Chapter 12 World War II Introduction World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved most of the the world's countries including all the great powers- forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. In a state of total war, directly involving more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, resulting in 70 to 85 million deaths, with more civilians than military personnel killed. Tens of millions of people died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), premeditated death from starvation, massacres, and disease. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, including in strategic bombing of population centers, and the only uses of nuclear weapons in war. The Rise of Nazism $5 Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi Party, believed that Germans were a superior race. After the Great Depression raised unemployment in Germany, the Nazis gained popularity. In 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor. The German legislature gave Hitler emergency dictatorial powers after the Reichstag fire. All German institutions were brought under Nazi control or closed. The army took an oath of loyalty to Hitler. Opponents were sent to concentration camps or killed. The Failure of the League of Nations and Appeasement The League of Nations failed to stop aggressors. It did nothing to stop Hitler from moving troops into the Rhineland, Japan from attacking Manchuria, Italy from attacking Ethiopia, or Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union from acting in the Spanish Civil War. The Western powers also failed to stop the aggressive acts of the Fascist powers. At the S Munich Conference in 1938, Britain and France attempted to appease Hitler by giving him part of Czechoslovakia. Hitler concluded that the Western powers were weak and would not stop him. WWII Begins in Europe World War II began on Invasion of Poland Germany 1939 including the Czech and Slovakia September 1, 1939, when Nazi Germany invaded Poland. After Hitler signed the T Nazi-Soviet Pact with Stalin, he ordered the invasion of Poland in September 1939. France and Britain then declared war on Germany. Poland German aggression Soviet Union Poland Soviet aggression Poland Allies F BLITZKRIEG The Lightning War Blitzkrieg Warfare Germany had developed new tactics based on the 1Pi5l coordinated use of airplanes, tanks, and motorized troop carriers. The rapid advance of German forces became 5F 2 BODODE known as Blitzkrieg which means "lightning warfare" Fall of France In the Spring of 1940, Germany attacked Denmark and Norway and marched through Holland and Belgium to defeat France. The British expeditionary force escaped at Dunkirk by sailing gad across the English Channel. NG fi Battle of Britain The Battle of Britain in World War II was between Britain's Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Luftwaffe, Nazi Germany's air force, and was the first battle in history MON fought solely in the air. From July 10 through October 31, 1940, pilots and support crews on both sides took to the skies and battled for control of airspace over Great Britain, Germany and the English Channel. The powerful, combat experienced Luftwaffe hoped to conquer Britain easily, but the RAF proved a FOF Y formidable enemy. Radar helped the British defend themselves by pinpointing German attacks. By the end of October 1940, Hitler called off his planned invasion of Britain and 3339 the Battle of Britain ended . Both sides suffered enormous loss of life and aircraft. Still, Britain weakened the Luftwaffe and prevented Germany from achieving air superiority. It was the first major defeat of the war for Hitler. 10 O U.S. Neutrality Acts (1935-1937) These "Acts" were aimed at keeping the U.S. out of war in "Ho hum! When he's finished pecking down that last tree he'll quite likely be tired." Europe. The first Neutrality Acts prohibited Americans from sending arms to countries at war. The Neutrality Act of 1937 prohibited Americans from traveling on the ships of nations at war but allowed Americans to sell non- military goods to countries at war on a "cash- and-carry" basis. The buyer had to * pay cash and transport the goods. GR EE NO RW MWEN PO LA BR ND AY AN CE CE KEEP JUS OUTWAR 1939, A.F.G. Dr Sev KEEP U.S. OUT OF WAR BE NEUTRAL HOLAND Quarantine Speech When Japan invaded China in 1937, Roosevelt tested American public opinion with his Quarantine Speech. He proposed isolation for nations that violated treaties and attacked civilians. " Those who cherish their freedom CB and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice, and confidence may prevail throughout the world. