Organisational behavior Models
Every organisation develop a particular model in which behavioour of the
people takes place.
 This model is developed on the basis of managements assumptions bout
the people and the vision of the mgt. This can be varry to a great extent .
These leads to develop various OB models.
“Most of the orgn tend to be arranged on the assumption that people
cannot be trusted or relied on even tiny matters.
Davis has described four OB Models they are
1. Autocratic Model
2. Cutodial Model
3. Supportive Model
4. Collegial Model
5. Autocratic Model: Managerial orientation is towards power managers
see that authority is the means to get work done by others. The result is
high dependent on the boss.
• The cutocratic model represents traditional thinking which is based on
the economic concept of the man.
•
In many situation this model is quite useful particularly employees can
be motivated by physiological needs.
2. Custodial Model: Use of money pay for the employees benefits. Employees hope to
obtained security the reduce in personnel dependent on organisation.
•Employees are getting adequate rewards and orgnisational security ,they feel very
happy.
• What is good and what is bad is decided for employees by the managers.
3. Supportive Model: The supportive model on orgl behavior depends on managerial
leadership rather than on the use of money or power.
• The aim of managers is to support employees in their achievement of results.
• The main focus is on the participation and involvement of employees in managerial
decision – making process.
•Thes leadership and other process of the orgn must ensure a maximum probapility in all
interactions and all relationship.
4. Collegial Model : Collegial model is the extension of supportive model.Collegial refers
to body of people having common purpose .It is based on the team concept each
employee having high degree of understanding towards others.
•Employee need little control and direction from Mgt.
All those orgl behavior models based on the characteristics and how they can
work o best . This melds are constructed around need heerarchy.
PERCEPTION : Perception is the congnitive process of selecting, organising, and
interpreting or attaching meaning to the events happening in the environment.
Acco to Robbins “ perception is a process by which individual organise and interpret
their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Features:
1. Perception is the intellectual process through a person selects and organises it
data from the environment
2. Perception is the basic cognitive or psychological process ie the manner in which
a person perceives the environment affects his behavior.(Actions,emotions
thoughts or feeling are triggered.
3. Subjectively perceived reality in any given setting may differed for diff people.
Perceptual inputs
Stimuli
Characteristics of
stimulus or inputs
Perceptual throughputs
Receiving Selecting
Organising
Interpreting
Characteristics of situation
Characteristics of perceiver
Perceptual
outputs
Actions
Attitude, opinion,
Feelings. values
Inputs: objects events, people everything contribute to the occurance of events
can be termed as perceptual inputs.
Perceptual Mechanism: Perceptual mechanism involves three elements ie
selection of stimuli External – related to stimulus internal related to perceiver
2. orgnisation: After stimuli are received these are organised in some form of
order to make sense. The various forms of organisation stimuli are figureground,grouping simplification and closure.
Interpretation: The perceptual inputs have been organised will have to be
interpreted by the receiver. So that he can sense and extract some meaning of
what is going on in the situation.In terms of their assumptions of people thinga
and situation (good/bad Beautiful/ugly) social, physical or organisationalsettings
in which object is perceived affect the interpretation.
Outputs: The output may be in the form of covert actions like development of
attitudes, openions, beliefs, impressions about the stimuli under considedration.
The outputs along with other factors affecting human behaviour may result
overt behaviour e.g But goods based on avilability, need and capacity.
Nature of human Behavior: Behaviour means the way human being behave and
what a person does. Further it is divided into observable and non- observable.
•Observable means measureable activity of human being and it is known as overt
behaviour.
•This may be in the form of mental process like decision making or physical process
like handling machine.
•There is another behaviour which is non-observable or measureable known as
covert bahaviour. Eg. feelings, attitude, favourable, non-favourable etc.
PROCESS OF BEHAVIOUR: Based on the analysis of behaviour process over the
period of time three models of behaviour process have been developed these are
i) S-R model(S- Stimulus, R- Retention)
ii) S-O-R model iii) S-O-B-C model.
1. S-R model: This model suggests that the behaviour is caused by certain reasons.
 The reasons may be the internal feeling (motivation) or external
environment(stimulus).
 A stimulus is an agent such as heat, light , piece of information etc. without the
stimulus there is no information to be handled by the internal processes prior to
action taken by the person.
 The situation interacting with the human being proceeds and causes behaviour.
S-O-R Model: By inserting O (organism) in the classical S-R model. It is based upon stimulus
Processed by the organism followed by the behaviour.
