GROUP 2
Japan’s Police
System
Japan
The police system in Japan generally enjoys wide community
support and respect. The system is called Keisatsu Seido.
Concerning its historical development, during the Edo period
(1600-1868); the Tokugawa shogunate developed and elaborate
police system based on town magistrates who held samurai status
and served as chiefs of police, prosecutors and criminal judges.
The system was then extended by citizens groups such as the fivefamily associations called Gonin Gumi. These groups were
composed of neighborhood and community members.
(Tokugawa Shogunate)
The police law empowers the national government to establish a
central police organization to control and supervise prefectural
police organization on matters of national concern. At both the
national and prefectural levels, National Public Safety Commission
(NPSC) has administrative supervision over the police. This is to
ensure that the police ire apolitical body and free of direct central
government executive control. They are checked by an
independent judiciary and monitored by a free and active press.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
(Japan)
In 1872, the Japanese government sent the first
Superintendent General Toshiyoshi KAWAJI to
Europe to study the police system. He returned the
following year, then established the Tokyo
Metropolitan Police Department in the Ministry of
Interior in 1874. This was the first modern police
organization in Japan. Police power, at that time, was
held by the national government.
(Toshiyoshi Kawaji)
In the process of democratization of Japan after World War II, the Public Safety Commission
system was established under the former Police Act enforced in 1948. This created a structure
consisting of national and municipal police with the aim of ensuring democratic management and
decentralization of police power
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
(Philippines)
The Philippine National Police (PNP) originated from the Philippine Constabulary or
the PC, which was inaugurated on August 8, 1901, establishing it as an insular
police force under the American regime. On August 8, 1975, Presidential Decree no.
765 was issued, establishing the Philippine Constabulary Integrated National Police
or the PC/INP as the country’s national police force. These fragmented and diverse
local police units were integrated into a national police force with the Philippine
Constabulary as its nucleus.
After the People’s Revolution in 1986, a new Constitution was promulgated providing
for a police force, which is “national in scope and civilian in character.”
Consequently, Republic Act No. 6975 entitled, “An Act Establishing the Philippine
National Police under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and Local
government (DILG),” was signed into law on December 13, 1990, which took effect
on January 1, 1991. Subsequently, the PNP was operational on January 29, 1991,
whose members were formerly the PC and the INP and the absorption of the
selected members from the major service units of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines such as the Philippine Air Force Security Command, the Philippine
Coast Guard, Philippine Navy, and the Philippine Army.
Philippine National Police
Thus, to further strengthen the PNP into a highly efficient and competent police
force, Republic Act No. 8551 entitled “PNP Reform and the Reorganization Act of
1998” was enacted on February 17, 1998, amending certain provisions of Republic
Act No. 6975.
Powers and Function
(Japan)
The duties of the police in Japan are stipulated in the Police Law, such as protecting the life, person and
property of an individual citizen, preventing, suppressing and investigating crimes, controlling traffic and
also maintaining public safety and order." In order to carry out these duties, police engage in various
activities, the main subject of which is the control of crimes.
With regard to the control of crimes, the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that "when a judicial police
officer deems that an offense has been committed, he shall investigate the offender and the evidence
thereof". This gives police officers the authority to investigate all kinds of offenses including those
affecting public peace and order.
Usually, a case investigated by the police is handed over to the public prosecutors' office, and decides
whether to prosecute or not. The right of investigation is held also by public prosecutors. In actual
practice, however, prosecutors basically confine their activities to sustaining prosecution and only
conduct supplementary investigations.
As for other authorities with investigative powers, Article 190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides
that "officials who should perform duties as judicial police officers to investigate special cases and the
scope of their activities are provided by separate laws." Such judicial police officials are Maritime Safety
Officers (MSO) and the Narcotics Control Officers (NCO).
Powers and Function
(Philippines)
The Philippine National Police (PNP) is tasked with enforcing the law, to prevent and control crimes, maintain
peace and order, and ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of the community. The
preservation of peace and stability is an important factor in promoting economic development. Being the lead
agency of the government tasked with the promotion of human rights and law enforcement, it is important to
improve the capability of the PNP in addressing modern challenges.
