Arabic with Husna Cheat Sheet Remove the extra نat the end of the اﺳﻢ. Masculine WORDS - Three kinds of words in Arabic In the Arabic language, we have only 3 kinds of words. They are: 1. ﻢ ْ ا- The name of a person, place, thing, idea, ٌ ِﺳ adjective, adverb and more. 2. ﻞ ٌ ﻓِ ْﻌ- A word that has a tense (past, present or future) 3. ف ٌ ﺣ ْﺮ َ - A word that needs another word with it in order to make sense. Plural B. Every اﺳﻢhas 4 properties 1. Status اﻋﺮاب 2. Number ﻋﺪد 3. Gender ﺟﻨﺲ 4. Type ﻗﺴﻢ Every time you come across an اﺳﻢyou should be able to identify its four properties. C. Status of )اﻋﺮاب( اﺳﻢ 1. 2. a. b. The three forms of status a. Doer of the act َرﻓﻊ/ ﻣ ْﺮﻓُﻮع َ b. Detail of the act ﺼﺐ َ ْ َ ﻧ/ ﺼﻮب ُ ﻣ ْﻨ c. Word after ‘of’ ﺮ َ / ﺠﺮور َ ْ ﻣ ّ ﺟ Light vs. Heavy An اﺳﻢcan either be “light” or “heavy” normally an اﺳﻢshould be heavy. All the words in the Muslim chart are heavy. Masculine d. e. 3. Feminine Note that making an اﺳﻢlight or heavy will NOT change the status of the اﺳﻢ. There are only 4 reasons for an اﺳﻢto be light 1. When ( ﻣﻀﺎفa ﻣﻀﺎفis light and the " "ﻣﻀﺎف اﻟﯿہis in ﺟﺮstatus) 2. When you call someone using a ﻳﺎ 3. When partly flexible 4. When absolute negation ( )ﻻ ﻧﺎﻓﯿۃ ﺟﻨﺲfor ”ﻻ اﻟہ اﻻ example “ Note: الdoesn’t like ﺗﻨﻮﯾﻦ, but an اﺳﻢwith ال isn’t considered light. The light vs heavy conversation is irrelevant for words with الon them. How to Tell Status A. Ending Combination Masculine Heavy Pair Plural c. An اﺳﻢis made light by removing the extra ن sound at the end. Do this by: Removing the ﺗﻨﻮﯾﻦOR Feminine ن ِ ( آaani) ﻦ ِ ( َ◌ ْﻳayni) ﻦ ِ ( َ◌ ْﻳayni) ( ونoona) ﻦ َ ( ◌ِ ْﻳeena) ﻦ َ ( ◌ِ ْﻳeena) Light ( آaa) ي ْ ◌َ (ay) ي ْ ◌َ (ay) ( وoo) ي ْ (ee) ي ْ ِ◌ (ee) َرﻓﻊ ﺼﺐ ْ َﻧ َ ّﺟﺮ َرﻓﻊ ﺼﺐ ْ َﻧ َ ّﺟﺮ Light آت ُ (aatu) ِ( آتaati) ِ( آتaati) َرﻓﻊ ﺼﺐ ْ َﻧ َ ّﺟﺮ Ending Sounds Heavy Light ◌(oun) ٌ ً◌(un) ٍ◌(in) Feminine Heavy آت ٌ (aatun) ٍ( آتaatin) ٍ( آتaatin) ◌(o) ُ ◌(aa) َ ِ◌(e) َرﻓﻊ ﺼﺐ ْ َﻧ َ ّﺟﺮ Pronouns ()ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ Independent Pronouns ()ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ a. Always َرﻓﻊ Attached Pronouns ()ﺿﻤﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ a. ﻧﺼﺐif attached to ( ﻓِﻌﻞverb) b. ﻧﺼﺐif attached to ﺣﺮف ﻧﺼﺐ c. ﺟﺮif attached to ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ d. ﺟﺮif attached to ( اﺳﻢsuch as ﻣﻀﺎف ، )ﻣﻀﺎف اﻟﯿہ 4. Flexibility There are 3 categories of flexibility: 1. Fully flexible a. Fully flexible اﺳﻢcan show all three statuses ﺼﺐ َ ْ َ ﻧ, َرﻓﻊand ّﺟﺮ b. Most اﺳﻢare fully flexible. c. Fully flexible اﺳﻢcan be heavy or light. d. All the words in the Muslim chart are fully flexible. 2. Non flexible a. Non flexible isms only have one form. b. Look the same in all statuses. c. Words that are non flexible: Words ending in ( اﻟﻒsuch as اﻟﻒ ﻣﻘﺼﻮرة ، )اﻟﻒ ﻣﻤﺪودةeg: ھﺪی، ُدﻧْﯿﺎ، ﻣﻮ ﺳﯽ ُ All اﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟۃ Number of )ﻋﺪد( اﺳﻢ There are three categories for number of اﺳﻢ There are only four Arab Prophets mentioned in the Quran ﺐ ُ and ﺪ ٌ ِ ﺻﺎﻟ, د َ ﻣ ﺤ ﱠ ٌ ھ ْﻮ ٌ ﻤ ٌ ﺷﻌ َْﯿ ُ ,ﺢ ُ . If you memorize these it will become easy to recognize that almost all other names mentioned in the Quran are partly flexible. 3. The singular and the plural pointing words(pointers other than pairs) Partly flexible a. Cannot be heavy and cannot take a “kasrah” such that it has two forms, one for َرﻓﻊand one form for ﺼﺐ َ ْ َ ﻧand ّﺟﺮ b. A partly flexible اﺳﻢbecomes fully flexible if it is a ( ﻣﻀﺎفthe word before ‘of’) or if الis put in front of it. Words which are partly flexible Names of all places, whether Arab or non-Arab, with the exception if names spelled with 3 letters All non-Arab names, with the exception if names spelled with three letters with a ◌ْ (sukoon) in the middle Names of colors (masculine or feminine) for example ﻤ ُﺮ َ ﺣ َ ْ َ ا، ﻤﺮا ُء ْ ﺣ Comparatives (masculine and feminine) for example ﻦ َ ﺣ ْ َ ا، اَ ْﮐﺒَ ُﺮ ُ ﺴ َ ( اَ ْﺑmute) and ج Body defects for example ﻢ ُ ﻮ َ ْأَﻋ ُ ﮑ (crooked) Certain Broken Plurals with an اﻟﻒin the middle for example ﺢ ِ ﻣﺴﺎ ُ ﻣﻔﺎﺗِﯿ َ ,ﺟ ُﺪ َ 5. Five اﺳﻢwith exceptions ()اﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﺧﻤﺴۃ Status of 5 following words is not shown by ending sound or ending combination. Their status is shown by ending letter. The five special isms are: ب Father ٌ َأ Brother خ ٌ َأ َ Mouth ﻢ ٌ ﻓ In-law ﻢ َ ٌ ﺣ Possessor-of ذُو رﻓﻊends with و ﻧﺼﺐends with ا ﺟﺮends with ي A. Singular B. Pair Masculine ends with aani , aini, aini (see Muslim chart) Feminine ends with taani, taini, taini (see Muslim chart) C. Plural There are four kinds of plurals a. People plurals ( )ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺬﮐﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﻢSound Masculine Plural (see Muslim chart). Recall that the –oona, – eena ending combinations from the Muslim chart represent words that are masculine and plural. ( )ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ ﺳﺎﻟﻢSound Feminine Plural (see Muslim chart). Recall that the –aatun and –aatin ending combinations in the Muslim chart represent words that are feminine and plural. b. ( )ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﮑﺴﺮ ﻋﺎﻗﻞHuman-broken plurals They are broken plurals that represent groups of intelligent beings (humans, jinni, and angels), for example ﺳﻞ ُ ُر ، ﻤﺎ ُء َ َ ﻋُ ﻠ، ﻣﻼﺋِﮑہ َ They have no pattern like “Sound People Plural”, need to consult dictionary to figure out if it is plural. Masculine can take pronouns and pointers as singular feminine such as ( ھﻲ, )ﺗﻠﻚOR their normal plural pronouns and pointers ( ھﻢ, )اوﻟﺌﻚ. Famine can take pronouns and pointers as singular feminine such as ( ھﻲ, )ﺗﻠﻚ OR their normal plural pronouns and pointers (ﻦ ّ ھ, )ھﺆﻻﺋﻚ. c. ( )ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﮑﺴﺮ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻋﺎﻗﻞNon-human-broken plurals Non-Human Broken Plurals represent non intelligent beings for example ﺐ ُ , ٌ ﻛ ُﺘ ﺟ ُﺪ ِ ﻣﺴﺎ َ ,ب ٌ ﻛِﻼ Always treated as singular feminine The chart below can help you determine how plurals should be grammatically treated. 4. 3. 4. 