Name:
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True / False
1. Some stress is healthful and necessary to keep us alert and occupied.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
2. People with higher self-efficacy expectations have biological as well as psychological reasons for remaining
calmer than people with lower self-efficacy.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
3. The most complex form of conflict is the approach-avoidance conflict, in which each of several alternative
courses of action has pluses and minuses.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
4. Debbie failed her first Chemistry exam. Because she was very stressed and tired, her mind jumped to the
beliefs that she was a “terrible student” and “a failure”; she became certain she would fail the class and
perhaps fail at school altogether. Debbie catastrophized failing her exam.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
5. According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic
activity are higher than in the alarm reaction stage.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
6. Increasing hypertension and LDL (harmful) serum cholesterol, through medicine if necessary, reduces the
risk of coronary heart disease.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
7. Type B people are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive—so much so that they are
prone to getting into auto accidents.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
8. Stress and pathogens interact to influence the immune system.
a. True
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b. False
ANSWER: True
9. People with lower Self-efficacy expectations have biological as well as psychological reasons for remaining
calmer and are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
10. When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
11. In the approach-avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
12. If you have an internal locus of control, it means you feel you have control over the direction of your life.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
13. The body’s response to different stressors shows certain similarities whether the stressor is a bacterial
invasion, perceived danger, or a major life change is known as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
14. The immune system combats disease by producing white blood cells that engage in search-and-destroy
missions in which they “recognize” and eradicate foreign agents and unhealthy cells such as bacteria, fungi,
viruses, and cancerous body cells.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
15. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
16. Another term for white blood cells is antigens.
a. True
b. False
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ANSWER: False
17. Unhealthy stress is referred to as eustress.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
18. Women under stress are more likely to care for their children and seek social contact and support from
others. Taylor termed this the “tend-and-befriend” response.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
19. Psychological states such as anxiety and depression can impair the functioning of the immune system.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
20. Irrational beliefs can lessen an individual's emotional reaction to loss and enhance coping ability.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
21. According to the general adaptation syndrome, during the resistance stage, a person typically feels like a
heavy burden has been removed from his or her mind.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
22. In the context of stressors, Albert Ellis referred to situations such as losing a job as an activating event.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
Multiple Choice
23. Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life-change units" to measure the impact of life
changes among college students. Surveys with students revealed that:
a. they considered unwanted pregnancy to be less stressful than major financial problems.
b. they considered academic failures to be more stressful than the beginning of college.
c. 100 percent of them considered graduating from college a stress-free event.
d. some of them considered academic success to be stressful.
ANSWER: d
24. __________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the
most obvious causes of illness.
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a. Psychological factors
b. Sociocultural factors
c. Biological factors
d. Environmental factors
ANSWER: c
25. Humor helps people cope with stress by __________.
a. postponing making difficult decisions
b. stimulating the output of endorphins
c. enhancing the functioning of the immune system
d. positive cognitive shifts that result in positive emotions.
ANSWER: b
26. Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both
schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education. However, he is finding it
difficult to choose between the two. According to Neal E. Miller, this type of conflict is known as a(n):
a. avoidance-avoidance conflict.
b. approach-approach conflict.
c. approach-avoidance conflict.
d. multiple approach-avoidance conflict.
ANSWER: b
27. Which of the following is not a demand that stress makes on an organism?
a. adaptation
b. coping
c. adjustment
d. fulfilment
ANSWER: d
28. Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?
a. The latency stage.
b. The stagnation stage.
c. The exhaustion stage.
d. The resilience stage.
ANSWER: c
29. Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life,"
"What a no-good failure I am," "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," "There's nothing I can do
about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by:
a. creating an approach-approach conflict.
b. catastrophizing the extent of loss.
c. lowering an individual's emotional reaction to loss.
d. reducing hypertension.
ANSWER: b
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30. According to Selye's theory, if the alarm reaction mobilizes the body and the related stressor is not
removed, we enter the __________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). This stage precedes the
last stage of the GAS.
a. formal operational
b. exhaustion
c. resistance
d. preoperational
ANSWER: c
31. _________ stress is considered healthful.
a. Distress
b. Eustress
c. Hyper-stress
d. Pathogen
ANSWER: b
32. Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most
likely to occur?
a. His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.
b. His endocrine and sympathetic activity is higher than in the alarm stage.
c. His hypothalamus secretes corticotrophin-releasing hormones, which in turn causes his pituitary
gland to secrete cortisol.
d. His body is activated and he experiences a fight-or-flight reaction.