Thus, there is a need to upgrade and transform the PNP into an organization at par with other law enforcement
organizations around the world. This measure seeks to modernize the Philippine National Police by focusing on
several key areas, such as, but not limited to: Organizational Development; Manpower Build-up and Training
Development; Manual and Doctrine Development; Infrastructure Development; Equipment Acquisition and
Modernization; and Financial Development.
Further, the proposed measure provides for the necessary support for the PNP with regard to the advancement
of its personnel and the modernization of their facilities and equipment. By providing for the modernization of the
PNP, this measure will ensure a more equipped Philippine National Police that will face the modern challenges
of promoting peace and order as well as the challenges brought by criminality, terrorism, and drugs,
In view of the foregoing, immediate passage of this measure is earnestly sought.
Miscellaneous Police Service
(Japan)
Police in Japan
Miscellaneous Police Service The police performs
administrative functions covering the entire spectrum of
matters relating to road traffic, such as issuing drivers'
licenses, dealing with administrative punishment of
cancelling the licenses of vicious traffic offenders, regulating
traffic by setting up road signs and traffic signals, issuing
permits for the use of roads such as for parade conducting
traffic education, and supervising driving schools.
In addition to issuing business licenses entertainment to
establishments, including bars and night clubs, the police
conduct on-the spot inspection to supervise these
businesses which might affect public morals. The police
also oversee the safekeeping of firearms by means such as
on-the-spot inspection, and, in case it is deemed necessary,
take such actions as revoking the license.
Miscellaneous Police Service
(Philippines)
Maritime Group (MG)
Intelligence Group (IG).
Police Security and Protection Group (PSPG).
Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG).
Special Action Force (SAF) Aviation Security Group
(AVEGROUP).
Highway Patrol Group (HPG).
PNP Anti-Kidnapping Group (PNP-AKG). PNP Anti-Cybercrime
Group (PNP-ACG),
Organizational Structure
(Japan)
Organizational Structure The present police law stipulates that the fulfillment of the responsibilities of
the police such as "protecting the life, person and property of individual persons" and "maintaining
public peace and order" be collectively consigned to prefectural governments from the central
government and that such police duties' is executed by the prefectural governments. It also provides
that the national government set up its own police organization to control and direct the prefectural
police headquarters.
The three main law enforcement organizations in Japan are the Koan Linkai or National Public Safety
Commission (NPSC) under the direct authority of the Prime Minister, the Keisatsucho or National
Police Agency (NPA) headed by a Commissioner General, and Prefectural Police, each with Kaisatsu
Sho or police stations or in the case of urban area, Shi Keisatsubu or city police departments.
Organizational Structure
(Philippines)
The PNP Organizational Structure is composed of the National Offices, Regional Offices, Provincial Offices, District
Offices in case of large provinces and cities and municipal station.
10 Staff Directorate
The Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM)
The Directorate for intelligence (DI)
The Directorate for Operations (DO)
The Directorate for Logistics (DE)
The Directorate for Plans (DPL)
The Directorate for Comptrollership (DC)
The Directorate for Police Community Relations (DPCR)
The Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM)
The Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development (DHRDD)
Organizational Structure
(Philippines)
The Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DRM)
The Directorate for intelligence (D The Directorate for Operations IDO The Directorate for Logistics (D)
The Directorate for Plans (DPL The Directorate for Comptrollership (DCS The Directorate for Police-Community
Helations (DPCH)
The Directorate for investigation and Detective Management (DIM)
The Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development HRDD
Recruitment and Selection
(Japan)
Recruitment procedures at the National Police Agency (NPA) different from those of the Prefectural
Police Headquarters (PPH). The NPA recruits from those who have passed the National Public
Service Category I or II Examination conducted by the National Personnel Authority (NPA). It also
recruits from among those recommended by PPH as excellent police officers, based on their police
career, job performance, and working record.