5. d. ( )اﺳﻢ ﺟﻤﻊSome words are plural just because Arabs said so such as. They are translated as singular but are grammatically treated as plural because they represent groups of people. For َ (nation), ﻧﺎس example م (nation), ٌ ﻗ ْﻮ ٌ َ ﺮ ﻗ (century) ٌْن In Arabic every اﺳﻢis grammatically treated as either masculine or feminine. Words are assumed to be masculine unless it can be proved that they are feminine. Words that represent biologically feminine beings are grammatically treated as feminine. For َ َﺑ example: mother م ٌ ﻘ َﺮ ْ ُأ, cow ة ّ ُأ, sister ﺖ ٌ ﺧ Some words that are not biologically feminine may be treated as feminine also. They are called fake feminine. There are 5 types of fake feminine 1. Words ending in the letter ةor ( آءonly for ٰ (only for superlatives) colors), and ى A. 2. Human body parts in pairs 6. Connector words ( )اﺳﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻟۃsuch as (اﻟﺬیthe one who) Type of )ﻗﺴﻢ( اﺳﻢ Note: There are some male names that end in ة. For example ﺣﻤﺰة, ﻣﺔ َ ُأﺳﺎ، وﻳَﺔ ِ ﻣﻌُﺎ. These names are still masculine despite the fact that they have a ةat the end 5. During a ﺣ ْﺮب َ a soldier was daydreaming looking up at the ﺳﻤﺎء َ until the ﺷﻤﺲ َ came up. When he snapped out of it, he realized he was the only ﻧَﻔْ ﺲleft on the battlefield. He was surrounded by ﻧﺎرso he used a د ْﻟﻮ َ full of water to make a ﺳ ِﺒ ْﯿﻞ َ all the way to safer أَ ْرض. In the hot blowing ِر ْﻳﺢhe was desperately looking for a ﺑِﺌْﺮto draw water from. In his search, he found an empty دارinside which he finds a ﻛ َْﺄسfull of ﺧﻤﺮ َ . He is tempted despite his fear of ﮫﻨّﻢ َ ﺟ َ to take a sip but wards off his َ to strike the temptation and uses his ﻋﺼﺎ drink. Gender of )ﺟﻨﺲ( اﺳﻢ Broken plurals and all non-human plurals (discussed earlier) Proper names of places, for example ﻣﻜﱠﺔ َ , ﻣ ِﺮ ْﻳﻜﺎ ِ ْ َ أ, ﺼ ُﺮ ْ ﻣ Feminine because the Arabs said so, these are called ﺳﻤﺎﻋﻲ ِ ﻣﻮﻧﺚ. These words are highlighted in the story below: If you call someone رب ﯾﺎ, ﯾﺎ وﻟ ُﺪsuch ُ that word after ﯾﺎgets رﻓﻊ If you call a ﻣﻀﺎفit becomes ﻧﺼﺐ such as ﯾﺎ َﻋﺒِ َﺪﷲ Pronouns ()ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ. The English pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, they. Pointer words ()اﺳﻤﺎء اﻹﺷﺎرة: In English there are four: this, that, these, and those Type refers to a word being common ( )ﻧَﻜِ َﺮةor proper ()ﻣﻔﺮﻓۃ. In English these are called indefinite and definite words or generic and specific words. Normally a word is common unless we can prove that it is proper. Proper ()ﻣﻌﺮﻓۃ There are 7 kinds of proper words: 1. Words with )ﻻم ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ( ال eg: َﻤﻮن ْ ﻤ ُ ِﺴﻠ ُ ﺎب اﻟ ُ ا ْﻟﮑِ َﺘ When )ﻻم ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ( الis added ﺗﻨﻮﯾﻦ drops َ ) 2. Proper names (ﻋﻠَﻢ اﺳﻢ eg: ﺪ َ ﻣ ﺤ ﱠ ٌ ﻤ ُ ، ﻋﻠﯽ ٰ ﻤﻨﺎد 3. The one being called (َى ُ )اﻟ eg: ﻳﺎ وﻟﺪ, ﻤ ُﺪ َ ﻣ ﺤ ﱠ ُ ﯾﺎ Word after ﯾﺎbecomes light 7. B. ﻣﻀﺎفis proper if ﻣﻀﺎف اﻟﯿہis proper Common ()ﻧﮑﺮة Usually has ﺗﻨﻮﯾﻦbut not applicable for proper name for example ﺪ َ ﻣ ﺤ ﱠ ٌ ﻤ ُ Ending combination without ال FRAGMENTS - The 6 Fragments A fragment is more than a word but less than a complete sentence. In Arabic there are 6 commonly used fragments that involve اﺳﻢ: 1. اﺿﺎﻓۃ 2. ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎر 3. ﺣﺮف ﻧﺼﺐ 4. ﻣﻮﺻﻮف ﺻﻔۃ 5. ( اﺳﻤﺎ اﺷﺎرة و ﻣﺸﺎر اﻟﯿہPointers) Fragment اﺿﺎﻓۃ It brings two اﺳﻢtogether with the word ‘of’ in between them e.g Messenger of Allah. The word before ‘of’ is called the ﻣﻀﺎف ُ and the word after ‘of’ is called the ﻣﻀﺎف اﻟﯿہ ُ . Four primary rules for the اﺿﺎﻓۃ 1. The ﻣﻀﺎف ُ (word before “of”) should be: a. Light b. No )ﻻم ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ( ال 2. The ﻪ ِ ﻣﻀﺎف إِﻟﯿ ُ should be: a. In ّ ﺟﺮstatus after the ﻣﻀﺎف ُ 3. Nothing comes between ﻣﻀﺎف ِ ﻣﻀﺎف إِﻟﯿ ُ and ﻪ ُ 4. ﻣﻀﺎف ِ ﻣﻀﺎف إِﻟﯿ ُ type is dictated by its ﻪ ُ Three basic kinds of اﺿﺎﻓۃ 1. “of” translation eg: Imam of the masjid ﺪ ِ ِﺴﺠ َ إِﻣﺎم اﻟ ْ ﻤ 2. Pronoun attached to an اﺳﻢeg: His house ﺑَ ْﯿ ُﺘﻪ 3. Special ﻣﻀﺎفeg: Under the earth ﺖ اﻻرض َ َﺤ ْ ﺗ Special ﻣﻀﺎف Special ﻣﻀﺎفare words that act as a ﻣﻀﺎف 99.9% of the time However, when we translate them we do not always use the word ‘of’ in the translation eg. ﺖ اﻻرض َ َﺤ ْ ﺗ Multiple ﻪ ِ ﻣﻀﺎف إِﻟﯿ ُ Sometimes there are several ﻪ ِ ﻣﻀﺎف إِﻟﯿ ُ in one construction in that case middle ﻪ ِ ﻣﻀﺎف إِﻟﯿ ُ becomes the ﻣﻀﺎفof succeeding words. Therefore الcannot precede it nor can the ﺗﻨﻮﯾﻦbe appended to it for example (ﺪ ِ ﺖ اﻟﻮﻟ ِ ﺑﺎب ﺑَ ْﯿ ُ ). Note: ﮐﻞ, ﺑﻌﺾ, ﻏﯿﺮdon’t always have to be a ﻣﻀﺎف. They can appear heavy as well with a ﺗﻨﻮﯾﻦ. It depends on what it is being used for. Don’t confuse the و َ of ( ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎرfor oaths only) with the connector و َ which means “and”. The و َ of ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎرwill make the اﺳﻢafter it ﻣﺠﺮور When ِﻦ ْ ﻣand َﻦ ْ ﻋare attached to ﻣﺎthey are َ written as ﻤﺎ ِ and ﻤﺎ ﻣ ﱠ ﻋ ﱠ If attached to a pronoun, اﻟﯽand ﻋﻠﯽare َ or ﻚ pronounced with a يeg: ﻪ ِ ﻋﻠَ ْﯿ َ إﻟَ ْﯿ Fragment ﺣﺮف ﻧﺼﺐ The ﺣﺮف ﻧﺼﺐmakes its اﺳﻢa ﻧﺼﺐ It can tolerate a long distance relationship The ﻧﺼﺐversion of the pronoun أَﻧﺎis ﻧﻲand the ﻧﺼﺐfor ﻧﺤﻦis ﻧﺎ. When attached to a ﺣﺮف ﻧﺼﺐending in نﱠ, these pronouns can be written fully, or the نcan be dropped. إِﻧﱠﻨِﻲor اِﻧّﻲand ٰﻟﻜِ ﱠﻨﻨﺎand ٰﻟﻜِ ﱠﻨﺎ Fragment ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎر The ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎرmakes the اﺳﻢafter it ﻣﺠﺮور Nothing comes between the ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎرand its اﺳﻢ The ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎرis called the ﺟﺎرand the اﺳﻢit makes ﺟﺎرis the ﺠ ُﺮور َ ْ ﻣ There are 17 ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎر many With ب ُر ﱠ Other than Swear ﺎش ﺣ َ َ from/ because of Other than ِﻦ ْ ﻣ in/about about/away from on/upon/ against until to/towards (by Allah) like/as ب ت ك Fragment ﻣﻮﺻﻮف ﺻﻔۃ ل ﻓﻲ َﻦ ْ ﻋ for/have (pronoun ,ل َ else ل ِ ) oath since و ﻣ ْﻨ ُﺬ ُ It is a noun-adjective fragment in which one اﺳﻢis used to describe another اﺳﻢ. For example, we say a tall boy, the tall girls etc. The word tall is the adjective and the words boy, girls are the nouns. ﻋﻠﯽ since ْﻣﺬ ُ ﺣﺘّﯽ اِﻟَﯽ Other than ﺧﻼ ﻋﺪا Important notes about ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎر Don’t confuse the ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎر, ك َ with the َ is a ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎر, َ ﻛ attached pronoun ك ٍ ﺼ َ . eg: - ﻒ ْ ﻌ ﻚ َ َرﺑﱡis an attached pronoun. When attached to a pronoun, the لis pronounced ل َ otherwise it is ِل. eg: ﻟﮑﻢvs. ل ٍ ﺳ ْﻮ ُ ﻟِ َﺮ Don’t confuse the لof ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎرwith the لof emphasis. The لof emphasis does not make the اﺳﻢa ﻣﺠﺮورeg: ﺤﻦ ْ – ﻟَ َﻨMost certainly, I swear to it, we. – ﻟَﻨﺎFor us ()ﺣﺮف ﺟﺎر. ﺻﻮف َ must come first. There is only one ُ ﻣ ْﻮ ﺻﻮف َ ُ ﻣ ْﻮ ﺻﻔَﺔ ِ : Must come after the ﺻﻮف َ ُ ﻣ ْﻮ Has the same 4 properties as the ﺻﻮف َ ُ ﻣ ْﻮ There can be multiple ﺻﻔَﺎت ِ Can tolerate a long distance relationship Complex ﻣﻮﺻﻮف ﺻﻔۃcase How to construct fragment “Long beard of my grandfather”? Let’s approach step by step. 1. How do you say “my grandfather”? This is an اﺿﺎﻓۃ. The word for “grandfather” is ﺟﺪ َ . Therefore it will be ﺟﺪ َ + ( يpronoun for my) = ﺪِي َ ّ ﺟ 2. 