SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY Chapter 1: History of Science and Technology (S&T) Aileen D. Nieva Edward Jay M. Quinto Revised: CMTRebollido LPU Prayer Before the Class Lord of light and wisdom, grant us bright intellect, a sound judgement and retentive memory. Help us to study patiently, orderly and diligently to develop our gifts and make good use of them according to your will, as we commit ourselves to Veritas et Fortitudo, Pro Deo et Patria. Amen. Chapter Objectives At the end of this section, the students must be able to: 1. Discuss the interactions between S & T and society thoughout history. 2. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment. 3. Identify the paradigm shifts in history. Unit 1: Introduction: Science and Technology (S&T) Define SCIENCE • CONTENT: Body of organized knowledge about nature Latin scientia - knowledge • METHOD: Of obtaining that knowledge, experiment, observation, hypothesis, theory, law • ATTITUDE: Organized and systematic skepticism • GOALS: Explanation, understanding, prediction, control • LANGUAGE: Mathematics and technical vocabulary • TOOLS: Uses Instruments and technologies • COMMUNITY: Discipline, education, credentials, careers, patrons, societies, “turf/territory” • PROCESS: Organized, but very diverse activity shaped by social forces and historical change Define TECHNOLOGY a. Artifacts or Hardware: Products fabricated by humans to meet specific needs b. Knowledge and Methods: A system of (unspoken) and explicit knowledge, techniques, and materials utilized in using, making, or repairing a certain kind of artifact c. A human cultural activity or profession: e.g. military or civil engineers, crafters, machinists d. A total societal enterprise: e.g. “American technological knowhow.” R&D, invention, patronage, mass production and mass consumption www.dnnsoftware.com Define TECHNOLOGY • • A discourse or treatise on an art or arts scientific study of the practical or industrial arts • Techne (art, craft, skill), Logos (word) • A system based on the application of knowledge, manifested in physical objects and organizational forms, for the attainment of specific goals — Volti • Cumulative sum of means used to satisfy human needs and desires and to solve specific problems —Markert Define TECHNOLOGY • The sum total of systems of machines and techniques that underlie a civilization —Nye • Not merely a system of machines with certain functions, but an expression of a social world —Nye 10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas • The 2018 list includes: • Helix — A digital app store designed to help you read your genome. • The Robot Priest — BlessU-2 and Pepper are the first robot priest and monk, respectively. • Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition — Optimizing retail experiences by assessing your reactions. • Ransomware — Holding data hostage until you pay up, whether you're an individual or a large corporation. • The Textalyzer — A new tool in the battle against texting and driving that tells police if you were on your phone before an accident. 10 Emerging Ethical Dilemmas • Social Credit Systems — China will debut theirs in 2020, but do we already live in a world where online reputation is king? • Google Clips — This little camera will watch you all day and capture your most picturesque moments. • Sentencing Software — There are already Americans being sentenced with the help of a mysterious algorithm. • The Rise of Robot Friendship — Can we create a chat bot out of our loved ones' old texts and social media posts? • The Citizen App — Live crime reporting may lead to vigilante justice. Unit 1. 1 Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology Intended Learning Outcomes 1. List down scientific and technological inventions across time. 2. Discuss the historical antecedents, e.g., social, cultural, economic, and political contexts, which shaped and was shaped by the development of S&T across time. 3. Discuss Philippine scientific and technological inventions and how these, too, shaped and were shaped by various social contexts. Historical Antecedents of S&T ✓ One of the key interests of Science, Technology, and Society as an academic field ✓ focuses on how S&T changed across time and the impacts of scientific and technological innovation on prevailing social, cultural, political, and economic contexts across time ✓ pays attention to the contextual circumstances that shaped S&T ✓ interests lie in historical antecedents of scientific and technological innovation What’s in a historical antecedent? ✓ can be understood as a precursor of a thing ✓ an antecedent of a something unfolded or existed before it ✓ historical antecedents in S&T can be understood as the previous state of science and technology or previous scientific or technological tools that paved the way for more advanced and sophisticated S&T to arise Ancient Period • The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for advances in S&T. The advances in S&T during the ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish through advancement in : • transportation / navigation – discover new horizons • Communication – avoiding conflicts, record keeping of trade, history and culture • finding better ways of living – conservation of life. Transportation – people were trying to go places - discover new horizons - traveled to search for food, better