MUNDARIJA
TENSES_________________________________________________________________________4
MODAL_________________________________________________________________________46
IF CLAUSE_______________________________________________________________________65
WISH CLAUSE____________________________________________________________________72
PASSIVE VOICE___________________________________________________________________75
REPORTED SPEECH________________________________________________________________81
QUESTION_______________________________________________________________________87
INFINITIVE AND GERUND___________________________________________________________94
NOUN__________________________________________________________________________102
PRONOUN_______________________________________________________________________109
ARTICLE_________________________________________________________________________118
DETERMINERS & QUANTIFIERS______________________________________________________122
RELATIVE CLAUSE_________________________________________________________________135
PARTICIPLES_____________________________________________________________________138
CONJUNCTION___________________________________________________________________141
ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB___________________________________________________________146
SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT_______________________________________________________157
INVERSION______________________________________________________________________161
WORD FORMATION_______________________________________________________________165
PREPOSITION____________________________________________________________________167
PHRASAL VERBS__________________________________________________________________182
IRREGULAR VERBS________________________________________________________________198
COMMON ERRORS________________________________________________________________207
TEST YECHISH YO’LLARI____________________________________________________________286
TESTS___________________________________________________________________________331
Pronoun
Pronoun bu o’zbek tilidagi olmoshlarga to’g’ri keladi. Ho’sh olmosh nima u va nimaga ishlatamiz?
Olmoshlar otlarni o’rnida qo’llanuvchi so’zlar hisoblanadi. Masalan; he, you, ours, themselves, some,
each... Agarda olmoshlar bo’lmaganda edi, biz butun boshli ko’p otlarni qayta va qayta takrorlashimiz
to’g’ri kelardi bu nutqni zerikarli qilardi rosa. Misol uchun bu gapga qarang

Do you like the manager? I don't like the manager. The manager's not friendly.
Bir o’qib ko’rin qanaqa zerikarli g’alati gap. Siz bu gapni olmosh orqali bu tarzada aytishingiz mumkin

Do you like the manager? I don't like him. He's not friendly.
Olmoshlar o’zi kichkina so’zlar ammo bajaradigan ishi juda katta hisoblanadi. Aslini olib qaraganda, siz
butun boshli otli birikmani orniga bittagina olmosh ishlatishingiz mumkin. Bu bilan siz kamroq so’zlar
ishlatasiz va takrorni oldini olasiz.
Misolga qarang: "Please give this letter to Rosemary", siz bu gapdagi this letter o’rniga it va Rosemary
o’rniga esa her ishlatishingiz mumkin.
Please give
the letter
to
Rosemary
Please give
it
to
her
Biz hattoki uzun jumlaning o’rniga ham olmosh ishlatishimiz mumkin "the car that we saw crashing into
the bus" o’rniga biz it olmoshini qo’yishimiz mumkin
Pronoun Types
1. Personal Pronouns
Personal Pronouns – odamlar va narsalarni anglatadi. Personal Pronouns (kishilik olmoshlari) ikkiga
bo’linadi subject pronoun va object pronoun
Subjective Pronoun
Subject Pronoun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
I
You
He
She
It
We
They
Men
Sen, Siz yoki Sizlar
U (erkak jinsi uchun)
U (ayol jinsi uchun)
U (jonsiz narsalar uchun)
Biz
Ular (odamlar, narsalar va hayvonlar uchun)
Subjecti pronoun gapda ega vazifasida keladi va fe’ldan oldinda turadi ya’ni fe’ldan oldin ishlatiladi.
SUBJECTIVE PRONOUN