ANSWER: a
33. Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease?
a. Overeating.
b. Low blood pressure.
c. Sunbathing.
d. Type B behavior.
ANSWER: a
34. After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay at home or exercise at the gym. He
wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows
that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the
activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a(n) __________.
a. avoidance-avoidance conflict
b. approach-approach conflict
c. interpersonal conflict
d. multiple approach-avoidance conflict
ANSWER: d
35. Which of the following is true of corticosteroids?
a. They combat allergic reactions.
b. They suppress inflammation.
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c. They are beneficial for the cardiovascular system.
d. They cause the adrenal cortex to secrete adrenocorticotrophic hormone.
ANSWER: a
36. David was experiencing a lot of stress because he was experiencing some pain in his right foot, the
weather was poor, and he owed money to a friend. These types of stress are considered ___________.
a. daily hassles
b. life changes
c. eustress
d. distress
ANSWER: a
37. The American Psychological Association (2017) has found that Americans are most likely to do one of the
following to cope with stress?
a. Surfing the internet and napping.
b. Drinking alcohol and watching TV.
c. Praying and eating.
d. Music and exercise.
ANSWER: d
38. Unlike Type A people, Type B people ___________.
a. are more reluctant to delegate authority in the workplace and thus increase their own workload
b. feel rushed and pressured and keep one eye glued to the clock
c. are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive
d. are less ambitious and less impatient
ANSWER: d
39. Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she
eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates __________.
a. psychological hardiness
b. self-efficacy expectations
c. the coronary-prone behavior pattern
d. irrational beliefs
ANSWER: d
40. Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles?
a. noise
b. job dissatisfaction
c. terrorism
d. shopping
ANSWER: a
41. Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?
a. They are the most stressful type of conflicts.
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b. Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable.
c. Both goals in these conflicts are negative.
d. They involve several alternative courses to resolve conflicts, each with both positive and negative
aspects.
ANSWER: b
42. The __________ activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and
noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
a. parasympathetic nervous system
b. sympathetic nervous system
c. somatic nervous system
d. central nervous system
ANSWER: b
43. In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following is true of the fight-or-flight
reaction?
a. It stems from a period in human prehistory when many stressors were life threatening.
b. It involves the slowdown of the heart rate.
c. It stems from a sudden lack of sugar in the blood.
d. It is accompanied by a deceleration of the respiration rate.
ANSWER: a
44. __________ engage in search-and-destroy missions in which they "recognize" and eradicate foreign
agents and unhealthy cells.
a. Erythrocytes
b. Blood platelets
c. Red blood cells
d. White blood cells
ANSWER: d
45. The __________ is the third stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation
syndrome (GAS). In this stage, the muscles become fatigued:
a. alarm reaction stage
b. formal operational stage
c. concrete operational stage
d. exhaustion stage
ANSWER: d
46. Although academically gifted, Chloe never had the desire to be the best in her classes. She would most
likely be considered to exhibit __________.
a. a Type B behavior pattern
b. a Type A behavior pattern
c. an external locus of control
d. an internal locus of control
ANSWER: a
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47. Which of the following is true of the immune system?
a. It is made stronger by prolonged stress.
b. It remembers how to battle antigens, often for years.
c. It cannot recognize pathogens in case of a reoccurring infection.
d. It is typically weakened by short-term stress.
ANSWER: b
48. Claire is always on the go. She was valedictorian of her class and has always been competitive. She would most likely
be considered to exhibit _______.
a. a Type B behavior pattern
b. a Type A behavior pattern
c. an external locus of control
d. an internal locus of control
ANSWER: b
49. In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline are
secreted by the__________.
a. adrenal cortex
b. hypothalamus
c. pancreas
d. adrenal medulla
ANSWER: d
50. Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness?
a. commitment
b. aggression
c. challenge
d. control
ANSWER: b
51. Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?
a. Rose, who feels alienated from her co-workers.
b. Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow.
c. Robert, who feels helpless at work.
d. Rufus, who believes that stability is normal.