settlements, trade surplus goods. Navigation - assisted in journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas and return home. Communication - - Need to communicate with natives of the areas they visited to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts. Record-keeping was important to: remember places they have been, trades made, records of their history and culture. • The increase in size and number of nations • Increased demand for food and other basic necessities. • Need to produce food at a given time, thus people need technology to increase food supplies and other survival needs without travelling more or working harder. Weapon and Armor • • Important in the discovery of new places, establishment of new alliances. Risk of conflict esp. if stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones. Conservation of Life • • Different illnesses and diseases may hamper the potential of a human being. S & T played a major role in the discovery of cures if not the prevention of illness. Establishment of structures • for protection from human attacks and natural disaster – engineering started, introduction of architecture. • Improvement of looks – via adding some fetures and decorations in the body cosmetics Sumerian Civilization -- located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. - Sumerians were known for their high degree of cooperation and desire for great things. - Not contented with the basic things. Cuneiform • First writing system • Utilizes word pictures and • triangular symbols that are carved on clay using wedge instruments. Used in record keeeping Roads • In order to facilitate faster and easier travel…developed the first road. • Flow of traffic becomes faster and more organized. • Made the roads with sun-baked bricks and poured bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt to smoothen the road. • Very useful esp. during the rainy season when travelling in soft and muddy roads proved to be too difficult. Babylonian Civilization Egyptian Civilization • Paper or Papyrus – came from the papyrus plant. • - much easier to carry and store, less breakable than clay tablets. • Major accomplishment in record-keeping and communications. Ink - invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors. - it must withstand the elements of nature and must be tamper-proof. Hieroglyphics – adapted from the early writing system in Mesopotamia. -believed by Egyptians that it was provided by their gods. -records were well preserved since they were carved at the wall of the pyramids. Cosmetics – used for both health and aesthetic reasons. - wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and cure eye diseases. - created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena. believed that persons wearing make-up was protected from evil and beauty was a sign of holiness. Wig – used for health and wellness. - used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of the sun. Water Clock / Clepsydra • Uses gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. • The amount of water remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full. • Used as a time keeping device. Greek Civilization • Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. • Birthplace of Western philosophy. • Includes in-depth works on Philosophy and Mathematics. Alarm Clock • Tells the individual when to start or stop. • Made use of water or small stones or sand that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm. • Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture. Water Mill • Used in agricultural processes like milling of grains. • Considered to be better than mills powered by farm animals because they required less effort. Roman Civilization • Strongest political and social entity in the west. • The cradle of politics and governance. Newspaper • First newspaper known as gazette. • Before the invention of paper, gazettes were engraved in metal or stone tablets then publicly displayed. • When paper was invented it was easier for the romans to publish. • Minutes of the meeting were done in shorthand. • Able to enjoy easy access to government information. Bound Books or Codex • Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book. • They were then able to provide covers to protect the papyrus. Covers were made of wax then by animal skin for it was proved to be stronger and longer lasting. Roman Architecture • Most visual contribution of the ancient Roman empire. • Able to adapt new building and engineering technology. • Able to creatively redesign old architectural patterns to adapt to the new trends. • Able to create large churches, aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters, etc. Roman Numerals • Romans devised their own number system to address the need for a standard counting methods. Chinese Civilization • Known to be the oldest civilization in Asia. • Known as middle kingdom Middle Ages – Age of Exploration • Major advances in scientific and technological development, including a steady increase of new inventions, introduction of innovations in traditional production, and emergence of scientific thinking and method, had taken place. • Many medieval universities at the time stirred scientific thinking and provided infrastructure for scientific communities to flourish. Some of humanity’s most important, present-day technologies could be traced back to historical antecedents