STUDENT LAB REPORT
Program:
Ownership:
Version:
Course Name:
Course Code:
Mode of Delivery:
EE242/CEEE242
Semester:
4
Discipline of Power
4.0
Date Issued:
March 2022
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III
EPO562
✔
Face to Face
Virtual
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
LAB REPORT SUBMISSION DEADLINE: 1 WEEK AFTER LAB SESSION
Prepared by:
Student ID:
1.
MUHAMMAD FARIS NAJMI BIN AZEMI
2022971859
2.
MUHAMMAD BIN NOH
2022981281
3.
MUHAMMAD ARIFUDDIN BIN ROSDIN
2022786411
4.
MUHAMMAD ANAS BIN ALIF
2022900677
5.
MUHAMMAD HAFIZI BIN MOHD ZAKI
2022978137
Group:
Lab Instructor:
B2
Lab Date:
12/1/2023
Submission
Date:
19/1/2023
PROFESOR MADYA IR DR NURUL HUDA BINTI ABD RAHMAN
GRADING SECTION
Program:
EE242/CEEE242
Semester:
Ownership:
Discipline of Power
Version:
4.0
Course Name:
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III
Course Code:
EPO562
Mode of Delivery:
✔
Date
Issued:
Face to Face
4
March 2022
Virtual
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
(Part A) Assessment Criteria *
Marks Allocated
Results:
● List all the data collected and show them
graphically.
● Present and label clearly the figures, tables
and graphs.
● Exhibit significant results of the project
30.00
Discussions:
● Discuss and analyze all results thoroughly.
● Discuss and evaluate the experimental
procedure to achieve the objectives
● Include calculation and interpret them by
comparing with theoretical values.
● Explain the reason on each interpretation
30.00
Conclusions:
● Summarize the whole experimental results
● State whether your results support your theory
● Comments about its success and effectiveness.
● Explain your achievements, problems and
suggestions.
10.00
Grammar:
Written with correct grammar e.g., sentence structure,
tenses and spelling
5.00
Weighted Marks
Obtained (WMO)
Total Part (A)
75.00
*Notes: All criteria in Part (A) and Part (B) are assessed based on the PO2 and PO10 of Lab
Report Evaluation rubrics.
(Part B) Assessment
Criteria*
Marks
Allocated
Remarks
Pre-Lab
Students need to answer and
submit all
pre-lab in the report.
15.
00
Pre-lab is assessed based on
the marking scheme of the
respective laboratory
Quizzes
Students need to submit
answers for quizzes in the
lab report.
10.
00
Quizzes are assessed based
on the marking scheme of
the respective laboratory
Total Part (B)
25.
00
TOTAL ((A) +
(B))
/100%
Instructor’s Comments:
Marks
Obtained
RUBRIC LABORATORY
EPO562 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
COURSE:
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY III
EXPERIMENT`S
TITLE:
COURSE CODE: EPO562
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
EXPERIMENT NO:
GROUP:
B2
PROGRAMME
CODE:
CEEE223
EXPERIMENT
DATE:
12/1/2023
SUBMISSION
DATE:
19/1/2023
INSTRUCTOR`S NAME: PROFESOR MADYA IR DR NURUL HUDA BINTI ABD RAHMAN
Analyze Experimental Findings (PO2: 30%) - (To be filled by instructor)
Assessment
Criteria
Marks
Allocated
Marks
0
1
2
Weighted
Marks
3
4
5
Obtained
(WMO)
Results:
This section
should include the
following:
• List all the data
collected and
show them
graphically.
• Present and label
clearly the
figures and
graphs.
Exhibit
significant
results of the
project
30
No
results
Results do
not meet
laboratory’s
objective
Results
are
incomplete
with
inaccurate
analysis
Results
are
available
without
analysis
Results
are
available
with
inaccurate
analysis
Results
are
available
with
accurate
analysis
Pre-Lab
Students need to
answer and submit
all pre-lab in the
report.
15
Pre-lab is assessed based on the marking scheme of the respective laboratory
Quizzes
Students need to
submit answers
for quizzes in
the lab report.
