A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE DIETARY PRACTICE OF
BOARDING AND NON-BOARDING GRADE 12 STUDENTS IN
NORTH VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INCORPORATED
KIMBERLY C. GUERRERO
REENA LUMBAO
BEA K. MARANAN
KIMCHAN SARDA
FRANKIE B. SIAROT
RAIMAR JEMPHYL J. TUMAODOS
FRENZ CHARM V. VILLA
Research Outline Submitted to the Department of Senior High School,
North Valley, College Foundation Incorporated, Kidapawan City
in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
for the Practical Research 2
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS
STEM
JANUARY 2023
NORTH VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INCORPORATED
Kidapawan City, Cotabato
Philippines
APPLICATION FOR THESIS OUTLINE DEFENSE
Name
Grade/Strand
Thesis Title
RAIMAR JEMPHYL J. TUMAODOS
FRANKIE SIAROT
FRENZ CHARM C. VILLA
KIMBERLY CORPUZ GUERERO
BEA K. MARANAN
REENA LUMBAO
KIMCHAN SARDA
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (12
STEM B)
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN DIETARY
PRACTICE OF BOARDING AND NON-BOARDING GRADE
12 STUDENTS
Date of Examination
Time
Place
MEMBERS OF THE EXAMINING COMMITTEE
Name
Signature
Date
MARK JASER R. AQUINO
MICHAEL L. LENTIJA
DONNA MARIE D. ALCANTARA
RECOMMENDING APPROVAL:
JAYMARK C. TAHUM
Adviser
APPROVED:
REPORT ON THE RESULT OF EXAMINATION
Name
______________________
______________________
______________________
Signature
_________________
_________________
_________________
APPROVED:
ANGELIE B. MALASAN
OIC- Principal
ii
Remarks
__________________
__________________
__________________
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARIES
Title Page………………………………………………………....……..i
Table of Contents………………………………………………..……..ii
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….1
Background of the Study………………………………………………1
Statement of the problem……………………………………...………3
Significance of the Study………………………………………………4
Scope and Delimitation………………………………………………..5
Operational Definition of Terms………………………………………5
Hypotheses of the Study………………………………………………6
Theoretical Framework………………………………………………..7
Conceptual Framework………………………………………………..8
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE……………………………………..9
Review of Related Studies…………………………………….……...9
Review of Related Literature…………………………………………13
METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………...16
Research Design………………………………………………………16
Respondents of the Study…………………………………………….16
Research Instruments…………………………………………………16
Sampling Procedure…………………………………………………..17
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iv
Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………………19
Statistical Analysis…………………………………………………….…19
LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………… 27
iv
LIST OF DUMMY TABLES
Table
Title
Page
1
Dietary Practices of Boarding
and Non-Boarding Grade 12
Students
2
Dietary Habits of Boarding and NonBoarding Grade 12 Students
3
The Differences Between the Dietary
Practices of Boarding and Non-Boarding
Grade 12 Students
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1
Title
Schematic Diagram that Examines
The Differences Between the Dietary
Practices of Boarding and Non-Boarding
Grade 12 Students
vi
Page
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Title
Page
A.
Letter of Permission……………………………30
B.
Letter to the Respondents…………………….31
C.
Estimate Budget of the Research……………32
D.
Research Questionnaire……………………...33
vii
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Malnutrition is a condition that has adverse impact on children. Its
negative impact on child’s physical and cognitive development cannot be
overemphasized. Malnutrition could either be due to under nutrition or over
nutrition. It is also the most important cause of illness and death worldwide
among children (Muller and Krawinkel, 2005). Under nutrition particularly
contributes substantially to all child deaths (Black, et al., 2003). Micronutrient
deficiencies especially of iron and iodine account for adverse educational and
cognitive effects as well as high rates of illness which may persist into adulthood
(Scrimshaw, 1998).
Children in low-and middle-income countries have been known to be at
increased risk of under nutrition due to poverty and lack of food. However,
recent research has now revealed that these children are also at risk of
becoming overweight or obese due to the rise of low-cost, high calorie and
energy dense foods that have poor nutritional profiles, coupled with decreased
physical activity (WHO, 2011). The co-existence of these two nutritional
problems in these countries creates a double-burden of nutrition-related ill
health among children (WHO, 2011).
Stunting, underweight, iron deficiency anemia, iodine and vitamin A
deficiency constitute the main nutritional challenges faced by children of schoolgoing age (Drake et al., 2002, Jukes et al., 2004). These deficiencies in the
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school-age child may result in reduced cognitive development and learning
ability with their nutritional status worsening during their school years (Jukes et
al., 2002; Drake et al., 2002; Hall et al., 2000).