in the Middle Ages. Printing Press • Johann Gutenberg – invented the printing press. • Addressed the need for publishing books. Microscope • - Zacharias Janssen developed the first compound microscope. • - people were able to observe organisms. • Key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various illnesses (Davidson, 2015). Telescope • The need for nautical inventions lead to the creation of the telescope. • This helped Ship captains to see far and wide to navigate or avoid dangers at sea. • With this the invention of the compass, oars, and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer (Helden, 1989). War Weapons Modern Age • As world population steadily increased, people of the modern age realized the utmost importance of increasing the efficiency of transportation, communication, and production. Industrialization took place, but greater risks in human health, food safety, and environment rose, which had to be simultaneously addressed as scientific and technological progress unfolded at an unimaginable speed. Pasteurization • Louis Pasteur, a French biologist invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Petroleum Refinery • Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was referred to as “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes. Telephone • Invented by Alexander Graham Bell Calculator Modern Age: Television Figure 16. Baird’s television Inventions of Filipino Scientists • The Philippines boasts of its own history and tradition of scientific and technological innovation. Filipino scientists have long been known for their ingenuity. As with all other inventions, necessity has always been the mother of Philippine inventions. Inventions of Filipino Scientists • Most Filipino inventions appealed to the unique social and cultural context of the archipelagic nation. Even during the ancient period, our Filipino ancestors developed scientific and technological innovations focused on navigation, traditional shipbuilding, textiles, food processing, indigenous arts and techniques, and even cultural inventions. Salamander Amphibious Tricycle Dominic N. Chung, Lamberto Armada and Chief designer Victor “Atoy” Llave invented the Salamander. SALt Lamp • Aisa Mijeno invented the SALt Lamp ( Sustainable Alternative Lighting) Mosquito Ovicidal / Larvicidal Trap System Philippine Inventions: E-Jeepney Figure 17. E-jeepney Philippine Inventions: Erythromycin Figure 18. Abelardo Aguilar and his Erythromycin Philippine Inventions: Medical (Bamboo) Incubator Dr. Fe Del Mundo is a Filipino pediatrician. Philippine Inventions: Mole Remover Figure 20. Rolando dela Cruz’s commercial product – a mole remover formula made of cashew nut extracts Philippine Inventions: Banana Ketsup Figure 21. Orosa’s formula for Banana Ketsup is brownish-yellow in color. Learning Outcomes 1. Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. Chapter 1. Unit 2. Intellectual Revolutions and Society What is an intellectual revolution? In Science and Technology, intellectual revolutions refer to series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and more current scientific thinking across critical periods in history. Intellectual revolutions as paradigm shifts Intellectual revolutions can be considered paradigm shifts resulting from a renewed and enlightened understanding of how the universe behaves. They challenged long held views about the nature of the universe. Thus, these revolutions were more often than not met with huge resistance and controversy, especially during their onset. Foci of this unit •Copernican Revolution •Darwinian Revolution •Freudian Revolution • In the early times, people wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons and planets are. • The invention of telescope allowed the people to take a peek at the outer space. • Many philosophers agreed that planets moved around in circular motion. Copernican Revolution The Copernican Revolution refers to the 16th century paradigm shift named after Polish mathematician and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus formulated the heliocentric model of the universe. At the time, the geocentric model of Claudius Ptolemy was the widely held belief about the universe (i.e., Ptolemaic model). The Earth was at the center – geocentrism. Copernican Revolution The idea that it is the Sun and not the Earth that is at the center of the universe proved to be unsettling in the beginning. In fact, the heliocentric model was met with huge resistance, primarily from the Church, who accused Copernicus of being a heretic. At the time, the idea that it is not the Earth, and, by extension, not man too, that is at the center of all creation proved to be uncomfortable. Copernican Revolution The contribution of the Copernican Revolution is, until today, farreaching. It served as a catalyst to sway scientific thinking away from age long views about the position of the Earth relative to an enlightened understanding of the universe. This marked the beginning of the birth of modern astronomy. Darwinian Revolution English naturalist, geologist, and biologist Charles Darwin is credited for stirring another important scientific revolution in the mid-19th century. His treatise on the science of evolution, On The Origin of Species, (theory of evolution) was published in 1859 and began a revolution that brought humanity to a new era of intellectual