ANSWER: b
52. While conducting experiments to study the effect of humor on stressed students, it was found that exposing
students to humorous videotapes raised the level of __________ in their saliva.
a. corticosteroids
b. adrenocorticotrophic hormone
c. immunoglobulin A
d. cortisol
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ANSWER: c
53. According to the general adaptation syndrome, the __________ is first triggered by perception of a
stressor.
a. exhaustion stage
b. alarm reaction
c. resistance stage
d. flight reaction
ANSWER: b
54. Which of the following are some of the differences between life changes and daily hassles?
a. Many life changes are negative and occur less frequently.
b. Many life changes are positive and occur frequently.
c. Many life changes are positive and occur less frequently.
d. Many life changes are negative and occur frequently.
ANSWER: c
55. Many couples who repeatedly break up and reunite recall each other fondly when apart and swear that they
could make the relationship work if they got together again. But after they do spend time together, they again
wonder, "How could I ever have believed that this so-and-so would change?" This best exemplifies the
_________.
a. avoidance-avoidance conflict
b. approach-approach conflict
c. approach-avoidance conflict
d. interpersonal conflict
ANSWER: c
56. __________ are best described as people who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements in stressful
situations as being largely outside themselves.
a. Externals
b. Internals
c. Type A people
d. Type B people
ANSWER: a
57. According to the different kinds of support for coping with stress, __________ involves listening to people's
problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance.
a. appraisal
b. instrumental aid
c. emotional concern
d. socializing
ANSWER: c
58. Emily is on a diet. For lunch, she has the choice of a salad with fat-free dressing or a fruit plate. However,
she does not like either of them. This situation is an example of a(n) __________.
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a. avoidance-avoidance conflict
b. approach-approach conflict
c. approach-avoidance conflict
d. multiple approach-avoidance conflict
ANSWER: a
59. Which of the following is true of coronary heart disease (CHD)?
a. People with a family history of CHD are less likely to develop the disease themselves.
b. People who are highly prone to anger are less likely than other people to have CHD.
c. Overtime work, assembly line labor, and exposure to conflicting demands can all contribute to CHD.
d. CHD is typically associated with hypotension.
ANSWER: c
60. Influenza is caused by a virus. This virus is an example of a broad category of disease-causing organisms
called __________.
a. pathogens
b. antibodies
c. antigens
d. leukocytes
ANSWER: a
61. The __________ is the first stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation
syndrome.
a. alarm reaction stage
b. exhaustion stage
c. latency stage
d. resistance stage
ANSWER: a
62. __________ is an environmental hassle.
a. Job security
b. Illness
c. Isolation
d. Crime
ANSWER: d
63. __________ can be positive or negative, occur at irregular intervals, and create stress.
a. Irrational beliefs
b. Life changes
c. Daily hassles
d. Avoidance-avoidance conflicts
ANSWER: b
64. In addition to his normal duties, a professor actively participates in the extra-curricular activities of the
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college where he teaches. According to Suzanne Kobasa, which of the following characteristics of
psychological hardiness does the professor exhibit?
a. Commitment.
b. Challenge.
c. Control.
d. Humor.
ANSWER: a
65. Scott was invited by his boyfriend to either go see a movie he was not interested in or a party wher he did
not like the host. This is an example of ________ conflict.
a. avoidance-avoidance
b. approach-avoidance
c. approach-approach
d. multiple approach-avoidance
ANSWER: a
66. __________ is referred to as the coronary-prone behavior pattern.
a. Type A behavior
b. Type B behavior
c. Passive behavior
d. Insecure behavior
ANSWER: a
67. In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, the mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline ________.
a. slows down the respiration rate
b. forces the body to enter the exhaustion stage
c. arouses the body by accelerating the heart rate
d. suppresses the release of glucose from the liver
ANSWER: c
68. __________ is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives.
a. Homeostasis
b. Self-actualization
c. Self-efficacy
d. Conflict
ANSWER: d
69. If you have a(n) _______ locus of control you tend to believe that you can influence when you receive
reinforcers.
a. internal
b. external
c. high
d. low
ANSWER: a
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70. Connor was anxious because his taxi was stuck in traffic. The impact of the sympathetic activity, which was
triggered due to anxiety, eventually stabilized as his body attempted to restore lost energy and repair damage.