A large number of nutrition research and intervention strategies involving
developing countries have focused on poverty and under nutrition. Studies now
indicate a shift toward overweight and obesity in developing countries. However
few policies have focused on improving the trend among older children and
adolescents worldwide. For children living in developing countries, overweight
and obesity add to the nutritional problems they face (Drake et al., 2002).
Current research to investigate trends of the nutrition situation of school
age children is therefore necessary to inform and drive efficient policies that
would migrate the effect of malnutrition in Ghana. Children in boarding schools
may be at higher risk of developing nutrient deficiencies compared to those in
non-boarding school, probably due to financial constraints in running boarding
facilities. A study carried out in a boarding school in Nigeria to assess the
nutritional status of forty students between the ages of 10 to 19 years showed
that students in that boarding school were generally malnourished with
inadequate energy intake especially among students of younger ages (Akinyemi
and Ibraheem, 2009).
The aim of this study is to assess and compare the dietary practices of
boarding and non-boarding grade 12 students aged 16-20 years in North Valley
College Incorporated.
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Statement of the Problem
General Objective:
The general objective of the study is to determine the difference of dietary
practices between boarding and non-boarding grade 12 students.
Research Questions:
1. What are the dietary practices of non-boarding grade 12 students?
2. What are the dietary practices of boarding grade 12 students?
3. What is the difference between the dietary practice of boarding and nonboarding grade 12 students?
Significance of the study
The result of this study will be valuable to the following:
To the Students the result of this study will help a boarding and nonboarding student to understand their dietary practices associated with their diet,
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specific foods that may affect their health, changes in their body weight or shape
and also for them to maintain a good healthy lifestyle.
To the Educators as teachers/educators are the second parent of the
students they are also responsible for their growth and knowledge. Therefore,
teachers must also address the aggrievances of their student in terms of their
mental health and including the poor diet of their students. As a result, student’s
participation and interaction in class is achieved.
To the Parents and Guardian, the identified students who experience
under nutrition and poor health status can be assisted by their parents or
guardians and other factors that limiting the student’s the ability to learn.
To the Future Researchers, the findings in this study particularly apply
to students who have psychological stress due to the effects of the crisis,
including poor diet, mental health impact and social isolation. This can be used
by future researchers as a basis for other related studies in the future.
Scope and delimitations
The main purpose of the study is to compare the dietary practices of
grade 12 students who board and those who do not. The respondents of this
survey are the students enrolled in the 2022–2023 academic year.
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In addition, both boarding and non-boarding students from the same
strand or course will be chosen purposively by the researchers. On the other
hand, the researcher will also take into account the chosen students' dietary
practices. And establish their relationship's connection.
Operational definition of terms
Adolescents. This refers to the group that is vulnerable to experiencing health
problem both physical and mentally.
Boarding students- Mostly used by students a house providing food and
lodging for paying guests.
Dietary Status. This refers to the food consumed by a respondent’s during
pandemic.
Health Status. This refers to the respondent’s medical condition (both physical
and mental health), claims experience, receipt of health care, medical
history, genetic information, evidence of instability, and disability
during pandemic.
Lifestyle. This refers to the respondent’s behavioral change may lead to
unforeseen detrimental or protective consequences for mental health
outcomes.
Non-boarding students- A student who does not board, or lodge. The school
fees are higher for boarders than non-boarders.
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Nutritional Status. This refers to the respondent’s health in terms of the
nutrients in his or her diet.
Self-Evaluation. This refers to the process of systematically observing,
analyzing and improving respondent own actions or result.
Hypothesis
Ha: There is a difference between the dietary practices of boarding and nonboarding grade 12 students.
HO: There is no difference between the dietary practices of boarding and nonboarding grade 12 students.
Theoretical Framework
Theory of reasoned action was the main theoretical approach that
influence the study of Caribbean immigrant food choices. The ideas of the
theory of reasons action were based on the principles that a person’s behavior
was influenced by personal philosophies, personal feelings, and personal desire
to make realistic behavioral changes (Fishbein & Ajzen,1975). This means the
individual will make health changes because it is a personal decision. The ideas
from the theory of reasoned action which included individual attitude, personal
beliefs, and the desire to engage in food-related activities were incorporated into
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a study that assessed food consumption, and food selections (Ackermann &
Palmer, 2014). There was a disparity in the study between reported food
consumption and actual food consumption. Participants in the study were
consuming large quantities of food that may have contributed to health risk,
despite increase awareness of nutritional information.