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Quarantine Speech) ... The Neutrality Act of 1939 The Old Man of theSea This "Act" expanded "cash-and- carry" to include the sale of arms. Roosevelt was concerned to help the British, who faced Nazi Germany alone. NAEUCTRTALAIY CO U.S. INFANTRY WEAPONS & EQUIPMENT N 7182458 $ OOOO Dr Seus s T AID L WIN WIL HAT WW II MILITARY SERIES Elena Stanilevich NV Lend- Lease Act The Old Man of theSea In March 1941, FDR pushed this "Act" through Congress: The U.S. could supply arms to the British, who could pay for or return them after the war. NAEUCTRTALAIY CO of this stuff drifts into British ports!" N U .S LEN . D It's truly encouraging how much LEA SE DUN K Co rp The Lend- Lease Act showed that the United States was departing from their position of neutrality Dr Seus s T AID L WIN WIL HAT IRDS Two TEHWAY OF TH AND To ENGL in support of Great Britain and the Allied Powers Dr. Seuss Four Freedoms & Atlantic Charter Atlantic Charter: Roosevelt met Churchill in the Atlantic in August 1941 where they agreed to the Atlantic Charter, defining their post-war goals. The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration issued during World War II by the United States and Great Britain that set out a vision for the postwar world. Among its major points were a nation's right to choose its own government, the easing of trade restrictions and a plea for postwar disarmament. The document is considered one of the first key steps toward the establishment of the United Nations in 1945. FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT Four Freedoms: FDR promised Americans: freedom of speech THE FOUR FREEDOMS and expression, freedom of FREEDOM OF SPEECH FREEDOM OF RELIGION FREEDOM FROM WANT FREEDOM FROM FEAR religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear Japanese Embargo Embargo: a government ban on trade with one or HEIGHT OF JAPANESE EXPANSION IN 1942 Area of Expansion more other nations. The JAP ALASKA S R Altu 15. Dutch Alection Harbor Kisko WAR MACHINE U.S. OIL U.S. did this in the summer of 1941 when it stopped all oil sales to the Empire of Japan. MONGOLIA MANCHURIA CHINA MAPA KOREA Hiroshima Shanghai BHUTAN Chungking FIC Sex OF JAPAN TOKYO JAPAN AFTER Nagasaki WORLD WAR II Haw Midway "Kunming INDIA BURMA Wako Harbor N Guam Marshall Is Japan's military invaded and took over vast parts of Southeast Asia and hundreds MALAYAN 1. Caroline Is. FED INDIA of islands across the Pacific in order to create a vast empire for its growing population that need more living space. Is. Pearl Philippine SLAAT aiian Singapore DUTC H EAST INDIES Rabaul Solomon Guadalcanal OCEAN CORAL SEA AUSTRALIA Now COUNTRIES ARE SHOWN Coledonia AS THEY WERE IN 1942 The Attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 In September 1940, Japan allied with Germany and Italy. Japan had only limited oil supplies after a U.S. embargo was imposed. They wanted to seize the oil fields of the Dutch East Indies, which would bring the United States into the war. They decided to attack the U.S. first and launched a surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941- "a date that will live in infamy". Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States. "Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which willlive in infamythe United States ofAmerica was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan." - Franklin D Roosevelt PONIEN VE SERVI CE SSS SY TEM Selective Service The first peacetime draft was introduced in 1940. After Pearl Harbor, the draft was extended to all able- bodied men between the ages of 18 45. The Selective Service System, with more than 6,000 local draft boards, was set up to oversee this system. One out of every ten Americans ended up in uniform during the war. By the time the war was over, more than 15 million men had voluntarily enlisted or been drafted. te : Form REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE Budret spproved areas No. 33- R013-43 This is to certify that in accordance with the Selective Service Proclamation of the President of the United States TONERY FLAGG I WANT YOU FOR U.S.ARMY NEAREST RECRUITING STATION Wassell Laurence Vincent (Middle name) (First name) (Last name) 187.01. Mangan Ave. St.Albans.,L.I.N.Y.. (Place of residence) (This will be identical with line 2 of the Registration Card) has been duly registered this .. 