discovery. Darwinian Revolution Darwinian Revolution benefitted from earlier scientific revolutions in the 16th and 17th century in that it was guided by confidence in human reason’s ability to explain phenomena in the universe. For his part, Darwin gathered evidence pointing to what is now known as natural selection (only the fittest would survive) , an evolutionary process by which organisms, including humans, inherit, develop, and adapt traits that favored survival and reproduction. Darwinian Revolution Darwin’s theory of evolution was, of course, met with resistance. Critics accused the theory of being either short in accounting for the broad and complex evolutionary process and perceived to be contradictory to the church’s teachings that the source of life is a powerful creator. Darwinian Revolution It sparked a massive debate between science and religion. It was only after sometime that people came to understand that Darwin’s theory was not against the teachings of the church and both can co-exist. Freudian Revolution In the past the field of Psychology was always classified under Philosophy. Psychology was considered to be more of an art rather than science. Freudian Revolution Sigmund Freud is credited for stirring a 20th century scientific revolution named after him, the Freudian Revolution. Psychoanalysis is at the center of this revolution. Freud developed Psychoanalysis as a scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts springing from free associations, dreams and fantasies of the individual. Freudian Revolution He argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: ID Ego and Superego. He worked on refining his theory and in fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some mental disorder. Freudian Revolution Amidst the controversy, Freud’s Psychoanalysis is widely given credit for dominating psychotherapeutic practice from the early 20th century. Psychodynamic therapies that treat a myriad of psychological disorders remain still largely informed by Freud’s work on Psychoanalysis. Learning Outcomes 1. Discuss the role of science and technology in Philippine nation building. 2. Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of their contributions to nation building. 3. Identify actual science and technology policies of the government and appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation. Unit 3: S&T and Nation Building This unit discusses: 1. the history of Philippine S&T 2. how it affected the society and the physical environment through the years 3. S&T roles in nation building. Pre-Colonial Period • herbal medicines • Business: use of the alphabet, numbers, weighing and measurement systems, and calendar • Farming, building of ships, mining minerals and weaving for clothing were Usage of herbs – Pre-Spanish era the first skills developed by www.spot.ph Filipinos for livelihood • a superb architectural design like the Banaue rice terraces was built by hand. Banaue rice They incorporated the terraces irrigation system that uses www.worldatl water from the forests and as.com mountaintops. Colonial Period • formal education and creation of scientific organizations • schools were mandated to teach religion, mathematics, reading and writing, and music and arts • Health and sanitation were also taught to locals. • innovative approaches on farming • medicine and biology were given focused • focused on engineering: construction of buildings, churches, bridges, roads and forts • trade was prioritized due to possible bigger profits University of Santo Tomas www.rappler.com Religion was taught thefirst.website Bureau of Science • the former Laboratorio Municipal was replaced by the Bureau of Government Laboratories under the Department of Interior • The Bureau was established for the purpose of studying tropical diseases and other related research projects • In 1905, the Bureau was changed to the Bureau of Science, which became the main research center of the Philippines • In 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was established • focused on agriculture, medicine and pharmacy, food processing and forestry • In 1946 the Bureau of Science was substituted by the Institute of Science Bureau of Science www.pinterest.com Medicine histclo.com Post-Colonial Period • President Ferdinand Marcos mandated Department of Education to do a promotion of science courses in public high schools • budget for research projects in applied sciences and science education • fund for private universities and colleges for the creation of courses related to S&T and to promote research • 35-hectare lot in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal was proclaimed in 1968 as the Philippine Science Community (now DOST site) • Seminars, workshops, training programs and scholarships on fisheries and oceanography were sponsored by the government Department of Science and Technology (DOST) commons.wikimedia.org Post-Colonial Period • Philippine Coconut Research, Philippine Textile Research Institute, Philippine Atomic Energy Commission, National Grains Authority, Philippine Council for Agricultural Research, PAGASA, Philippine National Oil Company, Plant Breeding Institute, International Rice Research Institute, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bureau of Forest Products, National Committee on Geological Sciences, National Science Development Board, and National Science and