+
VERB
I like coffee. – Men kofeni yoqtiraman ( buyerda I-ega, like-fe’l)
We went home. – Men uyga kettim ( we- ega, went-fe’l,
Biz gapirayotgan odam yoki odamlarni o’rniga personal pronoun ishlatishimiz mumkin. Bu nima degani
bu degani masalan meni ismim Boysoat va men qachonki o’zim haqimda gapirsam men Boysoat
deyishning o’rniga gapni I orqali boshlashim mumkin ya’ni Boysoatni o’rniga I ishlataman va bu qulay.
Deyarli doimo men “I” yoki “me” olmoshlarini ishlataman Boysoatning o’rniga. Agarda men sizga
to’g’ridan – to’g’ri murojat qilsam “you” ishlataman sizning ismingizni o’rniga. Agar men boshqa inson
haqida gapirmoqchi bo’lsam, aytaylik Shohsanam haqida gapirmoqchiman. Men “Shohsanam”
deyishim yoki “she” yoki “her” ishlatishim mumkin.
Narsa haqida gapirsak biz it olmoshini ishlatamiz, agar narsalar ko’plikda bo’lsa they ishlatamiz. Narsa
uchun it ishlatilinishini bilasiz. Odatda hayvonlarga nisbatan ham biz “it” olmoshini ishlatamiz lekin ba’zi
istisnolar bor. Biz hayvonlarga ham he/him yoki she/her agarda biz hayvonlarni shaxslantirsak va uni
jinsini bilsak biz ishlatishimiz mumkin. Keyingi istisno kema nomlari haqida odatda kemalarga nisbatan
ayol jinsida qaraladi va she/her orqali aytiladi. Misollar;


This is our dog Rusty. He's an Alsatian. - Bu bizning Rusty itimiz. U Altseziyalik
The Titanic was a great ship but she sank on her first voyage. – Titanik buyuk kema edi biroq u
birinchi safaridan cho’kib ketti.
Agarda birlikdagi shaxsni biz ayolmi erkakmi jinsini bilolmasak she yoki he qo’yishda ikkilansak, bunga
bir nechta yechim bor ular;



If a teacher needs help, he or she should see the principal.
If a teacher needs help, he should see the principal.
If a teacher needs help, they should see the principal.
Biz it olmoshini ko’pincha weather, temperature, time va distance bildirib keladi




It's raining.
It will probably be hot tomorrow.
Is it nine o'clock yet?
It's 50 kilometres from here to Cambridge.
Object Pronoun
Object Pronoun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
Them
Meni, Menga
Sizni, Sizga Seni, Senga yoki Sizlarni, Sizlarga
Uni, Unga (erkak jinsi uchun)
Uni, Unga (ayol jinsi uchun)
Uni, Unga (jonsiz narsalar uchun)
Bizni, Bizga
Ularni, Ularga (odamlar, narsalar va hayvonlar uchun)
Object pronoun gapda to’ldirivchi vazifasida keladi va fe’ldan keyin qo’llanadi
Subject Pronoun



Verb
Object Pronoun
John loves you – Jon sizni sevadi
John and Mary beat them. – Jon va Mery ularni yutdi.
They helped us – ular bizga yordam berdi
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Adjective
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Their
Mening
Sizning, Sening, Sizlarning
Uning (erkak jinsi uchun)
Uning (ayol jinsi uchun)
Uning (jonsiz narsalar uchun)
Bizning
Ularning (odamlar, narsalar va hayvonlar uchun)
Possessive adjective gapda egalikni bildirish uchun qo’llanadi.
Ushbu olmoshlar to’liq shaklanmagan hisoblanadi shu sababli doim o’zidan keyin ot yoki otli birikma
talab qiladi. Hech qachon o’zi yo’lg’iz ishlatilmaydi.


