Solar Technologies Solar technology refers to using solar energy, typically through solar panels, to generate electricity or heat. The three non-exclusive solar technologies widely employed nowadays are photovoltaics (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP), and heat/cool systems. Let's individually discuss them. Photovoltaics (PV) This technology uses a semiconductor component known as a cell to directly convert solar radiation into electrical energy. A module is created by grouping cells into arrays of 60 or 72. Three subsections are used to categorize the cells. These are Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, and Thin Film. Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline are structure-wise different, and they both use Silicon technology as Silicon is cheap reliable, and very simple. In thin-film technology, photovoltaic material is deposited in one or more thin layers on a substrate like glass, plastic, Silicon, CdTe, etc. As a result, it is more flexible and lightweight than crystalline PV cells. Comparing the three types of cells, we can conclude that overall, Monocrystalline is better than Polycrystalline and Thin film in terms of efficiency and the power delivered per area, but Thin film is much better in terms of cost-effectiveness, high-temperature performance, and generation in diffused lights. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Solar thermal electricity, also called Concentrating Solar Power (CSP), is produced by focusing solar irradiance on a small area using mirrors and lenses. The generated heat is then used to create steam and power turbines, creating electrical energy. CSP uses various technologies, such as the Parabolic trough, Enclosed trough, Solar power tower, Fresnel reflectors, dish sterling, etc. The primary distinction between PV and CSP technologies is that PV technology transforms solar energy directly into electrical energy, whereas CSP converts solar energy indirectly into heat energy. Only large-scale plants with at least 20 MW capacity are practical for CSP. On the other hand, rooftop installations with a few KW of capacity can be installed using PV technology. PV can be used in locations with diffused sunshine, but CSP needs direct radiation to generate energy. Compared to PV technology, CSP requires 20% more space. Heat/Cool System Solar thermal energy is collected by solar heating and cooling systems and used for various heating and cooling needs. It is extensively utilized for space heating, cooling, and water heating in residential, commercial, and industrial settings. A working fluid must be heated using solar energy for this technology to function.
