
. .. thi s time.
me ................. ..
We have to .. .... . . ..... ........... all our books ......... .. .... .. .. ... ..... before the end of term.
6 I don 't blame them jf they don't .......... _.. .. .... .. ..... ... bad behaviour, do you?
.......... .... .. by about 10 percent .
7 They say they can .... ..
.. ......... . .... . our weight
6
Find six more mistakes and correct them. Tick (.I) the correct sentences.
o
to Yoltr p"rty
We're looking forward yol:lr flart) te.
I I've decided to cut o n sweets and chocolates down.
2 What time did the plane take off in the end?
3 What does that sign say? I can 't quite make out it.
4 Come o n! Ru n fa ster! You have to keep up them with.
S You know, I can never work the answers to these awful number puzzles in this
magaZine out.
6 The children next door are so noisy. I don't think I can put up wi th it fo r much longer.
7 Your boots are filthy! Please take off them before you come in the house.
S I know I've had a lot of time off work, but I'm going to make it up for.
277
92
,
Confusing verbs (1)
make and do
We often use t he verb make to talk about creating
something or causing something to happen.
W/ mt do they m ake ill tlw i (actory?
Have YOIl m tlde a decision about tile iob yet?
Cl lot of exercise as I want
to get fit. I come 10 the gym
regularly, and it t akes Cl lot
of time to do everything. I'm
cenainly getting better on
We often lIse do to talk about carryi ng out or
completing any act ivity:
A re YOII doing a/lything excitillg (It the weekerul ? All tile studetl ts did the essay tllis time.
make +
do +
copy a decision
friends a meal (lunch dinner; etc.) Cl mess
a mistake money Cl noise a phone call
Cl
a plan progress
your hair/ma ke-up
an appointment the bed
Cl
Cl
promise
Cl
suggestion
course an exam/test (an) exercise/homework
the housework (the ironing, shopping, etc.)
research someone Cl favour well/badly
Tile workmcII IIt/ve made " real m ess of ti,e roads. Are we m"king el/olls ll m Olley althe //lament?
I lIo a lot of exercise as I walll lO get fit. T/m t 's the last lime IlIo you " fa vour!
•
We do tile Sl/Ollpillg (usually for food and other regu lar item s) but we go shopping (usually a
specific shopping t rip):
W ill YO" get some biscllits when YOll llo the sllOppi"g?
I'm goi"g SllOppillg for some /lew sllOes this a{tem oon.
2 have and take
We ca n use have and take with some actions, but o n ly take with others:
have/take +
a ooth/a shov.-er a break an exam/test
a holiday a look a rest a seat time of(
t ake +
action a bus/train care (of) a decision
medicine a message part in a photo
Note the di fference between have time and take t ime:
Do YO II h(l ve time to lIelp me with tile gardening today? We (lol/ 't have time to wait.
'How mllch time does it !lIke to cross the Challnel?' 'It only ",kes twenty minules by Eu rostar.'
have + noun for action
>- 26.2
it + takes for t ime
>- 60.3
3 get
The verb get has several different meanings:
receive
We get a lot of junk mail. , got a call from my friend in Argentina yesterday.
f ind, buy
We need to get help quickly I go t this jacke t from the local market.
arrive at I reach
We didn't get home until midnight. I've almost got to the end of the book.
fetch
Can you get my glasses from the bedroom? Hold on, I'll get a pen.
become
Eat your dinner before if gets cold. Young people are getting more aggressive.
Get is more informal than o ther words that h ave t he same meaning:
I received YOllr Cm1ll1lllllicatioll. (formal) - Jgot your letter. (informal)
fORMAlTI Y ( HE CK
We use gel + an ad jecti ve to talk about changes:
get changed/dressed get engaged/married get fit get ready get well/better/worse
Hurry up (Il/(l get dressell or we' ll m iJS tile train!
/'/1/ certainly getting bett er on tile rowing machine.
278
ID
Practice
1
Write a sentence about each picture, using the word in brackets and a suitable verb.
[j]
(phone call)
o
(exam)
H~.. ~~~~ .~. P.~.~..~~!:
(sh ower)
(mess)
3
4
5
1
2
2
(medicine)
(make-up)
The underlined phrases below are too formal. Rewrite the sentences, using a form of get
and the word(s) from the box. CIII'D Listen and check.
the answer better aH etflai l help older ready
o
We received ao electronic communication from our daughter in Bali t his morning .
.w.~.!J~/. ,~.~. ~,~.i,~ fr.q~..~~r.. ~Dl.j:t!J.'¥.~!' ..i.~ .~~~L ~~. ,~.~~ .......... _...
...................... .
Come o n , kids! Haven't you prepared yourselves for the party yet?
2 'think J've broken my leg. Can you obtain assistance. please?
3 He's qu ick! He arrived at the solution m uch faster than the rest of us.
4 It's more difficult to cli mb stairs as your age increases.
5 Has your husband's health improved after his fall?
3
Complete the conversations with suitable verbs in the correct forms.
BID listen and check.
JOHN
ANDREW
JOHN
ANDRf.W
2
"EX
D,\D
"EX
PAl)
3
[,llAR
CARMEN
l'lI.'\R
Have you (0) ..~~~_ ... a decision about the new team coach yet'!
No, but I've (1) ...
. ... an appointment to interview someone to morrow.
Oh, rea lly. Who?
... all the coaching cou rses and he's (3) ............. .
Martin Adams. He's (2) .
a lot of progress with h is present club. I think he'd be a good choice.
Dad, will you (4) ............. me a favour? Wi ll you be my ten nis partner? 10e's ill.
I' m busy, Alex. I don 't (5)
....... time. Sorry.
How much time does it (6) ............. to play a game of tennis? You're always
. ... fitter.
saying you want to (7) .
Oh, all right, t hen. I' ll go and (8)
...... cha nged .
Are you (9) ... ... ....... anyth ing tomorrow, Carmen?
Yes, I'm training. I' m going to (10) .... ......... part in the marathon next month,
so I'm (11) ..
a lot o f exercise at the momen t.
You must be ( 12) ..
..... a lo t fas ter, then.
279
93
Confusing verbs (2)
1 come or go, bring or take?
Come/brillS and go/ tllke have opposite mea nings.
=
come/bring movement towards the speaker:
Can I come and ride your horse this evening?
go/take,", movement away from the speaker:
They're bringing their children with them so
I'm going for a ride. 1'1/ see you later:
His wife went to Australia, taking the children
we'll meet them for the first rime.
with her.
We can also use come!brillg to mean 'with the speaker':
We're goillS 10 tile cillema tllis evcll illg - would you like to cOlli e witllus?
You 'd better brillg (/ co(ll 011 ollr walk tOIl/O"OW - Ws likely to m ilT.
2
live and stay
• Wc use live to talk about permanent situatio ns or lo ng periods of time:
Liolls live ill social groups called 'prides'. Rosie Iivc(1 with I,er gmmlJXlfCtIls wllell sill' \V(IS a (Mid.
• We use stay for temporary periods of time:
Have YOII
s tayed ill tlte Waldorf Hotel in New l'Ork?
"''er
3
remind and remember
• Rem em ber mean s ' to bring something into your mind': I m us t rem em b er la posl/en's
birthday card. Som e older people find it easier to rem ember thillSs thaf happelled 10llg as o.
• Remind means '10 make someone else remember': Will YO" rem im l m e to get some milk later?
• Remind of + nou n means ' to make you think of anot her thi ng/person ':
Dalliel Radcliffe really remimls m e of my brut/let.
4 keep
The verb keep has different mean ings :
Don'/ throw that book away. I want to keep it.
not lose something
remain, stay (usually with an
adjective or phrase)
I'm exhausted. I can't keep awake.
Keep off the grass!
continue (+ -ing form)
also with on
I keep telling you but you refuse to listen!
She pretended not to hedr and kept on walking.
5 leave
The verb leave can be used with different meanings, and in different ways:
go away from somewhere
The plane leaves at '2.30.
stop something (usually a
long-term activity)
Students can leave school at sixteen.
Are you going to get a job as soon as you leave university?
Don't leave the gate open.
We don't want re change from electricity to gas so leave us alone!
nor change/move something
(usually + adjective)
The ph rase be left means ' remaini ng': There isn 't mllch m Ol/ey left . A re there (lilY biscll it~ left ?
280
Practice
1
Choose the (orrect words in italics.
o Should we brillg I(i-~)some presents when we go to visit your family in Canada?
1
2
3
4
Have you lived / stayed in th is house all your life?
Your brother remembers I reminds me of Brad Pitt.
We need some building work done. Could you go I come here and look at it for us?
I'm so tired . It's difficult to keep / leave awake.
S You'd better apply fo r that course soon. There isn 't much time left / kept.
6 When you go to the shops, remember! remind to get a bi rthda y card for Harry.
7 Don' t leave I keep the ligh ts on when you go out - it's a waste of electricity.
8 Where did your cousins from Kenya five / sta), when they were here last summer?
2
Complete the article with the correct form s of the verbs in the box,
a!!ll listen and check.
bring
€&ffle
keep keep live leave remember remind stay
Tenn;s 11S4.: MartiDa lVavratilo'Va
Born in Prague, in 1956, Martina Navratilova turned professional in 1975. ln the same year
she (0) .. ~.~.. to the United States to play in the US Open, and decided to (1) ..
Czechoslovakia for good and stay in t he United States. Because of the political situation,
she wasn't able to (2) ............. her parents with her, although she managed
to (3) .. ........ .... in touch with them. She took US citizenship, which meant,
unfortunately, that she couldn't (4) ..... ... ...... her Czech cit izenship. Since then
she has (5)
..... in the United States. She played for this country for twenty
years, when she won all of the most important tennis tournaments. Most tennis fans
(6) ....... ....... the intense but entertaining ri valry she had first with Chris Evert and
later with Steffi Graf. In 2008, she moved into reali ty TV when she (7)
.. in the
Australian jungle for a few weeks during a series of ,'mA Celebrity, Get Me Out Of
Here. She did very well, perhaps because the tests in the jungle (8) ..... ......... her of her
competitive years playing tennis.
3
Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first, usi ng a verb
from this unit. Use one to three words in your a nswers. aID listen and check.
o
Flight AF384 to Paris will be delayed until 22.30.
Flight AF384 to Paris ........ ~.~!U~X~ ........ at half past ten.
Dogs are not allowed into th is shop.
You can't ............... .. .. .. ......... into this shop.
2 Close the windows when you go out tonight.
Don't ...... ................. .. ..... open when you go out tonight.
3 All the rooms in the Trega rth I-Io tel are hal f price in December.
You can .... .... ............. ..... .... the Tregarth Hotel very cheaply in December.
4 Don 't forget to switch your headlights o n in the tunnel.
You should
. __ ........ .......... to switch your headlights on in the tunnel.
5 Do not leave baggage unattended in the station.
You should
...... .. with YOll in t he station .
6 In t his game, yOll can't stop ta lking for o ne min ute.
In this game, you have to ..... .. ..... ..... ...
. .. talking for one minute.
28 1
94
Confusing
adjectives
UnfOftunately, Gareth Farnham
IS badly injured and won't be
able to play fOf some weeks.
He has Cl damaged ankle.
1 injured, hurt. wounded and damaged
It is easy to con fu se adjectives that have similar meanings. Wc use injurel/, II/Ifl and wOllnded
to talk about people o r animals.
• Injured and IlIIrt arc si milar - we can be injured or hurt in acciden ts and natural disasters:
Garetl! Fart/llam ;s batlly inju red. Sometimes horses get l/lIrl when IIIey are racing_
• We use wOllnded when wc are hurt by a weapon, such as a gun or a knife:
They set up
(I
hospiUl1 (or wo"nded soldiers.
• We use damaged to talk about things and parts of the body:
Tile enlist' 0rllle flood was a da maged pipeline. Hr has a (/twICIse(/ knee .
•
Wc don't usually put hurt before a noun: }{ There's u IlUrt h fJrse ill this mce.
More on adjectives ending in -ed ,.. Unit 19.3
2
sensible and sensitive (to)
Sensible means 'showing good judgement': It's sensible 10 keep allole o(YOllr fJlIssport ,,"mber.
Sensi[ive means 'easily upset or offended ': Victoria 's very sensitive (lbout lIer rell/wir.
• Note that sf7lsitive 10 = affected by something, often physically: My skill is very sensitive
to the Slltl - I go red very e(lsily.
A
I ca ll ', e(lt spicy (ood. 1 {"'ego' a st."sihle slomac/1. ./ I 've got a sensitive stomach.
3 likeable and sympathetic
We use likeable about people to mean 'pleasant and friendly': lasol/ 's alc(lIly Iikea l}le guy.
We use sympathetic about people who are able to feel sorry about another person 's
problems: My IJOss was very sympll tlletic when/ told /,il1l a/x)!It my bad back.
A
4
f've IJecomc r('(llIy (riCl/dly with my new neighbour. 1 SllC's ~'Cr,. Sf"'1HtlItef.fr.
./ She's very likeable.
amusing and enjoyable
We use amI/sing when we find something funny (it makes us laugh):
That new comedy series is very (lmusing, isn 't it?
YOllr (other'S got a great sellse o( Immollr - he's
very ",,,us ing
to listen to.
We use enjoY(lble when something is a pleasant activity:
T/l(lIIks (or ill viting us to your party. It was very enjoyable.
Tlwl was all elljoYllble evenil1g - Geoff and SlIe (Ire a/ways good company.
A
We can use amusing, but not en;oyable, to describe a person: 1 ¥Sur (atllt!r's l'ef)' t'nje,oaole.
5 expensive and valuable
ExIJCllsive mean s 'costing a lot of money': Kyle hollgllt me some expensive perfume.
We don 't often go fa flml restaural1t. It's very expensive.
Valuahle means 'worth a lot of money': My grandmother left me a va luable (/lItique rins·
I (ouI/d this old painting at a charity SllOp. If wasn't expensive but I thillk if could be really
valllable.
282
Practice
1
Choose the correct words in italics. SJll listen and check .
o Don't buy YOUT food at the new shop in the main road - it's really valllable l€xpellsiv~
Damon can't play in the badminton competition because he's injured / damaged.
2 It isn't very .~·emible I semitive to go walking ill high-heeled shoes.
3 I can' t talk 10 my best friend about my problem s. She isn't very likeable I sympathetic.
4 I like Harry b<.>cause he makes me laugh - he's very amusillg / enjoyable.
5 You can borrow my pea rl necklace tonight but don 't lose it - it's very expel/sive I va/llab/e.
6 I've gOl a lJurt / (m illjllred shoulder from last night's iudo class.
7 Those onions are making me sneeze - my nose is very sensible / sensitive.
8 The builder says O UT roof is badly wOllllded I da maged, and we need a new o ne.
2
Complete the sentences, with the adjectives from the box. The re are two e xtra adjectives.
damaged enjoyable in ju red hurt likeable
sen sible sensitive s),FfIJ:lathetic valuable
. li steners.
o A cou ple of my fri ends are very .. q.~~~~
I Visitin g an art gallery is a(o) .... ..... ................. ... way o f spending an afternoon.
2 My eyes are very .... .. .. ............. .. ...... to tile sun so I have to wear su nglasses.
. animals.
3 My daughter wou ld like a job cari ng for .. ..
... ... ................ . in t he post.
4 Please return immediately any goods that have been
5 My most ... .............. .............. possession is a gold watch .
6 I thin k you' ll get on witb Judy's brother; he's very pleasant and .. ........ .... ...
3
this unit. ~
Complete the te lepho ne conversation with suitable adjectives from
liste n a nd check.
A Good morning, Frobisher Martia l Arts Institute.
B Oh, hello. I'm calling to ask about your self-defence classes. Arc they (0) .~.~.~~~.
A Well, o ur group classes are £'10 an hour. Tell me, why do YOll want to learn self-defence'!
?
B Well , t here've been a lot of muggings round here recently and I walk home every night.
A Mmm. Do you cmy anything (I) ..... ......... ,............. with you?
B No, well, only my laplo p; it was qu ite (2) .... ... ....... ........... .... when I bought it, but it's
old n ow. To be honest, I'm more worried about getting (3) .................... .. ........ .
A That's understandable. It's certainly (4)
..................... to get some kind of tra ining in
case you're ever in a dangerous situation. Would you like to enrol for a class with Peter?
He's very experienced. All his students say he's very (5) ..... _. ...... .. ......
.. - very pl easant,
and that his classes are (6) .. .... ........... _... _.... ... - everyone h as a good time in them.
S OK, when can I start?
4
Write sentence s about yo urself, using the w ords in brackets.
o (sensi ble)
1 (most val uable)
2 (been in jured)
Jjhl~. r~. !'! ..~~:f.~.i};1.~.P.t:~~~.~..
...................... _.
::1 (sensitive)
4 (en joyable)
6
"'
',."
.'
283
Review
1
MODULE 17
UNITS 87, 88 AND 89 Read
the article a nd choose the correct words in italics.
Man v. Horse Marathon
If a man (0) did 1@!I)a race against Cl horse, who would win?
I expect your response (1) to I for that question would be 'the
horse', like mine was, but think again! It is possible for the man
to win, and this has been proved by the annual man versus horse
marathon in Uantwryd Wells in Wales. I first heard (2) about I in
this race a few years ago and it fascinated me. The competitors
start in the town square and go along farm tracks, paths and roads,
and across open land, arriving (3) to I at the finish line back in the
town after 22 miles (about 3S kilometres). This race has generated
(4) great I big interest among runners in the UK and Europe,
especially those who are interested (5) in / at taking part (6) of I in strange challenges. From the first
ra ce in 1980, the times of the human runners were slower than the horses' times, though perhaps more
similar (7) ro I from rhem than you would expect. But when a man first won the race in 2004 I was Quite
surprised, to (8) say I reil the truth. Huw Lobb, a marathon runner, passed the finish line in two hours and
five minutes, two minutes faster than the first horse!
2
UNITS 89, 90 AND 91 Write the words in the correct order. Be careful! Some sente nces
contain prepositional verbs and some contain phrasal verbs.
o
I
2
3
4
5
6
3
UNITS 90 AND 91 Match the underlined words in the sentences with a verb from Box A and
a preposition/adverb from Box B.
A cut get get give keep set stand take turn
8
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
284
a long time over it to took the flu get
.~.~~. ~. ~.':!1..~~ .~J~..~~.~~:.
told give the doctor me it up to
................................................ .
the garden I across it came in
...............
.. .............. .
I'll about him write the problem to
turned I last week them down
can me you on always rely
for we stand this behaviour an y more won't
after down down on fo r in off over I:Ift up
Go to bed. We need to ris:e. early in the morning.
What do the letters UNESCO represent?
It's difficult to maintain the payments at present.
Has the rebel army agreed to surrender yet?
I think we should ~ our spending.
How long does it take to recover from this illness?
Who do you resemble most in your family?
Please reduce the yolume of the television.
The runners departed from the town at 8.00 a.m.
3".."I! .. .............. ... .
4
5
UNITS 92, 93 AND 94 Find eight more mistakes in the conversation and correct them.
SAM
I've just;;::e the shopping and I thin k they've done a mistake in the bill. It seems
very valuable.
M UM
Let me have a look. Wh ich supermarket did you come to?
SAM
The usual one. But J paid with a £50.00 note and I've only got £3.00 kept.
M UM
Well, be sensitive, there must be a mistake. The shopping's usually only just over
£20.00. Did you stay the receipt?
SAM
Yes, it's here.
M UM
Take it to me then. Look - this says £27.00. They should have given you £23.00
cha nge, not £3.00. Didn't you rem ind to check the change in the shop?
SAM
No, I was in a hurry.
UNITS 87, 92, 93 AND 94 Use the sentence clues to complete the word puzzle .
c
0
Q
u
R
.i
.£
p
2
P
3
T
4
5
R
E
6
7
l
R
8
A
9
K
10
I
Cl ues
o Nex t yea r ['m doing a ... in advanced mathematics.
Sit stil l. I want to take a ... of you all.
2 Ballack missed a ... and Germany lost the match.
3 Sorry we' re late - we were stuck in heavy ... on the motorway.
4 The government will run the ... of losing the election if they raise taxes.
5 Sa lly and Michael have just got ... ; they're going to get married next year.
6 I've just met Anya's brother. He's a very ... person, very pleasant, isn't he?
7 Can you ... me when your birthday is? I've forgotten the date.
8 The council must take ... soon about the rubbish, or it will spread diseases.
9 I must go to bed. I'm finding it really difficult to ... awake.
10 I' m terrified of doing the parachute jump really, but I have ... in my instructor.
285
6
All UNITS
Match
A
or B to the meaning given below.
o A Alan is very sensible.
B Alan is very sensitive.
Alan is a logica l, rational person . ... 1.1: ..
A We've cu i down our smoking.
B We've cut down the tree in the gardC!l1 .
We've reduced something we do . ........ .
B He kicked the ba ll at me.
2 A He kicked the ball to me.
He Intended 10 hit me wi th the ball. .... .... .
B Prakesh is staying in Delhi.
3 A Prakesh lives in Delhi.
Delhi is his permanent ho me ......... .
4 A That wa tch was very expensive.
B That watch is va luable to me.
The watch means a lot to me, but might not have cost very much . ........ .
B You should have a heavy meal.
5 A You sho uld have a light meal.
You sho uld only ca t a IHtle . ........ .
B I remember his sister.
6 A I remind h im of his sister.
I think about his sister sometim es.
7 A I ra n into a tree o n the road.
B I ran into some friends.
I had an accident.
S A Bring some mo ney with you.
B Take some money with you.
I'm going to be with you . ........ .
7
All UNITS Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first. using the word
in brackets. Use two to five words in your answer.
o Would you mind completing this form, please, sir? (i n )
Would you mind .fi.~~.i.~ ..~~ ............... this fo rm, please, si r?
We haven 't decided which colour we want to paint the kitchen. (decisio n )
We haven 't .............................................. about which colour we want to paint
Ihe kitchen.
2 How many people are participating in the competitio n? (part)
How many people are ...................... ....... the com petition?
3 Many peop le conti nue to work into their sixties now. (keep)
Ma ny peop le ................... ............ into their sixties now.
4 His hea llh was poor because of a child hood disease. (cause)
The ............................... his poor health was a childhood disease.
S Rebecca can swim very well. (swi mmer)
Rebecca is a ........... .
6 We need to reduce o ur weekly expenses. (cut)
We need to ............................... our weekly expenses.
7 Have you considered a change in your career? (tho ught)
Have you .............................................. your career'! .
8 Stop being silly and put your clothes on! (get)
SlOp being si lly and ............................... !
9 ' Have you fin ished that puzzle?' 'Yes, I've just solved it .' (ou t)
' Have you fi nished that puu.le?' 'Yes, I' ve ............................... .
10 The children are really exdled about the trip to the circus. (forward)
The child ren ........................... .. _. the trip 10 the circus.
286
8
Read the advert for a form of exercise and choose the best answer, A, B or C
below. Sometimes more than one answer is correct .
All UN ITS
Have you always wanted to (0) ....
. more exercise?
Do you want to (I) ............. fit, but you don't want to (2)
. .... yourself7
As you (3) ............. older, do you find yourself becoming more and more anxious
about your health and fi tness?
Then maybe pilates is for you .
Pilates is an (4)
. ..... form of exercise that strengthens the deep inner muscles in
the abdomen and back. Many people believe it is partly responsible for the decrease
(5) .. .. .......... back problems for many people in recent years.
It consists (6) .............. controlled, slow movements combined with careful breathing.
It borrows some of its movements (7) ..... .... ... .. other forms of exercise, and you may
find that it's not very different (8) .
...... general fitness classes you have done.
Started during World War One by Joseph Pilates to help
(9) ............. soldiers regain full fitness , it has become increasingly
popular since the 1990s.
It can work for anyone, however fit or unfit. It will get rid of
your (10) .
care (I I)
. ..... habits, and will help you to take better
........ yourbody.
Why don't you enrol for a class now?
You'll be amazed (12)
results I
o 0 do
I A leave
2 A hurl
3 A gel
4 A amusing
5 A at
6 A from
7 A to
8 A to
9 A damaged
10 A weak
11 A
12 A
to
by
B make
B go
B wound
B stay
B en joyable
B In
B with
B from
B from
B in jured
B stro ng
B of
B about
the
© take
C keep
C inju re
C keep
C expensive
C of
C of
C with
C of
C hurt
C bad
C with
Cat
287
Test
MODULE 17
Word combinations
Choose t he correct a nswer, A. B or C.
I We were late al the bus station so we
A passed B last C m issed
.. ... the bus.
,.. Un it 87
2 It 's difficu lt to make friends .......... people in a large city.
A with B of C to
,.. Unit 87
3 There's a lot of .. ........ industry on the outskirts of the town.
A b ig B strong C heavy
,.. Unit 87
4 You kno w, you can be really mean .......... the child ren sometimes.
A with BtoCat
,.. Unit 88
5 Or Mackenzie has a rea lly good relationship .......... his patients.
A to B with C between
,.. Unit 88
6 They sa id at t he interview that they wou ld phone .... ...... within a week.
A me B to me C at me
,.. Unit 89
7 The government did not provide .. ........ food or clot hing.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
288
A wit h the refugees B the refugees with C the refugees fo r
Have you got the car keys? Can you throw them .......... ?
A to me B me C at me
That was dreadful! I thought I'd never .......... 1
A get the evening through B the eveni ng get through
C get through the eveni ng
Gerry's at home with the children while his wife's in hospital.
He cares .......... very well.
A them B for them C them fo r
We watched as the plane took ....... .
A off 13 off the runway C the runway off
The cat's been In all day. Can you .......... now?
A let ou t him B let him o ut C let take o ut
[know I've had to ta ke a lot of time off work recen tly but I will
A make it up for B make up it for C make up for it
I' m rea lly looking forward .. ,...... . at the weekend.
A to the party B the party to C the party
The Min ister ......... a pro mise at the last election, so the government
has to keep it.
A did B made C got
Mr Davi s, I .......... a message for you earlier fro m Mr Lewis.
A took B made C did
Your father's in the garden, can you .......... this sandwich to him ?
A fetch B bring C take
'The window's o pe n.' 'I know. .......... it open - it's too hot in here.'
A Stay B Leave C Keep
I'd like to return this book because some of the pages are ..
A hurt B wou nded C damaged
You' ll like Jane's cousin - he's very witty and
A enjoyable B valuable C amusi ng
,.. Un it 89
,.. Unit 89
,.. Unit 90
,.. Unit 90
,.. Unit 91
,.. Un it 91
,.. Unit 9 1
,.. Unit 9 1
,.. Unit 92
,.. Un it 92
,.. Unit 93
,.. Unit 93
.. Unit 94
.. Unit 94
Word formation
118
Before you start
1 Read the advertiseme nt. look at the h ighlighted grammar exa mples,
~rior
Lodge
Q:ollege
.
Prior lodge is a private college
dedicated to the needs of adult
students. Our courses are part-time
and run in the evenings and at
weekends.
.
We run courses in languages, science and arts. We
have an excellent record of preparing students for
public examinations.
Facilities
In the last two years we have completely modernised
our facilities and now have a media centre with fifty
workstations and Internet access.
Teaching and study programmes
Our teachers are friendly, experienced and dedicated.
Each student receives an individual study programme
and your coursework is continuously graded so we
can help you achieve your highest potential.
2
Our next twelve-week course
begins in September. Applicants will be
interviewed in July. See our website for
details of fees and payment .
If you disliked school a nd you prefer to
learn in an informal atmosphere the n
Prior l odge College is the place for you!
www. priorlodgecollegeinfo.org
Now complete the sente nces with a su itable w o rd o r words. using the ideas in brackets () .
The hig hl ighted g ra mma r examples will help you .
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3
Dates and fees
My boss is incred ib ly busy. She needs a full-time ............... .
(a noun fro m assist)
Do you have any ...
.. ,........ ,..... o n part-time courses?
(a noun from inform )
?
I don't li ke th is mode l. Have you got someth ing ...................... .
(an ad jective from differ)
(not complete)
We can 't accept this fo rm; it's .. .
.. with you. (not agree)
You're wro ng. I com pletely ,.................. ..
The who le process is now ............................... ; so we no longe r give
paper tickets to passengers. (verb from computer)
Tonight's ............................... is exercise 2 on page 98. (work you do at home)
I'm exhausted! I've just done a ..
.. ......... test. (lasti ng hw I/Ours)
,. Unit 95
,.. Unit 95
,.. Unit 96
,.. Unit 96
,.. Unit 97
,.. Unit 97
,.. Unit 98
,.. Unit 98
Check your a nswers below. Then go to the unit fo r more info rmation a nd practice.
Jn04-0Ml 8 )jJOMaUI04 l pasp alndwo:) 9 ;}al&es!p S
;)l;)ldwo:)u l v IU;)JaH!P t u Ol1eWJOjU! Z lU elS!SSe
289
95
Forming nouns
1 Using suffi xes
Suffixes are short add itio ns to the end of
words, to make new words:
bunk - ballker, govern - govem m en t
Sometimes the spelling of the original
word changes whe n a suffix is added:
cycle + ist - cyclist, argue - argument
2 Jobs, beliefs and languages
_
ver bs
nouns
A
. . .IORNOUH
+ SUfRX
.. PERSON/JOB
build drive teach wait
~er
builder driver teacher waiter
employ interview pay train
-ee
employee interviewee payee trainee
act educate instruct visit
-0'
apply assist consult study
-ant/ent
actor educator instructor visitor
applicant assistant consultant student
art cycle guitar journal
-ist
artist cyclist guitarist journalist
Not all nouns that end in -er or -or describe people or jobs:
a cooker (= a mach ine that cooks th ings) a ca/CIIlatar (= a mach ine that can add, etc.)