There were several other relevant theories that may be applicable when
researching immigrant perception and use of healthy food ideas when making
food choices. The health behavior theory was based on the idea that a person
must be aware of the need for a behavior change and the environment may help
to facilitate the behavior change (Glanz, Rimer, & Lewis, 2002). The social
cognitive model also called the health belief model was designed to promote
healthy behaviors in an effort to prevent illness (Rosenstock, Victor, Strecher, &
Becker, 1974). The theory of reasoned action and the theory planned behavior
were used to evaluate dietary behaviors for teenagers and young adults as a
response to the obesity epidemic in many countries (Hackman & Knowlden,
2014). This was a met-analytic study and the principles of the theory of
reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior were used effectively to
evaluate dietary behaviors and dietary changes in teens and young adults. One
of the limitations of the study was a need for a variety of treatment tools to
engage clients in the treatment process. The extended parallel process model
was designed to motivate individuals to change unhealthy behaviors using a
fear tactic (Witte, 1992). A typical example of a fear-based strategy was
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convincing individuals to engage in healthy eating habits to prevent lifestyle
illness such as hearth attack. This meant a person may change a behavior
because they were scared of a negative health consequence. Fear-based
strategies may be effective initially to get the attention of individuals but fear
should but fear should not be a long-term strategy to promote healthy eating
habits (Soames Job, 1998). Fear-based models were considered as temporary
solutions to initiate a change in health behavior until the individual became
convinced that a healthy lifestyle was an appropriate action approach to
improving health. The theory of reason action promoted individual intention to
change behavior and the other theories supported the need for health behavior
change.
The Canadian Inuit is a native Indian tribe who was known to be
subsistent farmers (Mead, Gittelsohn, Roache, & Sharma, 2010). The Inuit had
a cultural shift from planting crops to reliance on purchasing food. The food
purchase pattern and food preparation pattern of Canadian Inuit. The social
cognitive theory and the theory of planned behavior were used to assess the
participants’ intention to engage in a particular behavior pattern. The people
who did the shopping for households were targeted to participate in the study.
A total of 266 random adults participated in the study. Most participants in the
study had some awareness of the significance of healthy eating to prevent
lifestyle illness such as obesity and diabetes but on average they purchased 2.9
times more unhealthy foods than healthy foods. It was proposed that education
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programs for the Inuit people who appeared to have greater socioeconomic
resources consumed more healthy foods. It was proposed that education
programs for the Inuit people should focus on consumer intention to engage in
healthy behavior change and resources should be provided to support the
intention to change behavior. One example of support was to provide education
on alternative ways for food preparation, for example, a healthy was to prepare
baked foods instead of fried foods.
The intention to change behavior a described in the theory of planned
behavior was used as a model to assess Jamaican immigrants’ desire to
purchase ethnic foods (Nenci, Carrus, Caddeo & Meloni, 2008). A total of 135
participants who lived in an immigrant community in Brixton, London were
interviewed regarding their attitudes, personal customs, behavioral patterns,
and intention to purchase ethnic foods. Ethnic foods were relatively available to
the immigrants, and past behavioral pattern was significant in determining
intention to purchase ethnic foods.
Health and welfare of human beings is a social idea that inspires people
to engage in behaviors and activities that prevent disease (Bandura, 2004).
According to Bandura (2004), the social cognitive theory may be used to
evaluate health promotion and disease prevention. The social cognitive theory
was based on the idea that humans were responsible for their behavior and a
positive attitude towards health education and health promotion may motivate a
person to engage in positive attitude towards health education and health
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promotion may motivate a person to engage in positive healthy behaviors. While
a negative view may adversely sway one’s belief system and ability to exercise
self-control when making food choices, and implementing healthy habits.
Attitudes and beliefs may determine a persons’ ability to maintain healthy food
habits or recuperate from relapses involving unhealthy behaviors. There is a
need for comprehensive reform in the initiative to promote change in social
behaviors that may positively influence human health.
Based on the ideas of Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) it appeared that the
principles of the theory of reasoned action focused on the belief system of a
person, and the individual intention and desire to utilize ideas. The principles of
the theory of reasoned action supported the idea of personal choice and an
informed decision as relevant ideas for influencing food selections. The
philosophical ideas from the theory of reasoned action have helped to guide the
focus of this research study on food choices and use of nutritional information.
The concept of phenomenology was profiled by philosophers such as
Edith Stein, Edmund Husser, Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Heidegger, and Maurice
Merleau-Ponty and it was concluded that phenomenology was conscious effort
to describe the life experiences of people without involving the views of
researcher [Paradowski, 2013]. The interpretive phenomenological analysis
was the process of examining how people think about an issue and explaining
the meaning of participant lived experience [Smith and Osborn, 2007]. The
phenomelogical analysis was used to explore the participants lived experiences
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and the meaning of the experiences to the participants. The principle of
bracketing required the researcher to present the ideas of the participants in an
impartial, objective manner, and the researcher was required to document only
the experiences of the participants [Chan, Yuen-ling, and Wai-tong, 2013]. The
concept of bracketing was deemed an appropriate approach to avoid researcher
biases and researcher subjective influence into a research study.