10
Quizzes are assessed based on the marking scheme of the respective
laboratory
TOTAL
55
(=M X 6)
Group Demonstration Evaluation (PO5: 40%) - (To be filled by instructor)
Assessment
Criteria
Marks
Allocated
Marks
1
2
3
4
5
Weighted
Marks
Obtained
(WMO)
Ability to
follow
lab manual
procedures
accurately
10
Wrong setup
where all
elements did
not meet the
lab
procedures
requirement
Partially wrong
setup where at
least 2 elements
did not meet the
lab procedures
requirement
Partially wrong
setup where at
least 1 element
did not meet
the lab
procedures
requirement
Correct
setup but
needs
refinement
Correct and
accurate
setup that
meets all
the lab
procedures
requirement
(=M X 2)
Data Collection
has been
15
Data are
wrongly
Data are
presented with
Data are
presented
Data are
correctly
(=M X 3)
presented
during
observation
and tabulation
3 mistakes with
3
mistakes made
during
observation/
tabulation
Data are
presented with
2
mistakes made
during
observation/
tabulation
with 1
mistake made
during
observation/
tabulation
presented
during
observation /
tabulation
Very poor
ability and
totally
requires help
from the
instructor
Poor ability and
often requires
help from the
instructor
Good ability
and requires
minimal help
from the
instructor
Excellent
ability in using
tools
independently
presented and
elaborate clearly
Demonstrate
the ability in
using
appropriate tools
15
TOTAL
40
Average ability
and sometimes
requires help
from the
instructor
(=M X 3)
Instructor Evaluation (PO9: 7.5%) – (To be filled by instructor)
Write the name of each of your group members in a separate column. For each person, indicate the extent to which you agree
with the statement on the left, using a scale of 0 to 5 (0=not applicable; 1=strongly disagree; 2=disagree; 3=neutral; 4=agree;
5=strongly agree). Total the numbers in each column.
Evaluation
Criteria
Marks
Allocated
Group member
1
MUHAMMAD
FARIS NAJMI
BIN AZEMI
Group member
2
Group member Group member Group member Weighted
3
4
5
Marks
Obtained
MUHAMMAD MUHAMMAD MUHAMMAD MUHAMMAD (WMO)
BIN NOH
ARIFUDDIN
ANAS BIN
HAFIZI BIN
BIN ROSDIN
ALIF
MOHD ZAKI
2022971859
2022981281
Marks (M)
0-5
Marks (M)
0-5
2022786411
Marks (M)
0-5
2022900677
Marks (M)
0-5
2022978137
Marks (M)
0-5
Participate in
group
discussions
1.875
(=M
X
0.375)
Contributes
significantly
to the
success of
the
experiment.
1.875
(=M
X
0.375)
Demonstrates
a
cooperative
and
supportive
attitude.
1.875
(=M
X
0.375)
Quality
of
complet
ed work
TOTAL
1.8
75
(=M
X
0.37
5)
7.5
Lab Report Evaluation (PO10: 15%) - (To be filled by
instructor)
Assessment Criteria
Conclusions:
The conclusion should mention
the following:
•
Summarize
the
whole
experimental results
• State whether your results support
your theory
• Comments about its success
and effectiveness.
Explain your achievements,
problems and suggestions.
Marks
Allocated
10
Mar
ks
0
1
No
conclusions
Not
clearly
stated
2
3
Only 1 Only 2
element elements
clearly
clearly
stated
stated
4
5
Only 3
All
elements elements
clearly clearly
stated
stated
Weighted
Marks
Obtained
(WMO)
(=M
x 2)
Discussions:
This section should include:
• Discuss and analyse all
results thoroughly.
Discuss and evaluate the
experimental procedure to achieve
the objectives
• Include calculation and
interpret them by
comparing with
theoretical values.
Explain the reason on each
interpretation
Grammar:
Written with
correct grammar
e.g.,
sentence
structure, tenses
and spelling
TOTAL
45
5
Grammatically
incorrect
sentence
30
No
discussions
Very poor
language
ability
where
more than
3
mistakes
are
observed
in each
paragraph
Not
clearly
stated
Poor
language
ability
where, on
average,
about 3
mistakes are
observed in
each
paragraph
Only 1 Only 2
element elements
clearly
clearly
stated
stated
Average
language
ability
where, on
average,
about 2
mistakes
are
observed
in each
paragraph
Only 3
elements
clearly
stated
Good
language
ability was,
on average
about 1
mistake is
observed in
each
paragraph
All
elements
clearly
stated
Excellent
language
ability
were
only a few
grammatical
errors
are
observed
in the
whole
report
(=M
x 6)
(=M
x 1)
1. RESULTS
1. Series Excited DC Motor
Figure 1: Connection of Series DC motor in manual lab
As shown in Figure 1, a series DC motor circuit must be set up , including metering, a DC
supply, connections for the armature winding and field winding, and field winding connections,
for this experiment. Before activating the supply, we then verify that the connections have been
made correctly. Before starting the motor, ensure that the control units are set to their rated
settings. After activating the isolator switch and pressing the green button, we must turn on the
control unit. The voltage must then be increased to 220 V and the DC power supply must be
activated. Throughout the experiment, the voltage must be maintained at 220 V. Increase the
load (torque) incrementally until the armature current Ia ranges from 0.8 A to 2.4 A. The reading
must be used to calculate the torque (Nm) and speed (rpm) values for each load.