PPH police applicants take a rigorous examination
administered by PPA. Recently, 133,000 took the examination
nationwide but only 8,300 or 6.24% passed. Different
examinations are given to high school and college graduates,
and each is recruited separately. PPH personnel interview
those who passed the examination and make their final
selections on the applicant's ability and adaptability to the
rigor of police duties.
University graduates are also eligible to take the examination
for Assistant Police Inspector, Police Inspector, and
Superintendent after shorter periods than upper-secondary
school graduates. There are usually five to fifteen examinees
for each opening.
Recruitment and Selection
(Philippines)
A person of good moral character
-Must have passed the Physical Agility Test, Neuro-psychological Examination, moral Physical and Dental Examination
as well as Drug Test to be administered by the PNP for the purpose of determining physical and mental health.
Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a recognized institution of learning
Must be eligible in accordance with the standards by NAPOLCOM Must have not been dishonorably discharged from
military employment or dismissed for cause from any civilian position in the government.
Must Have not been convicted by final judgment and offense or crime involving moral
Must be at least one meter and sixty two centimeters (1.62 m) in height for male and one meter and titty seven tears
(1.57 m) for female.
Must weight not or more less than five kilograms (5 kgs) from the standard weight corresponding to his or her height,
age, mud sex.
Must not less than twenty-one nor more than thirty years of age upon take oath.
Educational Training
(Japan)
Examinees are divided into two groups i.e. uppersecondary-school graduates and university graduates.
Recruit undergone rigorous training one year for upper
secondary school graduates and six months for
university graduates at the Residential Police
Academy (RPA) attached to the Prefectural Police
Headquarter (PPH). Newly-recruited prefectural police
officers undergo an initial training program consisting
of pre-service, on-the-job, and comprehensive training.
Police in-service training includes routine instruction by
senior officer, lectures seminars, and on the spot
guidance to the newly appointed Junsa.
Educational Training
(Philippines)
BS Criminology is a four-year course that is
geared towards careers in police administration,
corrections, scientific crime detection, jail
management and penology, fire protection and
industrial security. Its value lies in the
improvement of criminal justice administration,
responsiveness to the strengthening of law
enforcement agencies and enhancement of the
public safety.
PERSONNEL STRENGTH
(JAPAN)
The total authorized strength of police personnel as of
1989 is about 257,000. At present, the NPA has
strength of approximately 7,600, comprising
about 1,200 police officers, about 900 Imperial
Guards and 5,500 civilian personnel. The an
forty-seven Prefectural Police Forces (PPF) have
a total strength of 250,000, of which 220,000 are
police officers and 30,000 civilians.There are
about 4,100 female police officers throughout the
country. In addition, there are about 12,000
women civilian personnel. On the basis of the
present authorized nation-wide police strength,
the police to population-ratio was one police
officer to about 555 citizens.
Personal Strength
(Philippines)
The Armed Forces of the Philippines consist of three
main service branches; the Army, the Air Force, and the
Navy (including the Marine Corps). Military service is
entirely voluntary. The Chief of Staff of the Armed
Forces serves as the overall commander and the
highest-ranking officer in the AFP. The PNP was formed
on January 29, 1991, when the Philippine Constabulary
and Integrated National Police were merged. Its national
headquarters is located at Camp Crame in Bagong
Lipunan ng Crame, Quezon City. It has approximately
220,000 personnel to police a population in excess of
100 million.
Rank Classification
(Japan)
Police officers in Japan are divided into nine ranks, as
follows. Keishi Sokan is the highest rank of a police officer
and also the title of the head of the Tokyo Metropolitan
Police Department. The Commissioner-General of the
National Police Agency (NPA) functionally holds the highest
position but does not have a police rank.The
Commissioner-General of the NPA functionally holds the
highest position in the Japanese police forces but does not
have a police rank. Keishi Sokan is the highest rank of a
police officer, and also the head of the Tokyo Metropolitan
Police Department (TMPD), while the PPH is headed by a
Director called Honbucho.