Nouns that end in -er often have an active meaning and nouns that end in -ee have
a passive mea ning. I:or exa mple, a payee is the person who is paid, not the person
who pays.
We often add -ism to nouns and adjectives to describe a belief or a set o f Ideas:
social - socialism, lIatiOIl - IIatiollalism, impression - impressioll ism
COUNTRY
+ SUFRX
China Malta Portugal Vietnam
-ese
= NATIONAlITY MItective)lLANGUAGE
Chinese Maltese Portuguese Vietnamese
Italy Hungary Russia Slovakia
-(iaJn
Italian" Hungarian-- Russian" Slovakian
Finland Poland Spain Turkey
-ish
Finnish Polish Spanish Turkish
... These can also be used as nouns describing nationality: Italian .... an Italian
A
The names of some languages do not follow these patterns: Tile Netllerlands - Dlltch, Greece
- Greek, France - French
3
Nouns f rom ve rbs and adjectives
argue govern move treat
Cl
290
communicate educate produce
-(t)ion
communication education production
examine explain inform invite
-ation
examination explanation information invitation
decide discuss
-(s)ion
decision discussion
I
blind dark happy i/l
+ SUFRX
-ness
= NOUN
blindness darkness happiness illness
able active equal national
-ity
ability activity equality nationality
distant ignorant important
-ance
distance ignorance importance
different independent silent
-ence
difference independence silence
Pronunciation"" 1.32
Practice
1
Complete each sentence with nouns formed from words in Box A and suffixes in Box B.
CIISII Listen and check.
A
assist bR+Ra ill independent inform Ita ly journal national tra in t reat wa it
13
-ant -ation
o
1
2
3
-et"
-ence -er -ese -ia n -ist -ity -ment -ncss
My best friend is studying .y.I1-~.~.~.. " ....... ... at university.
Dcbbie's working as a ........
........ for the local newspaper.
Mexico gained its .......................... from Spain in 1821.
Chickenpox is an ........................... which often affects young children.
4 Mrs Green berg isn't here today. Would you li ke to spea k to her ......... ............ ...... ?
5 Don't let Carla cut your hair - she's on ly a
..
so she's not very experienced.
6 Excuse me. Do you have any ..........
... .... on computer courses?
7 I don 't know jf you need a visa. It depends o n your ...... .......... .
B My sister married an ......................... ... ; they live in Mi lan now.
9 Shal l I ask the .... ...... .................. fo r the bill now?
...... wasn't very successful.
10 She's had a lot of therapy at the hospital, but the
H
2
•••••••
Read the clues and complete the crossword .
CLUES ACROSS
7 The opposite of
similarity.
8 When you decide
something.
11 A test where you
are examined on
something.
14 Someone who applies
for something,
e.g. a job.
15 The language spoken
in Poland.
16 It governs a country.
17 A person who you
pay money to.
CLUES OQINN
1 Someone who studies
at college.
2 A person who rides
a bicycle.
3 A noun from silent.
4 A style of painting
used by artists like
Cezanne and Mane!.
5 The language spoken in Russia.
6 Most people who live in Athens speak
this language.
8 The language spoken in the Netherlands.
9 The opposite of knowledge.
10 When several people talk about
something together.
12 The language spoken in Portugal.
13 A noun from blind.
291
96
Forming adjectives
TIle govern me nt has set tip these courses to solvc the growi ng .
problc m o f iII iter.lte adul ts. TIle courses are inex.~n5 i ve and sunable
for all adults who Stru ggled wi th reading and wntm g at ~hool.
1 Adjectives from nouns and verbs
We can add suffixes to some nouns and
verbs to make ad jectives:
Iij~K
N ~VfR
~.~:;::::~~~~I~.~s~u~""~X~ ~.~AD
~J.~cnv
~~':':;:::::::::::::::::~:J
centre music nation
-al
central musical national
beauty care help pain use
-(ul
beautiful careful helpful painful useful
care help pain use
-less
careless helpless painless useless
comfort drink fashion suit
-able
comfortable drinkable fashionable suitable
dirt health rain sun thirst wind
-y
dirty healthy rainy sunny thirsty windy
continue danger fame
-ous
continuous dangerous famous
depend differ excel insist
-ent
dependent different excellent insistent
act attract expense relate
-ive
active attractive expensive relative
Note the suffi x -less means 'without/ not', -ful ca n mean 'displaying/contain ing' and
-able after a verb often has the meani ng of 'it is possible to'.
NATURAL ENGLISH In informal spoken English we can add the suffix -ish to some sho rt
adjectives to make the mean ing weaker or less exact:
He's got dark ish f/a ir. (da rk but not very dark)
I'm flOt Sllre how old slle ;s - she's youug isll. (fairly young but not very young)
Adjectives, e.g. interestinglinterested .. Unit 19.3
2
Changing the meaning of adjectives
We can use prefixes (short additio ns to the begi nni ng of wo rds) to change the meanjng
of some ad jecti ves. These prefixes usually mea n 'not', e.g. displeased =not pleased .
PREAX
+ ADJECTIVE
• ADJECTIVE WITH NEGATNE MEANING
dis-
honest loyal pleased
dishonest disloyal displeased
unin-
happy tidy usual
unhappy unridy unusual
complete correct formal
incomplete incorrect informal
im-
pa tient polire possible
impatient impolite impossible
ir-
replaceable responsible
irreplaceable irresponsible
if-
legal literate logical
illegal illiterate illogical
• Wc can add a prefi x 10 an ad jective t hat already contains a surfix:
Ilnmistakeable, u"helpfu l, irreplacellble, inexpetlsive, i " dependent
• If the adjective begins with the sound Ipl we often use ;m-, nOI in-, to make the
A
292
negative fo rm :
polite "'" ,/ impolite X jflfJ6Jjf:e perfect ..... ./ imperfect X itlpt'r{efl
• Wc use ir· before the sou nd Irl and i/- before the sound 11/:
respomible - ./ i" espollsible X imesp911Sihle logical - ,/ illogical X inl6giroi
With nouns and verbs, the prefix es ;1I-/ im- do not always mean /Jot, th ey can mean
or 'inside':
to import (= bring th ings in to a country) illcome (= money you receive)
to illP llt (= put in fo rmation into a compu ter)
' in la'
Practice
1
Complete the letter with suitable adjectives. made from the words in
brackets. . . listen and check.
Summerdean School Wellsby Northants NP23 5GS
Dear Mrs Smithers.
I am wri ting to you abou t your son. Matthew. In the Jast few weeks we have become
more and more (0) A4p.~~.f.~
.......... (not pleased) with his alt itude. On several
occasions he has been ( I) .... .............. .. ...... (nOl polite) to me or other members of staff
at the school. This (2) ........... .................. (not usual) bad behaviour has come as a shock
. ....... (excel) student.
to us as Matthew had previously been an (3) .
In recent weeks I have also noticed that his clothes are (4) .. __ .. ......... ... .. ...... (not tidy)
and he seems (5) ...
_ (not happy). He used to be very neat and
(6) ..... ......... ............ .. .. (care) when doing his ass ignments, but now he seems to have
developed an (7) ............ ..... ............ (not responsible) and (8) .... ............. ............ (not care)
atti tude to his work..
I think it would be (9) . .......... .. .......... ...... . (help) if we could discuss the situation.
_ (sui t) time to meet.
If you phone me. we can arnmge a (10)
Yours sincerely,
H~&t:IForm Tutor
2
Find six more mistakes and correct them. Tick (.I) the correct sentences.
o I'm sorry but t hi s answer is completely ~'iff6r~~t .
Mafia's a model so sh e always wears fashionful clothes.
2 What an unusual jacket! I've never seen anyth ing like it before.
3 W hen babies are born they are totally helpful.
4 Her children are so unpolite. They never n ever say 'please' or ' thank you'.
S Is t here anything to drink? I' m terribly thirstful.
6 I'm very patient. I h ate waiting for things!
7 Although she's got blond hair, her skin is quite darkish.
8 There's not hing to worry about; th e operation is completely painful.
3
Complete the second sentence 50 it means the same as the first. Use one word only and
choose a word from the box to help you, SIB Listen and check.
continue drink expense legal literate possible rel3iaee
o
I
2
3
4
Nothing could take the place of our cat.
I'm afraid her son ca n 't read or write.
Dan's car cost a lot of money.
The rain didn 't stop for two weeks.
You can 't live without water.
Our cat is .. ~t:To/.~~.~p'!~
Her son is ........ ..... ... ........ ..... .
Dan's car was
for two weeks .
The rai n was ... ............. ... .
It's ... ........................... to live wit hout water.
Do n't do t hat, it's .
S Don't do t hat, it's against the law.
6 The water is salty, but you can drin k it. The water is
... .... ... ........ .... , although it's salty.
293
97
Forming verbs
is the British Library.
outgrew
its old home in the British Museum and has
now been rehoused in a modern building. The
catalogue has been computerised and can be
searched on the Internet.
1 Verbs from nouns and adjectives
We can make some nouns and adjectives into verbs by adding suffixes:
-;;;:;::;;;;;;;;;;;;;:1
+ SUFFIX
'" VERB
-ise/ize*
commercialise computerise criticise
awake flat length short
-(e)n
awaken flatten lengthen shorten
active different valid
-(i)ate
activate differentiate validate
commercial computer critic
modern special summary
...
modernise specialise summarise
example false note sign solid
-(i)fy
• The spelling -Ize is more common in American English .
exemplify falsify notify signify solidify
The meaning of the verb is related to the original adjective or noun:
This dress is tuo IOllg. Call yOIl shorte1l it? (= make it shorte r)
We had to su mmarise the c/wpter. (= make a summary)
The application forms have bee" computerised. (= changed to an electronic system)
2
Changing the meaning of verbs
We can use prefixes to change the meaning of some verbs:
PREFIX
MEANING
VERB
EXAMPLES
re-
do again
reappear rebuild
rehouse reorganise
repay reproduce
rethink reunite
The painting has been rehoused in the neoN gallery
(= put into a new home)
I had to reorganise the files in alphabetical order.
(= organise them again)
dis-
noVstop
disagree dislike
disconnect
I dislike pasta. (= I don't like it.)
Our electricity has been disconnected (= stopped)
over-
too much
overeat overcharge
overheat
They always overcharge in that shop. (= charge
too much money)
The engine overheated and blew up.
un-
opposite
or reverse
action
undress unfold
unpack
I opened the envelope and unfolded the letter
Have you unpacked your suitcase yet?
mis-
badly/
wrongly
misbehave misinform
misjudge
The children always misbehave when they are
rired. (= behave badly)
I'm afraid you've been misinformed. (= given
wrong information)
out-
morel
better/
further
outdo outgrow
outperform
The collection outgrew its old home. (= grew bigger
than the space it was in)
Their team easily outperformed us. ('" performed
better than us)
The most common prefixes are shown in the chart. Other, less common prefixes incl ude:
ul/der- (= not enough) The workers ill that factory are underpaid.
il/ter- (= between) Members of tile ovo tribes rarely jn termarry.
294
Practice
1
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of a verb. using the words in brackets.
Form the (orrect verb by using a prefix from Box A or a suffix from Box B.
a:ID Listen and check.
A
o
elis- mi s- over-
fE!-
B
un-
-ate -en -Hy -ise
After the hurricane the victims were .r.~~.~
....
in teml>orary homes. (house)
I .......... ....... ..... .. . people who shout at waiters. I think it 's very impolite. (like)
2 They've really ........ .................. th is place. it used to be free! (commercial)
3 These trousers are a little too sho rt. Can you ............................. them for me? (lenglh)
4 If you freeze water, it will ......................... and turn into ice. (sol id)
5 Welcome home. Put those heavy suitcases down - you can ............. ...... ...... them later. (pack)
6 I have to phone the bank in order to .......................... my new credit card. (active)
7 Chitdren who ... ... ..... ............... wilt be punished. (behave)
8 I'm sure they've ......................... me. My electricity bill is usuall y much lower. (charge)
2
Complete the sentences, using the prefix or suffix in brackets. Use the pictures to help you.
~ iffi m
~lI rn
~1 ~
Ed's trying to .fl~~f:'.~ ..
... his stomach. (-en)
I After an hour in a traffic jam t he engine started ..
.. ................ . (over-)
o
2 Our loca l delicatessen .......................... in cheese from all over the world. (-ise)
3 Roger ...... ..................... th e TV aerial before he took the TV to be repaired. (dis-)
4 Jack's growing SO fast now. He's ........................... everything I bought fo r him last winter. (out-)
5 Miranda is ........ ........ .......... her kitchen cupboards so that she can find things more easily. (re-)
3
GRAMMAR IN USE
Find six more mist akes in the text and correct them.
HI/U!ff!l()\f/I\ /UlllJ\(I/(){)/ /'1/0\/\
coma Listen and check.
\/\\\/11111<
rUl'3'",~il1.:9
• Nex t term we will be ~!tnising our modern languages department and introduci ng
two new languages. Mrs Birkin will be taking Spa nish and Mr Dawson will teach
Mandarin. Mr Dawson has recently joined us from Froblsher High School where he
specialated in ASian languages. If you wish your child to enrol in eit her of these classes,
please notificate the deputy head.
• As some of you may know, wc have overgrown our existing com puter room. We will be
dehousing the com puters in a new computer centre and work will begin on this in January.
While we are dOing this we will be modernifying our own com puter systems and maki ng
changes to the school's wcbsil'e.
• Onc last piece of good news. In this mon th 's exa m resul ts we have reperforme<l all other
schools in the area, achieving 65 grade A results! Congrat ulations to aU Year 8 students.
cb
l10
Ol1ltrlP
tOl more practICe
295
98
Compound nouns
and adjectives
self-employed
accountant,
1 Compound nouns
A compo und noun is a noun made from two words. The first word is usuall y si ngular
and gives mo re information about the second word :
a dishwasher =a mac hine for washing dishes a {irefigllter =a perso n who fights fires
./ T here (Ire a /at of taxi drivers ill i.olldofl.
)( T heFe (1~ R let of lHNis drh'ers iJli:JomRoII .
• Some compound nouns are written as onc word (e.g . classroom, disllw{lsllcr) and some are
two separate words (c.g. lxmk aCCOllnt, car park). It is best to check t he correct fo rm in a
dictionary.
• We can make compound no un s by adding a noun, verb, preposition, adverb or
adjective to a noun or verb. Here are some common examples:
noun + noun
alarm clock bank account classmate computer science credit card
eyelashes film star history teacher homework record shop
science fiction shop assisrant sunglasses traffic jam website
noun + verb(-er)
DVD player dishwasher firefighter hairdresser screwdriver taxi driver
noun + verb(-ing)
hairdressing horse-riding scuba diving window shopping
verbHng) + noun
adjective + noun
blackbird grandfa ther high school supermarket whiteboard
preposition/adverb +
verb/noun
verb + prepositionl
adverb
living
room shopping centre swimming pool washing machine
bypass downstairs outfit overdrah overtime underground
upbringing
checkour sJeepover turnover dropout walkabout kickoff
The stress is usually o n t he fi rst syllable of the compound n oun: tm(fic jam, horse-ridillg,
underground. Co mpa re:
S/l e's all English le(lclter. (a teach er of English)
He's ( /11 EIIglisl1 teach er. (a teacher who is English)
Cl
Pronunciation'" 1.33
2 Compound adjectives
Compound adjectives can be made from nou ns, adj ectives, verbs and adverbs.
They usuall y have a hyphen (-) between the words when t hey come befo re a noun :
number/measurement
+ noun
A
rwo-hour five-day ten-kilometre tenth-<:entury two--swter
250--gramme 600-dollar half'price parr-!full-time ten-year--old
adjective + noun
high--qua/ity high-level high-speed low-price low-<:alorie
noun + adjective
adjective/adverb + -edl-ing
participle
verb + prepositionladverb
user-friendly child-friendly co/our blind dury-free worldwide
right-handed short-tempered wel/-known \Nel/-paid
good-looking loose- fitting fast-lTI()lt/ng best-selling hard-working
self + verb/adjective/noun
self-employed self-<:onfident self-service seff-assembly
drive-in burnt-out built-up INOm-our broken-down
The noun in a compou nd adjective is usually Singular:
1 l ie's fl tell ,'('iUS eh) 00,'. .I He's a tell-yea r-o/d boy.
1 !t WflS fl tllH~e Il ellfS film . .I It W(lS a lIlfee-i wu r fi lm.
296
Practice
1
Complete the sentences. Use words from Box A and Box B to make suitable compound
nouns or adjectives. BSll listen and check.
A
ban k credit duty- eigAteeRth-
account card century d iving
fre e out paid seat.er tempered
B
scuba short two- well- worn
o Sam antha inherited a va luable .~~.~~~:--.~0{.':I:ry..... clock fro m her au n t.
1 I can 't give you all a lift. I've o n ly got a. ...... ..
2 [enj oy .,_,
.. car.
................. but o n ly if the water is warm !
3 We should replace that o ld sofa. It's com pletely ................ .
4 Bc careful what you say to him. He can be very ... .
S Can I pay my ph one bill by. .
....... ,}
.... in t he next fi ve
6 Th e full amount will be paid into your .
working days.
.. shop bef ore we get on t h e plane.
7 Let's buy some perfume f rom the
8 If you like expensi ve th ings, you need a
2
... ....... job.
Use compound words to complete the sentences. Part of the word has been given
in brackets.
o Celia's bought a house in a very crowded and f:!!-t.i#--:.'N? .... ........... part of town . (up)
1 Let's go to the sa les. Everyt h ing's.
.... today! (half)
2 At t he end o f th e course there will be a ..... .
3 I' m training to be a .
.. ...... .. ..... . I know it's a dan gerou s job.
4 When you a re expecting a baby you have 10 wear .
5 Sorry I' m late. There was an awful ....... .. ..... .
3
.... ..... exam. (t hree)
(fire)
............... clo t hes. (fittin g)
.. on t he motorway. (traffi c)
Complete the compound nouns and adjectives in italics. The first letter of
each missing part is given.
Listen and check.
am
Mark Zuckerberg is the world's youngest billionaire. He is the
co-founder of the famous Facebook Internet site. He started studying
psychology and (0) c.~mP..I1I.~.r:-. .lf.~ .. at Harvard University but didn't
finish his cou rse.
Zud:erberg was born in 1984 and grew up in Oobbs Ferry. New York.
Even as a child he loved computers and he designed several programs
at (1) high
s... ............ .......... His favourite subjects at school were Latin
and Ancient Greek. As a child he wasn't particularly
(2) good-I............. .
... or (3) s........ ............... -confident. and he was
. But he was very intelligent and
slightly (4) colour b...
(5)
hard-w....
." and in 2002 he won a place at Harvard University in Boston.
In 2004, w hile he w as at Harva rd. he realised there was a need for a (6)
webs...
... ... where
students could con tact each other. show their photographs and leave messages. He invented
Facebook wi th his (7) c/assm ............................ Oustin Moscovitz, Eduardo Saverin and Chris Hughes.
At first the websi te was only designed for university students. but it soon spread. Now Facebook
is a (8) w .............. ........... wide phenomenon: it has more than 600 million members around the
world and is worth billions of dollars.
297
Review
1
UNITS 95 AND 96
MODULE 18
Make adjectives and nouns from the pairs of w ords in the box. Use them
to write descriptions fo r the pictures.
danger I active Het 1=t3f.1ll)' I study attract I Italy expense I decide
fam e I art success I apply pain I treat not complete I inform
o
•
4
5
7 _
6
I'
t_~
SPORTS OAY
PLACE:Turnley Park
DATE: July
START: 2.00 pm
2
UNITS 95, 96 AND 97 Write the missing words in the chart.
NOUNS
VERBS
thirst
(3)
(0) t hir"Jty
(1)
modern
(2)
false
Instruct
nation
(4)
(5)
insist
(6)
communicate
(7)
(8)
3
ADJECTIVES
insistent
short
ignorant
UNIT 97 Complete the sentences, using the verbs in brackets and a suitable prefix.
o I don 't know if he'll ever .!':~~y. ................... (pay) the money he owes me.
1 The children have .............................. (grow) their summer clothes - everything's too small.
2 I won't buy anything from a company that ............................. (pay) its workers like that.
3 Although he was the youngest, Lucas always ............................. (do) h is brothers in maths.
4 It took yea rs for people to ............................. (build) their lives after the ea rthquake.
S I thought the tickets were free, but it seems I was
.................. (i nform).
6 Andy's a really nice, kind person. How can you .............................. (like) him?
298
4
UNITS 9S, 98 Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first, usi ng the
word in brackets. Use three or four words in your answer.
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5
Maurice has gone on a run that lasts for ten kilometres. (kilometre)
Maurice has gone on . ~}~.~ .~ ..~....
You'll probably be able to find that CD in a shop that sells records. (record)
You can probably find that CD in ..................................... .
When you write the cheque, don't forget the name of the person you are paying
the money to. (of)
Remember to write the name ..................................... on the cheque.
I need an Internet connection that works very fast. (high)
I need
.............................. Internet con nection.
I think looki ng at things in shop windows is just as much fun as buying the m. (shopping)
I think .......................... ..............
.. .. as much fun as buying things.
That fa ctory began producing electric ca rs in 2004. (of)
The ..............................................
.. .. at that fa ctory began in 2004.
Because she works for herself, Linda doesn't need to go into the office every day.
(employed)
Linda doesn't need to go into the office every day because ........................................ .
This tool is only suitable fo r people who use their left hand to do things. (can)
Only ......................................................... use this tool.
That machine was invented by somebody who comes from Hungary. (invented)
A ................................... ,..................... machine.
Complete the blog using the words in brackets. You will need to add a suffix or
prefix. or make a compound word.
All UNITS
-~
Melinda's Blog for today
Education isn't just for children!
In recent years the govemmerJt has been (0) .. .C,r#4.W.M
(1)
... (critic) for its treatment of adult
....... (educate). It has poured money into the system, but the money has all
gone into schools rather than colleges. The adult education system has been
(2). ...... ..........
. .. . (organise) several times, but the result has been fewer colleges and
klss cIldce.
Many older people had a bad experience at school and want to have a secood chance. In the
old days each town had its own adult education college which provided (3) .... .. ....... ... ...... .. .... ..
(quality which is high) tead1ing and (4) ...... .... ... ... .... ... ... .. .. (price which is not high) courses.
It was (5) .............................. (expense) for the government 10 provide this, but it made a big
(6) .............................. (difjef) to people YIho had no qualifications. Because the courses were
aimed at adults, even people who had (7) .... .. ... ... .. . .... . .. ..... ... (not like) leaming at school were
able to enjoy the lessons. Many even took and passed (S)
.............. (examine) which
they had previously failed . Most of the courses were (9) ... ........... .. ... .. ... .. ... (didn't take all your
time) or tOOk place in the evenings. I think it is a (10) ........ ...... .. .. ... ..... , . (nation) disgrace that
we have aJlowed this crucial part of our education system to become so neglected.
299
Test
MODULE 18
Word formation
Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.
Everyone is always search ing for .
A happyncss B happy C happiness
,.. Unit 95
2 Our company has over five thousand .. ..
A employees 13 employments C employers
3 The Prime Minister was on 1V last night - t he ....... .. asked her
,.. Unit 95
som e difficult questions!
A interviewee
B interviewing C interviewer
4 Although Jana is Norwegian, she speaks tJuent
A Finish B Finnish C Finlandian
.. .
5 What's the ...... ... . between iron and steel?
A differing B difference C different
6 What's the .. ... ... . between Pari s and Berlin?
A distant B distence C distance
7 Have you seen Sarah 's little girl? She's very
A attractive B attraction C attracting
8 1 don't remember the make of the car but it was a .. ..... ... colour.
A da rkly B darkish C darkful
9 In this country it's .......... to drive without a proper licence.
A unlegal B dislegal C illegal
to Don' t give the keys to Dcnnis, he's too .......... .
A irresponsible B inresponsible C unresponsible
11 Selma's a surgeon. She .......... in heart operations.
A specia lales B specialises C specialifies
12 To .......... the alarm, p ress the red button.
A activate B activify C activise
13 Since Luey .......... the files, I haven't been able to find anything!
A ou to rganised B reorganised C overorganised
14 You 're wrong. I completely .......... with you.
A disagree B unagree C misagree
15 The baby's getting so bi g - she's .......... most of her clothes.
A overgrown B outgrown C disgrown
16 How much money have you got in your .......... ?
A bank's account B account o f bank C bank account
17 J've just bought a pair of expensive designer .... ...... .
A glasses for sun B sunglasses C sun's glasses
18 It's based o n a book by a .......... author.
A good-known B known-well C well-known
19 Actors have to be very .....
A sel f-confident B confid ent o f self C self<onfidcnce
20 It was a ......... fli ght so I'm feeling quite tired now.
A seven-hours B seven -hour C seven-hourly
300
,.. Unit 95
,.. Unit 95
,.. Unit 95
,.. Un it 96
,.. Unit 96
,.. Unit 96
,.. Unit 96
,.. Unit 96
,.. Unit 97
,.. Unit 97
,.. Unit 97
,.. Unit 97
,.. Unit 98
,.. Unit 98
,.. Unit 98
,.. Unit 98
,.. Unit 98
119
Formal and
written English
Before you start
1
Read the new spaper article. l ook at the highlighted grammar examples.
Music News
A revival of the musical Olil'er! is due to open all
Broadway fleX! month. This is a new production of
a show which was originally staged in London in
1960. Despite its age, the show is not OUI of date or
irrelevant to today's problems. On the contrary. it
tackle~ an issue which is still of great concern today
-the problem of deprived young men who become
tempted by a life of crime.
Most people are familiar with the 1968 film version
of the musical. NO! only did it win six Oscars, it
was also onc of the most successful British fi lms
of the 1960s. The music and lyrics were written
by Lioncl Bart, The original stage production was
directed by Peter eoe and the film by Carol Reed.
There arc many wonderful songs in the film but it is
2
the remarkable characters that
most audiences remember. Based
on Charles Dickens' 1838 novel
Olh'er Twisr. the musical is set
against the background of the
struggle for survival in the cruel
environment of nineteenth-century
London. At that time there was a
harsh choice for poor people: a life
of hard work and low pay, or a life of crime.
The main charactcr is Oliver, a poor orphan who
becomcs involved with a gang of young criminals
led by Fagin, a cruel gang leader who teaches boys
how to steal money by picking pockets. But Oli ver
is an honest boy and does not want to be a criminal.
Consequently. the story contains all the ingredients
for a classic battle between good and evil.
Now read t he sentences and choose t he correct, or most suitable, option in italics. The
highlighted grammar exa mples w ill help you.
1 There were two teams o n the fie ld : I ; the whites and the reds.
2 Next season we will be o ffer ing o ur ' High lights of Andal usia' tour. Thi~ 1 0 11r
'Niglllights o( Amlalllsia' tOllr has always been o nc of our most popular tours.
3 Amy's dad laught her the piano and her m l/m I her mum tallght IIerthe guitar.
4 It is not true that Paul McCartney on ly writes popu lar songs. There(ore I 0 " ti,e
contrary, he has composcd a complete classica l sy mphony.
5 Your outsta nd ing debt has not been paid cOllsequelltly I paid. COllsequently,
your electricity will be disconnected .
6 Luciano Pavarotti released many record s. But his recording I it is his recordillg
of 'Nessun Do rma' that everyone knows.
7 Not on ly we were I were we late, we also forgot to take our passports.
8 'The Ma rriage of Figaro' is Mozart's most famous opera. A clever servant who
tricks his em ployer, Count Almaviva, is the ma;" character. / T ile m(li/l dwmeter
is a clever servant who tricks his employer, COllfl t AII1/(/viva.
9 In the fi rst act of ' Ham let' the young prince learns of his father's murder.
This learning abollt I, is (atlter's ml/rder I event leads to terrible consequences.
10 Please ensu re you are (amiliar willl I've looked (It ou r terms and conditions
before signing this insurance document.
3
,.. Unit 99
,.. Unit 100
,.. Unit 100
,.. Unit 101
,.. Unit 101
,.. Unit 102
,.. Unit 102
,.. Unit 103
,.. Unit 104
,.. Unit 105
Check your answers below. Then go t o the unit for more information and practice.
1I1!M Jll !l!wllj ,)JI! 0 1 l UaA;) 6
'IlA1AIlWI V ... l UeAl <lS 1,Ma p I! Sllap eJlllp u !ew allJ, S aM al<lM L 8u !pJO:)<lJ S!lI S! 1! 9
',(nuan basuoJ 'p!lld S ,(len uo:) a lp UO V w n w l <lq £ S!lIJ. Z : I
301
99
Punctuation
1 Punctuation symbols
We use punctuation to divide written language in to uni ts (e.g. clauses and sentences):
start of a sentence
,
full stop or period (Am E)
shows the end of a sentence
comma
separates parts of the same sentence
question mark
used after a direct question (J.. Unit 61)
exclamatIon mark
usually informal. used after an order, an exclamation or
something surprising (".. Unit 108)
colon
introduces a list or further information
semkolon
dash
hyphen
divides two main clauses
usually informal, can be used in the same way as colons,
~eml-s:olon~ pod, prackets
joins the parts of compound words, can be used between
dates ele.
apostrophe
quotation marks
inverted commas
==!!::u~
sed in short forms and possessive forms
().. Unit 6)
enclose words of direct speech C. Unit 68.1>
enclose speech, names such as book titles, or something
we want to point out
( )
brackets or parentheses
::::=ii~e~nclose additional information, references or dates
• In website and emaU addresses we pronounce. as 'dot' and@as'at',
e.g. chajrman@pea rsoll.com is said as 'chairman at pearson dot com'
• In numbers (but not prices) we read. as ' point':
16. 15 '" 'sixteen point one five' S 16. 15 = 'sixteen dollars (and) fifteen cents'
2
I:tl
3
Dividing a sentence
Commas separate items in a list. We don't usually put commas in front of lItlll and or
at t he end of a list:
David Bowie is a singer, a songwriter, an actor and 011 flltemet entreprenellr.