The factors manipulating eating behavior of teens from Ecuador was
studied using 20 focus group, with 144 people age range 11-15 years
[Verstraeten et al., 2014]. The study assessed eating behaviors of teens, the
perspective of parents, and school staff. The teens were aware of the
importance of consuming a balanced diet and they were knowledgeable of
foods that may contribute to obesity. The cost and availability of foods,
combined with time to organize sit down meals were some of the barriers
preventing teens from consuming nutritious foods. Some teens wanted meals
that were more appealing, while parents indicated that food choices were
influenced by media commercials.
It was proposed that frequent eating foods outside of the home has been
linked to obesity, so there was a need to study the effect of environmental
factors of food consumption [Skov, Lourenco, Hansen, Mikkelsen, and Schofiel,
2013]. The premise was the brain is stimulated automatically by environmental
factors seen in the surroundings. An experimental study was conducted to
assess environmental factors such as food display, food labeling, container, and
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cutlery size, display of price, and display of nutritional value that swayed human
behavior. It appeared that environmental factors had a effect on human
behavior, for example, the size and shape of bowls have influenced the quantity
of ice cream consumption, and all-you-can-eat buffet was designed to regulate
consumer freedom to make individual food selections, and this maybe a good
opportunity to educate consumers on nutritious food choices.
Self-control was defined as the ability to make food choices based on
conscious decisions (Salmon, Fennis, Ridder, Adriaanse, and de Vet,2014). A
study involving 177 students were involved in a study to examine the
significance of nutritious food choices and low self-control. The control variables
in the study included degrees of hunger, and the desire to make healthy food
selections. The participants’ food decisions were based on impulsive desires.
Therefore, there was need for nutrition programs that encouraged people to do
healthy meal plans in advance, so the choices of food would be less impulsive.
The social factors, individual choices, and economic factors were some of the
main conceptual factors that determine the food choices of students.
Aging may alter the taste buds of the elderly, and may determine eating
patterns (Payette and Shatenstein, 2005). Therefore, the dietary habits of many
elderly individuals are potentially determined by health belief, food belief,
access to food, the ability to consume available food, and social support that
facilitate healthy eating. The elderly who have adequate economic and social
support were able to access quality foods, while many elderlies with poor social
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support experienced malnutrition. There were many gaps in the literature on
elderly food choices, and more information was needed on actual healthy eating
patterns of elderly.
A version principle is one concept that maybe used to initiate nutritious
eating patterns (Hollands, Prestwich, and Marteau,2011). Behavior change
maybe initiated by communicating the significance of implementing healthy
principles in daily activities and avoiding unhealthy food choices. Participants
were shown pictures of healthy food and the positive influences on the body.
Then they were shown pictures of unhealthy snacks and the effect on the body
that may result in obesity, heart disease, stroke, and other negative
consequences. The aversion principle was effective on the participants in this
study as most people selected nutrition’s foods when they were offered a choice
of healthy or unhealthy snacks.
Wilson and Garcia (2011) explained that it was important to monitor
environmental factors that were involved in food production. Consumers are
beginning to monitor the environment where food is produced, and their attitude
towards organic food production was motivating their purchasing patterns. The
research was recommended to determine factors that facilitated, or prevented
the implementation of nontoxic food production strategies in health-related
environment. The significance of nutrition information and attitudes towards fat
intake from foods such as meat, diary, and fried foods were also important
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considerations when food choices and healthy eating habits (Sheperd & Towler,
2007).
Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Boarding and Non-boarding
Dietary Practices
Grade 12 Students
Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing the relationship between
dependent and independent variables.
The independent variable indicates that dietary practices might have an
influence between boarding and non-boarding of Grade 12 Students. The
dependent variable is use by the researchers to identify the factors that could
influence the dietary practices of grade 12 students.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERTURE AND STUDIES
This chapter discusses the concepts, finished thesis, generalization or
conclusions, methodologies, and other pertinent subjects. Those provided in
this chapter assist in familiarizing oneself with knowledge that is relevant and
related to the current research. This chapter presents the relevant literature
and studies that the researcher considered in order to substantiate the claim
and establish the significance of the current study.
Review of Related Study
Boarding Students
Boarding schools constitute a major mode of education in many
countries. For example, in Australia (the site of the present study) there are an
estimated 170 schools with boarding students, and 470 schools in the United
Kingdom and 340 schools in North America that accommodate boarding
students (Martin et al., 2014). There has been a growing body of research into
boarding school, particularly in Australia (the site of the present study). This
research has been quantitative and qualitative and contributed to increasing
understanding of boarders, their academic and social-emotional wellbeing
outcomes, and the factors contributing to these. Research in this area is
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important because boarding (and other residential education settings) is often a
necessary educational pathway for many students for a variety of reasons (e.g.,
living in remote areas, parents working overseas, choosing education outside
home country, etc.). Indeed, investigating boarding school effects involves quite
a unique research design in that boarding and day students are educated in the
same classrooms, taught by the same teachers, and receive the same
instruction and syllabus. Thus, boarders may be considered something of a
“treatment” group and day students something of a “comparison” group, with
most curricular classroom and instructional features held constant.
