Version FCO-U61
Chapter One
Core Hardware
Components
Introducing Core Hardware
Components
FCO-U61
 Motherboards, Processors and Memory
 Exploring Storage and Expansion Devices
 Exploring Power and Cooling
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Motherboards
FCO-U61
 Form Factors – Size and Shape
⁻ Advanced Technology Extended
(ATX)
⁻ Micro ATX
⁻ ITX
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Motherboards
FCO-U61
 Chipsets
⁻ Northbridge
o manages high-speed peripheral (video and processor-tomemory)
⁻ Southbridge
o provides support to slow peripherals (serial ports)
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Motherboards
FCO-U61
 Processor Sockets - CPU slots usually square
⁻
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Flat socket w/ rows of pins or holes in a square
Holds the CPU with locking mechanism
Pin Grid Array (PGA)
Land Grid Array (LGA)
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Motherboards
FCO-U61
 Memory slots
⁻ RAM (Random Access Memory)
o Temporary storage for data
o Loss of power
⁻ Long and skinny
⁻ DDR2/DDR3
o Double Data Rate (DDR)
o Desktop
⁻ SODIMM
o Small outline Dual Inline Memory
Module (SODIMM)
o Laptops
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Motherboards
FCO-U61
 Expansion slots
⁻ allow for external hardware to
installed
⁻ EX: Video, sound, or network cards
 Peripheral Component
Interconnect (PCI)
⁻ Connects older peripheral devices
 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
⁻ Legacy video card
⁻ Brown color
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Motherboards
FCO-U61
 PCI Express (PCIe)
⁻ Designed to replace APG and PCI
⁻ Not compatible with APG and PCI
⁻ Speeds = different speeds have different sizes
o x1
o x4
o x16
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Motherboards
FCO-U61
 Disk Controllers
⁻ Allows CPU to
communicate with hard,
floppy, or other disk
⁻ Hard Drive = long term
storage device
⁻ Hard Drive Connectors
o Parallel ATA (PATA) or
Integrated Drive
Electronics (IDE)
o Serial ATA (SATA)
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Motherboards
FCO-U61
 Power Connectors
⁻ Provides Power
 Firmware
⁻ software that is encoded into hardware
⁻ Read only Memory (ROM
o Updating called flashing
o EEPROM (Electronically Erasable
Programmable ROM)
⁻ Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
o Boots the system and initiates hard drive
and memory
o Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
(UEFI)
• Newer Version
• Larger and multiple partition
• Secure Boot
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Motherboards
FCO-U61
 Complimentary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor (CMOS) chip
⁻ Chip that holds the BIOS
⁻ CMOS battery helps chip store BIOS
information when powered off
⁻ Not retaining configuration then might
be CMOS battery
CMOS Chip
CMOS Battery
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Book pg – 18
Motherboards
FCO-U61
 Back panel connectors
⁻ Connected to motherboard or expansion slots
 Front panel connectors
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Power and reset buttons
Drive activity lights
Audio ports
Other connectors, such as USB
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Processors
FCO-U61
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
⁻ The “brain” of the computer
⁻ Intel and AMD major
manufacturers
⁻ 32-bit (x86) vs 64-bit (x64)
o Processing capabilities
o 32 bit max of 4G RAM
⁻ Speed measured in gigahertz
(GHz)
• Number of electrical cycles per a
second
• Overclocking = Speed up CPU to
processes faster
• Underclocking = slowing CPU to
save energy/heat
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Processors
FCO-U61
 Cache
⁻ Very quick form of memory that
speeds up performance
⁻ Type 1 = smallest and fasted
⁻ Type 2 = larger but slower than 1
⁻ Type 3 = largest and slowest
⁻ onboard or close by CPU
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Memory
FCO-U61
 Read only memory (ROM)
⁻ Permanent, no changes allowed
⁻ Example: BIOS
 Random access memory (RAM)
⁻ Static (SRAM) = Nonvolatile
o EX – Thumb drive
⁻ Dynamic (DRAM) = Volatile
o Used inside computers
o Analogous to short-term memory
o Needs power to retain contents
⁻ Pins (A+)
o DDR3/DDR2=240
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DDR4=228
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SODIMM=70-200
Book pg – 28
Memory
FCO-U61
 Virtual Memory
⁻ When physical memory is
exhausted
⁻ Uses allocated hard drive space
⁻ Called = Swap File, Temp File,
Paging File, Data swapping
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Storage and Expansion
Devices
FCO-U61
 Hard Drives
⁻ Permanent long-term storage
⁻ Size
o gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB)
⁻ Hard disk drives (HDD)
o Spinning (or mechanical)
⁻ Solid State Drives (SSD)
o No moving parts
⁻ Connected via SATA or PATA
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Storage and Expansion
Devices
FCO-U61
 Optical Drives
⁻ Storage mechanism for data
⁻ Single Sided (SS) = Data written on one side
⁻ Double Sided (DS) = Data written on both
sides
⁻ Single Layer (SL) = Single formatted layer
⁻ Dual Layer (DL) = Two formatted layers
o DVD/Blu-ray only
⁻ CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory)
⁻ DVD-ROM (Digital Video Disc Read Only
Memory)
⁻ BD-ROM (Blu-ray Read Only Memory)
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Storage and Expansion
Devices
FCO-U61
 Video Cards
⁻ Graphics cards or video adapters
⁻ May have own GPU (Graphics
processing unit)
o Dedicated memory and cooling
⁻ Plugged into PCIe/APG (old)
 Sound Cards
⁻ Produce Sound
⁻ May be integrated into the
Motherboard
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Storage and Expansion
Devices
FCO-U61
 Network Interface Card (NIC)
⁻ Provide network connectivity
(Wired or Wireless)
⁻ May be integrated into the
Motherboard
 Modems
⁻ Modulates and Demodulates
⁻ Analog signal to digital and vice
versa
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Power Supplies
FCO-U61
 Power Supplies
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Power supply unit (PSU)
Provides power to device
Converts AC to DC
Capacity measured in watts
o PC Power supply switch – 110/220
o Laptop Power supply - Automatic
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Cooling Systems
FCO-U61
 Cooling
⁻ Components produce heat
⁻ Heat can damage components
 Case cooling
⁻ Front intake fan
⁻ Rear exhaust fan
⁻ Power supply exhaust fan
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Cooling Systems
FCO-U61
 CPU cooling
⁻ On the processor itself
⁻ Usually heat sink and a fan
⁻ Liquid cooling and other
advanced methods available
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