We use a com ma if we put a subordinate clause before a main clause:
A ltlIOIlg/I lIe was Germa", Halldel spent most ofllis life ill Englalld.
We also use a comma to divide non-defin ing relati ve clauses C... Unit 73 .2) and some
linking words and ph rases (... Unit 10 1) from the rest o f the senlence:
MOlar!, who w as OOnl in Salzlm rg, spoke Germa". However, most of lIis operas are ill Italian
If a sentence has two main clauses, we ca n separate t hem with a semi·colon:
We didn 't spelld mudl mOlley. I bought an opera CD; m y brother bollgllt some folk music.
Pronunciation'" 1.34
Introducing information
We use a colon to introduce a list:
T/wre are (ollr musicialls ill tile group: a guitarist, a violinist, a pianist allll a drummer.
We use brackets to enclose short pieces of extra informatio n such as dates and explan ations:
W A. Mozart (1756-1791) was the greatest composer o(rlle classical period.
Tile BBC (Britis/l Broadcas ting Corporatioll) has just lallllched a new dig ital c"allllel.
We use quotation marks or inverted commas to enclose direct speech. We separate the
reporting verb from the direct speech with a comma. Note the position of the punctuation:
He said, "That mllsical was (alltastic." "Really? I did,, 't like it very much," slle replied.
302
Practice
1
look at the punctuation and tick (.I) the correct sentence in each pair, A or B.
o A
B
A
B
2 A
B
3 A
B
4 A
B
S A
You will need a notebook, a pencil, a calculator a nd a ruler. .I
You will need a notebook, a pencil a calculator: and a ruler. )(
We have two fruit trees in our garden: an apple and a pear.
We have two fruit trees in our garden; an apple and a pear.
Oh, no! The house is on fire!
Oh, no. The house is on fire.
<Come with me> said t he teacher.
"Come with me," said the teacher.
My uncle is the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) of a big corporation.
My uncle is the CEO 'Chief Executi ve Officer' o f a big corporation.
Despite being Spanish, Placido Domingo usually sings in Ita lian.
B Despite being Spani sh - Placido Domingo usually sings in Italian.
6 A (To be or not to be) is one of Sha kespeare's most famous quotes.
B 'To be or not to be' is onc of Shakespeare's most famous quotes.
2
GRAMMAR IN USE
Use the punctuation marks A- G from the box to punctuate the text.
A' B ) &-1- D , E,
F . G;
? ... . For many people the answer is Jimi
V,! . Hendrix (1942-1970 (1) ....... ,. ' Hendrix was born in SeaHle and grew up in a poor
.•' • ..... . Who was the greatest guitarist of all time (0)
.iJ
neighbourhood (2)
..
'~~~ had guitar lessons (3) .
~
'c a
to records (4) ....
his parents divorced when he was only ten. Although he never
he learned to play by watching other musicians and listening
He joined the US army in 1961 but only stayed for one year.
. . . . .'" After leaving the army, he became a professional musician .
•~ 'j ~ Hendrix had some success in New York in the early 1960s but it was in
_
J ca'.
1966 that he hit the big time. Spotted in the UK by a top music producer,
. he was given a recording contraa and made his first album, (5) .
..=.
Are You Experienced' He was to make two more albums (6) ..
'Axis:
~_ Bold As Love' and 'Eledric ladyland'. Success in America came after his
C
~
3
.
appearances at the Monlerey and Woodstock festivals in 1967 and 1969.
Unfortunately, he did nolirve long enough to enjoy the fame which he
eventually achieved,
Write a suitable punctuation mark in the boxes, w here necessa ry.
o
Be careful []] You're going to fall []]
1 Is this the bus to the airport
2 We've got two televisions
0
0
one in the living room
0
and one in the kitchen.
3 Although it was expensive 0 m y Danish stereo was worth every penny 0
4 What a disgusting t h ing to say 0
D and a warm scarf D
Alison went upstairs O l h e child re n stayed in the garden D
D I donO know the a nswer DD she replied D
How do you spelt 0 charisma DD
5 I packed a toothbrush
6
7
8
0
some clean clothes
0
9 George Washington 0 1732017990 was the
my shaver
usA[1 first president 0
10 Do you have a pen O ora pencil D in your bag O
o Go or 1nl(' for Ill or e praClrce
303
1 00
Ways to avoid
repeating words
I
(omputers,
musicians had to play thetr own
Instruments.
don't need to.
1
Repl aci ng nouns and verbs
Replacing onc wo rd or phrase with anot her is very com mon in writ ten and spoken English:
It (lid,, 'r take fOllg (or Rossitl i to compose 'TIle Barber of Seville', He composed 'Tile lJarber of
Seville' in IlI irteell days.
- It didn 't take /Ollg (or Rossilli to compose 'Tile Bar/Je( of Seville'. He (lid it ill thirteen days.
Replacing a noun/noun phrase:
pronoun
My husllimd loves j azz but I hate it. (it = jazz)
Janis Joplin died in /970. She was only twenty-seven. (She = Janis Joplin)
one(s)/some
(,.. Units 8/10)
[)avid bought a large ice cream and I got a small one. (one = ice cream)
There are ten tracks on the album. Some are very short (some = tracks)
thislrharlrhose
The best songs are t hose she recorded early in her career. (those = the songs)
(,.. Unit 5)
a word with the
same meaning
Mozart wrote several operas. Some of the early works are rarely performed
these days. (lNOfks = operas)
Replacing a verb/verb phrase:
present simple verb ..... do
He likes the same music as I do. (do = like)
past simple verb "'" did
They d idn 't go bur I d id. (did.: went)
do/did it for a single action
It didn't take long for Rossini to compose 'The Barber of Seville'.
He did it in thirteen days. (did it ::: composed 'The Bdrber of Seville)
(not) do/did that
They asked me to go on holiday with them but I didn't want to do that.
(do that = go on holiday with them)
an object pronoun after
comparisons (>- Unit 21.2)
Blur had several hits. But Oasis
(them.: Blur.)
were much more popular than
them.
2 l eaving out a word or phrase
• We can usuall y leave out th e same subject and/or (auxil iary) ve rb in clauses after ami:
A "drew Lloytl W ebber wrote 'Cats' a mi (/le wrote) 'Plw " tolll or ' he Opera '.
I bOllg /lt the firs t (l lbulII alld Carolille (bo ugllt) the second otle.
We were watching TV ami (we were) eatillg popcom .
We often take tile clliltlrell to the cinema and (we often take thelll to) tile tlle(ltre.
• We don't have 10 repea t the same verb phrase after an auxiliary or moda l verb:
OM neigh bours migllt get sa tellite TV. We m ight (get satellite T V), too.
I pl(lY the violin bu t my brother doesn 't (play the I'io/ill).
• We don't have to repeat the in fi n it ive after to:
Before tlte i"venlion of powerfill computers, m usicians Iwd to play their own jns trumen ts.
Now tlley dOl/ 't lleed to (play tlleir OWl! illstnIlIlCllts).
I wallted to get tickets for I/le cot/cert but I waSll 't able to (get tickets for tile cOllcert).
• After report ing verbs which ta ke the in finitive with to (c.g. ask, forget, promise, refuse)
we can also leave out 10:
T/ler asked l,il1l to produce al/otller albuIII bllt lie ref lls ed (la protluce al/otller albulII).
f meant to record ,"at progra mme but I (orgot (to record a w t prosm/llm e).
304
Practice
1
GRAMMAR IN USE
Read the text a nd underline the pa rts that the italic words refer to.
Why is a CD 74 minutes long?
(0
In the early days of COs, the president of 500y, Norio Ohga, insisted on iocreaSiDI.11he sjze of a CD
10 12 cm so it could contain 74 minutes of music NObody knows why he did (0) this. One theory
is that (1) he wanted the disc to be big enough for Beethoven's Ninth Symphony - it is said that
(2) this was his wife's favourite piece of music. (3) Anorher is that Herbert van Karajan, the famous
conductor, was involved. (4) He was a well-known supporter of the (5) larger size CD, and his best
Beethoven recordings are (6)
2
Read the sente nces and put a line through all the words that can be left o ut.
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
S
3
the ones you can still buy on CD today,
1 used to wea r braces on my teeth but now I don 't need to wear tliem.
Carol ine has been to the surgery and she has spoken to the doctor.
I was going to phone my mothe r but I fo rgot to do it.
The ch lld"n were laughing and t hey were smiling as t hey ran out of the door.
I can 't speak Spa nish but m y best friend can speak Span ish.
Dario wanted to come to your party but he wasn 't a ble to come to your party.
You cou ld put it in a plastic bag and you cou ld throw it in the bin .
Hank c hose t he blue jacket and Lau re nce chose the grey one.
I have to visit m y grandmother because I promised to visit he r.
GRAMMAR IN USE Improve this text in two ways. Cross out three more words/phrases that
aren't necessary, a nd replace seven more repeated words/phrases with substitute words.
CISSD Listen a nd check.
-
Susan Boyle, Glasgow 14 June
This venue was the ideal place to see for myself if all the media hype about
this new Scot1ish singer was true. It didn't take me long to find out it was tftte!
From the opening number 'I Dreamed A Dream' it was clear that the fans were
~
determined to have a good time and that is exactly what~did!
Susan Boyle may be new to performing but Susan BoyIe certainly knows how
to please a crowd. The audience were standing up and they were clapping
at the end of 'I Dreamed A Dream' - the song that first made Susan famous
around the world. In fact 'I Dreamed A Dream' reached number 1 in the
us. Not many new singers reach number 1 in the US with their first record,
especially singers who are not American.
The concert ended with the song 'Memory' from the musical Cats. 'Memory' is a beautiful song which
really shows Susan's powerful voice and shows her emotional power.
Many critics have compared Susan BoyIe 10 Barbra Slreisand and they have compared her to
Celine Dion, but Susan Boyle is unique. You are going 10 be hearing a lot more about Susan BoyIe
very soon!
305
101
Using linking
words in writing
are very
As a result, previously unknown
I'''' '''<> such as Will Young (pictured)
become
1 Lin king sent ences
In writing, we often use linking words and phrases to connect two pieces of information.
UNKING WORDS
USE
EXA PLES
Furthermore,
giving extra
In addition,
information
This month we are offering you five COs for the price of
three. In addition, we will send you 'The 20 Greatest
Folk Songs' 'ree of charge.
(>- Unit 80)
However,
introducing a
difference
Nevertheless,
(= despite this)
().- Unit 81 )
On the contrary,
correcting or adding
to a statement
(usually negative)
Consequently,
introducing a result
For this reason.
As a result,
Therefore,
()o Unit 79)
After that,
Then
Finally.
In the end,
ordering events
(>- Un it
82)
Singers don't earn as much money from selling albums
as they used to. However, they can now make money
from selling their music on the Internet.
Musicians thought computers lNOuld never become
Widespread in the music industry. On the contrary, they
have become an essential tool for many singers.
Musical talent shows are very popular on TV As a
result, previously unknown singers have become
famous.
In the last act of 'The Sound of Music' the van Trapp
family travel to sing in a concert. Finally, as they realise
the danger they iJre in, they escape to freedom across
the mountains.
We often use these com mon linking words at the beginning of a sentence. We put a
comma between the linking word or phrase and the rest o f the sente nce:
As a result, previollsly IInknowlI s illgers I/(Ive become famo us.
A
We don't usually use a com ma after tliell;
We qllelled lip arid bollgilt tickets at the box office. Tile" we made ollr way to ollr seats,
2
Lin king cla uses
We use some linking words (e.g. after, beca1lse, altllollgll) to link a main clause with a
subordinate clause (,.. Unit 78.1). If we put the subordina te clause at the begin ni ng of the
sentence we use a comma to separate it from the rest of the sentence:
People prefer to dowl/load music from the Internet becau se it's conven iellt.
OR Because it's convenient, people prefer to dowl/load mllSic from t/le / Iltemet.
We use the li n king words alJ(l, Imt or or to link main clauses and we can often put either of
the clauses (but not the linking word) fi rst:
/ The SOIlg is /ollg but it is well-performed. / Tile sOllg is well-performed bllt it is 10llg.
)( 8111 Ole Stlllg is lellg it is well fH'rfoRlled.
We can also use the ' two-part' linking phrases both ... and, eitllet ... or, lIeither ... 1I0r and
1I0t o/lly .. . bllt (also):
Dkl1lfl Ross b otl! acted ;11 tile film 'Lady Sings the Bllles ' alld performed the title sOllg.
Tile lIew I1Il1sicalllas " either good songs /lor all exciting plor.
More on lin king clauses
306
>- Module' 5
Practice
1
Choose the correct w ords in italics.
o
I waited in the queue for hours and hours. Afkr !.tl1lhe e/ldJ! decided to give up and go home.
1 My wool suit was rather expen sive but I however it is very comfortable.
2 We have checked your credit rating and found it to be insufficient. As a result, / Althollgh
we are not able to give you a credit card at t his time.
3 You can park your car in th e long-term car pa rk ill addition / ami take th e shuttle bus to
the airport.
4 You have only scored 42 percent in the test Nevert/leless, / Blit we are prepared to give YOLl
a second cha nce to take the test o n Friday.
S 'take the Underground to work com eqllentiy / because it is quick and convenient .
6 We do not want to lose your business. On the colltrary, I TIICIl, we value you as a customer,
and would like to offer you a discount o n your next pu rchase.
7 The customer service manager is on holiday t his week. Therefore, / FurliJermore, we will be
passing o n your compla int to her assistan t.
S I en joyed the concert furth ermore / altllollgl1 I had never heard t heir music before.
2
Read the letter and think of the best word for each gap. Write one word
only. You can use the same word more than once. aID listen and check .
Quest T\t roductions
....,.;;;;;~
Dear Stcphen
Thank you for sending us your audition video. Wc are pleased to tell you that your application has
been successful. As a (0) . .. .. !':¥.&. ........ , wc would like to invite you to the regional auditions
for this year's Youllg Musician of rile Year.
The audirions will be held at the National T heatre Centre in Station Road, r-. lanchestCli on
Saturday 21st O ctober. Please come la CllIrancc A at 10.30 a.m. You will be ime rviewcd by
our staff (I) ........... ....... ...... given a name badge. (2) ...............
.. ..... you will be taken to a
waiting room where you will he told the time of your audition. \<\'e have a lot of contestants to
.. ... ,we
audition , so wc cannot guarantee what lime you will be frec to leave. (3) ........... ..
will try to be as accurate as possible.
Wc have very strict age rcstrictions for the competition. I~or this (4) .
......... , we ask
you to bring proof of your agc (birth certificate (5) ........................ passport) with you to t.he
. ......... addition, please do not wear any clothes with visible brand labcls
audition. (6) .
as these arc not allowed under broadcasting regulations.
Splice in the centJ'e is very limited. (7) ........................... , we cannot allow contesmnts to bring
a large number of guests to the audition. (8).
.. ............ , you may bring 2..!lt fricnd or a
member of your family with you.
(9).
'''. there will be strict security in the CCnlrc, wc cannot be responsible for lost
or stolen valuablcs. Please keep your belongings with you (ID) H.
valu ables unattended.
Good luck with the audition.
.." .... " .... do not leave any
Yours sincerely,
Damon Fulbright
Production Assistant
307
102
Using word
order for
emphasis
There were hundreds
of successful
songwn te~
~ngef­
In the 1960s.
But it is Bob Dylan that
everybody remembers.
1
Using it for emphasis
We sometimes want to emphasise part of a sentence that int roduces new or different
information:
Ma llY people think of t'IIU Col/ills as flU' sillger of Gellesis. Hilt
;11
(nct it IWIS PeLer G abric/ w/m
sallg 011 tlleir el/rly a/hums. (emphasis on Peter Gabriel)
We use sentences beginning with it to emphasise the subject o r object of a sentence.
Compare these examples:
Pink Floyd recorded 'Dark Side o(tlle Moon',
-- It was P;,lk FluYfJ tlwl recorded ' Dark Side oflhe Moon', (emphasising the subiect)
..... It was ' Dtlrk Side of the Mool! ' tllat Pink Fiord recorded. (emphasising the object)
2
Changing the usual word order
We sometimes change the usual order of subject + verb. This gives emphasis to the clause
or phrase. We do this after negative adverbs such as /lOt vu fy. ueitherj"or and 1/("'eT.
nor only
(> Unit 80.1 )
The concert started fate and the sound quality was terrible.
..... Not only did the concert start late. the sound quality was terrible.
neither/nor
Their previous album didn't contam any good songs and their current
album doesn't contain any either.
..... Their previous album didn't contain any good songs and neither does
their current album.
(>-
Unit 80.3)
never
A
She has never had to sing such a difficult role.
..... Never has she had to sing such a difficult role.
Not ullly, I/eillll'r/ llor and never have a negative meaning, so we lIse th e m with positive verbs:
./ Radiol/ead didll 't release all album tllis year anti liar did Fr(lflZ Fcrt(imllld .
./ RtuliellCfld die/II 't :ceie(lse'iN (Ileum tllis )'ffJr mu) Hor dit/II'1 Ffflll l FeFf:lilNlHfl.
For the verb ht, we jllst put the verb in front of the subject:
It is very eXfJfllsive ... ..... Not ollly is it very expel/sive,... 1 /IYeHm!}. it is ('*fJf;ll:Sil'C1 .•.
The sOllg was terrible ........ Not ol/Iy w as til e sOl/g terrible, ...
For present and past simple verbs we use do o r did followed by the subj ect (and verb):
SIIe listens to my mllsic ... ..... Not ollly (I oes she Iiste" to "'y music, ... )( Net ell!}' slle listells ...
Not only d i d lJ e bu y me a CD, .. .
For perfect and continuous verbs we use the auxiliary verb:
H e bOllg M me a CD ... .....
Tlley h ave WO II the comlJetitioll ... ..... Nol only IUlv(' tltey won the competition, ...
SIIC is singing ill Ole opera ... ..... Not o/lly is sll e sillging ill till' opera, ...
1 Net 611/)' she is Sillgillg ill tile epera ...
We also Change the usual word order in questions (» Units 61 and 62) and in short answers
after so, neitil er and liar. (» Unit 107.1).
308
19 I
Practice
1
:
Rewrite the sentences, using it to emphasise the underlined word or phrase.
D Leonardo da Vjoci painted the Mono Usa, not Michelangclo.
Jt.V!.'if.{..~.~~r4.Q.4".Y~nfL w~..M~tlt.~.l~_M.Q ~ ..~.i..r" •.. rn7.~.Mifh.4Y.~~Q, .. .... .. .................
Shirley Bassey sang ma ny of the James Bond theme songs.
2 Michacl took those photos.
3 Sally is married to Fred's best fri end, not his cousin.
4 Mozart's most famous opera is The Marriage Q[Figaro.
2
Complete the second sentence so it means the sa me as the first.
o My parents don 't smoke. My father doesn't smoke and neither A~4: . !1'ly' .m9l~r.
The house is old and it is sma ll. Not only .......
. ....... .......... .. o ld, it is also small.
2 I have never been treated so badly! Never . .. ... .... ......
. .......... so badly!
3 My sister and [ didn't buy an y CDs. [ d idn't buy any CDs and nei ther ... ...._.. _.. .
4 The children made a mess and they shouted at t he babysitter.
Not on ly ........ ........ ... ......... .. ..................... . they also shouted at the babysitter.
5 I' m not talking to her and my friends aren't talking to her either.
I' m not talking to her and neither ....... ..... . ................ .
3
Complete the text with phrases from the box. There are four extra
phrases. CIIIJlI listen and check.
it was it wasn 't did they
that are it is they could
nei ther didn't what are
could they neither did
Take That
Take That were the most successful young British musicians of the 1990s. Not only
(0) A4A~y. ............. sell a huge number of records, they were also nominated for the
Mercury Music Prize. Between 1991 and 1996 they sold more than 30 million albums_
Take That was a 'boy band', that is a group of young men who have been put together by a
manager. The members of a typical boy band are usually performers, not musicians.
(1 ) .......... ...... ...... . .... their good looks and appearance (2) .......... .. ............... .. important, not
their ability to play musical instruments. Take That were different. In fad, it was quite a shock to
discover that not only (3)
.. .... ".. ..
.. sing, they could also write songs.
But (4) ....... .. ...
.. ..... just their music that the band was famous for. The personality
clashes in the band were frequently in the newspapers. Robbie Williams made international
headlines by leaving the group in July 1995. The band continued until Gary Barlow leh to
become a solo artist in 1996. He didn't have much success, and (5)
........... .... .... the
other members of the group . Robbie Williams, on the other hand, went on to become a big star.
Four memqers of the band regrouped in 2006 and achieved new success. Then, when Williams
rejoined them in 2010 and their sixth studio album, Progress was released, it became the
fastest-selling album of the century.
309
103
Organising
information in
writing
I movement
mUSIC
1 The order of informati o n
Compare these examples:
~
, - - - know n in form ation - - - - - ,
The eiect'r ic folk movemelll began ill ElIg/l/Jui ill tile la le /960s. It was led
by
Cl sm all groll/) orlluu iclans WIl D wC/lite" to revolutionise fo lk music.
I
new info rmation
Here we start the second sentence with it (for something wc have al ready mentioned electric folk).
00
TIle electric (olk mQI'cmelll beg(/n ill Ellglalld i/1 011' late 19605. A small grollp o(mllsicialls
wllo wallted to revolutionise folk mllSic started it.
Here we start the second sentence with new information and end with it (electric folk).
[n writing we usually begin a sentence with information we al ready know about and end
wi th something new, as in the first example. It makes the writing easier to understand,
especially in lo ng sentences with subordinate ctauses.
2 Short phrases and long phrases
We usually prefer to put short ph rases before the verb and lo ng phrases at the end of t he
sentence:
short p hrase
v~ rb
long rhrase
Mos t rock bands include a vocalist, a guitarist, a bass guitarist and a d rum mer.
Lo ng ph rases at the start of a sentence can seem cl umsy and less clear:
{I guitarist, a bass guitarist m ul a drum mer are included inmost bands .
A vocalist,
3
Using different grammar forms
In order to fo llow the two points above, we sometimes have to choose different grammar
for ms. These are t he common fo rms we use to put known information at the beginn ing of
t he sentence:
310
GRAMMAR FORM
EXAMPLES
known Information as the subject of the
sentence
'OK Computer' was Radiohead's most successful record.
The album cau~ a sensation when they recorded it
a passive f orm to bring an object to the
beginning of the sentence (;,. Unit 83)
REdiahead relea~ OK Computer in 1997. When th e
al bum was released. it caused a sensation.
it as a subject (» Unit 60.3)
When it
a noun phrase that refers to the known
information (» Unit 104)
The r elease o f the album came at an important time for
the group.
Releasing the album proved to be a tuming point for
the group.
was released.
it cau~ a sensation.
Practice
1
In the following short paragraphs. underline the words or phrases that refer to known
information . Start with the second sentence in each paragraph .
o Placicto Domingo's new album, /la/ill Ti Amo, contains sixteen ItaHan songs. Some of
1hw are well-known Italian fa vourites and .o.lb..e.Is. arc traditional songs from Naples.
Th is beaytiful city in Italy has produced some of the world's greatest songs.
1 Chillese Democracy is the latest album by music legends Guns N'Roscs. The album follows
fou rteen years in which the band has no t made any recordings. It has been a difficult
period, the low point of which was the arrest of singer Ax l Rose in 2006.
2 Folk music is often neglected by critics. Less commercially pro fita ble than othe r forms
of modern music, the music is considered to be of inte rest o nly to a minority. However,
those w ho like it are often fa natica l about it.
2
Choose the best second sentence, A or B. Which order of information is the dearest?
o
o We moved to northern Alaska four yea rs ago.
Life there was much more difficult than it had been back home.
R Life back home wasn't as difficult as it was there.
Nobody likes our awful new boss.
A Something which can be very an noying is his un friendly attitude.
B His unfriendly attitude can be very annoying.
2 One of the greatest pictures in the Prado museum is 'The Thi rd of May 1808'.
A Painted by Francisco Coya in 18 14, it shows the t rue horrors of war.
B Francisco Goya painted it in 18 14 and it shows the t rue horrors o f war.
3 Beyoncc Knowles was a membe r of Destiny's Child unt il 200S.
A To pursue a solo ca reer was he r reason for leaving the group.
S She left the group in orde r to pursue a solo career.
3
Rewrite the underlined sentences so that the known information is at the
beginning of the sentence. Use the words in brackets. ~ Listen and ch eck.
The Salzburg Festival
The Salzburg Festival is the world's greatest summer festival of classical music. Eyery summer for
five
weeks beginning in late July is when it takes place, (0) (It .... )
# ..~~~.p.h!~..~_v:m.!'o/rI:.~.r..for:.ft.'(~.'#.~.. ~~.i.~~ ..i.':1:. i!"!t.~l~y.·......................... ............ .
The Festival is held in Salzburg, Austria. Wolfgaog Amadeus Mozan was born in the tQWo.
(I) (The town ... binhplace of ... )
The picturesque town features several beautiful concen venues. Opened in 1926 the most important
venue is the Festival Hall, (2) (The most .. " which)
The festival was started by a group of professional musicians in 1877. The famous Austrian composer
Richard Strauss waSone of the founders. (3) (One of .. .)
Since its earliest days the festival has concentrated on the works of Mozan. It put on all twenty-two
MQzart operas in 2006 10 celebrate the 250th anniversary of his bjrth (4) (To celebrate ... )
.. =
311
I
104
Using nouns
instead of verbs
stili love his musIC,
1
Using noun phrases
We can sometimes replace a verb wit h a noun which has t he sa me mean ing. We ca n then
gel the same in for mation into a sh orter sen tence:
H e decided to 11I0l'C "lid IIlis disappoinled his ((1115. (two clauses, two verbs)
Tile decisioll 10 move disappointed /lis (ails. (one clause, one verb)
A noun or noun phrase often summarises known information from an ea rli er sentence.
This is useful when we are developing an argum ent or expla nation in writing:
Hlllldreds of fmls started to !Jusll towards tile stage. Tile situation became (/aIl8erolls.
(tIle sitllation ::: hundreds of fans pushing)
Other exa mples include event, situatio", thjngs, activit),:
-n,is
Apple opelled their olllille music store ill 2003.
evcllt dUlI/ged tile way music was sold.
After their /lllmber one lIit till' group receil'ed all illvitatioll to tOllr tile USA. Things wert' getting
better and better.
2
Making nouns from verbs
It is o ft en possible to make verbs into nouns by adding a suffix, e.g. arr;\'e - lIfriVllf,
teacller (). Unit 95).
FORMALITY CHECK In informal Engli sh we sometimes use verbs as no uns after do, llaw,
get, s ive, etc.
Gml yOIl ca ll 1ler tomorrow? - Om YOII give lIer a ca ll tomorrow?
decide - decisioll, educate - education, teach -
We wll/ked around ti,e park. -
We luul a wlllk aro"nd tile park.
We can sometimes make nouns from ph rasal and prepositional verbs:
Tile taxi broke dowlI il lst outside tile ai/port. - Ti,e breakdowlI IllIppel1 eti j llst outside
tile airport.
\.V/,ell did lie ltIke over tile compally? - WI,et/ was tile takeover?
-;ng forms of verbs as subjects and objects .. Unit 64.2
3
Making nouns from verb phrases
To make a noun phrase from a verb phrase we often use two nouns linked by a preposition:
f8 P RASf
They released the video in 2009 and this
helped to increase their album sales.
The rules were changed last week. which
annoyed the public.
The government became unpopular after they
increased taxes.
312
NOUN PHRASE
The release of the video in 2009 helped to
increase their album sales.
The change to the rules last week annoyed the
public.
The government became unpopular after the
increase in taxes.
Practice
1
Match the noun phrases 1-8 with the verb phrases A- I.
C
0 their departure
I the purchase
2
3 his visit
4 her decision
5 the
ar~,'ument
6 his performance
7 t heir breakup
8 his regret
2 their wedding
A they got married
B t hey broke up
o he sang and told jokes
E she decided to do it
H he wished he hadn't done it
G the)' leH:
F they argued about it
I he went to see them
G somebody bought it
Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined verb phrase with a noun phrase. Make
any other necessary changes.
o The company was sold. which resulted in the loss of ZOO jobs .
.~.:!~~~.~Lt~.~.~f'~._~~*-~.. 0-..~~.!~:!f. . if..~(U~.~.f:
Everything changed after the war ended.
2 We arrived late. wh ich meant that we m issed the start of t he show.
3 Silvia worked as my assistant before she was promoted.
4 OUT company has been much more successful since it was taken over.
5 Taxes have been reduced . which has pleased people on low incom es.
3
Improve this article by replacing the underlined words with noun phrases
A-G below.
ED Listen and check.
Concert tragedy: December 3, 1979 - Cincinnatti, Ohio
It was the worst (0) bad tbif'l~ tbat baeeef'led .. F...... at a music concert. Eleven fans were
killed and many others injured shortly before a concert by British musicians The Who.
At that time most concert tickets for large concerts didn't provide numbered seats.