Determine the input power (W), output power (W), and efficiency (%) for each stage as the final
step.
1
The shunt DC motors are connected. by using a DC motor, electrical energy is converted
into mechanical energy. In a DC motor, direct current from the DC power source provides the
electrical energy input, which is then converted to alternating current by the autotransformer,
resulting in mechanical rotation. The DC power source is connected to a voltmeter, and two
ammeters are connected to ports 1B1 and E1. A torque or torsion meter attached to a DC motor
measures torque or torsion in a shaft.
2
1. Tabulate the data obtained from the series motor experiment in Table 4.1 below.
Table 4.1
Armature
Torque,
Speed,
Output
Input
Efficiency
Current,
T
N
Power,
Power,
(%)
Ia (A)
(Nm)
(rpm)
Po(W)
Pin(W)
0.7
0
3203
0
154
0
0.9
0.1
2677
28.03
198
14.16
1.1
0.2
2323
48.65
242
20.10
1.3
0.3
2115
66.44
286
23.23
1.5
0.5
1929
101.00
330
30.61
1.7
0.6
1778
111.72
374
29.87
1.9
0.7
1667
122.20
418
29.23
2.0
0.8
1602
134.21
440
30.50
2.1
0.85
1549
137.88
462
29.84
2.2
0.95
1481
147.34
484
30.44
2.3
1.10
1432
164.95
506
32.60
2.4
1.05
1375
151.19
528
28.63
In this Series DC motor experiment, the following equation defines the motor's electrical
power consumption. Pin = I * V, with Pin being the input power in watts (W), I being the current
in amperes (A), and V being the applied voltage in volts (V). The value of I is determined by the
armature current Ia in table 4.1, while the value of V is a constant 220V. Two crucial factors
determine the strength of a motor, which is designed to perform work. It is the speed and torque,
or turning force, of the motor. Using the following formula, one could calculate the motor's
output mechanical power. Pout = T *, where Pout represents the output power, measured in
watts (W), T represents the torque, measured in Newton meters (N•m), and represents the
angular velocity, measured in radians per second (rad/s). If the motor's rotational speed is
measured in revolutions per minute, it is simple to calculate the angular velocity: ω = rpm * 2π /
60 where represents the angular velocity in radians per second (rad/s), rpm represents the
rotational speed in revolutions per minute, and represents the mathematical constant pi (3.14).
60 seconds comprise one minute.
3
Thus, the formula Pout = T * (rpm * 2 / 60) is used. If the motor is 100 percent efficient,
all of the electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy. There are no such motors,
however. Even modestly manufactured precision industrial motors, such as the generator motor
in our generator kit, have a maximum efficiency of 50-60%. Typically, the maximum efficiency
of motors built with our kits is about 15%. Formula: E = (Pout / Pin) * 100. When the input
power, Pin, is 506W and the output power, Pout, is 164.95W, the highest efficiency for a series
DC motor has been measured to be 32.60 percent. The armature current value of 2.3A has
generated a torque value of 1.10Nm and a speed value of 1432 rpm.
4
Figure 3 : Torque, T against armature current, Ia for Series DC Motor
The figure 3 shows torque is directly proportional to the product of armature current
in the graph. The relationship between torque and armature current is directly. As a
as a result, the armature current will increase as the torque of the DC motor increases.
Figure 4 : Speed, N against armature current, Ia for Series DC Motor
5
The figure 4 shows that speed is inversely proportional to armature current in the
graph. The relationship between speed and armature current is inverse. As a result, the
armature current will drop as the speed of the DC motor increases.
Figure 5 : Efficiency, η against armature current, Ia for Series DC Motor
The figure 5 shows that efficiency is directly proportional to armature current in the
graph. The relationship between efficiency and armature current is direct. As a result,
the armature current will increases as the efficiency of the DC motor increases
6
Figure 6 : Speed, N against torque, T for Series DC Motor
The figure 6 shows that speed is inversely proportional to torque in the graph. The relationship
between speed and torque is inverse. As a result, the torque will increases
as the speed of the DC motor will drop.
7
2. Shunt Excited DC Motor
Figure 7: Connection of Shunt DC Motor
For this experiment, as shown in Figure 7 we must set up a shunt DC motor circuit,
including the metering, DC supply, armature winding, and field winding connection. Before
turning on the power, we then double-check the connections to ensure they are secure. Before
starting the motor, ensure that the control units are set to their rated settings. After activating the
isolator switch and pressing the green button, we must turn on the control unit. The voltage must
then be increased to 220 V and the DC power supply must be activated. Throughout the
experiment, the voltage must be maintained at 220 V. Increase the load (torque) incrementally
until the armature current Ia ranges from 0.3 A to 2.3 A. From the reading, the field current If,
speed, and load torque (Nm) for each load must be recorded. Determine the input power (W),
output power (W), and efficiency (%) for each stage as the final step.