3. 4. How do you say “beard of my grandfather”? Now the ِﺤﯿﺔ“ اﺳﻢ َ will ْ “ﻟwill be the ﻣﻀﺎفand ﺪِي ّ ﺟ become the ﻪ . ِ ﻣﻀﺎف إِﻟﯿ ُ Therefore we have ﺪِي ُ َِﺤﯿ َ ﺔ ّ ﺟ ْ ﻟ. This is a compound fragment consisting of two اﺿﺎﻓۃ. ِﺤﯿَﺔ ِ ﺟ ِ ﻣﻀﺎف إِﻟﯿ َ is its ﻪ ْ ﻟis the first ﻣﻀﺎفand ﺪ ُ . Now ﺪ ِ ﺟ َ becomes the second ﻣﻀﺎف ُ and ي becomes its ﻪ ِ ﻣﻀﺎف إِﻟﯿ ُ . How do you say “long beard of my grandfather”? Now we come to the ﺻﻔۃpart. Before this we got done with اﺿﺎﻓۃ. Now we realize that “long ( ”)طﻮﻳﻞis the ﺻﻔۃof “beard (ِﺤﯿَﺔ ْ ”)ﻟ. We know that ﻣﻮﺻﻮف ﺻﻔۃshare the same four properties. Therefore “long ( ”)طﻮﻳﻞhas to have the same four properties as “beard (”)ﻟﺤﯿﺔ. Now from step 3, we note that ِﺤﯿَﺔ ْ ﻟis رﻓﻊ, it is singular, feminine and proper (because ﺟﺪis proper because يis proper). Now we have to construct طﻮﻳﻞwith the same four properties. It is ﻮﻳﻠَﺔ ِ َاﻟﻄ. The answer is ﺪي اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻠۃ ّ ﻟﺤﯿۃ ﺟ. Note: اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ has an الon it even though ﻟﺤﯿﺔdoes not. This does not matter. It only matters that both are proper. Always remember to do the اﺿﺎﻓۃfirst, and then do the ﻣﻮﺻﻮف ﺻﻔۃat the end. The pointer must be followed immediately by ال Four properties of the ﻢ اﻻﺷﺎرة ْ اand ُ ِﺳ ﻪ ِ ﻣﺸﺎرٌ إِﻟﯿ ُ must match. Making Sentences: Pointer should not have الafter it. Let’s look at some examples from the Quran: Fragment ﺗﻤﯿﺰ To point at the ﻣﻀﺎف To point at the ﻣﻀﺎف, place the pointer after the ﻣﻀﺎف إﻟﯿﻪ. For example, I would like to say “This path of mine” which is a fragment hence: → ﺳﺒﯿﻠﻲ ھﺬه Fragment ( اﺳﻤﺎ اﻻﺷﺎرةPointers) Some examples: Pointer words are اﺳﻢused to point at other isms The pointer word is called the اﻹﺷﺎ َر ِة ْ اand ُ ِﺳ ِ ﻢ the word it’s pointing at is called the ٌﻣﺸﺎر ِ إِﻟَ ْﯿ. ُ ﻪ For example, in the phrase “this girl” the word “this” is the ﻢ اﻻﺷﺎرة ْ اand the word “girl” is ُ ِﺳ the ﻪ ِ ﻣﺸﺎرٌ إِﻟَ ْﯿ ُ Since اﻹﺷﺎ َر ِة ِ اﺳﻢare اﺳﻢ, they must have four properties status, number, gender and type The number and gender are determined by meaning Pointer words are always proper Most pointer words are non-flexible, thus the status can only be told based on the word’s place in the sentence. Chart of the ﻢ اﻻﺷﺎرة ْ اcan be found in ُ ِﺳ previous sections Sentence vs Fragment Pointer words can be used to make sentences or fragments. Making Fragments: Solution: Put the pointer word after the اﺿﺎﻓۃeg: ﮐﺘﺎﺑﯽ ھﺬا ﺗﻤﯿﺰis an اﺳﻢused to specify comparative and superlative nouns. In order to specify the اﺳﻢ ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞwe use ( ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰtranslated as “In terms of”). They don‘t have to be beside one another. They may be separated with other words. 1. Must be ﻧﺼﺐ 2. Must be singular 3. Must be ﻧﻜﺮة For Example: ًاﻧﺎ اﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻚ ﻣﺎﻻ ً و وﻟﺪا To create a sentence with an ال For example I want to say “This is the man”. Use a matching pronoun to separate the pointer and the الhence → ﻞ ُ ھﺬا ُ ﺟ ُ ھﻮ اﻟ ﱠﺮ However, you cannot say ھﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑِﻲbecause ﻛﺘﺎبis a اﺿﺎﻓۃand the ﻣﻀﺎفcannot take an ال Complex اﺳﻤﺎءاﻻﺷﺎرةcase How do you say “This book of mine”? There are a couple of key points to note here: Book of mine is an اﺿﺎﻓۃfragment. ‘This’ is pointing to the book. The book is the ﻣﻀﺎف. Remember that if you want to make the pointer point at a word, then you have to put the word right after it and put a الon it ()ھﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب. Note: ﺷ ﱞﺮ َ and ﺧ ْﯿ ٌﺮ َ : These are considered comparatives even though they don’t sound like اﮐﺒﺮ and are translated as ‘better’ (ﺧ ْﯿ ٌﺮ َ ) and ‘worse’ ()ﺷ ﱞﺮ. َ Comparatives and Superlatives ()اﺳﻢ ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ There are 2 ways to turn a comparative noun into a superlative. a. Add an ال ﻞ َ ﺟ َ ﺟ ْ َ( اmore beautiful) → ﻞ ْ َ ( اَ ْﻻmost beautiful) ُ ﻤ ُ ﻤ b. Make the اﺳﻢ ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞa ﻣﻀﺎف This can be done in 3 ways. The اﺳﻢ ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞin all 3 cases is superlative because it is a ﻣﻀﺎف. Using ﻦ ِ with اﺳﻢ ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ ْ ﻣ To construct sentences that have phrases like “more than” or “bigger than” we use ِﻦ ْ ﻣ. For Example: ﻣ ْﻨ ُہ ِ ﺧ ْﯿ ٌﺮ َ ( اﻧﺎI am better than him) SENTENCES – Two Kinds There are 2 kinds of sentences: 1. اﺳﻢbased such that ﺟﻤﻠۃ اﺳﻤﯿۃ 2. ﻓﻌﻞbased such that ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﻓﻌﻠﯿۃ ﺟﻤﻠۃ اﺳﻤﯿۃ This sentence always starts with an اﺳﻢin رﻓﻊ status e.g: ﺪ ﺪ ﻓﯽ ِ ِاﻟﻤﺴﺠ َ ﻣ ْ ﺤ ﱠ ٌ ﻤ ُ Our first job in understanding a ﺟﻤﻠۃ اﺳﻤﯿۃis to find the invisible “is”, here are some tips to do that: 1. Proper followed by common eg: ( ﷲ اﮐﺒﺮAllah is greater) 2. ﺣﺮف ﻧﺼﺐ+ its victim: The invisible “is” is right after the ﺣﺮفand it’s victim eg: …IS ن اﻻ ﻧﺴﺎن ّ ا Remember that the victim of a ﺣﺮف ﻧﺼﺐ can be far away from the ﺣﺮفbut we still translate them together 3. رﻓﻊpronouns: ھﻮis not just “is” but “He is” 4. Break in the chain When you can’t connect a bunch of اﺳﻢ together by applying what you learned of the 5 fragments, you will find the invisible “is” where the connection is lost ب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﻦ | اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ّ ر ﻓﯽ ﻗﻠﻮﺑﮩﻢ | ﻣﺮض Examples Two rules to tell outside doer Must be in رﻓﻊstatus Must be after the ﻓﻌﻞ Outside doer can be singular, dual, or plural as following: ﻗﺎل ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻮن، ﻗﺎل ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن، ﻗﺎل ﻣﺴﻠﻢ Use the ھﻮversion of the ﻓﻌﻞif the outside doer is masculine eg: ﻗﺎل ﻣﺴﻠﻢ Use the ھﻲversion of the ﻓﻌﻞif the outside doer is masculine eg: ﻗﺎل ﻣﺴﻠﻤۃ Doer is called ﻞ ٌ ﻓﺎﻋin Arabic Examples: ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﻓﻌﻠﯿۃ This sentence always starts with a ﻓﻌﻞit can be ﻣﺎﺿﯽor ﻣﻀﺎرع. There are three parts to a basic ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﻓِﻌﻠِﯿﱠﺔ 1. The ﻓِﻌﻞ 2. The doer ( ﻓﺎﻋِﻞalways رﻓﻊstatus) 3. The details ﻣ ْﻔﻌُﻮل َ (always ﻧﺼﺐstatus) Every basic ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﻓِﻌﻠِﯿﱠﺔmust have a ﻓﻌﻞand a ﻓﺎﻋﻞ. The ﻣ ْﻔﻌُﻮل َ may or may not be present. Two different kinds of doers Inside Doer: Such that in ﻧﺼﺮواwe are implying a doer "”ھﻢ Outside Doer: They only work with ھﻮor ھﻲ. For example only ﻓﻌﻞlike ﻧﺼﺮor ﻧﺼﺮت can have outside ْ doer When your doer is not a pronoun it is called an outside doer He helped is like using an inside doer ﻧﺼﺮ but ‘Waleed helped’ is an example of using an outside doer, a doer that is not a pronoun. Some ﺣﺮوفand their usage ﺣﺮوفfor ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﻓﻌﻠﯿۃ A ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﻓﻌﻠﯿﺔcan easily be made into a question by introducing certain words in front of it. Notice that the ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﻓﻌﻠﯿﺔdoes not to change. Past Examples: Present Examples: The Arabic word for ‘WILL BE’ is ﻳﻜﻮن. It is considered to be ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرعand is conjugated as such. ﯾﮑﻮنis strictly used for the future only. In order to limit ﻳﻜﻮنto the future tense we attach either سor ﺳﻮف These اﺳﻢcannot stand on their own and thus require a ﺻﻠۃwhich explains them and gives them a complete meaning. Negations Use of ”ﻗﺪ“ ﺣﺮف َ is used to When used with a past tense, ْﻗﺪ emphasize and imply certainty of the action, and may also include a meaning of “already”. َ means “He already wrote” َ ْﻗﺪ For example: ﺐ َ ﻛ َﺘ or “He definitely wrote.” When used with present tense, it can be used to imply certainty, or it may also give a meaning of “might”. َ The meaning depends on the context. ﻢ ُ َﻗﺪْ ﻳَ ْﻌﻠ means “He might know” or “He certainly knows” depending on the context. Use of ﻣﺎand ﻣﻦ َ ﻣﺎmeans ‘what’ For example: I ate what was in my plate ﻣﻦ َ means ‘who/someone who/ anyone who’ For example: I met someone who spoke in English ﮐﺎنand its sisters ()ﮐﺎن و اﺧﻮﺗﮫﺎ Verb ﮐﺎنand its sisters are special verbs that give specific meaning to a sentence. They work like أﻓﻌﺎل but are not labeled like a ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﯿﺔ The Arabic word for ‘WAS’ is ﻛﺎن. ﻛﺎنis a past tense verb and is conjugated in the same way that all ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﻲare conjugated ﻳﻜﻮنsentences are treated in the exact same way as ﻛﺎنsentences (they are both اﺳﻤﯿﺔ ﺟﻤﻠﺔand their parts are labeled the same way) Meaning اﻓﻤﺎل ﻧﺎﻗﺼۃ It was َﮐﺎن It became by morning ﺢ َ اَﺻﺒ It became by evening اَﻣﺴﯽ It became overnight ﺑﺎت َ It became, it changed ﺻﺎ َر It became by forenoon اَﺿﺤﯽ It became by day ﻞ ّ ظ It is not ﻟﯿﺲ It did not cease It continued ل َ ﻣﺎزا م َ ﻣﺎدا It did not depart from doing ح َ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ It did not stop doing ﻚ ﻣﺎ اَﻧﻔ ﱠ ﺊ َ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺘ It did not refrain اﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟۃ They are a set of the words that mean ‘the one who’. They are non-flexible اﺳﻢand are always proper. There are 7 ways to negate in Arabic 1 Absolute Negation ()ﻻ ﻧﺎﻗﯿۃ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ It is very strong negation only with اﺳﻢ. The اﺳﻢfollowed by "" ﻻ ﻧﺎﻗﯿۃ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲmust be light and in ﻧﺼﺐstatus. Nothing can come betweenﻻ and its ( اﺳﻢthe word after it). Together the ﻻ and its ism make up the ﻣﺒﺘﺪا. For example: 2 Negating ﺟﻤﻠۃ اﺳﻤﯿۃusing ﻣﺎand ﻟﯿﺲ There are 4 ways of negation a ﺟﻤﻠۃ اﺳﻤﯿۃ. You can do one of two things to the ﻣﺒﺘﺪاand one of two things to the ﺧﺒﺮ. If there is no ﺧﺒﺮin the ﺟﻤﻠۃ اﺳﻤﯿۃjust two options exists (since we can’t alter the )ﺧﺒﺮ. a. ًاﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ ﮐﺎذﺑﺎ ( ﻟﯿﺲleast strongest negation) ُ b. ًاﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ ﮐﺎذﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ ُ c. ٍاﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﮑﺎذب ﻟﯿﺲ ُ d. ٍاﻟﻤﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﮑﺎذب ( ﻣﺎstrongest negation) ُ 3 Negating past tense There are two ways to negate in the past tense NOTE: ﻟﻢonly works with ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرعbut the meaning it produces is past tense. 4 Negating present tense Negating the present tense is super simple just add ﻻ in front 5 Negating future tense There are two ways to negate future tense. Both produce different meanings a. Use ﻦ ْ َ ﻟwhich means “will not” b. Use ﻤﺎ ّ َ ﻟwhich means “has not yet” For example: 6 7 Nothing but a. (ّ )ﻣﺎ اِﻻ This type of negation produces a “Nothing but” meaning. For example “I am nothing but a student”. Add ﻣﺎto the ﻣﺒﺘﺪاand إﻻ ّ to the ﺧﺒﺮ. The status of the ﻣﺒﺘﺪاand ﺧﺒﺮshould remain unchanged. Just add ﻣﺎand إﻻ ّ ّ ( ﻣﺎ ھﻮIt is nothing but إﻻ ِذ ْﮐﺮٌ → ھﻮ ِذ ْﮐ ٌﺮ reminder) b. ( ْ اِنand )إﻻ ّ If you want to emphasize the negation and make it stronger you use a combination of ْ إِنand إِ ّﻻ Not a single (ﻦ ِ )ﻣﺎ ْ ﻣ There is a ﻦ ِ in Arabic that is used only in ْ ﻣ negative sentences called ﻣﻦ زاﺋﺪة. It is used to say ‘not a single ____’. We put the ﻦ ِ in front ْ ﻣ of the اﺳﻢwe want to negate. For example: Note: All ﻣﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞmust be ﻧﺼﺐor ﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ّ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤ Sentence’s Status So far we have learnt how to tell the status of only single words. That was done to keep things simple in the beginning. The status ( )رﻓﻊ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺟﺮcan also apply to sentences. What does ﻞ ّ ﻓﯽ ﻣﺤmeans? When a sentence is in a particular status, we use the terms ﻞ رﻓﻊ ّ ﻓﯽ ﻣﺤor ﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ّ ﻓﯽ ﻣﺤor ﻞ ﺟﺮ ّ ﻓﯽ ﻣﺤ. When is a sentence in ﻞ رﻓﻊ ّ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤstatus? a. We learned that the first اﺳﻢ ﻣﺮﻓﻮعis the ﻣﺒﺘﺪا and the second اﺳﻢ ﻣﺮﻓﻮعis the ﺧﺒﺮ. b. The ﻣﺒﺘﺪاhas to be a singular اﺳﻢor a fragment. It can never be a sentence. c. The ﺧﺒﺮon the other hand can be a sentence; in fact it is very common for the ﺧﺒﺮto be a sentence as opposed to a single word. d. It can be either a ﺟﻤﻠۃ اﺳﻤﯿۃor a ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﻓﻌﻠﯿۃ e. A sentence can also occur as a ﺻﻔۃto a ﻣﻮﺻﻮف that is اﺳﻢ ﻣﺮﻓﻮع. When is a sentence in ﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ّ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤstatus? a. A