(1) Not having a numbered seat .......... meant that people always rushed forward in an attempt
to find an empty seat near the stage, and (2) the fact they rushed forward ......... was a recipe
for (3) something awful to happen ........... The concert was due to start at 8 p.m. By three
o'clock in the afternoon, there were already 8,000 people waiting outside the concert hall. By
seven o'clock, the crowd had increased and people were getting very impatient. (4) The large
number of impatjent wajtjng people ...... .... was becoming dangerous. Somebody smashed
through one of the glass doors and there was a stampede, with everybody frantically trying to
find the best seats. At the same time, the organisers opened one of the main doors and another
crowd of several thousand fans surged past the barriers. (5) With so many more people rushing
in, .. ........ the police officers on duty were unable to do anything. Sadly, eleven fans in the crowd
died of (6) not being able to breathe .......... .
A this sta m pede B This additional wave of eager fans meant that
C T he situation 0 di saster E suffoca tion F trage€ly G This uncertainty
313
105
Formal language
it
ROYAL OPERA
Ms Srarkova ;s unwell and will be unable
to perform the foI e of Elvira this evening.
1
Informal and formal language
We show formality through our choice of grammar and vocabulary. Compare:
Llldmila 's sick -
IN."O RM Al
I
fOR~1.\ 1.
slle
I
won't be goillg Otl stage
I
tOlli.'(llt .
T
Ms Slarkova is Ill/well ami will be II/Iable to perform this eVeII;IIS
We use language that is suitable for the situalion we arc in:
• informal - talking or writing to friends and members of your own family
• formal - talking and writing to strangers o r people in authority, business letters and
reports, talking to an aud ience. academic writing
2
Formal grammar
IN WRmtN ENGUSH
impersonal pronouns (>- Unit 9.4)
One should not judge people by their appearance
pasSlves ()- Unit 83)
Your application will be assessed by the manager.
infinitive clause subteCls (> Unit
To create a fairer society is the parry's main aim.
76)
non-defining relative clauses
(.. Unit 73)
The singer, who performed the same role in Milan, will be
appearing in tonight's perfofTTldnce.
IN SPOKEN fNGUSH
indirect questions Instead of direct
questions (,. Unit 106.3/4)
Can you tell me when the performance ends?
I'm afraid I don't know who wrote that opera.
• past tenses for a present situation;
using would and could:
(,. Unit 53.1)
Did you want to ask me something?
We weren't sure about which model to choose.
It would be helpful if you could send me a copy.
• continuous forms of verbs to talk
about arrangements, ete.
(,. Units 28, 31, 41, 42)
Excuse me. Will we be stopping during the journey?
Will you be coming to the party?
I'm afraid I can't come on Friday, I'm working.
• We often use these f()(ms In spoken English to be more polite. or if we are nOI sure aboul something.
•
3
In formal English we don 't usually use passives with get (> Unit 83 .1), lo nger contractions
(e.g. slwuld/l 'rve) o r sentences endi n g w i th prepositions (,. Unit 72.4).
Formal vocabulary
We can use most words in any situation. However, there are some wo rd s which are usually
o nly used in f ormal language. Here are some examples:
nouns
performance (show), remuneration (salary), spouse (husbantilwife)
verbs
anticipate (expect), be possible to (can), commence (start), inform (tell), terminate (fintsh)
adjectives
delightful (lovely), extensive (large) personable (friendly), unwell (sick),
Carrie tumcd dow" SemI 'S illvitatioll .
Un iversities l/ave to reject mallY excellent candidates.
INfORMAl.
FORMAL
314
Practice
1
Match 1 and 2 with A and B in each pair and decide if each statement is formal (F) or informal (I).
0
The accused was taken to court and
2 Sh e's been to court and
1 Do you thin k your workmates are
X
2 Do you know if your colleagues will be
2 1 The performance will be
2 The show is
3
Can you
2
Would you be able to
4 1 We do not tolerate
2
2
We won't put up with
A. they've sent her to jail.
B given a prison sen tencE'.
A coming with us?
..f.o.
.f.
B goi ng to come with us?
A starting in a few minutes' time.
commencing in ten mi nutes.
A lend us some money?
B
B offer us a loa n?
A impolite behaviour in t his institution.
B bad behaviour in our hou se.
These sent ences are all too formal for the situation. Make them informal by changing the
underlined parts. Use the words in brackets. CIIED listen and check.
o Sorry, Sue. I' m afraid I am unable to assist you with your project. I'm much too busy. (hc.lp)
~~!TY.'..s.~: .!. ~~:~..~. y~.~ ..~~.~ .y.~.~. p'!"pj~!.: ..
The keys have been left under the doorm at by my grandmother. ('s left)
2 Dad, would it be possible for you to Jet m e use the car ton ight? (can)
3 To win the competition is my greatest desire. (really like)
4 OK, Jim . Your request wjIJ be considered and I'll let you know later.
5 Come in. Remove your coat and relax here by the fire.
3
(tbink about)
(take)
This formal letter contains unsuitable informal language. Correct it with
the words and phrases from the box. CIlID listen and check.
Thank you submitting regret to inform you are unable to offer at this time
it would be advisable perform cover versions of other artists' songs every success
returning Yours sincerely
f)eaf
ABC RECORDS· 345 CRAWSHAW ST • LONDON Wl
D""
Hi Mr Sheldrake,
Thanks for sending in the CD of your group's music. My colleagues and I have listened to it
carefully and I'm afraid that we can't give you a recording contract right now. We feel that it's a
good idea to write your own material rather than copy other groups' stuff.
We wish you loads of luck with your future. We are sending back your CD with this letter.
Best wishes,
Allie Henshaw, ABC Records
315
Review
1
MODULE 19
UNITS 99 AND 100 Put a punctuation mark in each box a nd write one word only in each gap.
LOST IN A RECORD STORE
Have you ever gone into a record store without really knowing
what you wanted (0) [£J You know you want to buy a CD,
but you don't quite know which (00) ,l!!U: .... ... .. ..... ... ... . I have,
many times. Each time I end up regretting
(1) _
.... ... .... There's just so much to choose from
but where does one start (2)
All those thick boxes in
the classical section with their fat booklets and their gorgeous
covers (3)
hours of listening pleasure there. (4)
......... ... .... look so promising - but
then you notice the prices. Way too expensive for me!
So you turn to the bargain shelves instead - what a disappointment (5)
Most of
D
D
0
(6) ..... ............ .. ... look as though (7) .
. ... ..... contain music to play in lifts
and supermarkets. Then you see the wall of CDs described as 'the top 30 albums'.
Well (8)
some of (9) .
................ look interesting. Then you notice that most of
(10) .. ..
.. are Greatest Hits compilations by bands whose albums you've
already got, or more boring cover versions of old songs from the winners of the latest lV
talent show contest.
Of course (11)
eventually you find an album you're curious about. So you go over to the
. Have you ever managed
'listening' stations and attempt to listen to (12) .. .. .... .....
I never have.
to get one of those machines to work properly (13)
One thing is sure (14)
I'll use the Internet next time!
D
D
D
D
2
UNITS 100 AND 102 Complete the second sentence 50 it means the same as the first. using
the word in brackets. Use two to five words in your answer.
o
There are two slow songs on th e album and the slow songs are my favourites. (those)
There are two slow songs on t he album and .~~f.~ ..~.t:~..~y.f'!y.~~r.4"~ ......
1 They walked out of the restau rant and refu sed to pay the bill. (only)
. walk out of the restaurant, they also refused to pay th e bill.
2 I've cleaned t he floors; I wash ed them this morning. (did)
I've cleaned the floors; I .
.......... ... .. t his morning.
3 David slept in the big bedroom and Mike slept in the small bedroom. (one)
David slept in the big bedroom and Mike slept
4 Celine Dion sa ng the t heme song for the movie Titallic.
(it)
............. who sang the theme song for the movie Ti tanic.
5 Recent albums are usually more expensive t han older albums. (ones)
Recent albums are usually more expensive .
. .. .. ..... ...
6 They asked me to move to the Edinburgh office but I wasn't prepared to go t here. (that)
They asked me to move to the Edinburgh office but I didn't want to .
7 Robbie Williams recorded Millenn ium, not Rock DJ, in 1998. (it)
.. ....... ... .. ... ..
.... . Robbie Williams recorded i n 1998, not Rock DJ.
8 Susie wasn't hungry but I wanted to eat something. (did)
Susie didn't want to eat anyt hing
316
3
UNITS 101 AND 102 Choose the correct w ords in italics.
o I' m afraid you' re wro ng. Tllat ,@was Jo hnTravolta t hat starred in the fiJ m 'Satu rday
Night Fever'.
Julie And rews bot h acted in the fi lm 'The Sound of Music' or / ami sang man y o f the
so ngs.
2 Not o nly slle was / was slle late for my party, sh e didn 't even b rin g a p resent.
3 [n any orchestra, it ;s tile conductor / tile conductor is it that is t he most important person .
4 Yo u have not paid t h is year's membership fee. A{ter tllat, / Consequently, wc are
term inating your club membership.
S Nevertheless / AWIQuglr I go to the gym regularly, I n ever seem to lose any weight.
6 I d idn 't get a pay rise this year and neither got / did any of my colleagues.
7 It was Oasis tlley / t/w l recorded 'Wonderwa ll', not Blur.
S Cats do n 't h ave good eyesight nevertheless / bllt th eir hea ring is excellent.
9 Never have 1/ 1 have seen such a terrible perfo rmance!
10 If yo u take up this o ffer you will receive two DVDs a month free o f ch arge and / in
additiol/ a discou nt vouch er for th e fi rst month .
4
m
UNITS 100 AND 105 Improve this t ext by replacing the highlighted w ords and rewriting the
underlined words in mo re form al language.
What are MP3s7
Thu
In the last few years there has been a revolution in the way people listen to music. (O) .ffle-
sowuis
UI'"-
be. ruorJc.i I(I1JI
fe\lOllJtiofl is largely thanks to a breakthrough in the way (00) wc can [ecere! ane! EeFFl9re55
C4mpressc.i
~
into a very small file. (1) We call this technology MPEG - 1 Audio l ayer 3, or MP3 .
MP3 is a development of the tc<hnology that brought us COs in the 1980s. That tc<hnology
was digital recording. (2) Digital recording changes sound into a digital fi le that (3) a computer
can read . When music is rc<orded. it usually contains many sounds that the human car
cannot actually hear. MP3 technology (4) takes away (5) the sounds humans cannot hear and
compresses the music to a tenth of (6) the music's previous size. This means that a single CD
can contain hundreds of songs instead of just ten or twelve.
The reduction in the size of music files has also meant that (7) you can transfer music over
the Internet. People can now download music from a website and rc<ord (8) the music onto
a CD or an MP3 player. Apple developed their own version of MP3s and used the tc<hnology
in their famous iPods. (9) iPods were a huge success and (10) Apple has SOld more than 500
million of them around the world.
=
5
-
UNIT5103 AND 104 Choose t he best second sentence, A or B, to continue each paragraph.
o The ch ildren wouldn't sto p sh outing and running arou nd th e classroom .
A The ch ild ren running around was beginning to annoy t he teacher.
® Th eir behavio ur was beginning to annoy the teacher.
Londo n 's parks are full of rhododendron bushes.
A These beautiful p lants were imported from Asia in the eighleen th cen tury.
B In the eighteenth century somebody imported t hese beautiful plants.
3 17
2 The airline has decided to put up th e cost of its fli ghts.
A The increase will not be popu lar with t heir customers.
B The ai rline putting lip costs will not be popular with custo mers.
3 The managing director, John Travers, resigned last week.
A Jo hn leaving has upset many members of staff.
B His depa rture has upset many members of staff.
4 Pedro showed his board ing pass to t he attendant and walked up the steps to the
aircraft door.
A There was a strange smell which he noticed when h e walked onto the pl ane.
B Wal king onto the plane, he suddenly noticed a strange smell .
S Hanford has a bra nd-new hospi tal.
A Last month the Minister of Healt h opened it.
B It was opened by t he Minister of Health last month.
6 La st year the Grayson family decided to sell their ho use and move to a small apa rtment.
A Within a few mo n ths they had begun to regret their decision.
B With in a few month s they had begun to regret that they'd decided to do it.
6
All UN ITS
Read the short text and match the descriptions A- I with the highlighted words.
Many people consider Maria Callas to be the greatest diva
(0) (female opera singer) of all time. Not only (1) was she a
great singer, she also had the rare ability to act convincingly
on stage. (2) This, combined with her strong and (3)
delightful personality, made her one of the few opera
singers to become a truly international star.
(4) Although she died more than thirty years ago (5),
her albums are still some of the best-selling of all
etassical records.
Callas achieved tremendous success as a singer, but
(6) it was her celebrity lifestyle that most interested
the public. (7) Her battle to lose weight led to headlines
around the world . But Callas disliked being in the
newspapers . (8) Consequently, she slowly began to retire
from public life. She spent the last ten years of her life living
alone in Paris and died in 1977.
A punctuation marks wh ich enclose an ex planation
0
B a word which replaces a no un phrase
C a punctuation mark that separates two parts of the same sentence
D a sentence with it used to em phasise an object
E a noun phrase ......... .
F a word linking two clauses
G a word linking two sentences ..........
H changi ng word order after a negative adverb
a fo rmal ad jective ......... .
318
7
All UNITS
Write the words in the correct order.
o she's intelligen t, not on ly she beautiful is
.~.~~ .~.'~Y. .~..~.~..~~~!i~! ..~.~ . !?~~M: .........................................................
I can't my brother I can swim but
2 to lend her he refused but
she asked her father some money
3 changed the electric gu itar for ever the invention of music
4 Amy Winehouse it who recorded Back to Black was
5 the teachers the children went on strike were sent home because
6 does like I spicy food don't and neither my wife
7 his favourite composer my best fri end is classical music; Bach loves
8
Choose the best word or phrase, A. B or C below. Be careful! Some answers
may be grammatically correct but are less suitable.
All UNITS
GOOD NEWS FOR AB BA FANS
Fans of Abba's music have been delighted by the news that Mamma
(O) .......... featuring the grOtJp's songs, has now broken all box office
rCCCN"ds for a musical. Since (1) .......... in 2008, the movie has earned
than 600 million dollars.
Mamma Mia stars Oscar-winner Me!)'l Streep. Most filmgoers think of
(l) .......... as a serious actress who doeSll't work. in musicals. (3) ......... .
she loves comedy roles and is a fine singer. {4} .......... since she first
heard their music as a teenager.
Abba was one of the biggest groups of the 19705. (S) .......... began when they won the Eurovision Song
Contest in 1974. (6) ...... ... . ensured that their winning song, Waterloo, would become a huge hit in eve!),
European count!)' and the USA. (7) .......... , they went on to release a string of hit singles and albums, selling
more than 400 million copies worldwide.
Abba were famous for their flamboyant costumes and videos, but (8) .. ........ that people remember. Abba had
four (9) .......... Agnetha Faltskog,Anni-Frid lyngstad, Benny Andersson and Bjom Ulvaeus. Not only
{10} .......... in the group, they also composed all the songs.
0 A
A
2 A
3 A
4 A
5 A
6 A
7 A
8 A
9 A
10 A
M ia the fi lm
its release
Meryl Streep
Furthermore,
Abba was loved by her
Their career
Winning the contest
However
the songs are
members;
did Benny and Biom play
B Mia; the film
B the releasing of the film
B the Oscar-winner
B On the contrary,
B She has loved Abba
B The career of Abba
B Abba winning
B After
B are the songs
B members:
B played Senny and Biom
© Mia, the film
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
it d id release
her
Consequently,
Abba it was loved by her
Abba's working
The victory
After that
it is the songs
members
did play Renny and Bjom
319
Test
MODULE 19
Formal and written English
Choose the correct a nswer, At B o r C.
1 I'm afraid I don't like popular .......... music.
A music: o r classical B music; o r classical C music or classical
2 I bought .......... bought an MP3 player
A a camera. my friend 8 a camera; my friend C a camera: my friend.
3 Elizabeth I .......... was one of England's greatest rulers.
A (1533-1603) B 1533-1603 C 1533-1603,
4 She gave me a presen t and I opened .... ..... immediately.
A p resent B it C that
.s My husband li kes th e same bands as I
A do like B do C like them
6 Sh e asked me to go to the cinema but I didn't want .. .
A to B to go to it C go t here
7 The flights were expensive . .. ..... ... decided not to go.
A As a result, we B As a result we C Because we
8 The solicito r claimed Mc Gran t h ad been unawa re of the decision.
is proof that he had received t he relevant letter several weeks earlier.
A Nevertheless there B Therefo re, there C On t he contrary, there
9 .......... the Singer was d isappointing.
A But t he ba nd was good B The band was good but
C But, the band was good,
10 .. ........ produced all the Beatles' albums.
A It Gcorge Martin was B George Martin was C It was George Martin that
11 Not only .......... , she also composes most of th e so ngs.
A she sings B sings her C does she sing
12 1 did n' t get a pay rise this year and neither .... .. .. . my colleagues.
A did B d id n' t C d idn't get
13 Bohemian Rlwpsmly is o ne o f th e biggest-selling singles of all time.
A In 1975 Queen recorded it . B It was recorded by Queen in 1975.
C Queen was t he band t hat recorded it in 1975.
14 My sister wen t o n holiday to Casablanca in January, but ....... .
A th e weather d isappointed her. B she was disappointed by t he weath er.
C th ere was weat her which disappoi nted her.
15 The fa ns began to scream and shout . ..... ..... was becoming difficul t.
A Fans screaming and shou ting B The situation C That
16 Alex bough t an o ld farmhouse in Romania . ....... ... was quite complicated.
A Buying of that ho use B He bought t he h ouse C The purchase
17 Lad ies and gent lemen . .......... wi ll be delayed due to airport congestion.
A Our arrival B Our plane arriving C Arrivi ng of our plane
320
>- Unit 99
>- Un it 99
>- Unit 99
>- Unit 100
>- Unit 100
>- Unit 100
>- Unit 101
>- Unit 101
>- Unit 101
>- Unit 102
>- Unit 102
>- Unit 102
>- Un it 103
>- Unit 103
>- Unit 104
>- Unit 104
>- Unit 104
18 Prime Minister. .......... us more about your tax proposals?
A Why not tell B How about telling C Could you tell
19 Hi, Mum. How was the job interview? Is the ... .... .. . good?
A pay B remun erat ion C fi nancial compensation
>- Unit 105
20 Continued poor performance will result in th e .......... of you r employment.
A termination B stoppi ng C fini sh
>- Unit 105
C>
"
....
>- Unit 105
Spoken English
Before you start
1 Read the conversation. look at the highli ghted grammar examples.
Family health check
Our representative will visit you in your own home ...
MR SMART
... Do come in. We're in the living room.
REPRESENTATlVE
Thank. you ... Right, let me start by asking how much
exercise you all do.
MR SMART
Well, we do quite a lot. don't we 7 We all go cycling
and walking together. I swim twice a week and so
ANNIE
does my wife. And the kids do sports at school, too.
Well, I did do sport until last year, Dad, but I don't
have to now I'm in the final year.
2
MR SMART
I didn't know that. How ridiculous!
REPR[SENTATM
Can you tell me someth ing about your diet?
MR SMART
Well. we never eat Junk food, do we?
MRS SMART
We try to eat rice and pasta and stuff like that sometimes. We eat hea lthi ly, don't we?
MR SMART
I think so. We don't eat fruit and vegetables eyery day. Personally, I don't think it's necessary.
REPRESENTATIVE
Mmm. Next question ... I'd like to know if you take any yitamins.
MR SMART
Why would we do that? We're healthy enough without them .
Now read the sentences and choose the correct or most suitable w ords in italics. The
highlighted grammar examples w ill help you
1 You eat a lot of health y food, don't you? / dOIl't YOII eat?
2 We never go to t he gym at the weekend, dOIl 't we? / do we?
3 The doctor would like to know do you I ifYO II wan t a morni ng appointment.
4 I went to the loca l school and so my friellds did / so did m y friends .
5 ' Is the fish and chip shop open on Sun day even ings? ' '/ thillk yes./ / think so.'
6 'Our school doesn't teach any foreign la nguages in the first year.'
'Wlla t I How stupid! It's best to learn when you're young.'
7 PerSOIl(lI / PersO/wlly, I'd rather not take any medicine at all.
8 'Why didn 't you tell me you were coming'!' '/ told you! / 1 did tell YO II! You
just didn't listen.'
9 We use a lot of spices in our cooking - we like Indian and Mexican food
and stuff/ wlwt like t hat.
10 Have you all fi n ished writing? Right, / Yes, I'll collect your exam papers now.
3
,..
,..
,..
,..
,..
Un it
Un it
Un it
Unit
Unit
106
106
106
107
107
,.. Unit 108
,.. Unit 108
,.. Unit 109
,.. Unit 110
,.. Un it 110
Check your answers below. Then go to the unit for more information and practice.
'14 8m 01 11 0 15 6 iOOA IF"l PIP I 8 Arreuosl;:JJ L MOH 9
·os )j U]41 1 S SPU;lPj AW PI P os
nOA j ! £" FJM op Z , 1l0A l,UOp 1
v
"
Go onl lne for a fu ll dlagnostl( test
32 1
106
Spoken
question
forms
1 Question tags
We add a question tag (e.g. are YOII?larell'l YOII?) to change a statement into a yes/no
quest ion (>- Unit 61). We use be, an auxiliary verb or a modal verb.
TAGTV1'E
• VERB fORM
-STATEMENT
+ QUESTION TAG
with be
be
I'm in the advanced class,
there is
You aren't still getting those headaches,
There weren't many people there,
aren't 11
are you?
were there?
present simple
A/ice comes from France,
doesn't she?
past simple
The doctor didn't say much,
did he?
with auxiliary
verbs
with modal
verbs
new drug,
present continuous
They're developing a
be going to
She isn't going to marry him,
is she?
aren't they?
present perfect
The girls haven't been ill again,
have they?
will
You'lf call us when you get there,
won't you?
can
Brad can speak fluent Spanish.
can't he?
• With a negative statement we use a POSlTlVE tag:
The doctor did,, 't say much, dill /le?
YOIl 've n ever met my SOli, h ave YOII? Nobody wants tltis last biscuit, (10 they?
• With a positive statement we use a NEGATIVE tag:
8rad cml speak Spallisll, con 't he?
A
cm
322
The tag always refers back to the subject: X He'j Elfgfij/I, If~? X He's Eltgli j /" ;-su't ill
./ He's Ellg/ish, is,,'t h e?
We can make informal suggestions and requests with question tags:
Let's sort 0/11 tMs orderi"g problem, shall we? Open the door for me, would YOII?
Question tags have two different meanings, depending on the intonation we use.
• With a rising tone (/?J they can ask fo r information:
Ti,e last performa llce of tile film is after 9.00, iSll 't it? (I' m really not sure o f the answer.)
• With a falling tone (--;) they can ask for agreement:
You 're comiflS willllls to see the film tOllight, aren't YOII? (I think you are but I wa nt you
to agree.)
We answer q uestion tags with yes/1l0, a short answer and other information if necessary:
'YOII aren't still gettillg those Ileadac/les, are YOII?' 'Yes, J am. Tile doctor says they're callsed by
stress.'
'Clmrles htlslI 't beell to football practice recently, has lie?' 'No, he hasll 't. Actually, he's ix>ell ill. '
Pronunciation >- 1.35
2
Repl y questions
neply questions arc like questio n tags in form , but we use t hem to show wc are listening
and to continue the conversation:
'TIle doctor suys tile headaches are cuI/sed by stress. ' 'Does si/cl r wO/lder if you're sfJf"di" S too
mllel/ lime 011 the compuwr. '
'My compllter's been cousillS problems al/ week. ' 'Has it? W/wt's wrol/g?'
Reply questions are positive if the statement is positive, and negative if the statement is
negative: 'My doctor doesn't like giving antibiotics. ' 'Does,,'t I, e?'
We u sually use a rising tone (";:'), and we st ress the auxiliary verb: l2flfi she? J:lai it?
1:13
3
Pronunciation"" .36
Indirect questions
The form of indirect questions is similar to the form of reported questions (,.. Unit 69.1):
GO/lid YO" tell me w//ere Stl/dio 5 is?
We can use indirect questions 10 be polite o r if we th ink t he person we are asking may
not know t he answer to the question . We int roduce the question wi th a polite phrase, fo r
exa mple:
E.'<cllse me, canjcolllti YOll tell me if this is the correct platform (or Erlill1mrgll?
Do you kllow IVltal. time tile film fi/ishes?
I 'd like to kllOw what yOIl thillk about my idea .
The word order after the polite phrase is t he sa me as in reported questions:
direct question
indirect question
if/ w/letller/ wll· word (+- subject) + verb:
,
,
,
'fs litis the road for Cardiff?' 'Can you tell m e if
this
is Vie road for Cmtfiff, please?'
'W/IQ is the 1II111wgl!r IIcrl'?' 'Do you know wllO lhe munage.r is Ilere? '
A
We ALWAYS use sta tement word order in indirect questions, and we do NOT use do/(toes
or did:
,/ C(m YOII tell me wl/Ut th e correct ti me is? ~ Call ,'1911 fe/I me whlft is the ffl"eff time?
,/ I'd like to know wll cre YOll lleard tltat. ~ I'd like le knew II'/lel'e did ,.011 hear Olfll .
We can also u se the infinitive in ind irect questions:
'!iow do ),011 tllm lIlis machine all?' - 'Do you kt/ow how to tllm this IIwcll; lIe' on?'
'Where do we bllY tickets (or tile play?' - 'Cem YO lltel/ liS where to Im )' tickets for tile pIa>'?
'W hat shollft/I buy?' -- 'I 'd like to kllow wllat to buy. '
In spoken English, we o ften say CO/ M YOII .. .? and Do >1(]/1 •• .? very fast and th e words run
together: COl/Id ),oll /k;)dju:1 do YOII /dj u:/.
cm Pronunciation .. 1.37
4
Indirect question forms in statements
If we don't know th e answer 10 a question, we can use a polite phrase such as 1' /l/lIot SI/rf!
or I don 't kllOw + an ind irect question fo rm :
'What time does the film sttlr!?' 'I'm afraid 1'111 II0t sIIre Wllflt lime it stllrts. 1'/1 ;lI.'it check. '
'Is it railling ;/1 Lom/oll?' -- 'I cu ,,'t tell yO ll if it's rait/illg lIere - I'm ill the studiol'
'How (/0 I get to Studio 5?' 'I'm sorry. I don 't knuw IlOw to get Olere.)
We ca n also make a statement wit h an indirect question if we are ' thinking aloud '
o r asking ourselves somet hing:
' Wllere diel J pill my glasses?' - " wonder where 1 pllt my glasses. '
'Are YO" spem/ing too I/Il1cll time 011 tile computer?' - 'I w onder i{you (Ire spending too mile"
time Oil tile computer. '
'Oi(1 / tum a'e iron off?' - 'I ca n 't rem ember if I tumed tile iron off. '
'What tillle are tile builders coming?' - 'I dot/ 't k/low what tillle ti,e blli{(lers (Ire com;ng. '
323
1 06 SPO~EN QUESTION EXAMS
Practice
1
2
Match the sentences 1-8 with their question tags A-I . ~ listen and check.
A shall we?
o You won 't be late home tonight,
1 There's someth ing good on at the t heatre at th e moment,
B have you?
2 You've never met my parents-in-law,
C does it?
3 You took part in the quiz competition at the school,
0 isn't there?
4 Let's take the afternoon off and go shopping,
F. ca n 't you?
5 You ca n pick up t he kids from school later on.
F did n 't you?
6 I'm invited 10 Gianni's party as well as you,
7 We really shou ld spend more time with the family,
8 Not hing ever seems good enough for her,
G shou ldn't we?
H wi ll you?
aren't I?
Match the questions and answers, then p ractise saying them , CIIID Listen and check.
o
I
2
3
4
Is it a powerful computer? I can use it to play games, can't r!
Fabulous weather! It's been really sunn y today, hasn 't it?
Five hundred euros fo r a vase? That's rather expensive, isn't It?
How much further must' we walk? It isn' t too far to the station, is it?
2+ 2,. S. You've made a mistake, haven't you?
A Not really, not for an antique one.
S ¥es, ye1:l faH . \'91:1 caR play aU tl-le
]39p1:l lar games eA it.
3
1-" 1 ... L ..
1",1
1-,,1
1-"1
1",1
CUm, yes, obviously I have.
D Yes, it's been a lovely day.
E No, it's only another 500 metres.
Read the dialogue and think of the best word for each gap. Write one
word only. ~ Listen and check.
WOMA'"
~AN
WOMAN
MA N
WOMAf"
Excuse me. I wonder (0) ,if............... you could help me. I'm new to this town.
Could you tell me where (1) ................... find a good supermarkeft
Of course. There's o ne in the shopping centre on the main road out of town.
Oh, (2) ................... there? Thank you. You don 't (3) ................... what time it
doses, (4) .. , ................ you?
I 'm sorry, I don 't know (5) ......... .......... it opens o r closes.
That's OK. There isn't a department store in the shopping centre, is
(6) .................. .1
MAN
WOMAN
MAN
4
Find and correct the mistake in each sentence. ~ Listen and check .
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
324
Yes, there is, but' can't (7) ......... _......... you what it's like, I'm afra id . I never
go there.
Rea ll y? (8) ................... )'ou? Oh , just onE' mo rc question. Do yOll (9) ............ .
which bus I should take for the shopping centre?
I'm sorry, I' m really not sure (l0) .................. bus goes there. I hate shopping
cen tres, you see.
will
You won't go to that awful club, w&R4. you?