Rank Classification
(Philippines)
In the Philippines There are 13 enlisted Army
ranks: private, private second class, private
first class, specialist, corporal, sergeant, staff
sergeant, sergeant first class, master
sergeant, first sergeant, sergeant major,
command sergeant major and sergeant major
of the Army.
Uniform Regulation
(Japan)
Twentieth century up to mid 1990's police officer wear a
formal work unuform consisting of a tunic-sport dress or
jacket with polish silver buttons and trouser with sewn in
truncheon pocket with no stab vest was worn and less
equipment was carried than today.
In the 1990's , the NPA in agreement with the
government and with co-operation of the prefecture
chiefs of police changed the uniform from the business
attire style with no protection of the torso, to a uniform of
button down shirt with trouser stab vest duty belt, and
jacket when needed.
Most of the Japanese police wear white gloves while on
duty. Some also wear white pistol belt, lanyards,
helmet's, boot laces or leggings.
Uniform regulation
(Philippines)
Since 1997, the philippine national police (PNP) has been using the
dark blue attire. this year, they figured it was time for a change, PNP
Director General Purisma and other senior police officials have
begun modeling the proposed new attire of the force that made up of
cotton, the new general office uniform consist of a blue polo jack and
pants that are shade lighter than the ones in current use. It looks
more casual and can be emphasize those extra inches in the middle
for officer losing the battle of the bulge, reports Marlon Ramos in
Philippine daily inquire
In a press briefing, PNP spokesman chief supt, Reuben Theodore
Sindac also explained that their new set of uniforms would have
security features to regulate its production and to ensure that
outsider's will not be able to make fake police uniforms.
Firearms And Equipments
(Japan)
Usually Japanese police officer do not have an automatic pistol, and because most Japanese people do not have gun ,
the police officer do not need to carry a gun daily and do not need power pistol and high-powered firearms.
Revolver is a simple structure and is trouble-less , durable, New Nanbu M60 was used in the sixties but, some plain
clothes policeman have automatic pistol SIG saucer P230.
Types of firearms were issued to police in JAPAN , more particularly to that Tokushu Kyushu Butai or special assault
team (SAT) Assault rifle -M4 carbine, Howa type 89, submachine guns heckler and KOCH MP5A4,MP5A5,MP5SD4,
MP5SD6,MP5+J, shotguns, Mossberg, and Remington.
The Riot dress consists of a field-type jacket which covers several pieces of body armor and in includes a co-select
hanging from the waist, helmet with face shield, balistic shield, flush bangs, and night vision goggle.
SIG Sauer P230
(1977-1996)
New nanbu m60
(1960-1999)
Howa Type 89
(1989)
Sub Machine guns heckler and
koch mp5a4 (1964)
Mp5-j (1964-1966)
Revolver (Feb 25 1836)
Shotgun mossberg (1961)
Assault rifle-M4
Carbine (May 1991)
Hecker and koch
MP5SD6 (1960)
Shotgun remington (1950)
Firearms and Equipments
(Philippines)
Most of the weapons of the Philippine National Police had American and western influence, issuing Colt
1902 revolvers and Krag rifles for the Constabulary under American occupation, to Colt licensed Elisco
made M16A1s which still see some circulation today. Ultimax 100 machine guns were utilized by
Constabulary officers and the PNP for a short while. Galil ARM and SAR rifles see sporadic use, as well
as HK33s and G3A3s entering Constabulary service, with the latter two still spotted in the hands of
modern day PNP officers. Vast amounts of Israeli weapons such as Negev light machine guns and Galil
ACEs are newly issued to regular PNP officers and SAF troopers
Krag rifle (1894-1956)
Galil ARM rifles
(1960)
Ultimax 100 machine gun
(1982)
MI6AI (1963)
G3A3s (1958)
Colt 1902 revolver (1902)
Galil ACEs (2008
Negev light machine
gun (1995)
Heckler & Koch HK33
(1960)
Use Of Information Technology (Japan)
for them,major goals for succesful police operstions are securing reliable
communixation network and effective management of informstion resources.