Non-boarding Student
Entitlement to use the common facilities in the boarding house to which
the child is attached, up to three meals each day in the Dining Hall, access to
all activities run for the Sixth Form, and use of the Sixth Form Centre, between
the hours of 7.30am and 8.30pm Mondays to Fridays and between 7.30am and
midday on Saturdays during term time.
Dietary Practices
The main goal of this paper is to document the nature of boarding schools and
empirically analyze the difference in nutrition intake and malnutrition status
between boarding and non-boarding students in western rural China.
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By using two data sets on boarding schools and boarding students in
Shaanxi Province, a representative province in western rural China, this paper
finds that dormitory and student canteen facilities in boarding schools are underequipped and services are of poor quality, far below that needed for student
development. Poor services in boarding schools and inadequate nutrition intake
may be an important cause of low student height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ), as
students eating at school have a much lower HAZ on average than that of nonboarding students.
Furthermore, girls and students with more siblings have relatively lower
HAZ, while the higher the number of parents a student has and the more
educated, they are exerting a positive influence on child nutritional status.
Finally, our analysis implies that the effective way to decrease the inequality of
health, malnutrition and human capital between urban and rural areas in the
long run is to improve the facilities and services of boarding schools in rural
China.
Malnutrition is highly prevalent in developing countries. Children are at
high nutritional risk of being malnourished because of their physiological
demands at this age. However, the nutritional status of school age children is
poorly documented in Ghana. The aim of this study was to assess and compare
the nutritional status of boarding and non-boarding pupils aged 8 to 10 years in
the Accra Metropolis, Ghana. A cross-sectional study was conducted among
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124 children in three private schools which have boarding facilities (optional) in
the Accra Metropolis, Ghana.
Dietary intakes of children between the ages of 8 and 10 years were
assessed using a two-day 24 hours recall. Weight and height measurements
were taken. WHO Anthroplus software was used to determine WAZ, HAZ and
BAZ Ghanaian food composition tables were used to calculate the nutritional
components of foods eaten by subjects T-tests were used to analyze the
differences between variables.
The prevalence of stunting, underweight, overweight and obesity among
the children were 0.8%, 0.8%, 12.1% and 11.3% respectively. The total energy
and nutrient intake of calcium among children (both boarders and nonboarders)
was inadequate. There was no significant difference in the nutritional status and
mean nutrient intake between boarding and non-boarding children. Nutritional
status between boarders and non-boarders were found to be similar.
Review of Related Literature
The following literature cite in this chapter are several sources of
information and ideas that helped enhance the knowledge of the researcher on
ow other things or phenomena are associated to the concern of this study. Thus,
these would supplement and complement to the findings of this study.
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Boarding Students
Basically, a boarding student lives in housing provided by the school
(typically on the school campus) they attend. They are called boarders. A
boarding student also typically subject to any rules that the school wishes to
impose on the campus. They normally return home during the school holidays
and often weekends, but in some cultures may spend the majority of their
childhood and adolescent life away from their families.
Boarding is available to all students and families have two options: 5-day
and 7-day boarding. In a typical school year, approximately 70% of the student
reside on campus. The 5-day boarders usually liv within reasonable driving
distance
or get picked up by a percent or guardian after school on Friday
afternoon. The 7-day boarders live in the boarding house for almost one week.
After school on Friday, they have free time and then attend a supervised onehour study period to begin work on their weekend assignments. After their study
session, they join several of their friends. Students enjoy the many opportunities
that boarding school life provides while parents appreciate the enhanced
educational experience their child receives, including the structured daily
schedule and supervised study time, as well as a defined social network.
Boarding schools provide the ideal atmosphere in which to balance of
elite classroom education with sports, recreation and community service. This
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produces well rounded and confident students, even among those who may
have had trouble focusing in a larger class size a less structured social milieu.
These boarding schools will give a child a number of advantages. They teach
independence and responsibility, and help students succeed at higher rates
than day schools, according to research by The Association of Boarding
Schools.
-
Boarding students provide more opportunities for leadership.
-
Boarding schools are modern and more internationally aware.
-
Students who board enjoy structure and use their time more
productively.
-
87% of former student boarders say they are well prepared for
university.
-
Nine in 10 say they were better served by a boarding than a nonboarding school.