' We aren't goi ng out now, after a iL' 'Are you?'
Let's have a pizza to night, do we?
You phone your fr iends in Spain a lot, no?
Ca n you tell me where is the nearest bank?
Well, lake's never had a better job, hasn 't he?
I'd like to know where did she get that ring.
Drinking a lot of water is good fo r you, yes?
'The storms last year d id a Jot of damage.' 'Didn't they?'
5
Complete each spoken question with a suitable verb.
cam Listen and check.
M 0 1RA
I've been thinking about having a health check.
(0) .H~y.~... ....... you? Wh y? Is everything OK?
Oh, yes. But there's a company in town offering them, and you can't be too careful
with you r health, (1 ) .... ............... you?
I suppose not. Do you (2) ................... how much it costs?
A basic one costs £250.
KIM
(3) ................... it? Rea lly?
MOlRA
MOIRA
That's not too expensive, (4) ................•.. it?
Well, if there's nothing wrong with you, it's a lo t of money. Anyway, you can get a
health check at the doctor's, (5) ................... you?
(6) ................... you? I' m not sure.
I think so. There's no harm in asking, (7) ................... there?
No, you' re righ t, and I suppose my docto r knows me best.
Exactly. I'd better go. It's getting late.
(8) ................... it? Oh, yes, so it is. Listen, are you busy o n Saturday morning?
KIM
No . • .
M OIRA
Let's meet for coffee, (9) ................... we? We ca n have a lo ng chat then.
MOlRA
KIM
M0 1RA
KIM
KIM
MO IM
KIM
MOl RA
KIM
6 Complete the polite questions that the researcher asks. Use the notes to help you.
CIIIl!I Listen and check.
o
Excuse me, can . y.~~..~~.. ~ . '1.~(tY.P.~ . if.. ........ .
.~~.. y.~~ ..'Y.~,.. p.~~!.~................................... ..... ?
OK, and could you .............................. ..
.......... ?
2 Thank you. I'd also .........
iiiiiiiiiiiiliillliiii
Medi« .fJ.f.~~
AIk.Il"-e.k: tm...flJlltJ~'4H- q.u.e.rtitJ!y.:
~J I10IMt t»zr.l if- t'tU.If~ rf.Q )!Q~ HJ.~
W ~tX lHI«H. ri rf.Q )!Q~ w«un
ev«)': wuJcJ
tl;l rf.Q ~H li.rtU1. ~ ~ mJitJ?
3 That's great. Do you know ... ... ... ............
(3,1
..................................... ?
4 And can ................................................... .
?
5 Right, and could
........................................................................... ?
bi2tX It!&!t:t¥ /U:b!41B,eU"i iQ )11H
('-6.i. ,~ tXuJU
(!J:,) iQ ¥4.H UJJ.t/.. dy. lB:/:lK: ~11.teI'lDU.,
,~~
~,8." t1Y. &11,(
/rQW thl.: ~ rsi.it2 Q( ~&'.rD",o'ri?
i") rJlw. 4Q yqH pr;tk tOOt
if
.9.r.t/."Ut9. HLW,(?
(JJ «Q
.
):'QH 1lrJ/tr
nu:;;4
6 Finally, I'd ........................................................ ..
325
107
Agreeing and
disagreeing
1 Agreeing w ith so/neither and too/either
When we want to reply to a statement by saying that something is the same, o r agreeing,
we use the pattern So/NeitlTer + be/auxi liary verb/ modal verb + subject:
positive
/1*
I feel awful now!
My daughter's go;
Q
piJSS '111 h r exams.
r;;;g.rt;,li~/'m not very good with new technology.
f can't go
to the company dinner.
So is my SQll.
Neither am L.
_ _ _ _ _..... , Neither can 1.
.. stressed words in the replies are underrned.
Wc can also use nor instead of neither, especially with pronou ns:
' We haven't bee" to the theatre for ages', 'Nor Jm w~.'
A
1:1
In these sta tements, wc use an auxiliary verb and we put it befo re the sub ject:
' We got t ickets {or the Olympics!' .t 'So did lff.f' X '~ did M set!' )( 'Se gc)t n't:!' X '56 n e did!'
Pronunciation>- 1.38
We can also use too after a positive verb and either after a negative verb:
2
Di sa greeing
To say somethi ng is d ifferent, or to disagree, wc use be/the auxiliary verb o r the moda l verb
from the statement, and we change the verb from positive to nega tive/ negative to positive:
it iHdllt's lovely!
Oh, ~ do. We love it.
NATURAL ENGLISH We often use 011 o r Really? before we disagree. It sounds a li ttle more
polite: 'I 'm bored.' '0 11, I 'm flol. ' / Rea lly? I'm flot.
3 think so, hope so
We ca n use so after think, hope, expect, suppose to avoid repeating a longer phrase:
' Will all yo"r shldellts pass the exam?' 'I th illk so. ' (= I think they will all pass the exam.)
•
We don't use so with a clause: 1 '/ C1f(J«l5e (tImE) he will. '
If we want to give a negative reply, we usually make the auxiliary ve rb negative:
'Did tile Vikings come to Britain before the Romans?' ./ 'I don 't t h ink so.' 1 'f !"ink Het. '
'Do YO" think Chelsea will Will tOllight?' ./ 'I don 't exp ect so.' 1 'f t'*Pect tlet.'
But we use /lot after I/Ope: 'Is it going to raill tomorrow?' 'I hope n ot .'
326
Practice
1
Match the statements 1-8 with the replies A-I. ~ listen and check.
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
We weren't expecting you to arrive so early_____
A Ours doesn't either.
Wc won't be able to afford a holiday this yeaT.
-----? B No, neither were we.
My boss is always asking me to stay late.
J've never had to stay in hospital.
Our teacher doesn't give us a lot of homework.
I'd really like to go to the end-af-year party.
My boss didn 't go to university.
We believe that everyone should enjoy work.
Ou r teacher taught in South Ameri ca.
C
D
E
F
G
H
I know. I would, too.
Yes, so do we.
No, we won't ei th er.
Nor have I.
Rea lly? So did ours.
Is he? Mine is, too .
No, neither did my boss.
Complete the conversation with the words from the box.
I:II1IB listen and check.
I am, too. 1 expect so. I' m not. I think so. I won't either.
>Jeitfter (;}jEJ I. No, I don't! So did J! Well,' did!
M UM
DAD
MUM
Jor
DAD
MUM
DAD
JOI:
0110
)01'.
MUM
OAO
JOE
MUM
JOf.
Dill)
MUM
3
What's the time?
It 's hal f past two. Goodness! I didn 't think it was so latel
(0) .N~.4~r..t!.!lL .. .... I was havi ng so much fun that I d idn 't notice the time!
(1) .............. ............... I noticed the time all eveni ng!
I thought it was a great eveningl Do you think everyone cn ioycd themselves"
Yes, (2) ...... ..
. ............. ... They stayed quite a long time after dinner, didn 't they?
Mmm, in the end I wa nted them to leave.
(3) .................... ..... .. The whole evening was boring.
You think everythi ng's boring.
(4) ....... ....... ............. But you only ever talk about other people in the fa mil y
and friends.
Well, we like that. You didn't have to stay here. Anyway, I' m really tired now.
(5) ..... ..•.. . .. ..... .......... . Time for bed .
(6) ....
. ... J want to stay up and watch a DVD.
OK, but you'll be tired tomorrow, won't you?
(7) ...... ........ .. .... .......... but it doesn't matter - it's Su nday.
Well , I' m going to bed. I'm rea lly tired so I won't clear up now, Ann.
No, (8) .
.................... We can do it in the mo rning.
Complete the replies. Use one word only (or a short form). tIiiD listen and check.
o ' I don't go to the doctor very often.' 'Really? I ftp.
are mine!'
'My kids are always falling over and hurting themselves .' ' ..... .
2 'We ta ke a lot of vitamins and minerals.' ' Do YOll? We
3 ' Do you think exercise keeps you healthy'" ' I .... .... ...
. so, but I think good food is
important, too.'
4 ' I've spen t a lot of tim e in hospital.' ' Have you really? I
5 ' Do you think you'll live to 120.,. 'No, r
. think so.'
6 'We do n't thin k it's a good idea to smoke.' 'No, .... .... ......... do we.'
7 'Will you have to take antibiotics?' 'WeIl, I certainly hope ................... ! I hate them.'
327
108
Expressing our feelings and ideas
The Government has
revealed that it will reduce
the budget for the health
service by £3.5 billion ...
we have to
1
Expressing our fee lings
When wc feel strongly about something, or when we are surprised or shocked . We can
express it like this:
• W/wt (a/al/) + (adjective) + noun: ' Eddie wellt swimmillS ill rite Sea 011 New Year's Day.'
'Wlwt (I stll/)id tiling to do! It mllst have been freezing! '
Wlwt a lovely day! What good friends YOll/Javel Wlwl a pity! What II mess!
Wlwt good advice!
• That's/How + adjective: 'I won tile tennis cllampiol/Ship last week.' 'Tlwt's fatltastic! '
'Stall has to take ten pills a day.' 'How dreadflll!' (How makes t he ad jective stronger.)
That'sI
How
wonderful! great! fantastic!
fabulous! really cool!
BAD
SURPRtSlNG
awful! terrible! dreadful!
disastrous! shocking!
crazy! amazing! incredible!
unbelievable! ridiculous!
There arc also some single words which we use to express fee lings:
,/mllie's been offered the job of managing director of tile compaIlY. '
- 'Wow! That's amaz.ing!' 'No! YOII 're joking!' 'Really? That's great "ewS.'
A
We use Wow! only to reply to something positive:
'Our cat died last week.' X ' ~'Io\ll! r ill j etI,':' l6,.",.' ,f 'No! I'm really sorry.'
~ Pronunciation ~ 1.39
2
Expressi ng our ideas
Some adverbs, like personally, to be hOliest and obviollsly, are lIsed mostly in speech. Th ey
show that the sentence contain s an opinion or comment. With I,erso/wlly and to be honest,
we o ften use 1 tllillk/believelfeel:
CID
3
MJ: RB
personally
MEANING
EXAMPlE
in my opinion
Personally, I think it's our own fault.
to be honest
this is what 1really think
obviously
It's clear that
too much for that car.
Obviously, he had no idea what you ......-ere talking about.
To be honest I think you paid
Pronunciation ~ 1.40
Other adverbs
Adverbs like allYW"y and by the way help to make a conversation more natural:
ER
50
anyway
by the way
328
to change subject/
end conversation
to start a new topic
Practice
1
Read the reactions to the newspaper headlines and choose the correct words in italics.
~ listen and check .
o ).'lYE MORE CASES OF CHOLERA FOUND That 's gre(ll St:;ible) I thought it ~ad disappcare~.
-1 OFFICIAL! CHOCOLATE IS GOOD FOR YOU! Wow. Jat / Wllat fantastic n ews! I love It !
2
3
4
5
2
WOMAN HAS BABY AT 65 That's I How's awful; it's much too old.
HOSPITALS' BUDGETS CUT BY 20% Wow! I Reaflr? How dreadful !
UFE. EXPECTANCY NOW UP TO 95 What a I That's good, but I ho pe we'll be h ealthy.
SCIENTISTS OISCOVER NEW CANCER TREATMENT Wiwt I How wonderful! We need better drugs.
GRAMMAR IN USE
Complete the conversation with A-I below. ~ listen a nd check.
1'AUL....
Hi, Jim . How are you feeling?
J1M
WeJl, not bad. r went to the doctor yesterday - 1 got an appointment straightaway.
PAUI,A
(0)
JIM
I'm a naemic - that's w hy I've been feeling so tired.
PAUl.A
Oh, t hat ( I) ......... ! Discovering you're anaemic. (2) ,,_.
JIM
(3) .......... it doesn't bothe r me. I was worried it migh t be so methi ng more serious.
I'AULA
Mmm, I suppose it's qu ite easy to treat.
JtM
Well, I have to take some tablets for a while, and I need to eat more food with iron
.F......... What d id the doctor say?
in it, so (4)
shock!
....... , I need to improve m y diet a bit.
I'AUIA
Mmm. (5)
jlM
You 're right, and I haven't paid enough atte ntion to mine. (6) .......... / enough about
.... .r
I th in k diet is so important.
me. How are things with you?
PAU LA
WeB, we're.all fin c, but m y mothe r's gett ing worse. She's got demcntia.
JIM
O h , how (7) .......... ! I'm so sorry.
1'A1Il.A
Thanks. It isn 't too bad at t.he mome nt but it w ill get worse. (8) .
..., d id you see
that TV programme the other day about carin g for the elderly?
A obviously
B What a
C awful
3
0 Anyway
E By the way
r Really? TRat's geol:i!
G 's terribl e
H Personally
To be h onest
Find six more mistakes and correct them. TIck (,I) the correct sentences. M'n' Usten and che<k.
Wl-urlt "
.r/-tl{)U
o What shaffle you can 't come to the com pany's dinn er and dance.
Have you heard about the earthquake in C hina? How a terrible thing!
2 He weigh s about 140 kilos, so, persona lly, he has to lose some weight.
3 ' I've just won a holiday ho me.' 'That 's fantastic news!'
4 'I've just lost m y job.' 'Wow! That's te rrible.'
5 'Shei la didn 't get the job she applied for.' 'Really? What sham e.'
6 ' What do you think of Fra nk?' 'Well, anyway, I don 't like him at all.'
7 'So meone tried to break into ou r house last ni ght .' 'That dreadful!'
8 Th at's really inte resting. Anyway, I'd better go now.
329
1
Em phasising verbs
We can emphasise most verbs simply by stressing be, an auxiliary or a modal :
'We can start tile meeting w/m1 Kym's here.' '1 am here, rim! Over here. In tile comer.'
A
CID
2
We don't use short forms for positive verbs when we emphasise them:
11'111 here! ,/1 f1J1l here!
• To emphasise a positive verb in the present o r past simple, we use do, does or did:
Yes, that's sensible, bllt it d.Qn. look strange! (== Although it is sensible, it looks strange.)
You dQ say some silly tllings! (= Vou have a habit of saying Si lly things.)
'Weren't yO Il going to tell everyone about the meeting?' 'I fli4 tell everyone.'
I said I'd remember to book tickets alld 1 fli4 remember. (You think I didn't, but [ did.)
• To emphasise a negat ive, we stress IIOt (or another negative word) or a short fo rm with 1I0t:
I'm sony but yOllr behaviollr ill this class is f.l.Q1 good mougll! YOII 've made 110 effort at al/.
'I thollght All/ned wasll't comillg with YOII.' 'He wasn't, but he cha1lged his mind.'
Pronunciation)o- 1.41
Emphasising adjectives, adverbs and nouns
We often use words such as really and so to emphasise adjectives and adverbs:
More {lowers for lI1e? You're ,m good to me! YOI/ should read this book - it's really interesting.
The musicians performed Cilllb::. well last night. Eva Cassidy /lsed to sing that song,m beautifully.
We ca n use SI/ch (a/all + adjective) to emphasise nouns (>-- Unit 79.2) :
That was ~ a good holiday! I {eel terrible - I've got IU.d1 a bad h eadache.
'Mum, I got the job.' That's
wonderful news! /'111 really happy for YOII.'
mm
3
Emphasising questions
We can llse 011 eartll or ever after a question word to emphasise a question, usually when we
are surprised or annoyed about something:
What
What on
fi!l1!J. was
What~
that politician talking about?
have you done to your hair? It looks awful!
Who
Who on earth would pay $1,000 fora coat like that?
Who~ told you that I was leaving my job? That's rubbish!
Where
Where on fM1b. have you put the keys? I can't find them an'f'A'here!
Wherf..l!el: did Jeremy sleep last night? Under a hedge?
How
How on fMIb. do you expect me to remember all your phone numbers?
How~ do they get those little sailing ships into glass bottles?
When
When~ does
Why
Why on fM1fl are you wearing that mask?
Why f..I!el: would anyone want to have a holiday in space?
your mother get the time to work and bake these wonderful cakes?
We do not usually say [Whell 011 eartll .. .?] We prefer to llse Whenever . .?
330
Practice
Add one wo rd for em phasis in each ga p. a.JD listen a nd check.
1
EilROL How's YOUf work experience going?
Oh, it's (0) . r~Uy. .... " ... awful, actually.
ERitOL Awful? W h y?
NlKkI You know my tutor said I'd be going to a 'state-of-the-art' computer compa ny?
1'1110(1
Well , it is most definitely (1) ................... state of the art ! It's (2) ............ ..... ..
old-fashioned, and I'm not learn ing anything new.
[RIlO!. Oh, that's (3) ................. .. ridiculous! TIl e whole point of work experience is to learn
something about work, and use your skills.
NIKKl
I know. What o n (4) ....... .... .. ..... . were they thinking o f when they se nt me there?
Anyway, J've told the managing director that I' m lcaving on Friday.
[RltOl. W h at? Why (5) .... .. ... ..... .... did you do t hat? You know t he teachers at the college get
rea ll y annoyed if you do n 't make an effort .
NIK!.:I That's the point. I (6) ............ .... ... make an effort. I tried really hard, but they weren't
interested in listen ing to my ideas or anythi ng. It was all (7) ................... unfair!
ERROl
So, what arc you going to do?
NIKKI
Well, I (8) ................... want to continue wit h a work p lacement , so I'm going to talk
to the college tomorrow about working somewh ere else.
2
Emphasise t he underlined parts o f the sente nces. Add a word o r phrase, a nd make any
other necessary cha nges. c.wD listen a nd che<k.
o
'Gavin didn't come to the meeting.' ' He came to the meeting,' if~..~m~
Your little daughter Is delightful.
2 Don 't lie to me. You're a terrible liar.
3 'That film doesn't look very good. ' ' It lQQ.ks good.'
4 ~ d id you ride that horse? It 's filth y!
............................... .
................... ...................................... .
..........................................................
5 'You didn't hear t he story.' ' I hfanl it. '
6 Of course Pen ny didn't pass the test. She drove ~.
7 The travel agent gave us bad adYiCf.
8 'The sch ool's closed today.' '..w.b..a told you that?'
3
Find five more mistakes in emphasis and correct them. *'P1 listen and check.
,~
CATlIY
What Learth are yOll doing?
DAVINA
I'm soaking my feet. Isn 't it obvious?
CATltY
Yes, but ever what fo r?
DAVtNA
I've been out running and my feet got such cold.
CAllfY
Running? You don't go running!
OAVtNA
I go ru nni ng! I've been running quite a lot recently.
CATltv
Whenever do you find the time to run ?
DAV1NA
Early mornings, before work. Today I've had such long run in the park ...
CAntV
But why arc you doing it? You're not interested in exercise.
t)AVtNA
I'm interested in it! 1 want to get fit and run a ma ratho n .
331
11 0
Other spoken features
SIO:
DAISY:
SIO:
OAISV:
Sib:
How are you feeling now?
Mustn 't compl ain , a bit OCtter.
What did the doctor say?
Well, I can" come home yet. I mean, he wants to do
some more tests. o.
Mmm.
VDU kn ow, blood tests, to see if I' ve got enough iron
and things in my blood.
[ sec. Oh, yes. Bunch of fl owers for YOll.
OAISY:
Than ks.
SIO:
DAISY:
1
Leaving out words
We sometimes leave out words when we are speaking: Mustn't complain. Buncil 0fflowers
for you.
We o nly do this in very informal speech, and rarely in writing.
To be more exact, we say: I mustn'! complain. Here's a bUllch o({lowers for you.
The words t hat we leave out are often t he words t hat come at the beginn ing of a sentence
(e.g. pronouns (1, you) and/or the auxil iary verb (do, is)) as these are usually clear from the
situation :
(How are you do ing?)
A How YO II doing?
(I'm fin e, thanks.)
B Fine, thanks.
A Coming to the party at the weekend?
(Are you comi ng to the party ... ?)
B DOII 't know yet.
Cl don't know yet.)
2 Common words and phrases
There are a few words and phrases that we use a lot in spoken English, but not in writing:
Well,
Righ
mean
,
t
to pause before saying something
to start talking about a subject
that you have just mentioned
to get everyone's attentio
to explaintto correct something
to ensure the listener understands
1
was quite ... el; well, it was embarrassing.
Do you remember Chloe? Well. I've just heard that
It
she's getting marr~ied
"",
. ~~"'"
Right. have you alUinished?
I mean, he wants to do some more tests.
She plars.. the violin, I mean, the guitar.
We went to the shop, you know, the one on the
I
corner.
3 listening and responding
We often make noises or say things in a conversation to show we are listening:
'". he wants to do some more tests ... ' 'Mm",.'
'They're back over here (or the summer ... ' 'Really?'
'A nd we want to see them but .. .' 'Yeah, I kllow. It's difficult wllell you're working, isn 't it?'
4
things, stuff, kind of
There are times when we don't know or can't think of the exact words for what we want to
say. If we don't know the words for nouns, we can use words like thing(s) o r stuff:
• thing(s) for countable nouns: ... to see if I've got enough iron and things ... (c.g. minerals)
• stuff for uncountable nouns: Have we got e' lOugh food and stuff for the party? (e.g. drink)
We often use the word tiling if we want to explain something but don't know the word fo r it:
It's a tlJing yOllllse to open bottles. Have you got a thing for opening bottles?
We can use sort of or kind of before a word if we don't want to be exact: It's a sort of piano.
He's kind of difficult - //C wants everytiling to be exactly right. SlIe jllst sort o f walked Ollt.
Cl
332
Pronunciation ~ 1.42
Practice
1
Number t he speeches in the correct o rder. ClllJil listen a nd check.
Wi fe: Yes, you know, like he suddenly fainted or something.
Doctor: What happened?
Doctor: Yes, I mean, thi ngs li ke a bad heart or ...
Doctor: That 's good. Right, we'll lake him to hospita l now. Coming?
Wife: Do n't know, reall y. He just sort of fe ll over.
Wife: ... Oh, no, nothing like t hat. He's usually very h ealthy.
10 Wife: Well, I'd better get t he car and follow you. Won't be a minute.
Doctor: Does h e have any medical problems?
Doctor: Fell over, just dropped to t he ground?
" Wife: Medica l problems?
2
Complete the conversat ions w ith the words and phrases f rom t he box.
~
liste n and check.
Comi ng Don't ENerything I mean Mmm sort of stuff th ing Well ¥eaH
YOll
know
A Hi, how are things?
B Fine. (0) . ~¥.~hoi~._ .......... OK wit h you?
A (00) .Y.~~ ...... .... ........... , things are going really well.
2 A (I) .......... _................. to t he gym this evening?
B I'm not sure really. I'm (2) ........................... .. tired today.
A (3) .............................. can me before 8.00 to let me know, OK?
3 A I had a package from j anie this morning.
n (4) ........... .
A She sent me th is for my birthday.
B What exactly is it?
A (5) ........ ........... .. ....... know. really. It looks like a (6) ....................... _.... for putting
on lipstick.
n IJut you don't wear lipstick and (7)
.. ................... like that.
A I know!
4 A Have you got everything for the party?
B I don 't know. What do we need?
A (8) .. .. ... ... .. ................. , a ll the paper plates and glasses. and so o n.
B We don 't need plates. do we? (9) .. ........................... , we're o nly having crisps and nuts.
3
Rewrite the speeches w ith o ne word in each gap. Use all the spoken English featu res from
t his unit t hat you can. ~ listen a nd check.
o jan, are you going to the sho ps later?
y_~~.'W
.......... to the shops later, j an?
'Are you ready to leave? We' re late.' 'Yes, I' m com ing now.'
' ................... to leave? We're late.' '"
... , ............. ...... now.'
2 Have you got the ten t and sleepi ng bags, etc. fo r the trip'!
................... the .... ............... for the t rip?
3 Do you remember Clark? He's left the com pany!
................... Clack? ................... , he's left the company!
4 'n1e new manager is a li ttle odd. Let me explai n, he looks really strange.
The new manager is ................... of odd. I ................... , he looks really strange.
333
Review
1
MODULE 20
UNrTS 106 AND 107 Read t he conversation and choose the correct words in italics.
So metimes both are correct hut o ne is more natural.
A l..oo~ i s quiz in my magazine: 'Do you h ave a healthy lifestyle?' Well, I think I do.
B (O~ SO 1 do, I think. But there's so much confusing information, (1) no 1 iS/I 't there?
A Yes. J always eat five portions of fruit and vegetables. but they say here it should be
nine.
S (2) Do 1I1er / Are a,ey? That's a lot to eat in one day, (3) isn't there / isn't it?
A Mmm. And I try to buy organic food when I can.
SOh, (4) I don't / me eitller. It's too expensive. Do you know if (5) is it I it is rea lly better
for you?
A Well, I think (6) so / it is better (or you, but I buy a lot from the local farm .
B (7) YOII do / Do you? That sounds good. It must be fresh, (8) does,,'t it / mllstll't it?
A I certain ly (9) so IJOpe / hope so! Look at the time. I'd better go.
BYes, (10) me loo / so me. I've got a class now and I don 't like rushing.
A No, neither (11) 1 do I do 1. Do you know when (12) finishes yo"r class I yo"r class finishes?
B AI 12.30. Shall we meet for lunch afterwards?
2
UNITS loa AND 109 Choose the most suitable reply to each statement, A or B.
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
The on ly person who didn 't contribute to the present was Jo nas.
A No, he contributed. He gave £5.00.
No, he did contribute. He gave £5.00.
I fell over and broke my wrist yesterday.
A No! What a pain! B Wow! What a pain!
J've done the sh opping and picked up the stuff fro m the dry cleaner's.
A When did you do all that? B Whenever did you do all that?
What do you think of my n ew hair colour?
A Well, obviously, I think it's rather bright. B Well, to be honest, I think it's rather bright.
Maggie won 't come with li S because she can't ski.
A She can ski! She learnt last year. B She skis! She learnt last year.
We had an email from To ny. He seems to be doing well .
A Yes, he's en joying himself. Anyway, must go. See you soon .
B Yes, he's en joying himself. Person ally, must go. See you soon.
I'm going to volunteer to h elp elderly people.
A Wh en on earth will you find the time to do that?
B Whenever will you find the time to do that?
®
UNITS 108 AND 110 Find a mistake in each speech bubble a nd correct it.
y.
t"""'.y,___-.__
~-~~-~-~
@J .•. and then he left. FMftkly, have you seen that new film with Scarlett Jobannsen?
[DThat's odd. It's a sort car, isn't It?
III What nice to see you here! I didn't expect you to be here.
ill Half past four.
You know, that's the end of the exam. Please stop writing.
ill You ran over a cat in the driving test? Wow! That's awful!
Have you got one of those stuff Y.Qu use to o~n ars?
334
4
ALL UNITS Read the voicemail message below and choose the best answer. A . B o r C.
Sometimes two answers are possible.
" Hi Jackie! I'm really sorry I haven't been In touch, but I've been (0) .......... busy. You know what
it's like. Things have been (1) .......... difficult recently - I told you that Grandad's living with us now,
(2) .......... ? (3) ... .. ...... a couple of weeks ago. Mum asked me to take him to the doctor's for hIS
flu injection. It was pouring with rain so Grandad didn't want to walk. and, frankly, (4) .......... so we
took the car. When
we got to the doctor's, I parked in the only space I could find. Grandad was a bit
concerned and asked If it was OK to park there. and I said I (5) .......... -I should've listened to him! So, we
were in the waiting room, and someone came in and started shouting about 'these thoughtless people'
and he called out the number of my car. Well, you can imagine, I was really embarrassed! Apparently, the
space was reserved for doctors, and this man was a doctor: he accused me of not looking where I was
parking - but I (6) ........... honestly. Well. I went outside then and pointed out to him that the reserved
sign was covered by bushes, and asked him to tell me how (7) ......... . seen it. He said I should've realised
that an empty space was a doctor's space! (8) .......... , I think these doctors can be so arrogant. I told him
so and he told me to leave, and said that he didn't want to see me or my family at the surgery again .
(9) .......... messl So, now we don't have a doctor, Grandad hasn't had his flu jab, and everyone in the
family blames me. Well that's enough about me. How are things with you? Do you know (10) .......... ?
I've been meaning to contact him as well
B such
I A sort of
2 A didn't you
3 A Anyway
4 A I d id too
5 A t hought so
6 A looked
7 A co uld I have
B kind of
B didn't I
B Right
B I d id n 't ei ther
B so thought
B did n't look
B I could have
R To be honest,
B That's
D w h ere is Patrick
8 ASo
9 A How
10 A w here Pat rick
5
"
O®so
© rcally
C how
C haven 't I
C Well
C nei ther d id I
C thought so it was
C d id look
C I have could
C Obviously
C W hat a
C w here Patrick is
All UN ITS Read the fo ur conversations about the photo. Write one or two words
in each gap.
_ _ __
..
A I do n' t understan d w hy t hey do it, (0) A~ y'q~
....... ?
B No, [ thin k it's ( I ) ................ ............. awful!
2 A I (2) ............................. if t hey' re doing it for politica l reasons.
B ' expect (3) .............................. but they' re causing
(4) ............................. awful problem s for o rdinary people. I
don' t thi nk it's right.
A No, (5) ............................. 1.
3 A (6) ............................. d readful mess! Do you (7) ............................. why people
behave like that? They don't have any reason .
B Well, actually, , t hink they (8) ....................... ..... a reason . They're protest ing about
t he en v iron ment.
4 A [ fi nd photos like th is (9) .......................... . disturbing, (10) ............................. ?
B Well , no, [ don't. I agree w it h stree t protests.