The police-operated multiplex circuits are the foundation of radio connection
among the NPA,RPBs, and the PPHs. The police are promoting digitilization of
multiplex circuts for system flexibility the police used satelite communications
for large scale accidents and disaster from helicopter television system. Each
of the PPH and RPB is equipped with fixed satelite communicate vehicle that
enable the police to communicate from different places anywhere in the
country
Use of information technology
(Philippines)
Philippine national police (PNP) has launched a new DIGITAL MOBILE
RADIO (DMR) communication systems as a part of widespread digital
plans. To investigate, they use an AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT
IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AFIS) that enables to compare and match
against a database of known and unknown fingerprints. The PNP is
maximizing full use of INTEGRATED BALLISTIC IDENTIFICATION
SYSTEM (IBIS) to enhance solution of criminal cases involving the use of
firearms.
Communications Network
(Japan)
Police has their own telephone networks linked in NPA, RPB,Police Stations Kabans or Police
Boxes and Xhuizasos or Regular Police Boxes from civilians. Transmission of work are
easy because of installed facsimile machines. This ensures exclusive information among
the same crime control sections. Police Wide-Area Network System(P-WANS) in
1996.Japanese Policemen also developed the Wireless Integrated Digital Equipment
Communications System (WIDECS) to secure communications at disaster and to reach
wide area criminal investigation.
Communication Network
(Philippines)
Whereas to Philippines ,policemen rely on local telephone sevice. Transfering of
works are easier because there are assigned people to do the work. Philippine
National Police Information Technology Management Service (PNP-ITMS).it caters
to the development of the ICT needs of the PNP. It js designed to maintain and
develop and manage organizational communication.
Mobility and Transportation
(Japan)
The Police vehicles are about 40,000 nationwide with the average patrol
cruisers ,Toyota Crowns and Nissan Crews are similar large sedans.the
micro card are used police boxes and city centers and they are much more
maneuverable.
The honda NSX, Subaru Impeza, Mitsubishi Lancer,Nissan Skyline,Mazda
RX-7 and Nissan Fairlady Z are most used in various prefectures for
highway patrol and pursuit purposes. The exception of undermarked traffic
enforcement vehicles ,japanese vehicles are painted and marked in the
same waye. The police vehicle are painted in black and white color .Then
the motorcycle are usually all white ,but while ruit control rescue vehicles
there are painted with steel blue.
Helicopters are extensively used for traffic control, surveillant pursyit of
suspects and disasters .Police boats are developed to major like islands
and lakes. They used for water patrol and control for illegal immigration
,smuggling and illegal fishing.
(Mitsubishi Lancer)
Osaka Police Motorcycle Squad
Driving Out Special Found
Kawasaki Delivers two BK 117 C-2
Mobility and transportation
(Philippines)
in Philippines There are roughly 40 types of land vehicle that filipino policemen uses, 10 of those namely
Cadillac Gage Commando,GAIA Amir,CTK Armoured Vehicle,Kawasaki Ninja 650 R,Kawasaki
Rouser,Kawasaki Versys, Hyundai Elantro, Mitsubishi Adventure and Toyota Hillux FX, there are also the
aircraft and watercraft vehicles use by policemen. According to PNP Spokesperson Colonel Roderick
Augustus Alba, PNO maintains a fleet of 20,000 vehicle in their force.It have also Helicopters for surveillant of
suspects and disasters rescue .Police boats are used for lakes and another disaster like flood and they used
that for water patrol and to control the illegal activity
Toyota Hillux
Kawasaki Versys
CTK Armored Vehicle
Cadillac Gage Commando
Hyundai Elantra
Black Hawk Helicopter
Forensic Science Services(Japan)
National Research Institute of Police Science(NRIPS) , the
competensive research institution which promote scientific
development si support in police activities.General affairs' three
Forensic Science Division ,Crime and Delinquent Prevention
Department and Traffic Department.