I like her car. Men uning mashinasini yoqtiraman
I like your flowers. – Menga sizning gullaringiz yoqadi
TEST YECHISH YO’LLARI
Olmoshlar qo’yishdagi testlar
Bizda gapda olmosh qo’yishimiz kerak bo’lsa biz olmoshlar haqida boshlangich narsalar so’raldi va siz
ularni tarjimasni bilsangiz shuni o’zi sizga yetadi test yechishda kerak bo’ladigan narsalarni o’zim sizga
aytaman
1. I,you, we, they, he, she, it olmoshlari gapda ega vazifasida keladi. Ya’ni bu olmoshlar fe’ldan oldin
keladi. Gapda tartib bo’yicha birinchida keladi undan so’ng fe’l keladi. Misol uchun
I WORK HERE.
MEN SHU YERDA ISHLAYMAN.
HE WASHED THE CAR YESTERDAY.
U KECHA MASHINANI YUVGAN EDI.
THEY ARE GOING TO BUY A NEW HOUSE.
ULAR YANGI UY HARID QILISHMOQCHI
… ARE GOING TO BUY A NEW HOUSE.
test shunaqa keladi va siz buyerda bu turdagi olmosh olishini 2ta usulda bilishiz mumkin
1-chisi gap ega bilan boshlanadi va o’shanchun buyerda egani o’rnida keluvchi olmoshlar kerak
2-chisi fe’ldan oldin bizda shu turdagi ya’ni ega bo’luvchi olmoshlar keladi
2. Me, you, us, them, him, her, it bu olmoshlar gapda to’ldiruvchi bo’b keladi. Bu turdagi olmoshlar
fe’ldan kegin keladi yoki predlogdan keyin ishlatiladi. Tepadagilar fe’ldan oldin kelardi shundan ikkalasni
ajratib olasiz
THEY HELPED US.
I DON’T KNOW HIM AT ALL.
YOU CAN STAY WITH US.
ULAR BIZGA YORDAM BERISHDI.
MEN UNI UMUMAN TANIMAYMAN.
BIZ BILAN QOLISHINGIZ MUMKIN.
I DON’T KNOW … AT ALL.
Buyerda siz shu turdagi olmoshni ishlatsaiz sababi fe’ldan kegin ega bo’lib keladigan olmosh ishlatilmaydi. U
olmosh gapni boshida keladi..
3. My, your, our, their, his, her, its bu olmoshlar egalikni bildiradi va o’zidan keyin doim ot talab qiladi
bu olmoshlardan keyin ot kelishi shart… Agar test; This is … holida bo’lsa, This book is my deb bo’lmaydi
chunki bu olmoshlar doim o’zidan keyin ot talab qiladi. Bu mening kitobim demoqchi bo’sangiz this book
is mine bo’ladi.
Eng katta xato: Egalik olmoshidan kegin hech qanaqa artikl ishlatilmaydi. My a book yoki my the book bu
eng katta xato hisoblanadi my book bu to’g’ri.
4. Mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its bu olmoshlar o’zidan keyin ot olmaydi ya’ni otni oldidan
ishlatilmaydi.. This is ..book bo’lsa siz mine ishlata olmaysiz chunki bu olmoshlar otni olidan kemaydi
5. Myself, yourself/yourselves, ourselves, themselves, himself, herself, itself bu olmoshlar o’zi deb
tarjima qilinadi va gapda ega bilan birxil ishlatiladi. Ya’ni gapning egasi I bo’lsa myself ishlatasiz…
6. By+ o’zlik olmoshi – yolg’iz o’zi deb tarjima qilinadi. Ega bilan bu ham birxil tushishi kerak ya’ni ega he
bo’lsa by himself holida ishlatamiz. Misol uchun
7. On + egalik olmoshi + own ishlatiladi bu ham yolg’iz o’zi deb tarjima qilinadi. Masalan ega I bo’lsa on
my own holida ishlatasiz. Unutmang by myself lekin on my own ikkisi ham birxil siz on yoki by
qaraysiz…
8. Each other – bir biriga degan ma’no beradi. One another each other o’rnida ishlatilishi mumkin.
Agarda gap ikkita narsa haqida ketsa, albatta Both, Either, Neither ishlatiladi. Two, twin couple, pair
shunga o’xshash so’zlar ham ikki sonini ma’nosini beradi chalg’imang
9. Both – ikkalasi, darak gapda ishlatiladi va ikkita narsani ikkisni ham qamrab oladi masalan X va Y bo’lsa
siz both ishlatilganda bitta X emas Y ham tushunasiz ya’ni ikkisi ham degani ikkita narsani o’z ichiga oladi.
O’zidan kegin ko’plikdagi ot oladi. Both books. Both kegin kesim ko’plikda bo’ladi
10. Either – ikkisidan biri, asosan inkor va so’roq gapda ishlatiladi ikkita narsadan yo uni yo bunisi degan
ma’no beradi. Ya’ni X va Y bo’lsa yo X yoki Y degani. O’zidan kegin birlikdagi ot oladi. Either book. Kesim
birlikda bo’ladi.
11. Neither – Ikkisi ham emas, inkor gaplarda ishlatilmaydi ya’ni X va Y bo’lsa, na X na Y degani. O’zidan