335
Test
MODULE 20
Spoken English
Choose the best a nswer, A, B or C.
1 The rubbish collectors aren't coming this Monday, .....
A come they B are they C aren't they
2 Let's just try o ne morc shop, then go home,
?
A shall we B will wc C do wc
3 Pay for the eoffees while J go to the toilet, .
?
,... Unit 106
4 There's no reason to worry about this interview,
.1
A isn 't there B is there C is it
5 tRoss wants to come with us to morrow.'
? That's fi n e.'
A Does he B Wants he C Doesn't he
I • • •• •
','
,.1·
... Unit 106
••••
6 I'm not su re whether ... ....... dinner this evening.
A want all the guests B do all the g~ ests want C all the guests wa nt
7 Don 't ask Gerald to help you - he doesn't even know what time ......... !
A it is B is it C is
8 'We don't think a holiday together is a good idea." .. ....... , really.'
A Nor we B Nor we do C Nor do we
9 ' Etena wants to have the meeting after work.' 'Jane . .... , so let's do that.'
A is too B does too C too does
10 ' Let's leave now. I'm exhausted.' ' .......... ! Just one more dance, please.'
A Oh, me not B Oh, me too C Oh, I'm not
11 'Can I try the advanced class, then?' 'OK, I ..... .
A suppose so you can B suppose it is C suppose so
12 'We can't go into the school during the holiday.' ' .......... ! How ate
we su pposed to get all our preparation done?'
A What crazy B That's crazy C How's crazy
13 'Shall we get a red tablecloth ?' ' ...... .... , I prefer white.'
A Personally B By the way C Obviously
14 So, that's today's session fi nished .......... , what time aTe you coming
on Wed nesday?
A To be ho nest B Personally C By the way
I S 'You completely fo rgot to tell me about the meeting!' ' I .... ... you!'
A did tell B to ld C didn't tell
16 'The builder wants £ 100 an hour.' ' But that's ......... rid iculous!'
A not B so C such
17 'Bob has cancelled the o rder for the music system.' 'Why .......... has he
done that?'
A earth B for C ever
18 Have you seen th e new celebrity magazine, .......... , the one with
Orlando Bloom on the cover?
A well B so C you know
19 What's this .......... ? Is it a kind of sugar?
A stuff B sort C thing
20 Is that all clear then? .......... , let's move o n to the next topiC.
A By the way B I mean C Right
6"
,... Unit 106
?
A do you B are you C would you
336
)- Unit 106
,... Unit 106
,... Unit 106
,... Unit 106
>-
Unit 107
)0-
Unit 107
)0-
Unit 107
>-
Unit 107
... Unit 108
... Unit 108
... Unit 108
>-
Un it 109
)0-
Unit 109
>- Unit 109
)o-U nit ll0
)0-
Unit 110
>- Unit 110
Grammar check
This section will help you with your work on the
practice exercises; it will help you with revision for
exams,too.
APPENDI X 1
I QUICK CHECK 1
QUI( k ( hecks
Pronouns
338
QUICK CHECK 2
Prepositions
338
QUICK CHECK 3
Verb tenses
340
QUICK CHECK 4
Modal verbs
342
QUICK CHECK 5
Conditionals
344
Verbs + -ing form and infinitive
345
Linking words
346 1
I QUICK CHECK 6
I QUICK CHECK 7
QUICK CHECK 8 Verbs
QUICK CHECK 9
+ prepositions
Phrasal verbs
APPENDI X 2
Irregular verbs
APPENDI X 3
Spelling rules
APPENDI X 4
British and Amenca n English
347
1
347 1
337
APPENDIX 1
QUICK CHECK 1
MODULE 2
me
my
"'"
he
"'"
"""
she
;t
h'"
;t
we
os
DU'
ourselves
"'"
YOU,
yourselves
singular
plural
Pronouns
him
YOU
they
them
QUICK CHECK 2
MODULE
mine
my>el'
"",<>el,
h'
he,
himself
;"
;t>e/f
their
herself
""'~
theirs
themselves
3 Prepositions
u ........
a~ut
1 near to
2 the subject of something
Meet me at about six tonight,
This book's about the French Revolution.
above
in Cl higher position
He lives in the fldt above the supermarket.
across
from one side to the other
They're building a new bridge across the river.
after
a time later than
[en have dinner aher the film this evening.
against
1 (place) next to, touching
2 opposition
Leave your bike against the wal/ - it'll be safe.
I'm really against the new tax increases.
along
following the line of
You can walk along the disused railway tracks.
among
surrounded by three Of more
things/people
I've got a suit somewhere among all these clothes.
apart f,om
1 not including
2 separated from
I like all music apart from jazz.
around
as
at
about
The online test takes around an hour to complete.
in the role of
}anine works as a market researcher.
t (place) exact position
/'11 wait for you at the bus stop.
Did you just throw something at me?
The coach will leave at 8.30 exactly
2 direction
3 time
in a direction leaving somewhere
He turned and walked away from the hotel.
before
a time earlier than
I like to do some exercises before going to bed.
behind
in a position further back
Stop walking behind me - it annoys mel
away (rom
below
in a lower position
The people in the fldt below us have got a dog.
beside
close to, touching
Dave and Alice live in a cottage beside the river.
besides
between
as well as
There are impoJ1ant things in life besides money.
with someonelthing either side
He was holding the ball beM-'eE'fl his feet.
by
1 (place) close to, touching
2 (time) at/on or before
3 means
Dave and Alice live in a cottage by the river.
Arrive by 7.30 so we can get good seats.
/'11 contact you by phone or email.
showing difference
We arrived on time despite the delays.
despite
338
The club members sit apart from the other visitors.
APPEN DI X 1 GRAMMAR CHECK
PREPOS/11ON
POSSIBLE MEANINGS
down
in a lower fX)Sition
They live dovvn the hill.
except (for)
not including
Everyone has arrived except for Jane.
facing
opposite, looking out on
I'd love a house facing the Sed.
fo,
1 (time) + a period
They've lived in the house for fifty yeat:S.
2 purpose
3 supporting
You use a thesaurus for finding similar words.
Are)OU for the government's proposals or not?
1 direction
2 origin
3 material
He came from the river.
Naoko comes from Japan.
The soup is made from the
period of time
The exam will last from 10.00 to 1.00.
1 (place) inside borders
2 (time) + month, year, ete.
3 (time) within a period
Bob's in the garden.
The course starts in August.
1'1/ be finished in five minutes,
in front of
in a position further forward
Lucas sits in front of the other students.
in sp ite o f
showing difference
We arrived on time in spite o f the delays.
from
from ... to
finest vege tables.
into
direction (to somewhere)
Put the card into the slot, then key in your number:
like
comparison
Salrrld looks like her mother.
near
dose to
If you play outside, stay noor the house.
next to
close to, touching
Dave and Alice live in a cottage next to the river.
of
material
My coat is rrldde of leather.
off
direction (down from somewhere)
Take)OUr feet off the coffee table, please,
on
1 (place) above, touching
2 (time) + dale, day
3 (AmE) + the weekend
The newspaper's on the sofa.
My interview is on Friday, 13th July.
Mom and Dad are coming to stay on the weekend.
onto
direction (up from somewhere)
Oimb onto this wall- the view is lovely.
on top o f
above and directly touching
The large saucepan is on top of the cooker.
opposite
looking towards each other
There's a cafe opposite the school.
outof
direction (away from somew-here)
Can)OU get the meat out of the oven?
a"'''
in a higher position
The plane flew over the Alps.
past
from one side to the other
There's a delicious smell when you walk past that cake shop.
round!
around
in a circular movement
Go round the roundabout and take the third exit.
since
+ a point in time
Julian has worked here since 2005.
through
1 from one side to the other
2 (AmE) untiVto
Have you ever been through the Channel Tunnel?
He has to work from B.OO through 6.30 .
throughout
the whole time
the whole place
I'm afraid I slept throughout the whole film ,
The fire spread throughou t the building.
Throw the ball to me.
to
direction
towa rds
in the direction of
He turned round and walked towards the door.
under
in a lower fX)Sition
I think the newspaper is under those books.
un til (till)
to a later time
Don' t move until I get back!
up
in a higher position
The newsagent's is up the street from here.
w i th
1 together
2 instrument
I went on holiday with my two best friends.
The man was killed with a shotgun.
w i thin
in a period of time
Can )OU do the job within a week?
w i thout
not including, nOI having
I prefer too without sugar.
Note: after; as, before and since can also be conjunctions of time:
I like to do some exercises be fore I go to bed. We started talking as we were waiting for the bus.
339
GRAMMAR CHECK APPENDIX 1
QUICK CHECK 3
present
simple
present
continuo us
past simple
pa..
continuous
past perfect
simple
past perfect
continuo us
340
MODULES S,
6, 7 AND 8 Verb tenses
facts/perm,ment situations
thoughtstfeelingslopinions
EXAWU!
UNIT
Water boils at 'OO"C.
27.2
I rhink New York is exciting.
27 .2
ikes and disl*es
regular activities, routines
I prefer the city to the cwntryside.
27 .2
We usually start at eight o'clock.
27 .3
describingltelling stories
describing states (state verbs)
The film takes place in the US.
27.4
They seem very nice.
29.3
actions happening now (as we speak)
Hurry upl The taxi's waiting.
28.2
temporary situations
criticising someone
Trudi's studying animal behaviour now.
28.2
w're always losing your keys .
28.2
changes and trends
describing pictures
The economy is getting worse.
28.3
A woman is walking into the room.
28.4
finished actions in the past
I passed my driving test last week.
30.2
~ted
actions in the past
a series of past actions
She phoned her parents every day.
30.2
We arrived in Rome and rook a taxi to the
apartment.
30.2
past situations
He lived from '500 to '539.
30.2
actions at around a time in the past
temporary situations in the past
I wasn't feeling well thdt day.
31.2
We lIVere living In Beijing at the time of the
2008 Olympics.
31.2
one action interrupted by another action
The bus was going too fast and it hit
the car.
31 .3
plans that did not happen
a scene in the past
/ was hoping to study medicine.
31.4
an earlier action in the past
Before I found a job, I had been to thirty
interviews.
34.2
giving reasons for past actionSlfeelings
Emily was unhappy because her husband
hadn't bought her a present.
34.4
continuing past actions that were happening
before another actionltime
emphasising time
giving reasons for past actionslfeelings
Julia had been working in sales for
years when Phi! joined the team .
35.2
When
lIVe arrived,
the sun
was shining.
two
31.5
It had been selling well for ten yea~.
35.3
He was tired as he'd been driving al/
afternoon.
35.3
APPEND IX 1 GRAMMAR CHECK
present
perfect
actions/experiences in our lives until
now
a past action with present results for recent
"'!'IS
actions in a lime
period that is stili continuing
My fath~ has 'WOrked for several different
companIeS.
36.2
They've gone our. (So they're not here
36.4
now.)
The plane has just landed.
I've driven 500 kilometres this week.
36.5
37.1
We've been there many rimes. 0Ne may go
37.2
repeated actions in the past (which may be
repeated in the f uture)
there again.)
with for or since for situations that started in
the past and continue now
He's worked here for ten years.
I haven't seen Janice since Tuesday.
37.3
giving news
The Terracotta ArmyexhibitJ'on has opened
in London.
38.2
present
perfect
continuous
con tinuing actions/situations until now
emphasising time
Clare's been living with her cousins.
We've been waiting for hoursl
39.2
to explain a present situation
I'm we t because I've been washing the car.
39.3
future with
future plans
I'm going to be a doctor one day.
4 1.2
things we expect to happen (because of
something in the present)
It's raining. We're going to get soaked!
4 1.4
things we think wit! happen
In the future, people will live on other
planets.
41.4
certain future
New Yedr's Day will fall on a Tuesday next
yea.
4 1.5
immediate decisions
I'm tired. I think I'll go to bed now.
41.6
offers, promises and warnings
I'll get you a drink. What vvould you like?
41.7
future arrangements
I've got the tickets. We're sitting in the
front row,
41.2
10 say why we can't do something
I can't come. I'm vvorking on Saturday.
41.2
continuing actions aVaround a time in the
future
Come to the main door - we'/( be waiting
for you .
42.2
future actions with possible results
I'll be meeting my friends after Vv'Ofk so
I may be home la te.
42.3
to ask polite questions abou t plans
Will we be stopping for a bredk?
42.4
future
perfect
actions completed by a time in the future
We'll have got back to the hotel by seven
o'clock.
4 3.3
future
perfect
continuous
continuing action up to a time in the future
By next Friday, I'll have been waiting for
over MID months.
43.4
to explain the reason for a future situation
We'll have been skiing all day, so we'll be
staflling!
4 3.4
future wi th
present
simple
fixed future events (00 timetables and
schedules)
The Dallas flight arrives at 9,45.
44.1
after when, as soon as, etc.
As soon as I get there, I'll phone you.
44.2
something that was in the future from the
point of view of a time In the past
In 2005, they were going to build a
supermarket here.
45.1
somet hing we expected to happen but which
didn't happen
I was going to study medicine but my
grades weren't good enough
45.1
going to
future w ith
will
future with
present
continuous
future
continuous
was/were
going to
(future in
the past)
34 1
GRAMMAR CHECK
AP PENDI X 1
QUICK CHECK 4
....
MODULE 9
Modal verbs
USI!
EXAWU
UfOT
future ability or possibility
After you receive the password, you'll be able to log on to
our websire.
46.3
past ability or possibility
We weren't able to get any cheap flights to Malaga.
46.4
present ability
Can you speak Japanese?
46.2
present possibility
You can use this phone anywhere in the world.
46.2
arrangement
The dentist can see you on Friday.
46.3
general truths
8ad Wffirher can cause delays at any time.
46.5
asking permission
Can I use your phone?
52. 1
negative rules
You can't smoke here.
49.3
<an
requests
Can you help me with these bags?
53. 1
can't
certain
It can't be her, she's on holiday.
47. 1
can 't +
have + past
certain about the past
It can't have been her - she was on holiday.
48.2
past ability and possibility
Could the fir.;( cameras take colour photos?
46.4
permission (formal)
Could we stay an extra night in the hotel?
52.1
past permissionlprohibitioo
In the 19605, you could smoke in cinemas.
You couldn't wear jeans at my old school.
52.3
possible but unlikely to
happen
We could give up our jobs and fNe on a desert island.
46.3
making a guess about the
future
I could get a part-time job next summer.
47.2
suggestion
We could watch a DVO.
53.2
offer
I could get Lucy's present for you.
53.3
requests (formal)
Could you help me with this?
53. 1
making a guess
There could be life on other planets. Who knows?
47.1
making a guess about the
past
David could have overslept.
48.2
almost certain about the
past
Lester couldn't have been driving the car - he doesn't even
own a car!
48.2
past action necessary/not
necessary
We had to have lots of vaccinations when we INefJt to Borneo
last year.
We didn't have to pay for the tickets. They were free.
49.2
All car passengers have to wear a seat belt.
You don't have to get a licence to ride a bicycle.
49.2
50.3
able to
canfcan't
participle
coufdJ
couldn 't
could
could +
have + past
participle
couldn't +
have + past
participle
had tol
didn 't have
to
have tol
don't have
to
342
present action necessaryl
not necessary
50.4
APPENDI X 1 GRAMMAR CHECK
-.
UNIf
advice and warnings in a
particular situation
That looks hot. You'd better not touch it.
51.2
permission (formal)
May I leave early toddy?
52. 1
uncertain (present)
making a guess about the
future
The manager may be in a meeting. I'll just check.
The tickets may not arrive in rime.
47.1
47 .2
migh tl
m ight not
uncertain (present)
making a guess about the
future
This small shop might not have batteries.
If we wait a few dd~ the prices might be cheaper.
47.1
47.2
must!
must not
positive rules
negative rules
All answen: must be written in ink.
These lights must nor be used outdoors.
49.2
49.2
mu"
recommending something
You must try this cake - it's delicious!
51.2
must
certain (present)
It's not working. It must be the battery.
47. 1
must +
have + past
certain (past)
Everything's pink! You must have pur something red in
washing machine.
present action necessaryl
not necessary
He really needs to lose weight.
You needn't take any food. Lunch is provided.
50.2
50.3
past action necessary/not
necessary
earl needed to go to hospital when he broke his leg.
The pain went away so I didn't need to see a doctor.
5<J.2
5<J.4
past action that was taken
but wasn't necessary
You needn't have taken a tovvel, The gym
of charge.
50.4
advice
You look terrible. You ought to see a doctor.
You ought nor to sit in the sun all ddy.
51.2
shall
suggestion
offer
Shall we get a pizza this evening?
Your hands are wet. Shall I get you a towel?
53.2
53.3
should!
should not
expectations
advice
Phone Henry at work. He should be in the office by now:
Should I ask my boss for a pay rise?
4 7.3
51.2
should +
have + past
expectations,
regrets and criticism about
the past
That letter should have arrived by now:
I should have phoned you. I'm sorry.
You shouldn't have bought such a cheap machine!
48.3
51.3
51.3
w ill
offers, promises.
warnings
We'll drive you to the station, if you like.
Don't touch the cooker. You 'll get burnt.
53.3
53.3
would
requests (formal)
Would you tell the manager mar I called?
53.1
VBIII
USE
had better
(not)
mayl
may not
the
48,2
participle
need to!
d o n 't need
toIneedn 't
neededtol
didn't need
to
needn't +
have + past
provides them free
participle
ought tol
ought not
to
participle
343
GRAMMAR CHECK APPENDIX 1
QUICK CHECK 5
MODULE 10
Conditionals
",....,t
conditions
(zero
conditional)
things that can happen at
any time
giving instructions for a
situation
If we talk to the baby, she smiles.
54.1
If the lift breaks down, press the alarm button.
54.1
first condttional
(Mure
conditions)
,""ond
conditional
(unlikelylunreal
conditions)
possible future situations
offers and warnings
If / don't see you at the gym, I'll call you.
If you don't stop fighting, I'll stop you myself/
54.2
54.2
unlikely future conditions
unreal present conditions
If I got a pay me this year. I'd buy a new car..
We wouldn't go abroad for our holidays if we had hot
summers here.
I'd get more exercise if I were you.
55.2
55.3
third conditional
(part conditions)
imaginary past actions and
situations
regrets
If I hadn't got the job, I might have stayed in London.
56.2
I could have got a better job if I'd stayed at university.
56.3
present result of an
imaginary past action
imaginary past result of a
present action
If you hadn't had the operation, you could be really ill
57 .1
mixed
conditionals
344
giving advice
55.4
no..
If I didn't believe you, I would have left you.
57.2
APPENDIX '
QUICK CHECK 6
vert>
(+ prepositio n)
+ -ing form
verb + infinitive
w ithout to
verb + object +
infinitive without
MODULE 12
Verbs + -ing form and infinitive
admit avoid can'rtlelp
can't srand consider delay deny dislike
enjoy finish give up inllOive keep (not)
mind miss practise put off recommend
Simon can't stand talking about politics.
The politician denied talking to the
fX"S.
Don't put off saving money
64.1
modal verbs
We can use the swimming pool aher
B.ODa.m.
I'll help pack your rucksack.
65 .1
make let
They made the prisoners walk thirty
kilometres.
Our manager lets us WOIt from home.
66.3
agree appear arrange
canlcan't afford deserve expect fail
The letter failed to arrive on time.
People round here tend not to go to
bed early.
65 .2
I didn't intend (her) to spend so much
66.1
"",p
to
verb + infinit ive
with to
leam offer prepare promise refuse
seem tend threaten wish
verb (+ object) +
infinitive with to
GRAMMAR CHECK
ask beg dare expect help mean want
would likellovelhatelprefer
money.
They expect (you) to finish the work
today.
verb + object +
infinit ive with to
advise allow cause encourage forbid
invite order reil wam
We always encourage the students to
plan their revision.
66.2
verb + infinitive
or -iog (similar
meanings)
begin continue hate intend like love
prefer propose start
It's just started raining/to r.Jin.
67.1
verb + infinitive
or -ing (different
meanings)
forget remember go on regret stop try
Vanya regrets not srudying harder.
We regret to inform you thctt you have
not been called for interview.
67.2
sense verb +
feel hear notice see watch
We saw the plane land.
We saw the cars passing.
67.3
infinitive or -ing
form
345
\lu ..... 1\.
.... nl: .... 1\. I
adds something
,,,.,,,,
.
d ifference
between two
things
gives Cl choice
MUUUll: 1 ~ LinKing wares
and
both ... and
not only ... (but .. ./
but ... also)
as well as/in addition (to)
Dave turned the key and opened the door.
We stock both gas and electric cookers.
Not only does the machine wash your clothes, but it also
dries them.
She has a car as well as a bicycle.
80. 1
80.1
80.1
but
whilelwhereiJs
althoughlthoughleven
though
The weather was cold but it didn't rain.
While the food there is very good, it isn't expensive.
We enjoyed our holiday even though it rained.
81.1
81 .1
81 .2
Credit fArds are useful for travellers. However; the
in terest rates fAn be very high.
81 .3
Which do you prefer - tea or coffee?
You fAn either come with me or stay here.
She can neither sing nor dance.
80.3
80.3
80.3
I don't use trains because they are too expensive.
The show was cancelled because of the rain.
As/Since we're late, we'd better get a taxi.
78.2
78.2
78.2
There was a hurricane. As a result 80 percent of the city
was flooded.
Trains have become expensive. Therefore, more people
79.1
-'"either ... or
""the<
gives a reason
.. nO<'
becau..,
because of
as/since
gives a result
As a result
Therefore,
so
so ... (that)
such ... (that)
too/enough
gives Cl purpose
to
in order toIso as to
in order that/so that
links times!
events
before/after
79.1
79.2
79.2
79.2
79.3
79.3
They fkxxJ the fields to protect the plants.
I caught the earlier train in order not to be lare for my
intenoiew.
I'm buying a magazine so that 1'1/ have something to
read on the flight.
78.3
78.3
We dosed the shutters before we went down to the
82 .1
78.3
"""nent.
as soon as/when
while
until
346
are travelling by bus.
I overslept so I was late for work.
He ate so mU(h (that) he was sick.
There was such a lot of noise (that) I couldn't sleep.
The lake is too cold to swim in.
The lake isn't warm enough to swim in.
SO.2
As soon as we knew the storm was coming, we dosed
the shutters.
I sent a lot of emails while I was on holiday.
We stayed in the basement until the storm had passed.
82 .1
82.1
82.1
shows a series of
events
first then after that
later in the end
eventually
First, we closed the window shutters. Then we went
down to the basement and waited there. Eventually,
the storm passed over us and we were able to go back
into the house. Later; we Vt'en t outside and opened the
window shutters.
82.2
shows stages in
Cl process
First Then Next
After that Finally
First put rhe potatoes in boiling water. Then slice the
tomatoes. Next. take an onion ...
82.2
APPENDIX 1 GRAMMAR CHECK
QUICK CHECK 8
verb + about
MODULE 17
Verbs + preposit ions
complain about hear about know about read
about talk about think about
British people often complain about the
verb + at
arrive at laugh at look at shout at stay at
We're staying at a small hotel.
verb + for
apolog;se for apply for ask for care for
look for pay for search for wait for wart for
The Prime Minister apologised for Brirain's
involvement in the.slave trade.
verb + in
arrive in believe in stay in succeed in
Do you believe in luck?
verb + into
bump into crash into drive into run into
I crashed into a tree on my bike and hurt my
shoulder.
verb + of
approve of consist of hear of think of
What do you think of her nf'IN flatmate?
verb + on
concentrate on decide on depend on
insist on rely on
The music is so loud that I can't concentrate
on my work.
verb + to
belong to explain to happen to listen to speak
to talk to write to
That house belongs to my uncle.
verb + with
agree with collide with deal with stay with
Ahmed's job is to deal with awkward
customers.
weather.
"""....
verb + of
aa::use remind
The police accused the boy of stealing.
verb + for
ask blame criric;se punish
Don't blame me for your mistakes!
ve rb + with
compare provkIe share
We will provide you with paper.
verb + from
borrow discourage prevent translate
Do you translate texts from English?
""" ....
get over
get through
I don't know how I got through that interview - it was really tough!
look after
look into
look like
Can you look after the children tomorrow evening?
The police are looking into the woman's disappearance.
The baby really looks like his father. doesn't he?
stand for
Has your daughter got over the flu yet?
1 (= mean) What does BBC stand for?
2 (= accept) We won't stand for this kind of behaviour on the streets of our cityl
QUICK CHECK 9
MODULE 18
Phrasal verbs
uoorr"
intransitive
phrasal verbs
come in go out hurry up look out
sit down stand up take off watch out
Look outl There's a car coming.
The plane took off three hours late.
Come in. We've been expecting you.
transitive
phrasal verbs
give back give in give up make out make
up turn down tum up
Why don't you give upsmol<ing?
They just make the rules up as they go along!
Sorry, but I have to turn your kind offer down.
three-part
phrasal verbs
cut down on keep up with
look forWard to make up for
put up with
/'m looking fOtward to my holiday.
/'11 make up for missing your birthday.
We can't put up with this behaviour.
347
APPENDIX 2
Common irregular verbs (1) A-Z list
INFINITIVE
PAST TENSE
PAST PARTICIPLE
INFINITIVE
PAST TENSE
PAST PARTICIPLE
be
beat
was/were
beat
been
keep
kept
beaten
know
become
became
become
learn
begin
began
begun
break
bring
bu ild
burn
broke
broken
kept
knew
learntl
learned
left
brought
brought
built
buy
catch
bought
caught
choose
draw
chose
came
cost
cut
dug
dived
did
drew
dream
dreamtl
dreamt!
dreamed
dreamed
drank
drunk
drove
driven
eaten
fallen
felt
foughl
found
flown
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
got (gonen AmE.)
given
gone
grown
had
heard
hidden
come
cost
cut
dig
dive
do
drink
drive
eat
fall
feel
fight
find
ny
forget
forgive
freeze
get
give
go
grow
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
348
built
burntl
burned
ate
fell
felt
fought
found
new
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
known
learnt!
learned
left
lent
let
lost
burned
bought
caught
chosen
come
leave
lend
let
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
cost
read
read
ride
<ode
ring
rise
run
say
see
fang
meant
met
paid
put
read
ridden
rung
rose
risen
ran
said
saw
sold
run
said
bumtl
cut
dug
dived (dove AmE)
done
drawn
hit
held
hurt
sell
send
shine
show
sing
sit
sleep
speak
spell
spend
stand
steal
swim
take
teach
tell
think
throw
understa nd
wear
win
write
lent
let
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
made
seen
sold
sent
sent
shone
showed
sang
sat
slept
spoke
spelt/spelled
spent
stood
stole
swam
took
taught
told
thought
threw
understood
wore
won
wrote
shone
shown
sung
sat
slept
spoken
spelt/spellt-'d
spen t
stood
stolcn
swum
taken
taught
told
tho ugh t
thrown
understood
worn
won
written
APPENDIX 2 GRAMMAR CHECK
Common irregular verbs (2) list of forms
1 Past tense form = past participle
INFINITIVE
PAST TENS E
PAST PARTIOPLE
buy
say
send
sleep
tell
win
bought
said
sent
slept
told
won
bought
said
sent
slept
told
won
INFINITIVE
PAST TENSE
PA ST PARTICIPLE
beat
draw
eat
know
see
take
beat
drew
ate
knew
saw
took
beaten
drawn
eaten
known
seen
taken
2 Infinitive + {e)n
3 Past tense form + (e)n
INFINInVE
PAST TENSE
PAST PARTICIPLE
break
choose
forget
hide
speak
bro ke
chose
forgot
hid
spoke
broken
chosen
fo rgotten
hidden
spoken
PAST TENSE
PAST PARTICIPLE
4 No change
INFINInVE
cost
cost
cost
hit
hit
hit
hurt
hurt
hurt
put
put
put
read
read
read
• For reatl, the spelling doesn't change, but the pronunciation does: Iri:d/lred//redl
5 Vowel change
INFIN ITIVE
PAST TENSE
PAST PARTICIPLE
begin
drink
began
d rank
rang
swam
begun
drunk
rung
swum
ring
swim
6 Two participle fo rms
IN FINInVE
PAST TENSE
PAST PARTICIPLE
bum
dream
learn
soell
burnt/burned
dreamt/dreamed
learnt/ lea rned
burnt/burned
dreamt/dreamed
learnt/leamed
"tOPl t Icrv> ll~. 1
. , ... <>II.l r • •
~ 11
_ '"
APPENDIX 3
Spelling rules
1 Spelling of nouns/verbs + s
(plural nouns and present simple verbs after he/she/it)
most nouns and verbs
add -5
cat .... cats house ..... houses
sleep --+ sleeps
edt .... eats
nouns and verbs ending in
-ch. -5, -sh. -x, -0
add -es
beach ..... beaches bus "" buses dish .... dishes
box --+ boxes potato --+ potatoes
teach .... teaches miss --+ misses wash "" washes
nouns and verbs that end in
go - goes
city .... cities family "" families
consonant + -r
take away -y
and add -ies
nouns and verbs that end in
add -s
holiday .... holidays key .... keys
enjoy .... enjoys play "" plays
take away -f(e)
and add -yes
wife "" wives loaf .... loaves (BUT roof "" roofs)
vowel +-y
nouns that end in -f or -fe
carry "" carries fly .... flies
2 Spelling of -ing f orms of verbs
add -ing to the infinitive form
most verbs
eat - eating
go - gOing
sleep - sleeping
-e
take away -e and add -iog
take - taking
use - using
verbs that end in -ie
take away -ie and add -ying:
lie - lying
die - dying
verbs of one syllable that end in a short
vowel + consonant
double the consonant and
add -ing
swim - swimming
sit - sitting
verbs with more than one syllable that end
in a ~ short vowel and consonant
(not y, wor x) e.g . begja *
double the consonant and
add -in9
begin - beginning
forget - forgetting
verbs that end in
' We don't normally repea l the consonant if the linal syllable is not stressed: risit - visiting.
BUT BrE: travel - travelling AmE : travel - trallf'ling
3 Spelling of regular verbs
(past si mple endings and past pa rticiples)
verbs ending in -e
add -d
die - died
live -.. lived
like - liked
verbs ending in a consonant + y
take away -y and add -ied
carry - carried
study - studied
verbs ending in a vowel + y
add -ed
enjoy - enjoyed
play - played
verbs of one syllable that end in a short
VO'Nel + consonant
double the consonant and
add -ed
stop - stopp ed
plan - planned
rob - robbed
verbs with more than one syllable that
end in a ~ short vowel and one
consonant (NOT y, w or xl e.g. prefel.*
double the consonant and
add -ed
prefer - preferred
· We don't normally repeat the consonant if the final syllable is not stressed: risit - visited.
BUT BrE: travel - travelled AmE: travel - traveled
350
APPENDI X 3 GRAMMAR CHECK
4 Spelli ng of compa rative adjectives
-er
most short adjectives
add
most short adjectives ending in e
add -r
short adjectives ending in one
vowel + one consonant (except w)
double the consonant,
add-er
short adjectives ending in
consonant + y
change y to i, add
tall - taller rich - rich«'
-er
nice - nicer Jate - IiIM
big - bigger hot - Ilotm
(slow - slower Iow - Iowet)
dry - drier funny - funnier
5 Spelling of superlative adjectives
-est
tall - tallest rich ... richest
most short adjectives
add
short adjectives ending in e
add -st
nke - nicest Jate ... .&iJa!st
short adjectives ending in one
vowel + one consonant (except w)
double the consonant,
add -est
big - biggest hot ... holiest
(slow - slowest low - bw5Ct
short adjectives ending in
consonant + y
change y to i, add -est
dry - driest Iudcy - Adiest
351
APPENDIX4
British and American English
Group nouns + verb ,.. Unit 1
In informal British English. n ouns we use to describe groups, e.g. govemmetl', fa mily, company, team, can be
followed by a singular or plural verb.
My family islare qllite wealrl/y.
In American English and more formal British English we usually USE' a singular verb:
Tile Federal govemmctll is amlOIIIlcitlg
at/on the weekend'"
new taxes.
Unit 16
BrE: at the weekend
Wlwt are YOII doing at the weekelld?
AmE: on the weekend
We're visiting (I/lr cO II.~ i"s in Ol1io 0" tile weekend.
to/through ... Unit 16
BrE: from (day/date) to (day/date)
The shop will be close(i from Wednesday to Friday.
Am E: (day/date) through (day/date)
Tile shop will be dosed Wedn esdllY tlrrollg" Friday.
different to/from/than ,.. Unit 22
RrE: different from /to:
CDs are dlffere'lt (mm DVDs. COs don't lJave films all them.
Am£: different than :
Text messages are different tllau emails.
have/have got >- Unit 26
We can use lulYc got in American En glish but have is more common.
BrE: Has YOllr IlOuse got a garde/J?
AmE: Does YOllr hUllse "ave a garde,,?
have/take a shower ,. Unit 26
BrE: have a shower/ bath / holiday
Jack can't COni /' to tile photic; he's l/avlng u shower.
AmE: take a sh ower/bath/ h oliday
lack can't come to tile phone; lie's takit'g a shower.
352
APPENDIX 4 GRAMMAR CHECK
just/already/yet .. Unit 36
In British English we usually use the present perfect with illst, already and yet.
We don't use the past simple .
.I We've Just fin.ished cati/w.
1 Vkjust fiJI~I,ed e6lHtlg.
.I Grallam 's lrai/l /ul$ already arrived. 1 GraNRm's ffilili 6l1,e61d,' 6lfl'i~'e(.' .
.I Have )lOlI selm tllat film yet?
1 Did ,.6U see
~IR'
film ,'t't?
In American English we can use the present perfect OR the past simple:
.I We've Just finished roUnS.
./ We Just fi"islled eating .
.I Gralmm's train has already arrived.
./ Have )lOlI seen OUll film yet?
./ Graham 's train already arrived.
./ Did )'otl see that film yet?
would have .. Unit S6
In British English wc form thl! third conditionaJ with If + past perfect, wOllltlllave + infinitive:
1{l'd known, I would IlOl'c plloned )1011.
In informal American English we can also use wOllld /lOve in the Ifclausc:
If 1 WOIl/(! have known, J would havc phcmc(l YOll .
Index
A
a/an 6,8,10
bit 58, 62, 64, 68
few 30
a little 30, 58, 62, 64, 68
a lot 4,62
if lot of 30, 240
a whole 32
abitity
adJectlve + preposition: gOOti at 268
future: be able to 138, 139
if
if
future: can 139
past: could/couldn't 139
past: managed to 139
past: was/were able to 139
present: be able to 138, 139
present : can/can't 138, 139
-able adjectives 292
about 348
adjective + about 268
be about lo + verb 132
How/WIJat about? 154
verb + about 270, 272, 347
above 41 , 338
across 44, 64, 338
action verbs 82
active forms 226, 228
add in reported speech 212
addition in addition (to) 242,306
adjectives 56-60
+ adverbs of degree 58
+ enous" 240
+ noun 56, 266
+ preposition 268
of age 58
as + ad jecti ve + as 62
changing into nouns 290
changing into verbs 294
of colour 58
comparative adjectives 60,62,351
compound adjectives 296
confusing adjectives 282
demonstrative adjectives 12
-ed form 56
emphasising 330
formation 292, 296
How? + ad jective 186
-i/lg form 56
of material 58
of nationality 8, 58, 290
of opinion 58
of origin 58
possessive ad jectives 20, 338
prefixes 292
of purpose 58
tilt'
354
same (as) 62
of shape 58
of size 58
suffi xes 292
superlative adjectives 60, 98, 1 ID,
224, 353
the + ad jective + olle(s) 22
too + adjective 240
of type 58
used as nouns 8
verbs + ad jective 56
word o rder 58, 240
admit 192,212
advance: in advance 50
adverbials 176, 177
adverbs 64-8
+ enollgll 240
a/ready 107
as + adverb + as 68
certainly 123
comparative adverbs 68
definitely 123
of degree 58, 62, 64
of direction 64
emphasising 330
of freq uency 64, 66, 96
irregula r adverbs 64
just ID7
of manner 64, 66, 68
of place 64, 66
probably 123
in speech 328
superlative adverbs 68
of time 64,66,90
too + adverb 240
verb + adverb 66
very 58,64
word order 66, 240
yet 107
advice
had better 150
If I were/Was)101I 164
must ISO
ought to ISO
reporting verbs 210
sllOl jld 1 SO
advise 196,210,212
after 90, 130, 246, 338
After that 246, 306
afterwards 246
against 40, 338
age 58, 186
ago 90
agree (to) 194, 2 12
agreeing and disagreeing 154,326
agreement
noun- verb 2
INDEX both
question tags 322
-al adjectives 292
all 26, 32
all of 26
allow 196
allowed to 146, 152
almost as ... as 62
along 44,338
already 107
although 244
always 66, 80
am 76
am to + verb 132
American English 352-3
among 41, 62, 338
amusing or enjoyable 282
an see alan
-an nouns 290
and 242, 306
animals, referring to 218
announce 2 12
another (one) 22
one another 24
-ant nouns 290
any 26
anybody 28
anyone 28
anything 28
Anyway, 328
anywhere 28
apart from 40, 48, 338
apologise for 212
apostrophe (') 302
appear 83, 194
are 76
are to + verb 132
arc you? 322
anm't l/tllfy? 76,322
around 348
arrangements 126, 194
arrive at 272
articles
definite: ti,e 6, 8, 10, 60, 68
Indefinite: a/all 6, 8, 10
no article 6, 10
pronunciation 6
a,
"S + adjective -+- as 62
as + adverb -+- as 68
or like 48
us long as 162
fo r reason 238
As a result, 240, 306
in the role of 338
so as to 238
as soon as 130, 246
as well us 242
o r while 94
a,k
ask (or 272
ask to 194, 196
in reported speech 210, 212
at
+ noun phrases 50
adjective + at 268
movement 44, 338
place 40, 338
time 46, 64,338
verb + ur 270, 347
at (@) 302
-ate verbs 294
-ation nouns 290
auxiliary verbs see be; do; have
away from 40, 338
B
bad 60, 266, 268
be 76, 83
+ infinitive dause 228
be able to 138, 139
be allowed to 146, 152
bcgoltl,,? to 122, 123, 132,341
be I/.sed to doing 96
for future 132
fo r passive 252
past participle 106
past simple 90
present simple 76, 132
question forms 76
there + be ISO
YesINo questions 182
because/because of 40, 238
been 106
before
-+- .i"g 246
future events/time 130
order of events 107,246, 338
beg 196, 212
begin 192,198
beginning: at the beginning (of) 50
behaviour 268
behind 338
beliefs 83, 290
believe 83, 272
belong 83
below 41 , 338
beside 41 , 338
besides 48, 338
best the best 60, 68
better 60, 68
had better (/lot) 150
between 4 1, 338
bit" bit 58, 62, 64, 68
both 32, 242
both .. . and 242, 306
boU, o( 32
355
brackets () 302
bring or take 280
British and American English 352-3
business: 0/1 business 50
but 244,306
by
+ noun phrases 50
adjective + by 268
by far 62
by mellflS of 40, 48
by myself/llimself 24
means 338
passive + by 252
place 40, 41 , 338
time 46,338
By tIle way, 328
C
can
138
ability 138, 139
after so t/Jat 238
a" angements 139
general truths 139
gel sometlling dUIII! 258
permission 152
possibility 138, 139
pronunciation 138
reported statements 204
requests 1S4
cannot/can't
ability 138
cannot/can 't have 144
can't lIe? 322
can 't help ....illS 192
making a guess 142
possibility 138, 139
prohibition 146, 152
pronunciation 138
rules 146
capital letters 2, 302
care for 272
case: in case 162
cause
I/Qve something done 258
link.ing words 240
cause 196
certain to 132
certainly 123
certainty
definitely 123
going to 122, 123
mllst be 142
probably 123
chance: by,hance 50
charge: jn c/IQrge (of) 50
choice: /if/kinK words 242
claim 2 12
356
clauses
comparison clauses 230
infinitive c1au.ses 224, 228
linking words 238, 306
main clauses 238
participle clauses 226
relative clauses 2 18-24
subordinate clauses 238
wh- clauses 230
collocations 266
colon (:) 302
come 106
come across 272
Come in, 274
come or go 280
comma (,) 222, 302, 306
comparative adjectives 60, 62, 35 1
comparative adverbs 68
comparative structures 62
comparison clauses with nouns 230
complain (about) 212
complements t 76
compound adjectives 296
compound nouns 18, 296
conditionals 162-70,344
advice 164
first conditional 162
future conditions 162
mixed past to present 168
mixed present to past 168
partid ple clauses 226
past conditions 166
present/real conditions 162
regrets 166
second conditional 164
third conditiona l 166
unlikely future conditions 164
unreal past condil.ions 166
unreal present cond itions 164
zero conditiona l 162
conjunctions see linking words
Consequently, 306
consider 192, 2 12
consonants 6
contain 83
containers: uncountable nouns 3
continue 192, 198
contractions see short forms
contrary: 0" the contrary, 306
contrast: linking words 244
could/couldn't 138
conditional situations 139, 166
collld,,'t help + -ing 198
future possibil ity 139
indirect questions 323
making a guess 142, 144
offers 154
passive fo rm 256
INDEX feelings
past ability/possibility/trut hs 139
permissio n 152
reported statements 204
requests 154
suggestions 154
uncertain ty 142
couldlcouldn 't have 144, 166
countable nouns 3, 332
cut down (on) 274, 275
-ee nouns 290
eit her 32
after negative verb 326
or 32,242,306
eitller
else 28
I
II
emait addresses 302
emphasis 308, 330
-en verbs 294
encourage 196, 2 12
end
o
damaged 282
dare (object) to 196
dash (-) 302
dates: ft ~~
180
days: It's
180
decisions: I'll
123
definite article: tlte 6, 8, JD,
60, 68
II
I
III
I
II
defin itely 123
demonstrative adjectives 12
demonstrative pronouns 12
describing e\lentslprocess 246
despite 244,238
did he? 322
didn ' t have to 146
different (from /to) 62, 268/ 352
different (than) 352
direct objects 177
di rect questions 182--6/ 323
direct speech 204, 302
dis- adjectives 292
dis- verbs 294
disagreeing 326
distances: It's
180
I
I
I
do
do + Ule/some + -iug form 192
do/don't 76
do or make 278
do tlley? 322
at tile elld o( 50
ill U,eend 50, 139,246,306
enjoy + .ing form 192
enj oyable or amusing 282
enough 240
not enougll 30, 240
-ent adjectives 292
-ent nouns 290
-er comparative adjectives 60, 351
-er nouns 290
-ese nouns 290
-est superlative adjectives 60, 35 1
even if 162
even though 244
eventually 139,246
ever
(or ever 50
Ilardlyever 66
H aV{'}'01I
ever .. ,?
106
evety 32
everybody 26, 28
everyone 26, 28
~thing 28
everywhere 28
except (for) 48, 339
exclamation mark (!) 302
exclamations 328
expect so 326
expect to 132, 194, 196
expectat ions 142, 144,256
in indirect q uestio ns 323
Do you mind if '" 7 152
expensive or valuable 282
extremely 58, 64
does/doesn 't 76
doesn't slle? 322
don't have to 146, 1.48
don 't need to 148, 198
dot (,) 302
down 275, 339
due to 40, 132
duri ng 46, 246, 338
facing 339
fact tile (act tllat 244
fairly 58, 64
far 60
E
each 32
each other 24
early 64,68
earth: How/What 0 11 earth7 330
-ed adjectives 56
-ed form of \lerb 90,98, 106, 224, 226, 352
F
+ comparative ad jectives 62, 68
by (ar 62
so (ar 110
far or near? (this or t/mt?) 12
farther 60, 68
farthest: tile farthest 60, 68
fast 64, 68
feel 83, 198
(ee/ like 272
feelings 83, 180, 268, 328
357
fe w
INDEX
few 224,228
a few 30
so (ew + plural noun 240
Finally, 139,306
fire: on {ire 50
First
describing past events 246
the (irst. 110, 224, 228
first condit iona l 162
fo'
+ Indirect Object 177
+ noun phrases 50
+ past perfect continuous 100
+ past simple 90
+ present perfect continuous 114
+ present perfect simple 110
+ subject + Infinitive with to 228, 240
noun + (or 268, 339
ar Ia 177
preposition 40, 46, 48, 268
For this reaSO" , 306
verb + (or 270, 272, 347
forbid 196
force 196
forget 83, 194, 198
forma l language 3 14
forward: look (orward co 192,274
frequency
adverbs 64, 66, 96
How ofte,,? 64, 66, 68
present simple 78
frequently 66, 68
friendly 64
from
+ material 48, :-139
away (ram 40, 339
diffCTYl1t from 62
(from) ... to 90, 339, 352
(from) ... IIntil 46
front: in (rant of 40, 41
-ful adjectives 292
fu1l stop (.) 302
further 60, 68
Furthermore, 306
furthest. IlIe flirt/lest 60, 68
future forms 122-32, 34.1
ability 138, 139
arrangements 126, 194
certainty 123
conditio ns 162, 164
decisions 123
even ts 130
expressions 132
future continuous 126, 341
future in the past 132, 341
future perfect continuous 128, 341
future perfect simple 128
goillS to 122, 132, 341
358
linking words 130
necessity 146
offers, promises, warnings 123
plans 126
possibili ty 126, 139
predictions 123
present contlnllOllS 122,34 1
present si mple 130, 132,34 1
probablUly 123
verbs in present tense 132
will 123,341
-fy verbs 294
G
get 278
get o\'er 272, 347
get somebody to cia sometl1;IIg 258
get sometiJillS dOlle 258
get th rough 272,34 7
get used to doill,,? 96
for passive 252
give in 275
give up 192,275
go 106
go + -;1IK form 192
go (or 272
gool1 198,274
go or come 280
going to 122,1 23, 132,34 1
good 60,266,268
(or gQOtI 50
got: IllIve ,fot 76, 83, 146, 148
great + noun 266
H
had 106,204
had better/had better not 150
had to/didn't have to 146, 210
happen to 272
hard 64, 68
hardly ever 66
hate 83, 192, 198
I'd Ilatt (object) to 194, 196
have 76
+ no un + preposit"lon 266
}mllt got 76, 83
have got to/lJave,,', gal to 146, ] 48
I,ave or toke 278
have somebody do somt!tlting 258
have somethi1lg dOIll! 250, 258
I,ave tlley? 322
IJave tol doll't have to 146, 148
will/lOve to 146
having 83
+ past participle 192, 226
he 20
hear 83, 198
heavy + noun 266
INDEX -ing
help 194
can't/could,," Ilelp + .ing 192, 198
Ilelp (object) to 194, 196, 198
he,
object pronoun 24
possesSive adje<::tive 20
hers 20
herself 24
high 64,68
him 24
himself 24
his 20
holiday. on holiday 50
honest to be lIontst, 228, 328
hope
1I0pe so 326
1I0pe co 132, 194
, /10pe /lOt. 326
was/Were hoping 92
How? 64, 184, 186
... adjective 186
How about ... ? 154
How long? 110
How mucll? 64
How o{lell? 64,66, 68
Howold? 186
How Oil etlft/,? 330
How ... adjective! 328
However; 244 ,306
However? 330
Hurry upl 274
hurt 282
hyphen H 302
I
I 20
I don't know 323
I mean, 332
I (don't) think so 326
I wonder 323
-ian nou ns 290
-iate verbs 294
ideas 192, 328
;f
advice 164
a.lternatlves 162, 164
ever, if 162
if + past perfect , would (not) ... /Iave ... past
participle 166
if ... past perfect, would (not)+ infinitive 168
if + past simple, could/would (nor) + have ... past
participle 168
if + past simple, would (not) ... infinitive 164
if + present tense, present tense 162
if + present, will/won't ... infinitive without
to 162
1(/ were/was you ... 164
indirect questions 323
-ifr-Itp S
if,,", •.-
S
~
;I--"~'-
2.r
I'll lZ3
iro. adjel:t"" , '
I'm afraid _ 1ZJ
.BlZ
I 'mno t~.:m
imagine 164. 192
imperatiYes IQ. ~:J16
;n
+noun~50
movement Z68
noun + in 268
place 40, 339
time 46,339
verb + ill 270.275, 347
in- adjectives/noul"lSl\fe't:l5 2!J2
in addition (to) 2-l2. 306
in case 162
in front of 40, 4 1, 349
in love (with) 50
in order that 238
in order to 238
in spite of 40, 244, 349
in the end 50, 139,246,306
in time 50
indefinite article: alall 6, 8, 10
indefinite pronouns 28
indirect o bjects 177
indirect questions 323
indirect speech
indirect questio ns 323
reported statemen ts 204-5
reporting verbs for o rders, requests, ikh-itt 210,
212
infinitive clauses 224,228
infinitive withlwithout to
194, 196
informal language 275,3 14
information
adding information 242
asking for information 184
giving alternatives 242
questio n tags 322
reporting infonnation 6,204-5,253
showing differences 244
Wh- questions 184, 186
in writing 310
-ing form
adject.i ves S6
a(ter/before .... ;IIS 246
IIeed ... -ins fo rm 198, 258
as object 192
in participle clauses 226
passive forms 252
past continuous 92
present continuous 80
359
Injur.d
INDEX
in reduced relative clauses 224
spcl ling 350
as subject 192
verb + .ing form 192, 224, 345
verb ... preposition ... -ing form 192
injured 282
insist insist on 212
instructions
imperatives 162, 228, 246
Infinitive clauses 228
linking words 246
modal passives 256
mllst/mllsf not 146
reporting instructions 2 10
intend 196, 198
inter· verbs 294
interrupted actions 92, 94
into 44, 2 70, 339
verb + into 296, 347
intonation
compound nouns 296
fo r emphasis 330
question tags 322
reply questions 323
short answers 326
WI, · questions J 84
YesINo questions 182
SI2 also pronunciation
intransitive verbs 176
inverted commas (") 302
invite 196,2 12
·(on nouns 290
ir- adjectives 292
Irregular forms
adverbs 64
comparative adjectives 60
comparative adverbs 68
plural nouns 2
superlative ad jectives 60
superlative adve rbs 68
verbs 90, 106, 348-9
is 76
is Ilc/she? 322
Is it all rigM if ... ? 152
15 it OK tu ... ? 152
is to + verb 132
isn 't lIe/s /le? 322
-ise verbs 294
-ish adjectives 290
~ist nouns 290
;,
fo r em phasis 30B
as Object 24
as subject 20, 180
and tllere 180
it's (= it is) 20
+ adjective/noun + fo 180
it's and tllere is 180
360
It's time + past tense 170
its (possessive adjective) 20
itself 24
·ive adjectives 292
-ize verbs 294
J
jobs 8, 290
just 107
K
keep 192, 280
keep 0" + -illS 192
keep lip witl! 274
kind
kind of 332
killd to 268
know 83
1 dOli ', know 323
YO/l k7low, 332
L
languages to, 290
fast 228
at last 50
last for 46
last week 64
late 64,68
later 246
latest: at the lafest 50
feast
at least 50
the least 60, 68, 230
leave 280
leave Ollt 275
left
be left 280
left Ollt 275
on the left 40
less 60, 68
-less adjectives 292
let 196
Let's + infinitive 154
light + noun 266
/(ke 83, 192, 198
fed like 272
I'd like (object) to ... 194, 196
look like tz.72, 349
or as 48
What is it like? 186
likeable or sympathetic 282
likely to 132
linking words 238-46, 346
adding info rmation 242
for causes 240
for choice 242
INDEX
for contrast 244
describing a process 246
for future 130
for instructions 246
joining clauses 238, 306
jo ining sentences 246,306
for purpose 238
for reason 238
for results 240
for sequence 98, 246
showing differences 244
for time 246
in writing 306
listen to 272
listener responses 332
lists 302
little
a little 30, 58, 62, 64, 68
so little 240
five or stay 280
lonely 64
long 64, 68
How long? 110
as lOllS QJ 162
look after 272,347
look at 272
look for 270
look forward to 192, 274
look into 272,347
look like 272, 347
Look out! 274
lot
Q lot 62, 64, 68
a lor of 30, 240
lots of 30
love 83, 192, 198
I'd love (object) to 194, 196
in love (wirh) 50
lovely 64
low 64,68
-Iyadverbs 64
M
main clauses 238
make 90
+ noun (+ preposition) 266
+ ob ject + Infinitive without to 196
make Ollt/Up/llp (or 275
or do 278
making a guess
about the future 142
about the past 144, 256
about the p resent 142
expectations 142
managed to 139
many 30
so many 240
too many 30
more
may (not) 138
making a guess 142
permission 152
possibility 142
prohibition/ rules J52
uncertainty 142
me 24
mean 83, 196
1 mea", 332
means: by means of 40
meant to 144, 260
measurement 3, 10
media 8
-ment nouns 290
mental states/activity 194
might (not) 138
making a guess 142
possibility 142
might (not) have 144, 166
passive form 256
might permission 152
mind
Do }'OII mind if .. . ? 152
(1Iot) mind + -ing 192
mine 20
mis- verbs 294
miss
+ -illg form 192
+ noun 266
mistake: by mistake 50
Mmm.332
modal verbs 135--54, 342--3
+ infinitive 194
ability 138-9
advice 150
certainty and uncertainty 142
criticism 150
expectations 142, 144,256
instructions 146
making a guess 142-4
necessity 146, 148
offers 154
passive forms 256
past tenses 144
permission 152
possibility 138-9
present tenses 142, 144
prohibition 142,152
promises 154
regrets 150
in reported speech 204
requests 154
rules 146, 152, 256
suggestions 154
warnings 150, 154
YeJ/No questions 182
more 60, 68
361
most
INDEX
most 26
negative forms
the most + ad jective 60
the most + noun 230
cannot/can 't 138, 144
could not/COllldn " 139, 144, 166
most of 26
future continuous 126
future perfect continuous 128
future perfect si mple 128
future wlth going l (l 122
future with wut 123
have 76
modal verbs 138, 144
(the) most + adverb 68
movement: prepositions 40, 44
much 30
+ compa rativE's 62, 68
+ uncountable noun 30
How mue/I? 64
so much 240
too mucll 30
(very) much 64
must 138
advice 150
IUl ve sometlJing done 250
Instructions 146
making a guess 142
must be 142
necessity 146
opi nion 14 2
passive form 256
reported statements 204
rules 146
warning 150
must (not) have 144
must not/mustn't
advice 150
inst ructions 146
proh ibition 146
reported statements 204
rules 146
warning ISO
my 20
myself 24
N
-n verbs 294
na mes 10
nationalities 8, 58, 290
near 4 1, 64, 68, 339
near o r far? (this o r that!) 12
nearly: not l1/!tlrly as ... as 62
necessity
future: will lUlvt' to 146
past: (/idu 't have to 148
past: did,, 't need to 148
past: had to 146
past: needn't ImV(' 148
presen t: Iwve to/tlOI/'t have to 146, 148
present: liaven'tgot to 148
present: tllllst 146
presen t: need to/tlO II't /leed to 148
need 83
+ .in8 form 198, 258
need to/don't need to 148, 196, 198
needn't/needn't have 148
362
needn 't/needn't I/QV(' 148
"othi".~ 28
past continuous 92
past perfect continuous 100
past perfect simple 98
past simple 9U
present con tinuous 80
present perfect continuous 114
present perfect simple 106
present simple 78
present simple: be 76
present simple: /rave!llUvegot 76
question tags 322
questions 182
reporting o rders, req uests, ad vice 2 10
rules 146, 152
usetl to 96
wa.m't/were,,'t able to 139
neither 32, 308
neither ... IIor 32, 242, 306, 3.08
Neither am I/Neither du I. 242, 323, 326
-ness nouns 290
never 64,66, 100, 106, 308
Nevertheless, 244, 306
next 228
next to 40, 4 1,339
no 26
No! 328
no one 26,28
nobody 26, 28
none 26
none of 26
nor. neither ... IIor 32, 242, 306, 308
normally 66
not
I hope
lIot as
lIot. 326
... as 62
not e'!oII.~" 30, 240
not only 242,306,308
nothing 28
noun clauses see wh- clauses
nou n phrases
avoiding repetition 304
used instead of verbs 3 12
nouns 2--3
adjective + noun 56, 266
avoid ing repetitio n 304
changing nouns Into adjectives 292
INDEX passive forms
changing nouns into verbs 294
comparison clauses 230
compound nouns 18,296
countable nouns 3, 332
emphasising 330
formation 290, 296, 3 12
-ing form as noun subject/ object J 92
noun + noun 296
noun + preposition 268
noun + 's/' 18
noun-verb agreement 2
o(+noun 18
plural 2, 350
possessive form s 18
prefixes 292
singular 2
suffixes 290, 312
uncountable nouns 3,332
used instead of verbs 312
now or then? (this or Uma) '12
nowhere 28
o
object
direct object 177
indirect objects 177
-ing fo rm as ob ject 192
it as an object 24
object pronouns 24, 338
object questions 184
relative pronoun as o bject 219
verb + object + Infinitive 196
verb (+ object) + preposi tion + ob ject 270, 346
verb + two objects 177
wll- clauses 230
obligation sec rules
Obviously, 328
occasionally 66
of
+ noun + 's 20
adjective + vf 268
borlr of 32
material 339
noun + of 268
verb + of 48,270,347
off 44, 275, 339
offer to 194, 212
offers
future condition 162
I/wecvuld 154
S/ralllAw? 154
shall/wW 123. 154
often
How ofti'1l? 64 , 66
mureoftm 68
omitting words/phrases 304
on
+ noun phrases SO, 330
place 40,41 , 339
time 46,339
verb + on 270,347
On the contrary, 306
on top of 40, 41 , 339
once (= wllen) 128
one 228
= people in general 24
anollrer one 22
one another 24
one of 62
vne/ones 22
tile otller (Jl/e(s) 22
only 228
not only 242, 306, 308
onto 44,339
opposite 41 , 3:W
or 242, 306
-or nouns 290
order
+object+tfJ 196
jll artter flrat/to 238
Ollt oforder 50
in reported speech 21 2
order of events 98, 246
orders in reported statements 210
other
eaclt otlrer 24
tire other Olle(S) 22
ought t%ught not to 150
reported statements 2 10
our 20
CUri 20
oUrie/ves 24
-DUS adjectives 292
out 275
Look Ollt! 274
out- verbs 294
out of 40, 44, SO, 339
over 41 , 44, 339
set over 272
over- verbs 294
own 83
ajall + noun +
oflily own 20
p
parentheses () 302
participle dauses 226
passive forms 25Z-60
be + past participle 252
by + noun 252
common uses 253
get + past participle 252
get something dune 258
"ave something ciVile 258
modal verbs 256
-;ng fo rms 252
in participle clauses 226
363
past
INDEX
past tenses 252
tenses 252
phrasal verbs 256
present tenses 252
reasons for using 253
reporting verbs 260
verb + object(s) 252
verb + prepositiOn 256
verbs + two objects 256
will and infi nitives 252
in writing 253
past 44, 339
past conditions 166
past continuous 92, 340
modal verbs 144
passive 252
or past perfect con tinuo us? 100
or past simple? 94
