AR 334: Theory of Architecture 4
Lecture 1: Introduction
Aly Abdelalim, PhD
Ali.abdelalim@hotmail.com
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About The Course
• The course aims to:
• Provide students with a general understanding of the different structural
systems used in buildings.
• Provide students with an understanding of the potential impact of structure on
building aesthetic qualities and function.
Lecture Content
Part I: Structural Systems Overview:
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Buildings Main Concept
Systems Main Components
Loads on Structural Systems
Structural System Families
Part II: Introduction & Course Review:
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Course Objectives
Course Outline
Time Schedule
Grading System
References
Assessment: (Sketch Books)
Assessment: (Physical Models)
4
Part I:
Structural Systems Overview
5
Structural Systems Overview
Buildings Main Concept
Structural System
The Building’s elements that are used to support and transmit loads to the ground,
and construct the main form of the building, such as:
o Slabs(Floors)
o Beams
o Columns / Bearing Walls
o Foundations
6
Structural Systems Overview
Loads on Structural System
Types of Loads:
Structure
Loads
Occupancy
Loads
 Structure Load
 Occupancy Loads
 Wind Loads
 Snow Loads
Settlement
Loads
Snow Loads
Rain Loads
 Earthquake Loads
 Hydraulic and Soil
Pressure
Soil pressure
 Impact Loads
Water pressure
(Hydraulic force)
Impact Loads
7
Structural Systems Overview
Loads on Structural System
Static loads
Applied slowly to a structure until
it reaches its peak value without
fluctuating rapidly in magnitude or
position
Live loads
Dynamic loads
Applied suddenly to a structure
usually with rapid changes in
magnitude and position.
As a result, a structure develops
inertial forces (in relation to its
mass & maximum deformation).
Dead loads
Wind loads
Earthquake loads
8
Structural Systems Overview
Loads on Structural System
Static Loads (Vertical loads)
Structural Systems Overview
Loads on Structural System
Dynamic Loads (Horizontal Loads )
Wind Loads
Earthquake Loads
10
Structural Systems Overview
Loads on Structural System
Static loads
Dynamic loads
Live loads
Wind loads
Dead loads
Earthquake loads
Generate
Forces in the structural system
Axial
Tension
stretch
Perpendicular
Compression
squash
Torsion
twist
Shear
Slide/tilt to a side
11
Structural Systems Overview
Bending: is a complex force state
associated with the bowing of a
member such as beam.
It causes fiber on one face of the
member to elongate and hence be in
tension and fibers on the opposite face
to compress.
12
Structural Systems Overview
Forces in the structural system
Axial
Tension
Perpendicular
Bending
Compression
Shear
Torsion
Determine
Type of
structural
system
Materials of
structural
system
Design of
structural
members
Design of
members
connections
13
Structural Systems Families
Structural System Families
Bulkactive systems
Vectoractive systems
Formactive systems
Surfaceactive systems
Verticalstructure systems
Part II:
Introduction & Course Review
15
Course outline
Precedents
(Analysis)
Span
Height
Materials
Space Function
Connections
Structural
System
Families
Structure
Systems
Spatial Experience
Forces
Feasibility
Dimensions
Scale
Limitations
Environmental
impact
Model
(Synthesis)
Week No.1
Course outline, Structural Systems Main Concept, Structural Systems Loads
Week No.2
Bulk-active systems
Week No.3
INDIVIDUAL SKETCH BOOK
Week No.4
Vector-active systems
Week No.5
PHYSICAL MODEL: GROUP WORK
Week No.6
INDIVIDUAL SKETCH BOOK
Week No.7
Form-active systems
Week No.8
INDIVIDUAL SKETCH BOOK
Week No.9
PHYSICAL MODEL: GROUP WORK
Week No.10
Surface-active systems
Week No.11
INDIVIDUAL SKETCH BOOK
Week No.12
PHYSICAL MODEL: GROUP WORK
Week No.13
Vertical structure systems
Week No.14
INDIVIDUAL SKETCH BOOK
Week No.15
PHYSICAL MODEL: GROUP WORK
Grading System
Assessment methods and grade distribution
Item
Grade
Assignments (individual)
10
Assignments (Group)
5
12th week assessment
Assignments (Individual)
Assignments (Group)
5
5
Pre-final
Assignment (Individual)
Assignment (Group)
2.5
2.5
Final exam
20
7th week assessment
Total
50
18
References
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CHARLESON, Andrew, Structure as Architecture, Oxford, Architectural Press, 2005.
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CHILTON, John, Space Grid Structures, Oxford, Architectural Press, 2000.
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CROFT, Catherine, Concrete Architecture, London, Laurence King, 2004.
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MACDONALD, Angus, Structure and Architecture, 2nd Ed., Oxford, Architectural Press,
2001.
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SCHEUERMANNE R. & BOXER K., Tensile Architecture, British Library, 1996.
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WELLS, Matthew, Skyscrapers. Structure and Design, London, Laurence King, 2005.
Assessment
Sketch Books: (Individual work)
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Create your own sketch book to compile
different precedents of each Structural
System Families for different
applications/projects
Draw Plans, sections, and elevations OR 3D
Analyze different precedent and construct the
table shown below
Draw load path diagram
Structure
system type
Material
Span
Thickness
of
structural
elements
Building/space
function
Limitation
Family
name
Structure
System
Family
20
Assessment
Physical Models: (Group work)
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4-5 members
You are required to construct a physical model of ONE precedent of your
choice for each Structural System Families
Analyze different precedent and construct the table shown below
Draw load path diagram
Structure
system type
Material
Span
Thickness
of
structural
elements
Building/space
function
Limitation
Family
name
Structure
System
Family
21
Questions?
Aly Abdelalim, PhD
Ali.abdelalim@hotmail.com