sentence can occur as a ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑہto certain verbs. In this case it would ﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ّ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤ. b. A sentence that is a ﺣﺎلwould also be ﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ّ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤ. c. A sentence that occurs as a ﺻﻔۃto a ﻣﻮﺻﻮف that is ﻧﺼﺐwould also be ﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ّ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤ. We see that ﻳﻮمand إذtake a sentence after them as the ﻣﻀﺎف إﻟﯿﻪ. This sentence is in ﺟﺮstatus. But we say ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﺮinstead of ﻣﺠﺮورbecause the ﺟﺮness is not visible. Also note that the sentence can be either a ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﯿﺔor a ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﺳﻤﯿﺔ. Note: إذalways needs a sentence after it. This sentence acts as the ﻣﻀﺎف إﻟﯿﻪ. However, ﻳﻮمmay take a single اﺳﻢor a sentence as a ﻣﻀﺎف إﻟﯿﻪ. Sentence as a ﺻﻔﺔ In this type of ﻣﻮﺻﻮف ﺻﻔﺔ, the ﻣﻮﺻﻮفis a singular common noun and the ﺻﻔﺔis a sentence. Key points this new type of ﻣﻮﺻﻮف ﺻﻔﺔ. a. b. c. d. The ﻣﻮﺻﻮفis a common noun and the ﺻﻔﺔis a sentence, either nominal or verbal. The ﺻﻔﺔcomes immediately after the ﻣﻮﺻﻮف The ﺻﻔﺔsentence has a pronoun, ﻣﺘﺼﻞor ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮor ﻣﻘﺪر, which is refers back to the common noun. This pronoun will always be in the third person. The ﺻﻔﺔis a sentence, we don’t discuss the 4 properties, rather we focus only on the first property which is status. The ﺻﻔﺔsentence adopts the same status as the ﻣﻮﺻﻮفi.e. if the ﻣﻮﺻﻮفis رﻓﻊthe ﺻﻔﺔsentence will be رﻓﻊ status as well. When is a sentence in ﻞ ﺟﺮ ّ ?ﻓﯽ ﻣﺤ a. A sentence can occur as a ﻣﻀﺎف إﻟﯿﻪ, and therefore be in ﺟﺮstatus. b. A ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮcan precede a sentence and therefore push the sentence into ﺟﺮstatus. c. A sentence can occur as a ﺻﻔۃto a ﻣﻮﺻﻮفthat is اﺳﻢ ﻣﺠﺮور. ﻣﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ There are 5 types of ﻣﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞ 1. ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑہ- Answers question ‘What/Who’ 2. ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﯿہ- Answers question ‘When and where’ 3. ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻟہ- Answers question ‘Why’ 4. ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺣﺎل- Answers question ‘How’ 5. ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ Sentence as ﻣﻀﺎف اﻟﯿہ The two special ﻣﻀﺎف, namely ﻳﻮمand إذ, are different from the special ﻣﻀﺎفwe encountered previously. How? These two on the other hand require an entire sentence to be their ﻣﻀﺎف اﻟﯿہ. For Example: ﺧ ْﯿ ِہ إِ ْذ ِ َﻤ ْﺮ ُء ﻣِﻦ ا َ ﻳَ ْﻮم ﻳَ ِﻔ ﱡﺮ ا ْﻟor ﺗﺴ َﺘﻐِﯿ ُﺜﻮنَ َرﺑﱠﻜُﻢ ْ Sentences as ﺣﺎل An entire sentence can be a ﺣﺎلwhether it is a ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﺳﻤﯿﺔor a ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﯿﺔ. In such cases the entire sentence would be ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ. Every ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﺳﻤﯿﺔthat comes as a ﺣﺎلrequires a special type of وbefore it. This type of وis called اﻟﻮاو اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ For example: ج ٌ ﺧﺎر َ راﺋﯿﺖ زﯾﺪاً و ھُﻮ ُ Questions Particles of questioning always come at the beginning of a sentence and have no grammatical effect on the structure of the sentence in most cases. There are two question particles which are ﺣﺮف whereas the rest of them are اﺳﻢ. The two ﺣﺮفare أand ﻞ َ ھ. Grammatically, the ﺣﺮف ﻋﻄﻒserves to carry over the status from the ﻣﻌﻄﻮف ﻋﻠﯿﻪover to the ﻣﻌﻄﻮف. Common connectors are: ، ﺑﻞ،ﻣﺎ ّ ِ ا، أو، أم، ﺛﻢ، ف،و ﻟﮑﻦetc Conditional Statement ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﺷﺮطﯿۃ A conditional statement ( )ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﺷﺮطﯿۃcan be defined as an “if-then” statement. It has two parts: ﺷﺮطthe condition اﻟﺸﺮط ﺟﻮاب the answer to the condition, the ّ ُ consequence of the condition For example: If Fatima goes, then Ahmed will go. Forming Conditional Statement In Classical Arabic, the lightest ﺟ ِﺰم َ form of a ﻓﻌﻞis used to communicate a ﺷﺮطand its ﺟﻮاب. For example: َ ْإنْ ﺗَﺬ اﺣﻤﺪ ھﺐ ْﺐ ﻓﺎطﻤ ُۃ ﯾَﺪ ْ ْ ھ ُ Note: take note of the two particles, أﻳﺎنand ن ّ أ. The particle أﻳﺎنis used sarcastically in the Qur’an – أﯾﺎن ﯾﻮم اﻟﻘﯿﺎﻣۃ. The particle أis used to express astonishment – ﯾﺎ ﻣﺮﯾﻢ أﻧّﯽ ﻟﻚ ھﺬا. Compound Questions The original particle is ﻣﺎ. This particle can be used to construct other question particles in Arabic. How? It is a two step process. First a ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮis added to the beginning of ﻣﺎ. For example: ﻤﺎ َ ِ ﻟ،ﻤﺎ َ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﯿetc. Then the ending اis dropped in order to differentiate it from a ﻣﻮﺻﻮل ْ اﺳﻢ. For example: ،ﻢ َ ِ ﻟ،ﻢ َ ْﻓﯿ, ﻢ َ ﺑ The particle used for quantity in Arabic is َﻢ ْ ﻛ. It means “How many”. Connectors ()ﺣﺮف ﻋﻄﻒ In Arabic, we use certain words to make connections between words, fragments, and sentences. These are known, in Arabic, as the ﺣﺮف ﻋﻄﻒ The part before the ﺣﺮف ﻋﻄﻒis known as the ﻣﻌﻄﻮف ﻋﻠﯿﻪ, and The part after the ﺣﺮف ﻋﻄﻒis known as the ﻣﻌﻄﻮف. So all-in-all, we have three parts. to it. In all of these cases there is a mismatch between the ﺷﺮطand the ﺟﻮاب اﻟﺸﺮطand hence a فmust be added to the ﺟﻮاب اﻟﺸﺮط Examples: SPECIAL CONDITIONAL PARTICLES ﻟﻮand اذا اذا Translates as ‘if and when’ Can be used with both ﻣﺎﺿﯽand ﻣﻀﺎرع For example: َ ْ “ ﺗَﺬand Notice that both of the ﺐ ” أَﻓﻌﺎل ْ ھ َ ْ ” ﻳَﺬare in ﺟﺰمstatus to indicate a condition. “ﺐ ْ ھ Particles of Condition and their meanings There are certain words in Arabic that make a normal sentence into a ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺷﺮطﯿﺔ ْ اِنtranslated as ‘if’ ﻣﺎtranslated as ‘whatever’ ﻦ َ translated as ‘whenever’ ْ ﻣ Construction of a ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﺷﺮطﯿۃ The typical sequence of a ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺷﺮطﯿﺔis the conditional word followed by a ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﺠﺰوم ﻓﻌﻞfollowed by another ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﺠﺰوم Each ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﺠﺰومalong with its respective ﻣﻔﺎﻋﯿﻞis