Non-boarding Student
Non-boarding student at a college or university who does not reside in
the facilities provided by an institution.
Non-boarding student would live in housing they acquire by their own
means. A non-boarding student retain relative’s freedom when at home. It is
also called as a day and return off campus to their families in the evenings.
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Dietary Practices
Adolescence is a vital and critical stage in the development of obesity as
well as for increasing the risk of some metabolic and chronic diseases in
maturity. Thus, pre-adulthood period could provide a chance to prepare for a
healthful reproductive and productive life. Worldwide, malnutrition remains a
pivotal nutritional problem for adolescents. Indeed, an increase in the global
prevalence of obesity among adolescents has been reported in many surveys.
Environment can exert a strong effect on people's food choices especially
adolescents. In other words, if the food environment in school is healthy, this
will encourage adolescents to develop healthy eating habits and make more
healthy food choices. While, if the quality of marketed products for adolescents
is unhealthy foods and beverages, this will affect their food and drink choices
which may lead to many health complications in their later life. In this review the
major dietary practices, eating patterns identified in adolescents and dietary
intakes among this age have been discussed.
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METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This research uses a quantitative method and correlational research
design to analyze the data. This study will describe the differences between the
dietary practices of boarding and non-boarding students.
Respondents of the Study
The researchers will purposively choose boarding and non-boarding
students per strand that are officially enrolled in the institution of North Valley
College, Inc. The respondents will be selected through survey. And each
student gets the opportunity to provide information about their though on the
research.
Research Instrument
For the purpose of this study, information and data will be gathered from
respondents using questionnaire, this questionnaire comprised of one part
under dietary practice divided in two table; The first table includes the list of food
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groups which the students typically eat each day. The second table consist of
10 questions that examines the eating habits of the students
The first part of the Likert’s scale includes a list of food groups that grade
12 students typically eat each day and by placing a check on the box beside the
pictures we will determine their responses with their dietary practices.
The second part of the Likert’s scale is a type of scale that uses verbal
interpretation. Like Always (5), Often (4), Sometimes (3), Rarely (2), Never (1).
By placing a check (/) in the box it will serve as their response to the given
questions.
Sampling Procedure
The respondents of this study are the chosen through the use of stratified
random sampling at the grade 12 students of North Valley College. The number
of respondents will be determined through the use of Slovin’s Formula.
n=
N
1 + Ne2
Where:
n = sample size / number of respondents
N = population (26 boarding students/81 non-boarding students)
e = margin of error (0.05)
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The sample size is taken from the population grade 12 boarding students
(by strand) of North Valley College. Represented by N (N = 26) divided by its
product and the margin of error squared (e² = 0.005²). the result was n= 24,
which means that the minimum sample size of boarding students is 24. The
sample size is taken from the population grade 12 non-boarding students by (by
strand) of North Valley College. Represented by N (N = 81) divided by its
product and the margin of error squared (e² = 0.005²). the result was n = 67,
which means that the minimum sample size of non-boarding students is 67.
𝑛=
𝑛=
26
1 + 26(0.05)2
26
1 + 26(0.0025)
𝑛=
26
1 + 0.22
𝑛=
26
1.22
𝑛 = 24.41
𝑛 = 24
33
𝑛=
𝑛=
81
1 + 81(0.05)2
81
1 + 81(0.0025)
𝑛=
81
1 + 0.22
𝑛=
81
1.22
𝑛 = 67.35
𝑛 = 67
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Data Gathering Procedure
The obtained data and information it will be gathered through the
following procedures; First, a written letter of permission to conduct the study
will be forwarded to the Senior High School Principal. Then, the researchers
asked for permission to the respondents including the data privacy content.
The questionnaire will be distributed to those selected boarding and nonboarding students per strand in North Valley College. The questionnaire will be
retrieved by the researchers immediately after they will answer and finish it.
After collecting the data, the researchers are going to determine the problem.
Statistical Analysis
The obtained data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics such as
mean, frequency count and percentage and standard deviation. Lastly t-test is
employed independent sample to examine the differences between the dietary
practices of boarding and non-boarding grade 12 students.
17
18
Table 1.1 Dietary Practices of Grade 12 Students
DIETARY PRACTICES
FREQUENCY
(✔)
Vegetable
Fruits
Fresh meat
Canned goods
18
PERCENTAGE
19
Dairy product
Legumes
19
20
Table 1.2. Eating habits of Grade 12 Students
EATING HABITS
FREQUENCY
Always, Often,
Sometimes, Rarely,
Never
1. Has your appetite
changed within the
past month?
2. Do you have any
food allergies or food
intolerance?
3. Have you ever been
on a healthy diet?
4. Are you currently
following a special
diet (e.g., low fat, low
salt)
5. Have you ever
purposefully
restricted food intake
because of an
extremely low or
unhealthy weight?