16 day of. October Fract Campbell 1940 k Registrar for Local Board 267 Jamaica New Yor ******** ty) (City or county) ********** (State) THE LAW REQUIRES YOU TO HAVE THIS CARD IN YOUR PERSONAL POSSESSION AT ALL TIMES D. S. S. Form 2 (Revised 6/9/41) 16-21631-1 Women in World War II Are you a girl with a Star-Spangled heart? The Women's Army Corps, or "WACS" was established in 1942. Although they did not serve in combat, WACs plotted aircraft paths, operated radios and telephone switchboards, ENLIST IN THE WAVES J.S. NAVY organized supplies, drove army vehicles, and worked as stenographers, typists, and clerks. The Navy established their own Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service, or Bendyho candell 15) JOIN THE WAC NOW ! ARMY THOUSANDS OF G! LIN FIL ED NE JOBS Women's Army Corps United States Army "WAVES". Another 57,000 women served as nurses in the Army Nurse Corps. N TO FIGHT AT SEA RELEASE A MA Apply to your nearest NAVY RECRUITING STATION OR OFFICE OF NAVAL OFFICER PROCUREMENT WAR S AN p o rt in War Production Board BOARD The War Production Board was placed in charge of wartime production. Factories began making tanks, "Liberty Ships", and other wartime goods. VIRGINIA DARE RATIONING ORDERED ON CANNED FOODS Curb hits fruits, vegetables News Five Daily HOWSCAPZA 3 'Point' plan buying to Russians seize 20 big towns Yanks wreck start in Feb. *Views of French grab Smash at inJap line the news industrial 4ships, cut new wedge WAR Rationing The War Production Board found it necessary to ration essential goods like gasoline, heating fuel, metals, and rubber. The Critical Materials Plan, adopted in 1942, allocated steel, copper, and aluminum. Later, canned, frozen, and processed foods were also rationed in order to ensure enough food for the soldiers. On the home front, people received ration booklets with coupons. Each rationed item was given a point value. Consumers paid money to the seller to cover the purchase of the product, but they also had to give the seller ration coupons to make the purchase. Consumers could buy no more of a good than the coupons in their ration PRO MA No 248684-EY WAR RATION BOOK No. 3 Void if Identification of person to whom, issued : PRINT IN FULL DOROTHY (First name) Street number or rural route 9.4-11 Pitkin in AGE SEX HEIGHT 30 Lbs. othy t SIGNATURE( Person to whom book is issued. Ifsuch STAMP State WEIGHT FEMALE 20 live *** Ft. / In. B Fischer. return it to the War Price and Rationing Board which issued it. Persons who violate rationing regu lations are subject to $ 10,000 fine or imprisonment, or both. RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION STAM 25 RATION O 22 RATION 24 27 24447 28 RATION STAMP AL 31 (Local board number ) RATION HAND VATION PATION RATION RATION (Date) Street address NOTAVE City State grandmother during World War II 39 RATION RATION PATION 4 NOTAVE 1-2 NOTAVE INOTAVE INDIAVA NOLAVA INDIAYE NOTAVE W STAMP INOLAVA 47 INOLAYN INOLAVS (Signature ofissuing officer) B These are images of the War Ration Book that belonged to Mr. Johnson's maternal HAMP NO BLIAS 344 NOTAVE 43 & L INDIAVE INOIAVA INDIAVA INOIAVA INOTAVE INOIAVA INOIAVA INOILYA WWE 62 02 22 INCLAVE INOLAYE INDIAVA NOTAVE NOTAVE 92 INOLAVE 12 DAL INOLAYS 0 INOTAV 61 5-10 INOLAVE INOLAVE NOLAVE NOTAVE B 41 INOLAVS 1 INDIAVA books allowed. 20 10 RATION 37 LOCAL BOARD ACTION Issued by RATION OCCUPATION fsuch pecah is unable to sign because of age or incapacity, another may sign in his behalf.) WARNING This book is the property of the United States Government. It is unlawful to sell it to any other per son, or to use it or permit anyone else to use it, except to obtain rationed goods in accordance with regulations of the Office of Price Administration. Any person who finds a lost War Ration Book must 16 15 14 RATION WITHOUT P RATION RATION RATION (Lasname) 12 Have RATION RATION RATION RATION RATION 10 VALID B. FISCHER (Middle name) City or post office NOT altered N RATION RATION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION BOARD TIO 21 NOTAY INOLAVS CL Com NOTAVE OF w INCLAVE to NOTAVE 1 INOIAVA WORL NOLAY NOTAVE NOTAVE UNITED STATES SAVINGS BOND War Bonds THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA YEAR OF WILL FIFTY DOLLARS ISSUE DATE WHICH THE FAT beror MR. AND MRS, AMERICA EVERYWHERE U. S. A. WAR SAVINGS BOND SERIES E They L 000 000 000 E NOTTRANSFERAHLA of e sal the and es tax e om inc l na rso pe d se rea Inc I GAVE A MAN! War Bonds helped pay for the war WANTED-FIGHTING DOLLARS MAKE EVERY PAY- DAY BOND-DAY MA RK KA MITOR S ENT ST SEM DI TOO!" HT G I F Y AT LEAST M S I S I TH IES ND ENT Y FR EE WHilfissons UNITED STATES SARRA