 The O is not passive or immobile as assumed in S-R model. Rather O is viewed as a
mediating, maintenance and adjustive function between S and R.
 O is constantly active scanning its surroundings, monitoring its own actions seeking certain
conditions and avoiding others.
There are three categories of maintenance organs of O are responsible for its health and
growth. They are receptors(sense organs), connector(nervous organs) effectors (muscles and
glands).
S-O-B-C model: It incorporates more complex mechanism of human behaviour which
modifies and extends S-O-R model. S stands for situation which is more comprehensive than
stimuli of S-O-R model and incorporates all aspects of the environment.
 Here B stands for pattern of behaviour
C stands for contingent consequences.
 In S-O-B-C model behaviour takes place bcz of interaction among different element of
human behaviour like Situation Organism ,Behaviour pattern and Consequences.
 The understanding and predicting and directing the human behaviour in organisation may
be increased when we identify and analyze the different variables which go in shaping the
behaviour.
PERSONALITY: Acco to Allport personality is the dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his
environment.
 The term personality has been derived from Latin word “persona” which means speak
through.
 “ Personality is used in terms of influencing others through External appearance.
 However external appearance does not make the whole personality .Acco to Ruch
personality should include
 External appearance and behaviour or social stimulus value.
 inner-awareness of self as a permanent organising force and
 Particular pattern or organising of measurable traits both inner and outer.
Taking these aspect together personality embraces all the unique traits and
patterns of adjustment of the individual in his relationship with others and his
environment.
PERSONALITY DEVELOPEMENT : Personality development can be seek through different
stages of age of an individual. At each stage a person develops different aspect of
personality.
These descriptions may be classified into i) Freudian Stages ii) Neo – Freudian
stages.
i) Freudian Stages are as follows
1. Oral Stage(from birth to 18 months): This period may be divided into oral sucking and
oral biting . Oral sucking takes place from birth to 8 months in which a child is not
fed properly he satisfies himself by sucking his thumb or finger.
 After 8 months the mother stopped his feeding oral bitting starts at the age of 8
months.
The child enjoys in biting and sucking and feels pleasure in this stage. If he is denied
feeding which creates problems of personality development.
2. Anal Stage : (18 months to 3 yrs) In this stage a child express his anger by urninating
or defecating at wrong places.
Ego is developed at this stage and the child understand that he is from particular sex
 At the later period of this stage child understand the toilet control. If proper attention
is not paid to the child, he experiences stress which affect his personality.
3. Phallic Stage(3 to 7 yrs) : This stage the child learns to discriminate genitials. He
differentiate his brother and sisters or other children.
 At this stage the child prone to develop many types of complexes.
4. Latency Stage: This stage is from 7 to 12 years. At this stage childs sexual instincts are
usually at sleep bcz of social fear. His outward interest grow. He enjoys playing and
talking with his friends.
5. Genital Stage: This stage is from 12 to 20 yrs . The sexual organs grow. The children at
this stage start telling false stories and day dreaming. When boys and girls are alone thy
feel depressed and defeated and satisfy themselves.
Erikson’s psychological stages:
1. Oral sensory stage
1. Oral sensory stage: Infant who is cared well develop trust, but who is not well cared
developed mistrust. This stage makes serious impact on a child’s behaviour.
2. Mascular and Anal stage: At this stage child develop a sense of autonomy is his
behaviour is approved by the parents and others. If there is any disapproval by the
elders he develops a sense of doubt and shame.
3. Locomotor Genital stage: At this stage the child tries to resolve the crisis of initiative
versus guilt. If the child is encouraged to experiment and to achieve reasonable goals
he develops a sense of initiative. If the child is blocked he develops a sense of guilt and
lack of self-confidence.
4. Latency stage: This is the school going stage. The child tries to develop many new skills
and social abilities. He develops a progress at a rate of compatible with abilities.
otherwise he develops a sense of inferiority.
5. Adolescence: Adolescent person tries to gain a sense of identity . He tries to establish
himself as socially different from his parents. He tries to resolve the crisis of identity
versus confusion.
6. Early Adulthood: At this stage of early 20’s of the life he tries to resolve intimacy versus
isolation. Teenage helps the early adult to deep relationship.
7. Young and middle Adulthood: The late 20’s stage of the life generativity versus
stagnation. Productivity at work and societal advancement is important for them. They try
to become innovative and creative. Self-absorbed persons don’t look beyond themselves.
8. Mature Adulthood: This is the he 30’s stage which a person faces integrity versus
despair. At this stage the person gets maturity, wisdom and perspective that can guide the
younger generations.