Connor is most likely in the _____ of the general adaptation syndrome.
a. alarm reaction stage
b. resistance stage
c. exhaustion stage
d. resilience stage
ANSWER: b
71. Many health problems are affected by __________ such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior.
a. psychological factors
b. sociocultural factors
c. biological factors
d. environmental factors
ANSWER: a
72. Stress predicts physical and psychological health problems. Which of the following has it been found to
predict?
a. Schizophrenia, cancer, anxiety, and depression.
b. Cancer, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression.
c. Heart disease, cancer, anxiety, and personality disorders.
d. Heart disease, cancer, anxiety, and depression.
ANSWER: d
73. _________ is the type of emotional support that provides feedback from others about how one is doing.
a. Emotional concern
b. Instrumental aid
c. Appraisal
d. Socializing
ANSWER: c
74. Suzanne Kobasa and her colleagues studied business executives who seemed able to resist illness despite
stress. In one phase of the research, executives completed a battery of psychological tests, and the
researchers found that the psychologically hardy executives tended to __________.
a. feel alienated from what they were doing
b. have an external locus of control
c. appraise change as an interesting incentive to personal growth
d. be low in perceived control over their lives
ANSWER: c
75. When an individual experiences fatigue because of ongoing stress and becomes ill, he or she has most
likely reached the __________ of the general adaptation syndrome.
a. resistance stage
b. alarm stage
c. exhaustion stage
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d. reaction stage
ANSWER: c
76. The immune system combats diseases ________.
a. by producing red blood cells, which engulf and kill pathogens
b. by generating antibodies, which attach themselves to antigens, deactivating them and marking them
for destruction
c. by decreasing the flow of blood, cells, and natural chemicals to the damaged area, causing the
redness, swelling, and warmth that characterize inflammation
d. by inhibiting endocrine and sympathetic activity
ANSWER: b
77. Carole is a healthy teenager. She is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed at times. She
believes that change is normal and can face adverse situations well. Psychologists would say that Carole
__________.
a. exhibits low self-efficacy expectations
b. is psychologically hardy
c. is indulging in irrational beliefs
d. is catastrophizing
ANSWER: b
78. Which of the following nationalities has the highest death rate from cancer?
a. Thailand
b. Philippines
c. Japan
d. Japanese Americans
ANSWER: d
79. In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following statements is true?
a. Long-term stress typically helps prevent infection from wounds.
b. Short-term stress can enhance the functioning of the immune system.
c. Short-term stress inhibits the functioning of the endocrine system.
d. Stress suppresses the hypothalamus and adrenal cortex.
ANSWER: b
80. Eric has high blood pressure, and his doctors have found no specific cause. Eric most likely has ______.
a. generalized anxiety
b. hypotension
c. essential hypertension
d. bipolar disorder
ANSWER: c
81. __________ allows us to brace ourselves for the inevitable and, in many cases, plan ways of coping with it.
a. Eustress
b. Predictability
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c. Cognitive dissonance
d. An external locus of control
ANSWER: b
82. Which of the following is true of cancer?
a. People who are less prone to anger are more likely to develop cancer than others.
b. Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States.
c. People cannot inherit a disposition toward cancer.
d. People whose immune system is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer.
ANSWER: d
83. In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?
a. The illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates.
b. The illusion of being in control fosters helplessness and hinders people's ability to cope with stress.
c. Predictability is of greater benefit to people who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements as being
largely outside themselves.
d. Predictability is not of particular benefit to internals—that is, to people who wish to exercise control
over their situations.