Will you give at least 10% of your pay in War Bonds? DEFENSE BONDS-STAMPS Don't Let That Shadow Touch Them Ask about our payroll savings plan EVERY PAYDAY IN WAR BONDS PUT AT LEAST BuyWAR BONDS Propaganda The Office of War Information was in charge of maintaining popular support for the war. Many propaganda posters and slogans that were used to encourage Americans to support the war effort Y A SWELL JOB! rl witgledhaheart? We Can Do It! AreyouStar-agiSpan HI HO! HO! HI O T OFF IT'S WE GO! WORK ATTOAU'RGIRL! E DOING For JOIN THE WAC NOW! LET'S KEEP UP OUR MY AR THOUSANDS OF FILLING! JOBS NEED QUALITY PRODUCTION! WAR PRODUCTION CO-ORDATING COMMITTEE Women's Army Corps United States Army Squeeze in one more THE WAR NE ALO When you ride ith you ride w Hitler! African Americans in WWII A. Philip Randolph planned a "March on Washington" to assure Make F.E.P.C Permanent & E TIC * March On Washington Movement Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, throwing all federal jobs and jobs with defense contractors open to African-American employees. More than a million African Americans served in the S JU JOBS FOR jobs for African Americans. To avoid the march, President armed forces during the war, in segregated units. Through the "Double V" campaign, African Americans sought victory over Nazism abroad and racism at home. The purpose of the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) was to help African Americans find employment during World War II by prohibiting companies from discriminating on the basis of race Keep us flying! TUSKEGEE AIRMEN Tuskegee Airmen BUY WAR BONDS The Tuskegee Airmen were a BEE FNR group of primarily African American military pilots (fighter and bomber) and airmen who WEL L VWK fought in World War II. They formed the 332d Fighter Group 2314 and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Navajo Code Talkers The U.S. government used members of the Navajo tribe to send messages in their native language in order to keep U.S. military plans a secret from the Axis powers. They recruited 200 Navajos into the Marine Corps. Executive Order 9066 Japanese Americans on the West Coast were forcibly removed by Executive Order 9066 and sent to internment camps further inland . President Roosevelt's order was upheld by the Supreme Court in Korematsu vs. United States Constitutional rights are often limited during wartime due to national security The War in Europe FDR decided to defeat Germany first since he believed that they were the greater danger. Churchill persuaded Roosevelt to delay the invasion of France. Instead, British and American forces landed in Africa in 1942, where they defeated German and Italian forces. Afterwards, the Allies conquered Sicily in Italy. When Mussolini's Fascist government collapsed, the Allies decided to invade RING mainland Italy. They landed at Salerno, where they met fierce German resistance. Meanwhile, Soviet forces defeated a large Germany army at Stalingrad, often seen as the turning point of the war. Tehran Conference Roosevelt crossed the Atlantic to meet with Churchill and Stalin at Tehran in November 1943. Against Churchill's advice, Roosevelt promised Stalin that the Western Allies would h launch their long-awaited invasion of France by the Spring of 1944. Stalin in turn promised to declare war on Japan once Germany had surrendered. Stalin (left), Roosevelt(center), and Churchill(Right) This was the first meeting between Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill D- Day- Operation Overlord June 6, 1944 More than 4,400 ships and other landing crafts crossed the English Channel to bring Allied troops to the beaches of Normandy, France. Led by Supreme Commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The Western Allies advanced rapidly and liberated Paris two months later. D- DAY INVASION June 6, 1944 1 UNITED STATES ZE UNITED STATES FISNIKINR UTAH LES OMAHA NORMANDY GREAT BRITAIN GREAT BRITAIN CAMADA JUNO GOLD SWORD BEACHES FamilySearch.org Yalta Conference February 4 - 11, 1945: Winston S. Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin met at Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar order in Europe. They agreed on the complete denazification of Germany and the division of the country into zones of occupation. The Soviet Union affirms that it will join the war against Japan. Stalin also promised free and fair elections for Poland but would later break that promise. Collapse of Nazi Germany $ Allied forces faced a German counterattack at the Battle of the Bulge. The Nazi counterattack failed, and American, British, and French forces advanced into Germany from the West while Soviet armies advanced from the East. Soviet forces entered Berlin and Hitler committed suicide at the end of April 1945. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945 - known as V- E Day THE The War in the Pacific WAR PACIFIC In the Pacific, the Japanese advanced into Southeast Asia and various Pacific islands, after their attack on Pearl Harbor. In the Philippines, MacArthur retreated from Manila, surrendering U.S. forces went on S the Bataan Death March - approximately 75,000 Filipino and American troops on Bataan were forced to make a 65- mile march to prison camps. The marchers made the trek in intense heat and were subjected to harsh treatment by Japanese guards. These harsh conditions led to the deaths of thousands of soldiers. THE The War in the Pacific WAR PACIFIC Japanese and U.S. aircraft carriers fought OUTER MONGOLIA MANCHURIA Beijing CHINA at the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942; KOREA a few months later, the U.S. sank four JAPAN Japanese aircraft carriers at the Battle of Tokyo Midway g Kong Hon Dec. 1941 INDIA June 1942 Tropic of Cancer- Pearl Harbor BURMA Mariana 20°N Islands SIAM PHILIPPINES INDOCHINA Manila Bataan & Corregidor Jan -May 1942) Guam July-Aug. 1944, (U.S.) June-July 1944 Enewetak Feb. 1944 Leyte Gulf Islands OCEAN Pelelieu Sep.-Nov. 1944 Tarawa Nov. 1943 Borneo Bougainville Feb. 1942 New Guinea Gilbert Islands 600 Guadalcanal Aug. 1942- Feb. 1943 Buna-Gona Nov. 1942-Jan. 1943 OCEAN 1,200 Miles 600 Solomon INDIES INDIAN Equator Islands Oct. 1943-Mar. 1944 DUTCH EAST 100° E PACIFIC Islands 1,200 Kilometers Miller cylindrical projection Coral Sea May 1942 Controlled by Japan (1942) 120 E Allied advance -20'S Midway, the turning point of the war in the Pacific. American forces then began a process of Island Hopping, pushing the Japanese back island by island. Kwajalien Jan.- Feb. 1944 Marshall Caroline STATES Hawaii Saipan Oct. 1944 MALAY Singapore 11 Major battle Battle of Iwo Jima The Battle of Iwo Jima was an epic military campaign between U.S. Marines and the Imperial Army of Japan in early 1945. Located 750 miles off the coast of Japan, the island of Iwo Jima had three airfields that could serve as a staging facility for a potential invasion of mainland Japan. American forces invaded the island on February 19, 1945, and the ensuing Battle of Iwo Jima lasted for five weeks. In some of the bloodiest fighting of World War II, it's believed that all but 200 or so of the 21,000 Japanese forces on the island were killed, as were almost 7,000 Marines. The Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was the code name for the American-led effort to develop a functional atomic weapon during World War II. The controversial creation and eventual use of the atomic bomb engaged some of the world's leading scientific minds, as well as the U.S. military- and most of the work was done in Los Alamos, New Mexico, not the borough of New York City for which it was originally named. The Manhattan Project was started in response to fears that German scientists had been working on a weapon The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project on 16 July using nuclear technology since the 1930s- and that Adolf Hitler 1945 was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. was prepared to use it. Potsdam Conference In July 1945, Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany, confirmed earlier agreements about post- war Germany, and reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces, specifically stating that "the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction." Churchill(left), Truman (Center), and Stalin (Right) Potsdam was the final time that leaders of the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union would meet to discuss postwar cooperation. Truman mentioned an unspecified "powerful new weapon" to Stalin during the conference, a reference to the nuclear bombs just developed by the U.S. Nuclear Warfare The Decision to Drop Atomic Bombs It was projected that an Allied invasion of Japan would cost close to a million American lives. With Japan's refusal to surrender, President Harry Truman made the difficult decision to drop an atomic bomb on Japan. The atom bomb was no "great decision ." It was used in the war, and for your information, there were more people killed by fire bombs in Tokyo than dropping of the atomic bombs accounted for. It was merely another powerful weapon in the arsenal of righteousness. The