Treatment Systems:
GAC - Granular activated carbon
 Generally:
o Tank with activated carbon inside of it - like a big brita filter
 removes organic compounds
 effectiveness diminishes over time
o Water runs through the carbon to remove organic contaminants, volatile
organic contaminants
 History in Long Island (Suffolk)
o began installing in 2016 ($13 million spent), on 32 wells.
 to remove PFOS and PFOA
AOP - Advanced Oxidation Processes
 Generally:
o treatment technologies aimed at degrading and mineralizing recalcitrant
organic matter from wastewater through reaction with hydroxyl radical
 breaking down the chemicals found in the water to smaller pieces?
 water is pumped into the AOP system, then bubbles OXIDIZE the
water
 oxidize =
 After oxidization  charcoal filters used to do final cleaning
 History in Long Island (Suffolk)

Well Blending  Generally:
o blending a safe source with another where contaminants are above the
MCL
o cheaper method for cleaning up contamination (cheaper than GAC or
AOP)
 History in Long Island (Suffolk)