ANSWER: a
84. According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, in the exhaustion stage, _________.
a. the endocrine, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems are kicked into action to enable survival
b. the activities of the sympathetic nervous system predominate
c. many aspects of sympathetic activity are reversed
d. the heartbeat and respiration rate increase
ANSWER: c
85. The immune system is able to eradicate foreign substances like pathogens because of the functioning of
white blood cells called __________.
a. leukocytes
b. antigens
c. corticosteroids
d. erythrocytes
ANSWER: a
86. Latisa wanted to take the job because of the good pay but did not like the idea of the long hours. This is an
example of ________ conflict.
a. avoidance-avoidance
b. approach-avoidance
c. approach-approach
d. multiple approach-avoidance
ANSWER: b
87. ________ refers to our ability to bring about desired changes through our own efforts.
a. Hardiness
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b. Self-efficacy
c. Healthiness
d. Coronary behavior pattern
ANSWER: b
88. In the context of stress and the body, which of the following is true of stress?
a. Stress is confined to the psychological state of a person.
b. All types of stress are unhealthy and bad for us.
c. Stress can lead to physical health problems.
d. Intense or prolonged stress keeps us alert and occupied.
ANSWER: c
89. According to the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity in the
__________ are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal.
a. refractory stage
b. flight-or-flight stage
c. exhaustion stage
d. resistance stage
ANSWER: d
90. The resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome is also known as the _________ stage.
a. alarm reaction
b. adaptation
c. preoperational
d. concrete operational
ANSWER: b
91. People with __________ find it difficult to surrender control or share power.
a. type A personality traits
b. type B personality traits
c. a low self-esteem
d. an external locus of control
ANSWER: a
92. Which of the following is considered the most complex form of conflict?
a. avoidance-avoidance
b. approach-approach
c. multiple approach-avoidance
d. multiple approach-avoidance
ANSWER: d
93. In the context of stress and the immune system, which of the following is true of steroids?
a. Their persistent secretion makes us immune to the common cold.
b. Their persistent secretion increases inflammation.
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c. Their persistent secretion interferes with the formation of antibodies.
d. Their persistent secretion enhances the health of the cardiovascular system.
ANSWER: c
94. Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that may take root anywhere in
the body: in the blood, bones, digestive tract, lungs, and sex organs. If their spread is not controlled early, the
cancerous cells may _________, that is, establish colonies elsewhere in the body.
a. become benign
b. reach an equilibrium state
c. degenerate
d. metastasize
ANSWER: d
95. In the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic
nervous system may predominate. As a result, __________.
a. our heartbeat increases
b. our respiration rate increases
c. many aspects of sympathetic activity are reversed
d. the sympathetic nervous system is simultaneously activated
ANSWER: c
96. Susan is in the alarm reaction stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. In this scenario, which of the following is
most likely to occur?
a. Her heart and respiration rates slow down and her muscles become fatigued.
b. Her endocrine and sympathetic nervous systems shut down.
c. Her hypothalamus secretes cortisol, which in turn causes her pituitary gland to secrete
corticotrophin-releasing hormones.
d. Her body is aroused and she experiences a fight-or-flight reaction.
ANSWER: d
97. According to your text, if you are American you are most likely stressed about __________.
a. the future of the nation
b. ongoing area of concern
c. health care
d. money
ANSWER: a
98. Type A behavior, job strain, chronic fatigue, and having an inactive physical lifestyle are all risk factors for
___________.
a. coronary heart disease
b. cancer
c. obesity
d. stress
ANSWER: a
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99. When someone ________ a negative event, the irrational process most likely occurs with the activating
event.
a. internalizes
b. catastrophizes
c. challenges
d. controls
ANSWER: b
100. Lisa is a single parent of three children. Every day, she cooks, prepares her children for school, and takes
care of the household. She also has a demanding job that she does not like, but cannot quit as she is
concerned about meeting the household expenses. Lisa's condition best exemplifies __________.
a. psychological hardiness
b. self-efficacy expectations
c. coronary-prone behavior patterns
d. daily hassles
ANSWER: d
101. Eugene believes that he can bring about positive change in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists
would say that Eugene __________.
a. has an external locus of control
b. is catastrophizing
c. exhibits self-defeating behavior
d. has high self-efficacy expectations
ANSWER: d
102. In the __________, each of several alternative courses of action has pluses and minuses.
a. multiple approach-avoidance conflict
b. case of homeostasis
c. case of eustress
d. approach-approach conflict
ANSWER: a
103. High self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by:
a. high levels of noradrenaline.
b. a decreased ability to function when in pain.
c. a higher susceptibility to breakdowns during adverse events.
d. low levels of adrenaline.
ANSWER: d
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