its own sentence. And the entire construction is the conditional sentence. Important Points ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺷﺮطﯿﺔcan also be made up of ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﯽ. In this case the ﺷﺮطand ﺟﻮاب اﻟﺸﺮطboth would be ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎﺿﯽ ﻓﯽ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﺰم Note that in both cases above whether the ﺷﺮط is a ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرعor ﻣﺎﺿﯽ, the ﺟﻮاب اﻟﺸﺮطis also a ﻣﻀﺎرعor ﻣﺎﺿﯽ. Sometimes ﺟﻮاب اﻟﺸﺮطcan be a اﺳﻢ, or a command or it can have a سor ﺳﻮفattached ﻟﻮ Comes with a لon the ﺟﻮاب Together the ﺷﺮطand ﺟﻮابtranslate at ‘had ____ happened, y’ Can be used with both ﻣﺎﺿﯽand ﻣﻀﺎرع The لthat usually comes on the ﺟﻮابis sometimes omitted in the Quran for rhetorical purposes For example: Emphasis ()ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﻗﺪ- It is used to emphasize either a ﻣﺎضor ﻣﻀﺎرع. It can be translated as ‘already’ or ‘in fact’ or ‘had/have/has’. These translations are dependent on the context. For example: – لIts emphasis can be attached to any type of word. Consider these two sentences: ﺣﺴﻦis used positively and translated as ‘What an excellent x!’ ﺳﺎءis used to express negative amazement, or blame, translated as ‘What a terrible x!’ ﻣﺎ أﻓﻌﻠہ This expression can be used both positively and negatively. This expression is made up of three parts: A ﻣﺎfollowed by two اﺳﯩﻢ The first اﺳﯩﻢis always a comparative The second اﺳﯩﻢis the object of amazement Both اﺳﯩﻢare always in the ﻧﺼﺐstatus. It can be translated as: ‘How (first )اﺳﯩﻢis (second ’!)اﺳﯩﻢ For example: The first sentence is more emphatic than the second. ن- ﻣﻀﺎرعand ﻧﮫﯽcan be made more emphatic by attaching a نﱠto the end. أﻓﻌﻞ ﺑہ This expression is similar in meaning to the previous, but differs in structure. It is made up of three parts: The first is a descriptor that follows the pattern ِﻞ ْ أ ْﻓﻌ, the pattern of a command from the أﺳﻠﻢ family The second is a ِب, the ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ The third is the object of amazement, which attaches to the ب For example: which is then followed by a an ْ أنthat attaches to a ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﻓﻌﻠﯿۃ For example: Perhaps Allah will bring victory! Note: ﻋﺴﻰcan have an inside ﻓﺎﻋﻞ, but this occurs only in a few cases in the Quran. ﮐﺎد It is translated as ‘almost’. Construction of ﮐﺎدsentences: ﮐﺎدis always followed by a ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرعdirectly after it This is because the tense is determined by ﻛﺎدand not the ﻓﻌﻞafter it. Sometimes there is a ْ أنbefore the ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع For example: ‘And they almost did not do it’ Note: that ﻛﺎد, like ﻋﺴﻰ, can have an outside doer or an inside doer. Expression of amazement ﻢ َ ْﺲ و ﻧِ ْﻌ َ ﺑِﺌ These words are a special kind of ﻓﻌﻞ. They are ﻻزم, so they do not take a ﻣﻔﻌﻮل. For this reason, you will always find them followed by a اﺳﻢin the رﻓﻊstatus, the ﻓﺎﻋﻞ. ﻧﻌﻢis used to express positive amazement, or praise, translated as ‘What an excellent x!’ ﺑﺌﺲis used to express negative amazement, or blame, translated as ‘What a terrible x!’ ﺣﺴﻦ و ﺳﺎء These words are a special kind of ﻓﻌﻞ. They are ﻣﺘﻌﺪیand can take both a ﻓﺎﻋﻞand ﻣﻔﻌﻮل. ﺳﺒﺤﺎن This expression consists of two components: The first is the word ﺳﺒﺤﺎن, which is always light and in the ﻧﺼﺐstatus The second word, the object of amazement, acts as a ﻣﻀﺎف اﻟﯿہto the first word. This expression is only used for Allah, and translates as ‘(we declare) the glory of Allah!’ Miscellaneous Expression ﻋﺴﯽ It is translated as ‘hopefully’ or ‘perhaps’. Construction of ﻋﺴﻰsentences: ﻋﺴﯽis a ﻓﻌﻞand is generally followed by an outside ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ظﻔﻖ طﻔﻖis a ﻓﻌﻞwhich means ‘to start’ and is followed directly by a ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع. For example: For example: ﻞ َ ِﻖ ﯾَ ْﻌ َ ‘ → طَﻔHe started working’ ُ ﻤ ﻟﻮﻻ This expression is used in two different ways. 1 The first usage is in the meaning of “had it not been for” It is has two parts: ﻟﻮﻻcomes at the beginning of the first part. Gives the meaning of ‘had it not been for’ لcomes at the beginning of the second. Gives the meaning of ‘would have’ For example: Exceptions ()اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء اﻻ ّ There are two cases in which إﻻ ّ is used: 1 In a positive sentence where it gives the meaning “except”. For example: “Then they prostrated except Iblis” 2 The second usage is in the meaning of “Why don’t/doesn’t …” Although this looks like a question, it is actually not a question. Rather it is used for rebuking. It has only one part. ﻟﻮﻻcomes at the beginning For example: و ﯾﻘﻮﻟﻮن ﻟﻮﻻ اﻧﺰل ﻋﻠﯿہ آﯾۃ ﻣﻦ رﺑہ۔ ۔ ۔ أﻣﺎ It means “as for”. It is used to detail on a specific subject or topic. It has two parts: أﻣﺎcomes at the beginning of the first part فcomes before detail part أﻣﺎ اﻟﺴﻔﯿﻨۃ ﻓﮑﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻤﺴﮑﯿﻦ ﯾﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻓﯽ ﺑﺤﺮ ﻓﺎردت۔۔۔ َ ِﻦ ِﻦ ﺑَ ْﻌ ُﺪ ْ ﻞوﻣ ْ ﻣ ُ ﻗ ْﺒ Both ( ﻗﺒﻞbefore) and ( ﺑﻌﺪafter) are special ﻣﻀﺎف. However, they don’t occur as a ﻣﻀﺎفalways. In this case they become non-flexible and have a ﺿﻤۃas the last ﺣﺮﮐۃ. They can be preceded by a ﻣﻦfor more emphasis َ ِﻦ ﻞ ْ ﻣor ِﻦ ﺑَ ْﻌ ُﺪ ْ ﻣ ُ ﻗ ْﺒ For example: ﺚ َ ِﻦ ْ ﻣ ُ ﺣ ْﯿ ﺣﯿﺚmeans ‘where/whereever’. It is non-flexible and always has a ﺿﻤۃat the end. Sometimes it is preceded by a ﻣﻦfor emphasis. 