6. Do you consume an
excessive number of
calories in a 2-hour
period, to the point of
being painfully full
and have negative
emotions about it?
20
PERCENTAGE
21
7. Have interested in
managing whether
you eat a healthy
diet?
8. Have you felt guilty
or pester you for not
eating a healthy diet?
9. Have you often
drunk other
sweetened
beverages?
10. Have you eaten
fast food or go to
restaurant?
21
LITERATURE CITED
Akinyemi, O. and Ibraheem, g. (2009) ‘Assessment of nutritional status of
Queens College students of Lagos State, Nigeria’, Pakistan Journal of
Nutrition,
8:7,
937-393,
[online]
Available
:
http://www.pjba.org/pjnonline/finl 192.pdf. (25 August 20011)
Bamford T.W. (1967) Rise of the public schools: a study of boys public boarding
schools in England and Wales from 1837 to the present-day London:
Nelson, 1967
Begum, R.M, (2010), ‘Vitamins and Minerals’, A Textbook of Foods, Nutrition
and Dietetics, Sterling Publishers, 3rd Ed. 49-74.
Black, R.E, Morris, S.S. and Bryce, J. (2003), ‘Where and why are 10 million
children dying every year?’, The Lancet, 37;2,2226-2228.
Damastuti. E., Ariyani, W.D., Santoso, M., Kurniawati, S. and Syahfitri, W.Y.N
(2011), ‘Micronutrient Daily Intake of Elementary School Children in
Bandug as Determined by using NAA and AAS methods’, Atom
Indonesia. 37;2, 62-70.
Davy, B.D., Harrell, K., Stewart, J., King and Deborah S., (2004), ‘Body Weight
Status, Dietary Habits, and Physical Activity Levels of Middle Schoolaged Children in Rural Mississippi’. Southern Medical Journal, 97:6,571577,
[online]
Available:
http://journals.lww.com/smajurnalonline/Abstract/2004/06000/BodyWei
ght_Status,_Dietary_Habits,_and_Physical.12.aspx. (25 July 2012)
Dolan, C. (2002), School-age children: their nutrition and health. Partnership fr
child
development,
[online]
Available:
http://www.childdevelopment.org/Listt?PCD%20Publications/Attachme
nts/55/PCD%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%20LOW.pdf (25 August 2011)
Egbi, G. (2012), ‘Prevalence of vitamin A, zinc, iodine deficiency and anemia
among 2-10 year old Ghanaian children’. African Journal of Food,
Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. ISSN 1684 5374, 12:2, [online]
Available:
http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajfand/article/viewFile/75607/66144.
(May 6, 2012)
34
35
Hall, A, Bobrow, E, Brooker, S, Jukes, M, Nokes, K, Lambo et al [2000],
‘Anaemia in school children in eight countries in Africa and Asia’,
Partnership for child development, Public Health Nutrition, 4; 3, 749,765.
[online]
Availabl
http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/2386/1/Hall_Bobrow_Brooker_
et_al_2001_final.pdf. [25 August 2011]
Intiful F.D and Lartey A. (2006), breakfast habits of primary school children in
the Manya Krobo District of the Eastern Region of Ghana. Thesis
submitted to the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University
of Ghana.
Jukes, M., McGuire, J., Method, F., and Sternberg, R. (2002), Nutrition: a
foundation for development, Geneva: ACC/SCN, viewed 21 August
2011, http://www.bvsde.paho.org/texcom/nutricion/intnut2.pdf
Lou, R, Shi, Y, Zhang, I, Liu. C, Rozelle, S and Sharbono, B, [2009], ‘Malnutrition
in China’s rural boarding schools the case of primary schools in Shaansi
Province ‘, Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 29,4 [online] Available
https://www;asdreechina org userfiles F1201103181011189013 pdf
[25]August 2011]
Monarrez-Espino, J., Matinez, H., Martinez, V. and Greiner, T. (2004),
“Nutritional status of indigenous children at boarding schools in northern
Mexico”, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition,58,532548. [online]
Available: http://www.global-breastfeeding.org/pdf/monarrez_EJCN.pdf
(05 September 2011).
Mulugeta A, Hagos F, Stoecker B, Kruseman G, Linderhof V, Abraha Z, et al.
Nutrition status of adolescent girls from rural communities of Tigray,
Northern
Ethiopia.
Ethiop
J
Health
Dev.2009;
23:511.10.1314/ejhd.v23i1.44831
35
36
APPENDICES
36
29
Appendix A. Letter of Permission
AppendixNORTH
B. Application
for Research
VALLEY COLLEGE
FOUNDATION INCORPORATED
Title
Kidapawan City, Cotabato
Philippines
LETTER OF PERMISSION
Date: January 2023
ANGELIE B. MALASAN
School Principal
North Valley College Inc.