Technology Authority • National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) • Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High School were built and operated. Research on coconut agriculture.com.ph NAST nast.ph • In 1986, President Corazon Aquino replaced the National Science and Technology Authority to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) for S&T to be represented in the cabinet • S&T to have part on sustainable economic recovery and growth • created S&T Master Plan aimed to update the production sector, improve research activities, and develop infrastructure used for S&T. • The R&D Plan determined research areas of priority based on local materials, likelihood of success, potential of product to be exported, and its tactical nature. Former Pres. Corazon C. Aquino philnews.ph Discussion • In 1998, during the presidency of Fidel V. Ramos, the Philippines had approximately 3,000 competent scientists and engineers. • The "Doctors to the Barrio Program” brought an improvement of life expectancy from 67.5 years to 69.1 years between 1992 to 1995. • Incentives were given to people who played significant role in S&T. • National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in S&T • Republic Act (RA) No. 8439: Magna Carta for S&T Personnel; RA No. 7687: S&T Scholarship Law of 1994; RA No. 7459: Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act; and RA No. 8293: The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines. en.wikipedia.org Discussion • RA No. 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 and RA No. 8792: Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 were both signed and mandated during the term of President Joseph E. Estrada • He was also responsible in implementing cost-effective irrigation technologies, pesoreserve.com distribution of basic health care, nutrition, and education for those who were willing but could not afford. • He also laid down a 15-year Modernization of the modernization program of Philippine Armed the Armed Forces of the Forces by Pres. Philippines. Joseph E. Estrada pt.wikipedia.org Discussion • During the administration of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Science, Technology and Innovations (STI) was developed to strengthen the educational system and to help the poor. • "Filipinnovation" was coined that aimed to make the Philippines an innovation hub in Asia. • RA No. 9367: "Biofuels" Act to utilize indigenous materials as source of energy while having cleaner emissions • use drought-free rice, rice that can withstand environmental hazards • RA No. 10601: Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization (AFMech) was also passed that aimed to modernize agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment "Filipinnovation" koronadalcitynews.blogspot.com In 2014, President Benigno Aquino, Jr. conferred new National Scientists: • Gavino C. Trono, who studied seaweed species Gavino C. Trono archimedesheatray.blogspot.com Ramon C. Barba en.wikipedia.org Angel C. Alcala en.wikipedia.org • Angel C. Alcala, who pioneered on coral reefs • Ramon C. Barba, who changed the seasonal supply of mangoes • Edgardo D. Gomez, who spearheaded the assessment of damaged coral reefs and their conservation Edgardo D. Gomez ovpaa.up.edu.ph • President Rodrigo R. Duterte: S&T budget • • • • • for R&D grew by nearly six times over the same period of time Formulation of programs and policies that will aid in shaping the country “Science for the People” DOST to help transfer technology and to put R&D results into commercialization gaining 1,000 new intellectual properties in only a year Philippine Space Technology Program launching Diwata-2 in 2018, after the launching of Diwata-1 that put our flag in space. S&T on agriculture and disaster preparedness Philippine 1st satellite: Diwata-1 news.abs-cbn.com S&T effects on society and the environment and vice versa • Mechanized agriculture • Water pumps and sprinkler cope with the damaging heat cause by the changing climate and weather. • Production of GMO crops which grow faster and are more resistant to pests and diseases. • Fertilizers needed by the crops to increase nutrients in the soil, enhance the growth of the crops and produce high-quality yields • Improved transportation by road, by air, by water and even by space • Better communication thru radios, televisions, internet, and social media. • S&T has enhanced the learning process and quality education • Visual learning and on line learning Mechanized farming lusakastar.com On-line learning www.teachingonline.net S&T effects on society and the environment and vice versa • Resource depletion • Increasing wastes generated and emitted as these technologies are manufactured, and eventually when the products are disposed • S&T has also increased our population. Resource depletion and pollution • Advanced birth control methods news.mb.com.ph may help balance population and the resources but only in developed countries. • In developing countries, there is no control on birth rate, mortality rate is high, resources like food are scarce and health and sanitation are also Poor sanitation poor. www.wpro.who.int LPU Prayer After the Class Lord, thank you for giving us the opportunity to learn and the capacity to understand. Let our knowledge be of service not only for the attainment of our goals but also for the benefit of others. Amen.