2 In a negative sentence where it conveys the meaning “nothing but/except”. Both ﺟﻤﻠۃ اﺳﻤﯿﺔand ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﻓﻌﻠﯿۃcan be made negative by using one of the tools of negation. Here are some of the negative particles commonly used with إﻻ: e.g. ﻻ ﻧﺎﻓﯿۃﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ، ْ اِن، ﻣﺎ، ﻻ، ﻟﻢ،ﻟﻦ For example: “There is absolutely no deity worthy of worship except Allah” “This is nothing but obvious magic” Note: Although ھﻞis a question particle, it also used a few times in the Qur’an in conjunction with إﻻ. VERBS اﻓﻌﺎل A ﻓِ ْﻌﻞis defined as a word that has a tense, for example, “jumped” is past tense, “talks” is present tense and “will sleep” is future tense. Verb forms in Arabic In Arabic the three tenses are represented by two forms: The past tense form called ﻣﺎﺿﯽ The present/future tense form called ﻣﻀﺎرع Hidden doer of a ﻓﻌﻞ In Arabic, every active ﻓﻌﻞcomes with an inside pronoun (ﺮ َ ) that is the doer ()ﻓﺎﻋِﻞ. ْ ﻣ ٌ ِﺴ َﺘﺘ ُ ﺿﻤ ِْﯿ ٌﺮ َ َ أmeans “He ate”, ﺐ For example: ﻞ َ ﻛ ُ أَ ْﻛ ُﺘmeans “I write”. Therefore, a ﻓﻌﻞis considered a complete sentence on its own, because it not only tells you what was done, but also who did it. Thus, the simplest based sentence ﺟﻤﻠۃ ﻓﻌﻠﯿۃis simply a ﻓﻌﻞon its own. Three root letters Generally a verb has three root letters ﺛﻼﺛﯽ, e.g َ “He wrote”. The root letters of a word are ﺐ َ ﮐ َﺘ called ﻣﺎدة. In verbs, the third person singular word-form contains only the root letters to the extent that recognizing the root letters of the verbal noun and all the derivatives are based on this wordform. Remember several words can be formed using third person singular word-form (see Table 1 right most column for the names of formed words or )ﻣﺸﺘﺸﻘﺎت. اﺑﻮاب اﻻﻓﻌﺎل There are three root letters of the verb when a verb is converted to ﻣﻀﺎرعthe middle letter might switch its vowel ( )ﺣﺮﮐۃfor example: َ becomes ﺐ ْ َ ﯾnotice the middle letter ت ﺐ َ ﮐ َﺘ َ ُ ﮑ ُﺘ switched to ت. ُ Hence there could be exactly 9 possible combinations theoretically but only six occur in the practical language, such that: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ﻣﺎﺿﯽ Middle Letter Vowel ﻣﻀﺎرع Middle Letter Vowel ◌َ ◌َ ◌َ ِ◌ ِ◌ ِ◌ ◌ُ ◌ُ ◌ُ ◌َ ِ◌ ◌ُ ◌َ ِ◌ ◌ُ ◌َ ِ◌ ◌ُ 3. Valid These six possible combinations form six categories or اﺑﻮابthat are called اﺑﻮاب ﺛﻼﺛﯽ ﻣﺠﺮدtogether but each ﺑﺎبhas its own name (see Table 1). Another 9 categories form when three root letters accept additional external letters that are called اﺑﻮاب ﺛﻼﺛﯽ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻣﺰﯾﺪ ﻓﯿہbut each ﺑﺎبhas its own name (see Table 1). ﺻﺮف ﺻﻐﯿﺮ The conjugation of a verb’s formed words ( )ﻣﺸﺘﺸﻘﺎتis called ( ﺻﺮف ﺻﻐﯿﺮsee Table 1). ﺻﺮف ﮐﺒﯿﺮ The conjugation of a verb and its formed words ( )ﻣﺸﺘﺸﻘﺎتaccording to number and gender is called ( ﺻﺮف ﮐﺒﯿﺮsee Table 2). Difference between ﺻﺤﯿﺢand ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ root letters If three root letters of a verb do not contain أ، يand وthen it is called ( ﺻﺤﯿﺢsound) verb otherwise it is called ( ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢnon sound). ﺻﺤﯿﺢverbs are conjugated as mentioned in table 1 and table 2 ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢverb’s conjugation deviates from the normal ﺻﺤﯿﺢverb slightly Sometimes ﺻﺤﯿﺢverb has repeating root letter in that case also conjugation deviates from the normal ﺻﺤﯿﺢ Terminologies of ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢverbs 1. ﻣﮩﻤﻮز اﻟﻔﺎء- أwill be 1st root letter e.g ﺧ َﺬ َ أ 2. ﻣﮩﻤﻮز ﺑﺎﻟﻌﯿﻦ- أwill be 2nd root letter e.g ل َ ﺳﺄ َ ﻣﮩﻤﻮز ﺑﺎﻟﻼم- أwill be 3rd root letter e.g ﺳﺒِﺊ َ 4. 5. ﻣﺜﺎل واوی- ؤwill be 1st root letter e.g َو َﻋ َﺪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﯾﺎﺋﯽ- يwill be 1st root letter e.g ﻦ َ ﻤ َ َﯾ 6. 7. اﺟﻮف واوی- ؤwill be 2nd root letter e.g ل َ َﻗ َﻮ اﺟﻮف ﯾﺎﺋﯽ- يwill be 2nd root letter e.g ﻊ َ َﺑَﯿ 8. 9. ﻧﺎﻗﺺ واوی- ؤwill be 3rd root letter e.g دﻋﻮ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﯾﺎﺋﯽ- يwill be 3rd root letter e.g ﯽ ِ ﺧ َ َ ﺸ 10. – ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒAny of root letter repeats e.g ﻞ َ ﺿ ﱠ 11. – ﻟﻔﯿﻒAny of two root letter are from يor ؤe.g ﯽ َ َو َﻗ Easy way to learn conjugation of ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢverbs are to memorize one example of each category with the conjugation (for help see table 3). Conjugations of these verbs can be found in some available books that are dedicated for verb conjugations. Note: Table 3 shows that some categories can be overlapping. In all of the following tables 1, 2 and 3 empty cell means that form is not possible ﺣﺮوفfor ﻣﻀﺎرع Light ﺣﺮوفfor ﻣﻀﺎرع Following are the ﺣﺮوفthat turn a ﻣﻀﺎرعinto a light version For example: Lightest ﺣﺮوفfor ﻣﻀﺎرع Following are the ﺣﺮوفthat turn a ﻣﻀﺎرعinto the lightest version For example: ) tooﺻﺮف ﺻﻐﯿﺮ (it isاﺑﻮاب اﻻﻓﻌﺎل Table 1 -- اﺑﻮاب ﺛﻼﺛﯽ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻣﺰﯾﺪ ﻓﯿہ اﺑﻮاب ﺛﻼﺛﯽ ﻣﺠﺮد I I I I I I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X ﻣﺎﺿﯽ ﻣﻌﺮوف َ ﺢ ﻓ َﺘ َ ب َ ﺿ َﺮ َ ﺼ َﺮ ﻧَ َ ﻤ َ ﻊ ﺳ ِ َ ِﺐ ﺣﺴ َ َ َ م ﮐ ُﺮ َ س َ د ﱠر َ ﺷﺎ َ ﺪ ھ َ َ ﻞ ﺳ َ اَ ْر َ ﺗَ َ ﻢ ﮑﻠﱠ َ ل ﺗَﺒَﺎ َ د َ اِ ْﻧ َ ﻘﻄ َ َ ﻊ ﻖ ﺤ َ اِ ْﻟ َﺘ َ اِ ْﻓ َ ﻞ ﻌ ﱠ ﻞ ِﺳ َﺘ ْﻘﺒَ َ ا ْ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺢ ﯾَ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ ب ﯾَﻀ ِْﺮ ُ ﺼ ُﺮ ﯾَ ْﻨ ُ ﻊ ﺴ َ ﻤ ُ ﯾَ ْ ِﺐ ﯾَ ْ ﺤﺴ ُ ﯾَﮑ ُْﺮ ُم س ُﯾ َﺪ ِرّ ُ ِﺪ ُﯾ َ ﺸﺎھ ُ ِﻞ ُﯾ ْﺮﺳ ُ ﯾَ َﺘ َ ﱠﻢ ﮑﻠ ُ ل ﯾَ َﺘﺒَﺎ َد ُ ﯾَ ْﻨ َﻘﻄَ ُﻊ ِﻖ ﯾَ ْﻠ َﺘﺤ ُ ﻞ ﯾَ ْﻔ َﻌ ﱡ ﻞ ﯾَ ْ ﺴ َﺘ ْﻘﺒِ ُ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺤﺎً َﻓ ْﺘ َ ﺿ ْﺮﺑﺎً َ ﺼ َﺮاً ﻧَ ْ ﻤ َﻌﺎً َ ﺳ ْ ﺴﺒَﺎﻧَﺎً ﺣ ْ ُ َﮐ َﺮا َﻣ ًﺔ ﺲ اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﺪ ِر ْﯾ ُ ھ َﺪ ُة ﺸﺎ َ اﻟﻤ َ ُ ﺎل ِاﻻ ْر َ ﺳ ُ اﻟ َﺘ َ ﻢ ﮑﻠ ﱡ ُ ل ﺎد ُ اﻟ َﺘﺒَ ُ ع ِاﻻ ْﻧ َﻘﻄَﺎ ُ ﺤﺎقُ ِاﻻ ْﻟﺘِ َ ل ِ اﻻ ْﻓﻌ َِﻼ ُ ﺎل ِاﻻ ْ ﺳ َﺘ ْﻘﺒَ ُ اﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺢ ﻓَﺎﺗِ ٌ ب َ ﺎر ٌ ﺿ ْ ﻧَﺎﺻ ٌِﺮ ﻊ َ ﺳﺎ ِﻣ ٌ ِﺐ َ ﺣﺎﺳ ٌ ﻢ ﮐ َِﺮ ْﯾ ٌ س ﺪرّ ٌ ُﻣ ِ ِﺪ ُﻣ َ ﺸﺎھ ٌ ِﻞ ُﻣ ْﺮﺳ ٌ ُﻣ َﺘ َ ّﻢ ﮑﻠِ ٌ ِل ُﻣ َﺘﺒَﺎد ٌ ﻊ ُﻣ ْﻨ َﻘ ِ ﻄ ٌ ِﻖ ُﻣ ْﻠ َﺘﺤ ٌ ﻞ ُﻣ ْﻔ َﻌ ﱞ ﻞ ُﻣ ْ ﺴ َﺘ ْﻘﺒِ ٌ ﻣﺎﺿﯽ ﻣﺠﮩﻮل ﺢ ُﻓﺘِ َ ب ﺿ ِﺮ َ ُ ﺼ َﺮ ُﻧ ِ ﻊ ﺳ ِ ﻤ َ ُ ِﺐ ﺣﺴ َ ُ - س ُد ِرّ َ ھ َﺪ ﺷ ْﻮ ِ ُ ﻞ ا ُْر ِ ﺳ َ ُﺗ َ ﻢ ﮑﻠِ َ ل ُﺗ ُﺒ ْﻮ ِد َ - ِﻖ اُﻟ ُْﺘﺤ َ - ﻞ ُﺳ ُﺘ ْﻘ ِﺒ َ ا ْ ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﺠﮩﻮل ﺢ ُﯾ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ ب ُﯾ ْ ﻀ َﺮ ُ ﺼ ُﺮ ُﯾ ْﻨ َ ﻊ ﺴ َ ﻤ ُ ُﯾ ْ ﺐ ﺴ َ ﺤ َ ُﯾ ْ - س ُﯾ َﺪ ﱠر ُ ھ ُﺪ ﺸﺎ َ ُﯾ َ ﻞ ُﯾ ْﺮ َ ﺳ ُ ُﯾ َﺘ َ ﱠﻢ ﮑﻠ ُ ل ُﯾ َﺘﺒَﺎ َد ُ - ﻖ ُﯾ ْﻠ َﺘ َ ﺤ ُ - ﻞ ُﯾ ْ ﺴ َﺘ ْﻘﺒَ ُ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻣﺠﮩﻮل ﺤﺎً َﻓ ْﺘ َ ﺿ ْﺮﺑﺎً َ ﺼ َﺮاً ﻧَ ْ ﻤ َﻌﺎً َ ﺳ ْ ﺴﺒَﺎﻧَﺎً ﺣ ْ ُ - ﺲ اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﺪ ِر ْﯾ ُ ھ َﺪ ُة ﺸﺎ َ اﻟﻤ َ ُ ﺎل ِاﻻ ْر َ ﺳ ُ اﻟ َﺘ َ ﻢ ﮑﻠ ﱡ ُ ل ﺎد ُ اﻟ َﺘﺒَ ُ - ﺤﺎقُ ِاﻻ ْﻟﺘِ َ - ﺎل ِاﻻ ْ ﺳ َﺘ ْﻘﺒَ ُ اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ح َﻣ ْﻔ ُﺘﻮ ٌ ب َﻣﻀ ُْﺮ ْو ٌ ﺼ ْﻮ ٌر َﻣ ْﻨ ُ ع ﻤ ْﻮ ٌ َﻣ ْ ﺴ ُ ب َﻣ ْ ﺴ ْﻮ ٌ ﺤ ُ - س ُﻣﺪ ﱠر ٌ ھ ٌﺪ ﺸﺎ َ ُﻣ َ ﻞ ُﻣ ْﺮ َ ﺳ ٌ ُﻣ َﺘ َ ﻢ ﮑﻠﱠ ٌ ل ُﻣ َﺘﺒَﺎ َد ٌ - ﻖ ُﻣ ْﻠ َﺘ َ ﺤ ٌ - ﻞ ُﻣ ْ ﺴ َﺘ ْﻘﺒَ ٌ اﻣﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺢ اِ ْﻓ َﺘ ْ ب اِ ْ ﺿ ِﺮ ْ ﺼ ْﺮ اُ ْﻧ ُ ﻤ ْﻊ ِﺳ َ ا ْ ِﺐ ِﺣﺴ ْ ا ْ اُﮐ ُْﺮ ْم س َد ِرّ ْ ِﺪ َ ﺷﺎھ ْ ِﻞ اَ ْرﺳ ْ ﺗَ َ ﱠﻢ ﮑﻠ ْ ل ﺗَﺒَﺎ َد ْ ِﻊ اِ ْﻧ َﻘﻄ ْ ِﻖ اِ ْﻟ َﺘﺤ ْ ﻞ اِ ْﻓ َﻌ ﱠ ﻞ ِﺳ َﺘ ْﻘ ِﺒ ْ ا ْ ﻧﮩﯽ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺢ َﻻ ﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ ْ ب ﻻ ﺗَﻀ ِْﺮ ْ ﺼ ْﺮ ﻻ ﺗَ ْﻨ ُ ﻤ ْﻊ ﺴ َ ﻻ ﺗَ ْ ِﺐ ﺤﺴ ْ ﻻ ﺗَ ْ ﻻ ﺗَﮑ ُْﺮ ْم س ﻻ ﺗُ َﺪ ِرّ ْ ِﺪ ﻻ ﺗُ َ ﺸﺎھ ْ ﻞ ﻻ ﺗُ ْﺮ ِ ﺳ ْ ﻻ ﺗَ َﺘ َ ﱠﻢ ﮑﻠ ْ ل ﻻ ﺗَ َﺘﺒَﺎ َد ْ ِﻊ ﻻ ﺗَ ْﻨ َﻘﻄ ْ ِﻖ ﻻ ﺗَ ْﻠ َﺘﺤ ْ ﻞ ﻻ ﺗَ ْﻔ َﻌ ﱠ ﻞ ﺴ َﺘ ْﻘﺒِ ْ ﻻ ﺗَ ْ اﺳﻢ ظﺮف )زﻣﺎن و ﻣﮑﺎن( اﺳﻢ آﻟۃ ﺢ َﻣ ْﻔ َﺘ ٌ ب َﻣﻀ ِْﺮ ٌ ﺼ ٌﺮ َﻣ ْﻨ َ ﻊ ﺴ َ ﻤ ٌ َﻣ ْ ِﺐ َﻣ ْ ﺤﺴ ٌ م َﻣ ْﮑ َﺮ ٌ - - - - - - - - - ﺢ ِﻣ ْﻔ َﺘ ٌ ب ِﻣ ْ ﻀ َﺮ ٌ ﺼ ٌﺮ ِﻣ ْﻨ َ ﻊ ِﺴ َ ﻤ ٌ ﻣ ْ ﺐ ﺤ َ َﻣ ْ ﺴ ٌ م ِﻣ ْﮑ َﺮ ٌ - - - - - - - - - اﺳﻢ ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ اﺳﻢ ﻣﺮة اﺳﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐۃ ﺢ اَ ْﻓ َﺘ ُ ب اَ ْ ﺿ َﺮ ُ ﺼ ُﺮ اَ ْﻧ َ ﻊ ﺳ َ ﻤ ُ اَ ْ ﺐ ﺣ َ اَ ْ ﺴ ُ اَ ْﮐ َﺮ ُم - - - - - - - - - ﺔ ﺤ ٌ َﻓ ْﺘ َ ﺔ ﺿ ْﺮﺑَ ٌ َ ﺼ َﺮ ٌة ﻧَ ْ ﺔ ﻤ َﻌ ٌ َ ﺳ ْ ﺔ ﺴﺒَ ٌ َ ﺣ ْ ﺔ َﮐ ْﺮ َﻣ ٌ - - - - - - - - - ح َﻓ ﱠﺘﺎ ٌ اب َ ﺿ ﱠﺮ ٌ ﺎر ﻧَ ﱠ ﺼ ٌ ع َ ﻤﺎ ٌ ﺳ ﱠ ﺎب َ ﺣ ﱠ ﺴ ٌ م ﮐ ﱠَﺮ ٌ - - - - - - - - - ) is presented here others can be conjugated accordinglyﺑﺎب (onlyﺻﺮف ﮐﺒﯿﺮ Table 2 -- ﻮ ُ ھ َ ﻤﺎ ُ ھ َ ﻢ ُ ھ ْ ِﻲ ھ َ ﻤﺎ ُ ھ َ ﻦ ُ ھ ﱠ ْﺖ اَﻧ َ ﻤﺎ اَ ْﻧ ُﺘ َ ﻢ اَ ْﻧ ُﺘ ْ ﺖ اَ ْﻧ ِ ﻤﺎ اَ ْﻧ ُﺘ َ ﻦ اَ ْﻧ ُﺘ ﱠ اَﻧَﺎ ﻦ ﻧ ْ َﺤ ُ ﻣﺎﺿﯽ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻣﺎﺿﯽ ﻣﺠﮩﻮل ﻣﻀﺎرع ﻣﺠﮩﻮل اﺳﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل اﻣﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﮩﯽ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺢ َﻓ َﺘ َ ﺢ ﯾَ َﻔ َﺘ ُ ﺢ ُﻓﺘِ َ ﺢ ُﯾ َﻔ َﺘ ُ ﺢ َﻓﺎﺗِ ٌ ح َﻣ ْﻔ ُﺘﻮ ٌ ﺢ اِ ْﻓ َﺘ ْ ﺢ ﻻﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ ْ ﺤﺎ َﻓ َﺘ َ ﺤﺎنِ ﯾَ ْﻔ َﺘ َ ﺤﺎ ُﻓﺘِ َ ﺤﺎنِ ُﯾ ْﻔ َﺘ َ ﺤﺎنِ ﻓَﺎﺗِ َ ﺣﺎنِ َﻣ ْﻔ ٌﺘ ْﻮ َ ﺤﺎ اِ ْﻓ َﺘ َ ﺤﺎ ﻻﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ َ ﺤ ْﻮا َﻓ َﺘ ُ ﺤ ْﻮنَ ﯾَ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ ِﺤ ْﻮا ُﻓﺘ ُ ﺤ ْﻮنَ ُﯾ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ ِﺤ ْﻮنَ ﻓَﺎﺗ ُ ﺣ ْﻮنَ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﺘ ْﻮ ُ ﺤ ْﻮا اِ ْﻓ َﺘ ُ ﺤ ْﻮا ﻻﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ ﺖ ﺤ ْ َﻓ َﺘ َ ﺔ ﺤ ٌ ﻓَﺎﺗِ َ ﺢ ﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ ﺖ ﺤ ْ ُﻓﺘِ َ ﺢ ُﺗ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ ﺔ ﺣ ٌ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﺘ ْﻮ َ اِ ْﻓ َﺘﺤِﯽ ﻻﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘﺤِﯽ ﺤ َﺘﺎ َﻓ َﺘ َ ﺤﺎنِ ﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ َ ﺤ َﺘﺎ ُﻓﺘِ َ ﺤﺎنِ ﺗُ ْﻔ َﺘ َ ﺤ َﺘﺎنِ ﻓَﺎﺗِ َ ﺣ َﺘﺎنِ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﺘ ْﻮ َ ﺤﺎ اِ ْﻓ َﺘ َ ﺤﺎ ﻻﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ َ ِﺤﺎت ﻓَﺎﺗ ٌ ﺎت َﻣ ْﻔ ُﺘ ْﻮ َ ﺣ ٌ ﻦ ﺤ َ اِ ْﻓ َﺘ ْ ﻦ ﺤ َ ﻻﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ ْ ﻦ ﺤ َ َﻓ َﺘ ْ ﻦ ﺤ َ ﯾَ ْﻔ َﺘ ْ ﻦ ِﺤ َ ُﻓﺘ ْ ﻦ ﺤ َ ُﯾ ْﻔ َﺘ ْ اﺳﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ اﺳﻢ ظﺮف )زﻣﺎن و ﻣﮑﺎن( اﺳﻢ ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ اﺳﻢ آﻟﺔ ﺖ ﺤ َ َﻓ َﺘ ْ ﺢ ﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ ﺖ ِﺤ َ ُﻓﺘ ْ ﺢ ُﺗ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ ح َﻓ ﱠﺘﺎ ٌ ﺢ َﻣ ْﻔ َﺘ ٌ ﺢ اَ ْﻓ َﺘ ٌ ﺢ ِﻣ ْﻔ َﺘ ٌ ﻤﺎ ﺤ ُﺘ َ َﻓ َﺘ ْ ﺤﺎنِ ﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ َ ﻤﺎ ِﺤ ُﺘ َ ُﻓﺘ ْ ﺤﺎنِ ﺗُ ْﻔ َﺘ َ ﺣﺎنِ َﻓ ﱠﺘﺎ َ َﻣ ْﻔ َﺘﺤﺎنِ ﺤﺎنِ اَ ْﻓ َﺘ َ ِﻣ ْﻔ َﺘﺤﺎنِ ﻢ ﺤ ُﺘ ْ َﻓ َﺘ ْ ﺤ ْﻮنَ ﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ ﻢ ِﺤ ُﺘ ْ ُﻓﺘ ْ ﺤ ْﻮنَ ُﺗ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ ﺣ ْﻮنَ َﻓ ﱠﺘﺎ ُ ﺢ َﻣ َﻔﺎﺗِ ُ ﺤ ْﻮنَ اَ ْﻓ َﺘ ُ ﺢ َﻣ َﻔﺎﺗِ ُ ﺖ ﺤ ِ َﻓ َﺘ ْ ﻦ ﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ ِ ﺤ ْﯿ َ ﺖ ِﺤ ِ ُﻓﺘ ْ ﻦ ﺗُ ْﻔ َﺘ ِ ﺤ ْﯿ َ ﺔ ﺣ ٌ َﻓ ﱠﺘﺎ َ اﺳﻢ ﻣﺮة ﺢ اَﻓَﺎﺗِ ُ ﺔ ﺤ ٌ ِﻣ ْﻔ َﺘ َ ﻤﺎ ﺤ ُﺘ َ َﻓ َﺘ ْ ﺤﺎنِ ﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ َ ﻤﺎ ِﺤ ُﺘ َ ُﻓﺘ ْ ﺤﺎنِ ﺗُ ْﻔ َﺘ َ ﺣ َﺘﺎنِ َﻓ ﱠﺘﺎ َ ﺔ ﺤ ٌ َﻓ َﺘ َ ﺤﯽ ُﻓ ْﺘ َ ﺤ َﺘﺎنِ ِﻣ ْﻔ َﺘ َ ﺎت َﻓ ﱠﺘﺎ َ ﺣ ٌ ﺤ َﺘﺎنِ َﻓ ْﺘ َ ﺤﯿَﺎنِ ُﻓ ْﺘ َ ﺢ َﻣ َﻔﺎﺗِ ُ ﻦ ﺤ ُﺘ ﱠ َﻓ َﺘ ْ ﻦ ﺤ َ ﺗَ ْﻔ َﺘ ْ ﻦ ِﺤ ُﺘ ﱠ ُﻓﺘ ْ ﻦ ﺤ َ ُﺗ ْﻔ َﺘ ْ - ﺎت َﻓ ْﺘ َ ﺤ ٌ ﺎت ُﻓ ْﺘ َ ﺤﯿَ ٌ ح ِﻣ ْﻔ َﺘﺎ ٌ ﺖ ﺤ ُ َﻓ َﺘ ْ ﺢ اَ َﻓ َﺘ ُ ﺖ ِﺤ ُ ُﻓﺘ ْ ﺢ اُ َﻓ َﺘ ُ - - ﺢ ُﻓ َﺘ ُ ﺣﺎنِ ِﻣ ْﻔ َﺘﺎ َ ﺤ َﻨﺎ َﻓ َﺘ ْ ﺢ ﻧَ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ ِﺤ َﻨﺎ ُﻓﺘ ْ ﺢ ﻧُ ْﻔ َﺘ ُ - - - ﺢ َﻣ َﻔﺎﺗِ ْﯿ ٌ Table 2A Table 2B Table 3 – Verb Examples by Categories and Root Letters اﺑﻮاب ﺛﻼﺛﯽ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻣﮩﻤﻮز اﻟﻔﺎء ﻣﮩﻤﻮز اﻟﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﮩﻤﻮز اﻟﻼم ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻣﺜﺎل واوی ﻣﺜﺎل ﯾﺎﺋﯽ ﻣﺜﺎل و ﻣﮩﻤﻮز اﺟﻮف واوی اﺟﻮف ﯾﺎﺋﯽ اﺟﻮف و ﻣﮩﻤﻮز ﻧﺎﻗﺺ واوی ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﯾﺎﺋﯽ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ و ﻣﮩﻤﻮز ﻧﺎﻗﺺ و ﻣﮩﻤﻮز ﻟﻔﯿﻒ ﻣﻔﺮوق ﻟﻔﯿﻒ ﻣﻘﺮون ﻟﻔﯿﻒ ﻣﻘﺮون و ﻣﮩﻤﻮز اﺑﻮاب ﺛﻼﺛﯽ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻣﺰﯾﺪ ﻓﯿہ I I I I I I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X َ ﺢ ﻓ َﺘ َ ب َ ﺿ َﺮ َ ﺼ َﺮ ﻧَ َ ﻤ َ ﻊ ﺳ ِ َ ِﺐ ﺣﺴ َ َ َ م ﮐ ُﺮ َ س َ د ﱠر َ ﺷﺎ َ ﺪ ھ َ َ ﻞ ﺳ َ اَ ْر َ ﺗَ َ ﻢ ﮑﻠﱠ َ ل ﺗَﺒَﺎ َ د َ اِ ْﻧ َ ﻘﻄ َ َ ﻊ ﻖ ﺤ َ اِ ْﻟ َﺘ َ اَ ْﻓ َ ﻞ ﻌ ﱠ ﻞ ِﺳ َﺘ ْﻘﺒَ َ ا ْ ﺐ اَ َ ھ َ ب اَ َد َ ج اَ ِر َ - ب اَ ُد َ - - ﻦ آ َﻣ َ - - - ﺦ اِ ْﯾ َﺘﻠَ َ - ِﺳ َﺘﺄذَنَ ا ْ ل ﺳﺄ َ َ - - ِﺲ ﯾَﺌ َ - م ﻟَ ُﺆ َ - - - - - - - - - َﻗ َﺮأ ھ َﻨﺄ َ - ﺳﺒِﺄ َ - ﺟ ُﺮأ َ - - - - - - - - - - ﻓ ﱠَﺮ َﻣ ﱠﺪ ﺲ َﻣ ﱠ - - - ﺎب َ ﺣ ﱠ ﺐ اَ َ ﺣ ﱠ - ﺎب ﺗَ َ ﺤ ﱠ ﻢ اِ ْﻧ َ ﻀ ﱠ ﻢ ا ْ ِھ َﺘ ﱠ - ﻤ َﺪ ِﺳ َﺘ َ ا ْ ﻊ َو َﻗ َ َو َﻋ َﺪ - ﻞ َو ِ ﺟ َ م َو ِر َ ﻢ ﺳ َ َو ُ - - ﺟ َﺮ اَ ْو َ - - - اِﺗﱠ َﻘ َﺪ - ﺐ ﺟ َ ِﺳ َﺘ ْﻮ َ ا ْ ﻊ ﯾَ َﻨ َ ﻢ ﯾَ َﺘ َ ﻦ ﻤ َ ﯾَ َ ِﻦ ﯾَﺴ َ ﯾَ ِﻘﻂَ ﻦ ﻤ َ ﯾَ ُ - - ﺴ َﺮ اَ ْﯾ َ - - - ﺴ َﺮ اِﺗﱠ َ - ِﺳ َﺘ ْﯿ َﻘﻆَ ا ْ - َوأ َر - ﺧﺎفَ َ - - - - - - - - - - - ﺑَﺎ َه - ل ﻗَﺎ َ ﺟﯿِ َﺪ َ - - - - اَ َﻋﺎنَ - - اِ ْﻧﻘَﺎ َد ﺎب ِﺟ َﺘ َ ا ْ - ِﺳ َﺘ َﻌﺎنَ ا ْ ﺷﺎ َء َ ع ﺑَﺎ َ - ﯽ َر ِ ﺿ َ - - - - اَطَﺎ َر - - اِ ْﻧﻄَﺎ َر ِﺧ َﺘﺎ َر ا ْ - ل ﻤﺎ َ ِﺳ َﺘ َ ا ْ - ﺟﺎ َء َ - ﯽ ﻧَ ِ ﺴ َ - - - - ﺳﺎ َء اَ َ - - - - - - - - َد َﻋﺎ ی اَ ِر َ - ﺧ َﻮ َر ُ َزﮐّﯽ َراﺿﯽ اَ ْرﺿﯽ ﺨﻠ ّﯽ ﺗَ َ ﺼﺎﺑﯽ ﺗَ َ ﻤﺤﯽ اِ ْﻧ َ اِ ْرﺗَﻀَﯽ - ﺤﻠﯽ ِﺳ َﺘ ْ ا ْ ﺳﯽ َ َرﻣﯽ ﮐَﻨﯽ ِﯽ َوﺟ َ - - ﻤﯽ َ ﺳ ﱠ َﻻﻗﯽ اَﻟْﻘﯽ ﺗَ َﻮﻓّﯽ ﺴﺎوی ﺗَ َ اِ ْﻧ َﻔﺪی ِﺟ َﺘﺒَﯽ ا ْ - ِﺳ َﺘﺮﻗﯽ ا ْ - اَری - ﯽ ﺣ ِﯿ َ َ - - - - اَﺗﯽ - - - اِ ْﯾ َﺘﻠﯽ - - َرأی - - - - - - - اَری - - - - - - - َوﻗﯽ - - ﯽ َوﻟِ َ - - - اَ ْوﺟﯽ - - - اِﺗﱠﺪی - ِﺳ َﺘ ْﻮﻓﯽ ا ْ - طَﻮی - - - - - - - - - اِ ْﻧ َﺰوی - - - - أوی - - - - - اوی اوی - - - - - - ﺧ َﺬ أ َ ﻟﻔﯿﻒ ﻣﻔﺮوق و ﻣﮩﻤﻮز ﻧﺎﻗﺺ و ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ و ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ - َوأی - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - اِھ ﱠﺪی - - - - - - - - - - - - - - اِ ﱠدﻋﯽ - -