dropping of the bombs stopped the war, save millions of lives. Harry S. Truman AZ QUOTES 33rd President of the United States 1945 - 1953 Nuclear Warfare Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki On August 6, 1945, an American B- 29 bomber dropped the world's first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion immediately killed an estimated 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A- bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. Japan's Emperor Hirohito announced his country's unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right) citing the devastating power of "a new and most cruel bomb." Jude The Holocaust F Nazi anti-Semitism (hatred of Jewish people) led to the Holocaust. At first, German Jews were barred from many jobs and from intermarrying non-Jews. Jewish synagogues and businesses were closed, and Jews had to pay a fine after Kristallnacht in 1938. After Germany conquered Poland, Jews from Germany and Eastern Europe were forced into Ghettos - crowded, sealed off sections of cities where people died of starvation and disease. After 1941, all Jews had to wear a yellow Jewish star on their clothing. Early in 1942, Nazis adopted the Final Solution: the murdering of all Jews from Europe. Trains carried Jews to Auschwitz and other extermination camps where they were gassed, and their bodies were burned. Those who were not immediately killed were starved, tortured, and worked to death. Six million Jews were killed, as well as an equal number of non-Jews (gypsies, Poles, Russians, political prisoners, homosexuals, individuals with disabilities, and others). Nuremberg Trials st The Allied leaders put surviving Nazi leaders on trial for "crimes against humanity" -making it clear that individuals are responsible for their crimes, even when committed with government authority in times of war. Just over 20 of the leading Nazis were put on trial before a tribunal of allied judges in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1946. The accused included Herman Goering, former head of the Luftwaffe and one of the top Nazi leaders. They were charged with starting the war and committing such atrocities as the extermination of the Jews and the mistreatment of prisoners of war. Many of the accused Nazis tried to defend themselves by claiming that they had only been following orders. Occupation of Germany & Japan After Germany's defeat in the Second World War, the four main allies in Europe the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France - took part in a joint occupation of the German state. The Allied Powers also maintained a military occupation of Japan after their defeat in World War II. The occupation lasted from 1945 to 1952. It was overseen General Douglas MacArthur meets with by American General Douglas MacArthur. Emp eror Hirohito, September 27, 1945 United Nations United Nations The League of Nations was replaced by the United Nations, a new peacekeeping organization The United Nations (U.N.) is a global diplomatic and political organization dedicated to international peace and stability. The U.N. was officially established in 1945 following the horrific events of World War II, when international leaders proposed creating a new global organization to maintain peace and avoid the abuses of war. Mary Mcleod Bethune assisted in its creation at the San Francisco Conference in 1945. The daughter of former slaves, Mary Jane McLeod Bethune became one of the most important black educators, civil and women's rights leaders and government officials of the twentieth century. The college she founded set educational standards for today's black colleges, and her role as an advisor to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt gave African Americans an advocate in government. UNITED NATIONS Florida in World War II HALEIGH D. C. 135 Off to Study Army Air Forces, Miami Beach, Fla. •German U- Boats sank ships near Florida's shoreline. German saboteurs were captured and executed. •Florida became a training ground for the armed services. Camp Blanding became the fourth largest city in Florida. The U.S government rented hotel rooms and other facilities to house troops and spent $98 billion in Florida to further the war effort. Many of the people who trained or worked in Florida during the war came back later to visit or to live. •Florida producers sold their orange juice, cattle, and other products to the armed forces. The use of the insecticide DDT to kill mosquitos was introduced during the war. Florida's shipyards helped build "Liberty Ships".