Ma’am:
Greetings of peace and prosperity!
The undersigned is the Senior High School students-STEM at the North Valley
College Foundation Incorporated, Kidapawan City, Cotabato and is currently working
on their research entitled ("A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE DIETARY
PRACTICES OF BOARDING AND NON-BOARDING GRADE 12 STUDENTS IN NORTH
VALLEY COLLEGE INCORPORATED).
Your contribution will significantly enhance the success of this study. In this
regard, I respectfully request permission to perform the aforementioned research in In
Grade 12 Students of North Valley College Incorporated. Thank you in advance for any
assistance you may provide me and for your assistance with my academic endeavor.
Respectfully yours,
KIMBERLY C. GUERRERO
REENA LUMBAO
BEA K. MARANAN
KIMCHAN SARDA
FRANKIE B. SIAROT
RAIMAR JEMPHYL J. TUMAODOS
FRENZ CHARM V. VILLA
Researchers
Noted:
JAYMARK C. TAHUM
RESEARCH ADVISER
30
Appendix B. Letter to the Respondents
Appendix B. Application for Research
Title
NORTH VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INCORPORATED
Kidapawan City, Cotabato
Philippines
LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS
Date: January 2023
Dear Respondents,
Currently, I am conducting study on "A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE
DIETARY PRACTICES OF BOARDING AND NON-BOARDING GRADE 12 STUDENTS IN
NORTH VALLEY COLLEGE INCORPORATED.
I am respectfully pleading with you to
participate in this study and provide truthful responses to the questions/statements provided.
Rest assured that all of your information will remain confidential.
Thank you.
Respectfully yours,
KIMBERLY C. GUERRERO
REENA LUMBAO
BEA K. MARANAN
KIMCHAN SARDA
FRANKIE B. SIAROT
RAIMAR JEMPHYL J. TUMAODOS
FRENZ CHARM V. VILLA
Researchers
Noted:
JAY MARK C. TAHUM
Research Adviser
ANGELIE B. MALASAN
OIC-Principal
31
Appendix C. Estimated Budget of the Research
Appendix C. Estimated Budget of the
Research
NORTH VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INCORPORATED
Kidapawan City, Cotabato
Philippines
ESTIMATED BUDGET OF THE RESEARCH
Title of Study: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE DIETARY PRACTICES OF
BOARDING AND NON-BOARDING GRADE 12 STUDENTS IN NORTH VALLEY
COLLEGE INCORPORATED.
ITEMS/DESCRIPTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ESTIMATED COST
Bond Paper
Print
Panelist Payment
Food for Panelist and Research Adviser
Soft Bound
500
300
250
450
300
Grand Total
1,780
Prepared and submitted by:
KIMBERLY C. GUERRERO
REENA LUMBAO
BEA K. MARANAN
KIMCHAN SARDA
FRANKIE B. SIAROT
RAIMAR JEMPHYL J. TUMAODOS
FRENZ CHARM V. VILLA
_______________________
Printed Name and Signature of the Student
NOTED
JAYMARK C. TAHUM
Adviser
___________________________
Date
32
NORTH VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INCORPORATED
Kidapawan City, Cotabato
Philippines
RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE DIETARY PRACTICES OF
BOARDING AND NON-BOARDING GRADE 12 STUDENTS IN NORTH
VALLEY COLLEGE INCORPORATED
PART 1.
Table 1.1 In this table the researchers will determine the dietary practices
of boarding and non-boarding grade 12 students.
Direction: Please check (/) the box next to the food groups that you typically eat
each day
1. Vegetable
1. Fruits
33
2. Fresh meat
3. Canned goods
4. Dairy product
5. Legumes
Table 1.2. In this table the researchers will determine the dietary habits of
boarding and non-boarding grade 12 students.
For the table below refer to this guide: put a check (/) on the
corresponding answer.
Scale
5
4
3
2
1
Dietary
Habits
1.Has your
appetite
changed
within the
past month?
Always
Verbal Interpretation
Always
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
34
2.Do you
have any
food allergies
or food
intolerance?
3.Have you
ever been on
a healthy
diet?
4.Are you
currently
following a
special diet
(e.g., low fat,
low salt)?
5.Have you
ever
purposefully
restricted
food intake
because of
an extremely
low or
unhealthy
weight?
6.Do you
consume an
excessive
number of
calories in a
2-hour
period, to the
point of
being
painfully full
and have
negative
emotions?
7.Have you
been
interested in
35
managing
whether you
eat a healthy
diet?
8.Have you
felt guilty or
pester you
for not eating
a healthy
diet?
9.Have you
often drunk
other
sweetened
beverages?
10.Have you
eaten fast
food or go to
restaurant?