reported statements 204
past experiences 106
past participles 98, 106. 350
irregular fo rms 106,348-9
regular fo rms 350
past perfect continuous 100, 340
past perfect 98, 340
+ superlative adjectives 98
passive 252
or past perfed: continuous? 100
o r past simple? 98
past simple 90. 340
+ adverbs of time 90
be 90
for + period of time 90
from ... to 90
irregular verbs 90, 348--9
modal verbs 144
passive 252
or past continuous? 94
or past perfect simple? 98
or present perfect simple? 11 2
regular verbs 90, 350
reported statements 204
f"ell 246
time expressions 90
or Ilsed to? 96
past tenses 90- 100,340
irregular verbs 348-9
linking words 246
passive 252
past continuous 92, 100,340
past sim ple 90, 94,98, 112,340,350
perf~t
used to 96
period (.) 302
permission
be allowed to 152
mll/can't 152
cOldtt/cOllldn', 152
in the future 152
364
migllt 152
permit 196
Personally. 328
persuade 196, 212
phrasal verbs 274-5, 347
passive form 256
phrases: o rder in writing 310
place
adverbs 64, 66
prepositional phrases 50, 176, 177
prepositions 40-1
in reported statements 204
place names 10
plan
pla'l to 194
waS/Were planlling 92
plans and arrangements 126,194
please 154
plural nouns 2,350
point (.) 302
politeness
indirect questions 323
please 154
possess 83
possessives
adjectives 20, 338
nouns 18
pronouns 20, 338
in reported statements 205
'sI' 18
possibility
future: can 139
future conditio nal 139
future continuous 126
future: COl/Id 139
future: will/woll't be abl/' to 139
general truths 139
may 142
.might 142
past: couid/cuuldn 't 139
past: was/were able to 139
present: call/call 't 138
predictions 123
prefer 83, .192, 198
I'd prefer (ob ject) to 194, 196
prefixes 292, 294
prepositional phrases 50, 176, 177
prepositional verbs 272,347
passive forms 256
and phrasal verbs 274
prepositions 40-50, 338-9
adjective + preposition 268
as adverbs 40
in American English 352
of instrument 40
of means 40
of movement 40, 44
of place 40- 1
INDEX qU4tst ions
of purpose 40
in relative d auses 2 19,222
instead of relative clauses 224
of time 40, 46
verb + preposUlon 2 19,270,272,347
with other meanings 48
present conditions 162
present continuous 80, 340
describing pictures 80
for future 122, 34)
passive 252
or presen t simple? 82- 3
time expressions 80
verbs nOI using 83
present perfect continuous 114, 34 1
or present perfect simple? 11 6
present perfect 106- 12, 34 1
with ever, never, before 106-7
with (or, s;nceeIC. 110
with just, a/ready, n'cmtly 107
for new informatlon 112
passive 252
for past experiences 1 0~7
or past simple? 11 2
or pn.'Sent perfect continuous? 116
with present results 107
for repeated actions 110
reported statements 204
for situations up 10 the present 110
with still, ,.et 107
with superlative adiectives 110
with time expreSSions 11 0
present simple 76-8, 340
be 76, 132
canlcall't 138
describing films, plays and books 78
facts, permanent situations and opinions 78
for future 130, 132, 341
have/huve got 76
negative 78
passive 252
positive 78
or present continuous? 82-3
questions 78
regular actions, habits and routines 78
spelling 350
present tenses 76-83,340
passive 252
present continuous 80, 340
present simple 76-8, 340
pronouns 20-4, 338
another (olle) 22
demonstrative pronouns 12
indelinite pronouns 28
obiect pronouns 24,338
one/ones 22
possessive pronouns 20, 338
reOexive pronouns 24, 338
relative pronouns 218,219,224
in reported statements 205
in short answers 182, 322
sub ject pronouns 20, 338
pronunciation
tile 6
COl/Id you ... ? 323
Do YO'1 ... ? 323
-cd form of verb 90
gOiflg to 122
of punctuation 302
weak/strong forms 138
see also intonation
pretty (= rat/It'l) 58
private: in private SO
probably 123
IWlle of 26
/lot mOllgl, 30, 240
some 26
question mark (?) 302
question: Ollt of the queslion 50
question tags 322
questions
alternative questions (or) 242
prohibition 146, 152
promises
promise to 194
will 123,154
provided 162
public: in public 50
punctuation 204,222,302
purpose
infinitive clauses 228
linking words 238
prepositions 40
0 11 purpose 50
put 90
put off + -illg 192
pur up with 275
Q
quantifiers
all 26,32
Qlly
26
butl! 32, 242, 306
eoe/! 32
eit/lcr 32
every 32
a ft!W 30
a !iNle 30
Q lot of 30
mallY 30
most 26
muc" 30
IIcit/ler 32
no 26
26
IIOlle
365
wltn IJC I II
call 138
closed questions 182
cO/lId/collltJn 't 144
direct questions 182-6,323
emphasising 330
future continuous 126
future perfect continuous 128
future perfect simple 128
future with gOillg to 122
future with will 123
have 76
have .wmet lling dOlle 258
How? 64, 184, 186
indirect questions 323
for information 184
modal verbs 138, 144
negative questions 182
object questions 184
open questions 184, 186
past continuous 92
past perfect continuous 100
past perf~ simple 98
past simple 90
present continuous 80
present perfect continuous 114
present perfect simple 106
present si mple 76, 78
reply questions 323
reported questions 208
sllouM 144
spoken forms 322-3
subject questions 184
lisI'd to 96
WIl- questions 184, 186
word order 182,184,323
Yes/No question s 182,322
quite
+ adjective/adverb 58, 64
1101
qllite as ... (IS 62
quotation marks (" ") 204,302
R
rarely 66
more rarel)' 68
rather
+ adjective/adverb 58, 64
woulll miller + infinitive without to 194
WO/lid rather + past tense 170
re- verbs 294
real conditions 162
really 58, 64,330
Really? 328,332
reason
• past perfect continuous 100
.. past perfect si mple 98
infinitive clauses 228
linking words 238
366
II0t ... enough 240
participle clauses 226
wit.h so 128
For tllis reasOll, 306
too 240
why 219
recently 107
recommend 192, 196
reflexive pronouns 24, 338
refuse to 194,2 12
regret t 98, 2 12
regrets
could /love 166
lIIiSIlt /lot 1IQ\Il' had 166
sllolllcl/shollltl,, 't haw! 150
relative clauses 218-24
defining rela tive clauses 2 18-19, 222
non-defining rela tive clauses 222
prepositions in 219, 222, 224
punctuation 222
reduced relative clauses 224
with w/Jen, wllere, why 219
with w/licll 222
with WilD, wlJich, that, whose 218,2 19
relative pronouns 218
• be + preposition 224
.I/(Ive 224
omitted 219
as sub ject/object 219
remember 83, 194, 198,280
remind 196,212, 280
reply. in reported speech 212
reply questions 323
reported questions 208
reported speech 204-12
reported statements 204-5
reporting verbs 204
for orders, requests, advice 210,212
passive form 260
patterns 212, 260
tell and say 210, 212
requests
call/can't 154
cOI//d/collld"i 154
please 154
in reported statements 210
Will YO" ... ? 154
WOllld YOII ... ? 154
require (object) to 196
respond: in reported speech 212
result
linking words 240
participle clauses 226
As (I result, 240, 306
Right 332
0/1 tlte right 40
round 339
INDEX spoken English
should/shouldn't 138
rules
to 152
call/call 't 152
IlQve got to 146
lIave to 146
/nay/may IIot 152
aI/owed
I7I11.f t
146
negative rules 146, 152
with passive verbs 256
run + no un (+ preposition) 266
run into 272
5
's}'
(possessive) 18
-s, -es verb endings 78, 350
so
sale: for sale
same: tile same (as) 62
say 90
in reported speech 212
Say ... 164
say to 272
second conditional 164
see 83, 90, 198
set.' to 272
seem 83
set.'m to 194
seldom 66
semi·colon (;) 302
sense verbs 83, 139
+ infinitive 198
+ obiect + .ing fo rm 198
sensible 282
5ensit;ve (to) 282
sentences 176-86
imperatives 162
it as subiect 180
linking words 246, 306
main clause 238
punctuation 222, 302
statem ents 176-7
su bordin ate clause 238
/lIere+~ 180
verbs with two o bjects 177
word order J 76-7
Set.' also clauses; passive forms; questions
shall 123, 138
offers 123, 154
slla ll we? 154,322
suggestions 123, 154
she 20
short answers 182, 322, 326, 332
short fo rms
be 76
have got/got to 76, 83
question tags 322
spoken En glish 3 14
see also short answers
advice 150
expectations 142
passive fo rm 256
reported statements 204
should/shouldn't have 144, ISO
silly 64
similar (to) 62, 268
since
+ reason 238
preposition 339
present perfect con tinuous 114
p resent perfect simp le 110
singular nouns 2
-sion nouns 290
slightly 58, 62, 68
smell 83, 198
so 128
for emphasis 330
~pect $0 326
IlOpe su 326
for reason 128
fo r result 240
So, 328
So am I ./So (10 I. 326
so as to 238
so far 110
so /tIally/few 240
so I1Il1cll/little 240
so (+ adjective) + OWl 238, 240
some 26
some of 26
somebody 28
someone 28
sometllillj 28
,w metimeJ 64,66
somewllcfl' 28
soon 64,68
os SOOIl as 130, 246
sort of 332
speak to 272
speculation see making a guess
spelling 35~ 1
spite: ill spite of 40, 244
spoken English 322-32
agreeing and d isagreeing 326
common words and phrases 332
citller 326
emphasis 330
exclamatio ns 328
ex pressing feelings/ideas/opinions 328
grammar 3 14
indirect q uestions 323
listener responses 332
neitller 326
o mitting words 332
pol.ite phrases 154,323
q uestion tags 322
367
stand
INDEX
reply q uestions 323
short fonns 322, 326
so ... 326
thillX(9, stuff, kind of 332
too 326
stand: cau't stand + . i1l8 192
stand for 272. 372
stare at 272
start 192, 198, 266
sta te: In reported speech 212
state verbs 83, 11 6
statements
reported Sta tements 204-5
word o rder 176-7,246
stay or live 280
still 107
stop 192, 198
stress: com pound no uns 296
see also intonation
strong + noun 266
stuH 332
subject
+ verb (no object) 176
+ verb + (objectlcom plement) + adverbia l 176
+ verb + o bject/complement 176
+ verb + that clause 177
+ verb + two objects 177
in infinitive clauses 228
-ing fo rm as subject 192
it as subject 20, 180
pro no uns 20, 338
questions 184
rela tive pronouns 2 19
wh- clauses 230
subordinate clauses 238
such
such + a/atl (+ adjective) + no un 240
sllch (a/a ll + ad jective) + noun 330
sllcll a (lot of) 240
Sllell a/a/l ... t/Jat 240
suffixes
adjectives 292
no uns 290, 3 12
verbs 294
suggest
+ -illS fo rm 192
In reported speech 2 10,212
suggestions
COl/Id I ... ? 1S4
H()w/WlJat aboul ... ? 15 4
Ltrs + Infinitive 154
Shall ... ? 1S4
superlative adjectives 60
+ past perfect simple 98
+ present perfect simple 110
first, secol1d, etc. 1 to, 224
spelling 3S I
superlat ive adverbs 68
368
superlative nouns 230
suppose
S/lppose . .. 164
suppose so 326
SIIpposed to 144,260
sure
I'm /lot slIre 323
slIre to 132
sympathetic or likeable 282
T
tags (questions) 322
take 90
+ no un (+ prepositiOn) 266
How /0118 did it take? 180
take after 272
take back 275
wke off 274
take o r bring 280
take o r have 278
take to 274
talk to 272
taste 83, 198
teach 196
tell 90, 196,2 10,212,266
To tell the tndh, 228
tenses 340- 1
changes in reported speech 204, 205
future fo rms 122-32, 341
past tenses 90- 100,340
present perfect 106-12, 340
presen t tenses 76-83,340
than 60
thank someone for 212
tha t
+dause 177
After tllat, 246,306
dcmonstrativcs 12
relative pro no un 2 18
in reported statements 204
so that 238, 240
SIICI! alml tllat 240
Tllat's + adjective! 328
the 6, 8, 10, 60, 68
the best 60, 68
the farthestlfurthest 60, 68
the leastimost 60, 68, 230
the same (... (/s) 62
the whole 32
the worst 60, 68
their 20
theirs 20
them 24
themselves 24
then 246, 306
then or now? (t/lis or that?) I Z
there ... be 180
there and it ISO
INDEX verbs
Therefore. 240, 306
these 12
they 20
"" people in general 24
thing(s) 332
think 83
thi"k about_272
tMllk of ... -ill8 t 92
tl/ink .~o 326
third conditional 166
this 12
tlli.f o"e 22
those 12
though 244
through
in American English 352
:: from ... to ]39
direction 64
get thml/gll 272
movement 44
throughout 339
throwaway 275
till 46
time
adverbs 64,66, 90
of Ihe day 10
for + period of time 90, 100
How lOllS? 110
ill time 50
It's ... 180
It's time + past tense 170
linking words 246
011 time
50
phrases 177
prepositions 40, 46
in reported statements 204
spend (time) ... -illS form 192
time expressions 46
... future 132
... past simple 90
... presen t continuous 80
... present perfect simple 110
... present simple 78
-tion nouns 290
to
ad jective + to 268
direction 339
(from) ... to 90, 352
Infinitive with/without to 194
movement 44
noun + to 268
or for 17 7
verb + to 270
To be honest 328
today 64, 110
too 240
after verb 326
too many 30
too much 30
top: 0/1 lop of 40, 41
towards 40
transitive verbs 176
transport 10, 48
try 194, 198
turn downJroundlup 275
U
un- adjectives 292
un- verbs 294
uncertainty 142
uncountable nouns 3, 332
under 41 , 339
under- verbs 294
units: uncountable nouns 3
unless 162, 164
until 46, 130, 246, 339
up 275 , 339
us 24
used to 96
usually 64, 66
V
valuable or expensive 282
verb phrases
aVOiding repetition 304
to make noun phrases 3 12
verbs
+ adlective 56
... adverb 66
... complement 176
+ indefinite pronouns 28
+ infinitive or -illS form 198
... infinitive with/without to 194.345
... -illg form 192,224, 345
... no ob ject 176
+ noun (+ preposition) 266
... object 176
... object ... complement 176
... (object/complement) ... adverbial 176
+ (object) + infinitive wit h to 196, 345
... object + preposition ... object 270, 347
... preposition ... -;"g form 192. 345
(+ preposition) ... object 270
... prepositions 219,270, 272, 347
+ reflexive pronouns 24
+ llrat clause 177
... two objects 177
action ve rbs 82
active verbs 226
all + verb 26
auxiliary verbs 182
avoiding repeti Uon 304
changing verbs into ad jectives 292
changi ng verbs into nouns 290
confusing verbs 278, 280
-ed form 90, 106, 224, 226, 350
369
very
INDEX
emphasising 330
-es form 350
fonnation 294
infinitive form 194, 196
-ing form 226, 350
intransitive verbs 176
irregular verbs 90, 106, 348-9
noun- verb agreement 2
passives 252-60
past continuous 92, 100, 340
past participles 98, 106,348-9, 350
past simple 90, 94, 98, 112. 340
ph rasa l verbs 256,274-5,347
prefi xes 292. 294
prepositional verbs 256, 272, 274, 347
present continuous 80, 340
present perfect contin uous 114,116.341
present perfect 106-12, 116,341
in reported statements 204,210,2 12,260
spelling 348,350
state verbs 83, 11 6
suffixes 294
transitive verbs 176
uncountable no uns 3
see also modal verbs 342-3
very 58, 64
vowels 6
W
wait for 272
want 83
want (object) to 132, 194, 196
warn 196,2 10,212
warnings
fust conditional 162
/lad better/hml better 1Iof 1SO
must/mUSb,'t 150
will 123, 154
was/were able to 139
was/were going to 132, 341
was/were meant to 144
was/were supposed to 144
way: Hy 1111' way, 328
we 20
weather: trs "" 180
website addresses 302
weekend: 01/011 tile weeke"d 64
Well, 332
well (:: bctter) 60,64
well: as well as 242
were
r(fwere .. , 164
were there? 322
wh - clauses 230
Wh - questions 184, 186
+ do, does and did 184
+ have 184
+ hm'e got 76
370
+ prepositions 184
indirect qucstions 323
intonation 184
past simple 90
present continuous 80
present perfect continuous 114
present perfect simple 106
present Simple 76, 71:1
reported WI,- q uestions 208
wh- words 184,2 18
what 230
What? 184, 186
What abollt "'"? 1S4
Wlrat Oil eart/I? 330
What alan + (adjective) + noun! 328
Whatever? 330
when
+ past continuous 94
+ past Simple 90
future eventsl time 130
o rder of events 94, 100, 246
period of time 246
present conditions 162
relative clauses 2 19
and while 94
When? 64, 184
Whenever? 330
where 2 19
Where? 64, ]84
Where 011 earth? 330
whereas 244
Wherever? 330
whether 323
which 2 18, 222
Which? 184, 186
Which olle/ones? 22
Which way? 64
while
:: at tlle same time 246
for difference 244
or as 94
or eturing 246
period of time 94, 246
who 184,2 18
Who? 184
or Whose? 186
Wllo on eartll? 330
Whoever? 330
whole : a!lhe w/lole 32
whose 218
Whose? 184
or Wllo? 186
why 219
Why? 184
Wily ever? 330
Why on eartll? 330
will 123,138,34 1
certainty 123
INDEX nro conditional
decisions, offen , promises. wuninp 123, 15.4
predictions III
reported statements 204
requests 154
will have something done 2S8
will/won't be able to 139
wi/llWon't have to 146
wish 83, 170
wish (ob ject) to 194.196
with 40,46.48.218,268,270,339,34 7
within 46, 339
without 339
wonder. I wonder 323
won't you? 322
word combinations 266--82
adjective + preposition 268
common collocations 266
confusing adjectives 282
confusing verbs 278, 280
noun + preposition 268
phrasal verbs 274-5,347
verb + preposition 270
word formation 290-6
adjectives 292, 296
compound adjectives 296
compound nouns 296
nouns 290, 296, 312
verbs 294
word order
adjectives 58, 240
adverbials 177
adverbs 66, 240
for em phasis 308
infinitive clauses 228
linking words 246
passlves 253
questions 182,184,323
relative clauses 222
reported questions 208
statements 17fr7, 246
words, avoiding repetition 304
words, omitting 304
work
at work 50
work for 274
work out 274
worse 60,68
wortt tile worst 60, 68
would 138
+ infinitive for past actions 96
+ likel1ove/ llatelprefer (object) to 194, 196
reported statements 210
requests 154,322
would ),Oll? 154, 322
would be able to 139
wouldlwouldn't
reported statements 204
second conditional 164
third conditional 166
wounded 282
Wow! 328
written Eng lish 302- 14
avoiding repetitions 304
formal language 314
linking clauses 306
linking sentences 306
nouns instead of verbs 3 12
o rganisi ng Information 310
passives 253
punctuation 302
word order for emphasis 308
y
-yadjectives 292
Yeah/Yes, 332
YeslNo questions 182, 322
future with going tQ 122
future with will 182
lIave 182
/lave sometllillg dUlle 258
indirect questio ns 323
past continuous 92
past simple 90
present continuous 80
present perfect continuo us 114
present perfect si mple 106
present simple 78
present simple: IlQvegut 76
reported Yes/No question s 208
shon answers 182
used to 96
yet to7
you
= people in general 24
object pronoun 24
subject pronoun 20
You know, 332
your 20
yours 20
yourself 24
yourselves 24
Z
zero conditional 162
would rather
+ infinitive without to 194
+ past tense 170
371
Pears on Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world.
www.pearsonelt.com
© Pearson Education Limited 2012
The right of Mark Foley and Diane Hall to be identified as
authors of this Work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written
permission of the Publishers.
First published 2012
ISBN: 9781408299159 (with key)
ISBN: 9781408299166 (without key)
ISBN: 9781408299265 Class audio CDs
Set in Frutiger and ITC Stone Serif
Printed in Spain by Graficas Estella
lllustrated by Paul Boston, Joanna Kerr and Roger Penwill
Picture Credits
The publisher would like to thank the following for their
kind permission to reproduce their photographs:
(Key: b-bottom; c-centre; I-left; r-right; Hop
Alamy Images: Ace Stock Limited 62r, Art Directors &
TRIP 115, Asia Images Group Pte Ltd 287, Andrew Bain
61, Howard Barlow 292, Ben Molyneux Sports 280, Adrian
Brockwell 57, Ian Dagnall176, Danita Delimont 70, Diana
Bier British Library 294, Lisa F. Young 214, Glow Wellness 80,
Jeff Greenberg 6, Peter Horree 59, Image Source 121, 12r, 196,
Image Source 121, 12r, 196, Image Source 121, 12r, 196, Boris
Karpinski 153cr, Matthew Noble Studio 137, mediablitzimages
(uk) Limited 331, Jeff Morgan 8, North Wind Picture Archives
89r, Alberto Paredes 22, Patrick Bishop / PB Productions 157,
Trevor Payne 142, PCL 28, Oavid Pearson 2, Photofusion
Picture Library 233br, Chris Rout 321, Royal Geographical
Society 92, 96, Royal Geographical Society 92, 96, Alex Segre
29, 155, Alex Segre 29, 155, Uwe Skrzypczak 64, David Taylor
153cl, Urikiri-Shashin-Kan 272r; The Art Archive: Victoria
and Albert Museum London / V&A Images 257; Bridgeman
Art Library Ltd: British Library, London, UK / © British
Library Board. All Rights Reserved 891, Museo de America,
Madrid, Spain / Index 1OOb; Corbis: Balan Madhavan / Robert
Harding World Imagery 237, Bettmann 230r, Bettmann 230r,
Daisy Gilardini / Science Faction 222 (Background), Araldo de
Luca 233tr, Kevin Fleming 15, Hinrich Baesemann / dpa 242,
HO / Reuters 173r, Image Source 65, 266, Jim Sugar / Science
Faction 95, Liu Liqun 189, WaIter Lockwood 152, Don Mason
18, moodboard 278, Nick Daly / cultura 244, North Carolina
Museum of Art 231, Ocean 203, Tim Pannell166, Peter
Barritt / SuperStock 99, Radius Images 107, Terry Vine / Blend
Images 252; Mary Evans Picture Library: The Women's
Library 103; Fotolia.com: ambrits 146, Yuri Arcurs 1441,
Martin Bech 5/1, Dual Aspect 218 (Background), Dzmitry
Fedarovich 2741, Maxirnino Gomes 298/0, Louella Folsom
5/6, lunamarina 31, Ilja Masik 152 (Background), Kablonk
Micro 164, Monkey Business 84, Sergey Petennan 112,
Victoria Short 257 (Frame), WavebreakMediaMicro 48; Getty
Images: 1731,217,218 (Arthur Conan Doyle), 233cr, 265,
276,306,318, AFP 98, 119, 222 (Alexander Solzhenitsyn),
335, AFP 98, 119, 222 (Alexander Solzhenitsyn), 335, altrendo
images 322, Chris Baker 333, Ron Chapple 141, Corn stock
106, Winston Davidian 2821, De Agostini 247, DEA / G.
Cigolini / Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana lOOt, Jason
Dewey 128, GK Hart / Vicky Hart 144r, Franck Guiziou 181,
Andrew Holt 180, Inti St Clair 304, Jupiterimages 26, Serge
Krouglikoff 258, LatinContent 282r, Scatt Montgomery
110, New York Daily News 1791, Redferns 308,310,319,
Anatoly Sapronenkov 233tl, Bob Thomas 121; iStockphoto:
Kelly Cline 33r, Chris Cousins 37t, deepblue4you 5/7, Niko
Guido 191, kali9 56r, locke_rd 561, maodesign 161, Kristian
Sekulic 163, travellinglight 321, Baldur Tryggvason 153c;
Kobal Collection Ltd: Channel 4 / Pathe 75b, Paramount /
Filrnways 226; Masterfile UK Ltd: Pete Webb 130; Pearson
Education Ltd: 2301, Trevor Clifford 5/8; Photolibrary.
corn: 204, 328, Andrew Ward / Life File 11, Atlantide SN.C.
153r, Blend Images 75t, Christine Besson / Photononstop
43, Tom Evans 298/5, FSG 255, Glow Images, Inc 20, Hill
Street Studios 270, Norman Hollands 17, lmage100 39,
lmagesource 212, Kordcom 13, Javier Larrea 81, Wayne
Lynch 68, Nancy Ney 127, Paul Paul 138, Peter and Georgina
Bowater 78, Pixtal Images 1861, Radius Images 44, 298/3,
Stockbroker 332, Tom & Dee Ann McCarthy 256, Daniel
Torrello 46, Whisson / Jordan 298/7, Peter Widmann 1,
j eremy Woodhouse 330, Yukiko Yamanote 238; Photoshot
Holdings Limited: NHPA 66; Press Association Images:
Barry Batchelor / PA Archive 284, Christof Stache / AP 97,
Liam Creedon 87, DPA Deutsche Press-Agentur / DPA 2721,
Kirsty Wigglesworth / PA Archive 79, Li Ga / Landov 271,
Matt Crossick / EMPICS Entertainment 179r, Neal Simpson
/ EMPICS Sport 76; Reuters: Mike Cassese 312, David Gray
274r, Gary Hershom 281, Issei Kato 298/4, Enrique Marcarian
143r, Ho New 186r, Pool New 235, Darren Whiteside 55;
Rex Features: 58, 105, Ingrid Abery 268, Action Press 241,
Antti Aimo-Koivisto 73, BOG 305, e.2OthC.Fox / Everett 37b,
c.Columbia / Everett 301, CSU Archv / Everett 228c, Denkou
Images 232r, Don Hammond / Design Pics Ine. 289, Everett
Collection 224, 2281, 303, Everett Collection 224, 2281, 303,
FremantleMedia Ltd 168, Image Source 1431, ITV 228r, Sipa
Press 2321,240,251,297,316, Sipa Press 2321,240,251,297,
316, Sipa Press 2321, 240, 251, 297, 316, Sipa Press 2321,240,
251,297,316, Startraks Photo 208, Charles Sykes 260, Ray
Tang 27; Science Photo Library Ltd: Jonathan Bumett 93;
Shutterstockcom: AMA 187, Anyka 71, Yuri ArCUIS 192r,
ATumer 207t, Big Pants Production 5/3, came ilia 62cr, Tony
Campbell 621, Christopher Meder Photography 233bl, Rafal
Cichawa 184, EInur 5/2, Jonathan Gaynes 201, godrick 183,
Margo Harrison 239r, lvicaNS 210, Wojtekjarca 2391, Amy
Johansson 1531, MuellekJosef 32r, KENCKOphotography
175, Agita Leimane 47, MarkMirror 195, Monkey Business
Images 296, Orange Line Media 1921, Andrey Shadrin 207b,
Smit 298/1, sokolovsky 185, Michaela Stejskalova 5/5, Simone
van den Berg 62cl, wavebreakmedia ltd 290, Kelly Young 77;
SuperStock: Image Asset Management Ltd. 94; Thinkstock:
182, 233cl, John Foxx 5/4, PhotoObjects.net 5/0; TopFoto: ©
2006 Alinari 298/2, The Granger Collection 90
All other images © Pearson Education
Every effort has bee n made to trace the copyright holders
and we apologise in advance for any unintentional
omissions. We would be pleased to insert the appropriate
acknowledgement in any subsequent edition of this
publication .
Pronunciation table
Consonants
Symbol
Keyword
p
b
pen
Vowels
Symbol
,
,
ten
c
re
d
day
0
key
A
g
get
fot
,
r
v
•
0
,
,
f
3
h
x
back
view
thing
th",
soon
zero
ship
pleasure
hot
loch
tf
th ..,
d3
jump
sum
sun
sung
wet
let
m
n
•
w
,
j
N
•,
...
yet
shows main stress
long
diphthongs
Keyword
bit
bed
ca t
dog
cut
put
about
happy
"
actuality
.,i:
sheep
father
four
boot
"
"'
"
"
"
"oo
a•
"
.,
"
"'
i,
bird
make
lie
boy
note
now
...1
hair
so",
actual
peculiar
MyGrammarLab
Think all grammar courses are the same? Think again ...
MyGrammarLab is a unique blend of book, online and mobile resources that ensures
you have all the information and practice you need to master English grammar.
Book
•
•
Easy~to-understand explanations using the Longman Defining Vocabulary a simple vocabulary of just 2000 words
Topic-based modules and natural examples showing grammar in use
Information on common errors and how to avoid making them
•
•
•
Information on the pronunciation of grammar items
Practice exercises for every unit
Review sections to consolidate learning
•
Exit tests to check understanding
•
Grammar Check and full glossary of grammar terms for quick grammar reference
•
rID
Online
•
•
•
•
Video presentations of key grammar points
Additional practice for every unit
Diagnostic, progress and exit tests to monitor progress
Catch~up exercises to ensure the grammar has been learnt
•
•
•
•
Automatic grading and feedback
Pronunciation practice on the grammar of spoken English to improve fluency
Recorded answers for exercises to give listening practice
Grammar practice for key international exams
00 Mobile
•
Download exercises to your mobile phone for practice away from your computer
ISBN 978-1-4082-9916-6
www.mygrammarlab.com
9