kegin birlikdagi ot oladi. Neither book. Kesim birlikda bo’ladi
12. Agarda gap ikkitadan ko’p narsa haqida ketsa Either o’rnida Any, Neither o’rnida None, Both o’rnida
all ishlatamiz
13. Quyidagi olmoshlar o’zidan keyin ko’plikdagi ot oladi. Koplikdagi otni oldiga qo’yish kerak bo’lsa
pastdagi jadvaldagilardan biri bo’ladi aslo birlikdagi yoki sanalmaydigan ot oldidan bularni qo’ymang
A few, few, other, both, many, all, several, a good number of
14. Quyidagi olmoshlar sanalmayidgan otlar bilan ishlatiladi
Much, a little/little/very little, a bit (of), a great deal of, a large amount of, a large quantity of,
15. Quyidagi olmoshlar faqat sanaladigan birlikdagi ot oldidan ishlatiladi
Every, each, either, neither, the whole, another
Only with uncountable nouns
a little
a bit of
a great deal of
a large amount of
With all types of nouns
no, none, not any
some
any
a lot of, lots of
plenty of
Only with plural nouns
a few
a number of
several
a great number of
a large number of
16. No + noun = no time, no friends. No olmoshi o’zidan keyin ot oladi va otsiz ishlatilmaydi.
17. None olmoshi doim otsiz ishlatiladi va o’zidan kegin ot olmaydi. None + noun xato hisoblanadi.
18. Every o’zidan kegin birlikdagi ot oladi. Every kegin of ishlata olmaymiz ya’ni Every of… shaklida
ishlatilmaydi. Every one of bo’lishi mumkin.
19. Sifatlar Something, anything kegin keladi something interesting. Interesting something bu xato
20. Another olmoshi o’zidan kegin birlikdagi ot oladi. Ko’plikdagi ot bilan ishlatilmaydi. Another +
singular noun
21. Other o’zidan kegin ko’plikdagi ot oladi. Other + Plural noun. Other than – dan tashqari deb tarjima
qilinadi.
22. The other kegin birlikdagi ham ko’plikdagi ot ishlatilishi mumkin. The other – boshqasi deb tarjima
qilinadi. Vaziyatda aniq bob turgan ot uchun the other ishlatamiz. Asosan ikkita narsa uchun ishlatiladi
two, couple, double shunga o’xshash ikki narsani bildirgan so’zlar bilan keladi.
23. Others o’zidan kegin ot olmaydi ya’ni yolg’iz ishlatiladi. Others book holida ishlatish xato.
24. The others ham o’zidan keyin ot olmaydi.
1. Choose the correct answer.
I think your flowers are more beautiful than ... .
A) their B) theirs C) our D) she
Izoh: Buyerda chiqarib tashlash yo’li orqali ishlang A va C javob chiqib ketadi sababi ular o’zidan keyin ot
talab qiladi, o’zidan keyin olishi kerak. D javob ham xato sababi she olmoshi ega kesim holida gap tuzadi
va gapda ega bo’lib keladi. Theirs gapda otsiz ham ishlatiladi oladi va ularniki deb tarjima qilinadi. To’g’ri
javob B
2. Choose the correct answer.
She buys a newspaper every day and reads ... on the train.
A) it B) him C) her D) them
Izoh: buyerda e’tibor bering “U har kuni gazeta sotvoladi va uni poyezda o’qiydi” demoqda shu uchun
buyerda a newspaper sababli it ishlatiladi. To’g’ri javob A
3.Choose the correct answer.
I don’t understand .... She is so stupid.
A) her В) I C) you D) him
Izoh: Agar bunaqa testlar ya’ni olmosh qo’yish haqida tushsa siz ma’no tarjimaga e’tibor bering.
Buyerda ham men uni tushnolmayman, U juda axmoq. Buyerda she qarab biz her olshimiz kerak . To’gri
javob A
Choose the correct answer.
4. I'd like ….beer, please.
a) other b) another c) the other d) others
Izoh: Doimo otga e’tiborli bo’ling buyerda otimiz birlikda turibdi. Other o’zidan kegin ko’plikdagi ot oladi
beer ko’plik emas shu sababli xato. Others so’zidan so’ng ot kelmaydi demak bu ham xato. The other
asosan aniq narsa uchun ikkita narsa uchun ishlatiladi demak bu ham xato. To’g’ri javob B. Iltimos, yana
bir pivo istayman. Doim otga e’tiborli bo’ling
Tepada tanishganlariz namuna hisoblanadi agarda kitobni to’liq variant kerak bo’lsa
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