The thress major missions of research and development
examination and analysis work applies advance knowledge and
skills Technical guidance is given in the form.of training-seminar
to scientist to improve their skills.
Some of that are identification of unknown skeletal
remains,research on depicting characteristics of speakers in
short sentence. Identification and research on offender profiling
of heinous crimes and dilemna-free traffic signal.
Forensic Science and Services
(Philippines)
Forensic Science in Philippines On February 9,2022 at 9:00 AM
,arrivals honors was rendered to PBGEN BELLI B.TAMAYO the director
of forensic Group at PRO 4A. The philippine National Police - Crime
Laboratory is in need of Passionate Doctors With a big heart in serving
the filipino people thru forensic services by being a MEDICO LEGAL
OFFICER(MELO). There are 5 forensic laboratoris in philippines
Natural Science Research Institute (NSRI) ,University of the Philippines
it is located at Diliman Campus (UP-NSRI-DAI), St lukes Medical
Center (SIMC),Philippinr National Police(PNP),National Bereau of
Investigatio (NBI)and there have a two exclusively specialist in forensic
pathology this are Dr.Ma.Cecila Lim and Dr.Raquel Fortun
Police Accountabilities
(Japan)
The present system of Japanese criminal justice there has no mechanism of accountability or
transparency that performs the required checking function. The country's few police analysts
observed that, "the dogs that should be watching the police seldom make a sound." The police in
Japan are not accountable to external organs of authority whether prosecutors, courts, politicians,
or private citizens. This is unfortunate because research shows that, with few exceptions,
government agents act according to law only when they must. First of all, Japanese prosecutors
are notoriously lenient toward police wrongdoers in large part because they depend on police for
the information they need to filed charges and try cases.
Where police are involved, this watchdog trembles. Politicians dissemble too often because they
fear that if they attempt to disclose police misconducts their own corruption will be exposed. For
citizen oversight, the national and prefectural Public Safety Commissions (PSC) was established
after World War II to ensure tha police operates independently of political pressure. Finally, the
weak formal control in the country is little supplemented by journalistic, scholarly, or other outside
scrutiny. They control themselves and are ultimately responsible only to the head of the NPA.
POLICE ACCOUNTABILITIES
(Philippines)
The PNP shall enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain peace and order, and ensure public safety and internal
security with the active support of the community.
VISION
Imploring the aid of the Almighty, by 2030, We shall be a highly capable, effective and credible police service working in
partnership with a responsive community towards the attainment of a safer place to live, work and do business.
FUNCTIONS
1. Law Enforcement.
2. Maintain peace and order.
3. Prevents and investigates crimes and bring offenders to justice.
4. Exercise the vested powers from the Philippine Constitution and pertinent laws.
5. Detain and arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law.
6. Implements pertinent laws and regulations on firearms and explosives control.
7. Supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies
Disciplinary Machineries
(Japan)
Policing the police is anything but bizarre, and there are many examples of successful citizen
oversights in other countries. The police forces are subject to external oversight. The
police are liable for civil and criminal prosecution, and the media actively publicize police
misdeeds. The Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC), which is an administrative
committee are functioning under the representative system. It supervises the prefectural
police force, but it simply formulates the basic policy for their operation and does not
supervise the details of their tasks.
The Human Rights Bureau (HRB) of the Ministry of Justice (MOJ) solicits and investigates
complaints against police officers, and prefectural legislatures could summon police chiefs
for questioning. Social sanctions and peer pressure also constrain police behavior. As in
other occupational groups in Japan, police officers develop an allegiance to their own
group and a reluctance to offend its principles.
Disciplinary Machineries
(Philippines)
in Philippines police Admonition or reprimand; restriction to
specified limits; withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary or
suspension; or any of the combination of the foregoing;
Provided, That, in all Cases the total period shall not exceed
fifteen (15) days.
GROUP 2
Realyn S. Dela Cruz
Deaniel L. Austria
Janielle Gamboa
Rhex Mark Muñoz
Harvie Magtalas
Allen Asufre Castillo
THANK YOU