8
Figure 8: Shunt DC motor connection
The connection of the shunt DC motors is shown in Figure 2. Using a DC motor,
electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy. In a DC motor, direct current from the DC
power source provides the electrical energy input, which is then converted to alternating current
by the autotransformer, resulting in mechanical rotation. The DC power source is connected to a
voltmeter, and two ammeters are connected to ports 1B1 and E1. A torque or torsion meter
attached to a DC motor measures torque or torsion in a shaft.
9
2. Tabulate the data obtained from the series motor experiment in Table 4.2 below.
Table 4.2
Armature
Field
Torque,
Speed,
Output
Input
Efficiency
Current,
Current,
T
N
Power,
Power ,
(%)
Ia (A)
If (A)
(Nm)
(rpm)
Po(W)
Pin(W)
0.7
0.55
0.05
2097
10.9799
154
7.13
0.9
0.5
0.2
2083
43.6264
198
22.03
1.1
0.55
0.3
2074
65.1568
242
26.92
1.3
0.55
0.4
2066
86.5406
286
30.26
1.5
0.55
0.5
2062
107.9663
330
32.72
1.7
0.55
0.6
2048
128.6799
374
34.41
1.9
0.55
0.7
2030
148.8071
418
35.60
2.1
0.55
0.8
2022
169.3951
462
36.67
2.3
0.54
0.85
1994
177.4899
506
35.08
2.4
0.54
0.95
2008
199.7639
528
37.83
In this Shunt DC motor experiment, the following formula defines the motor's electrical
power consumption. Pin = I * V, where Pin represents the input power in watts, I represents the
current in amperes, and V represents the applied voltage in volts (V). The value for I is derived
from the armature current Ia in table 4.2, while the value for V is a constant 220V. Motors are
designed to perform work, and the motor's strength is determined by two crucial factors. It is the
speed and torque of the motor, or its turning force. The output mechanical power of the motor
could be calculated using the following formula. Pout = T *, where Pout is the output power (in
watts), T is the torque (in Newton meters), and is the angular velocity (in radians per second). If
the motor's rotational speed is expressed in revolutions per minute, it is straightforward to
calculate angular speed: ω = rpm * 2π / 60 is the angular velocity in radians per second (rad/s)
and rpm is the rotational speed in revolutions per minute (3.14). 60 seconds comprise one
minute.
10
Therefore, Pout = T * (rpm * 2 / 60) / 60. If the efficiency of the motor is 100 percent, all
the electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy. However, such motors do not exist.
Even modest precision-manufactured industrial motors, such as the generator motor in our
generator kit, have maximum efficiencies between 50 and 60%. Typically, the maximum
efficiency of motors constructed using our kits is approximately 15%. In this experiment
involving a Series DC motor, calculating the motor's efficiency requires dividing the mechanical
output power by the electrical input power multiplied by 100 percent, or E = (Pout / Pin) * 100.
The highest efficiency for a shunt DC motor was 37.83 percent when the input power, Pin, was
528W and the output power, Pout, was 199.7639W. The value of 2.4A armature current
produced 0.95Nm of torque and 2008 rpm of speed.
11
Figure 9 : Torque, T against armature current, Ia for Shunt DC Motor
The figure 9 shows torque is directly proportional to the product of armature current
in the graph. The relationship between torque and armature current is directly. As a
as a result, the armature current will increases as the torque of the DC motor increases.
Figure 10 : Speed, N against armature current, Ia for Shunt DC Motor
12
The figure 10 shows that speed of DC motor directly proportional to armature
current in the beginning. The armature current will increases as the speed of the DC
motor wil increases However, at point where field current, Ir is 0.68A, speed is
inversely proportional to armature current in the graph. The armature current will
increases as the speed of the DC motor will drop
Figure 11 : Efficiency, η against armature current, Ia for Shunt DC Motor
The figure 11 shows that efficiency is directly proportional to armature current in the
graph. The relationship between efficiency and armature current is direct. As a result,
The armature current will increase as the efficiency of the DC motor increases.
13
Figure 12 : Speed, N against torque, T for Shunt DC Motor
The figure 12 shows that speed of DC motor directly proportional to torque in the
beginning. The torque will increase as the speed of the DC motor increases as well.
However, at point where field current, Ir is 0.68A, speed is inversely proportional to
torque in the graph. The torque will increases as the speed of the DC motor will drop
14
2. DISCUSSION
1. Describe the relationship between torque, speed, and efficiency with respect to the
armature current for series and shunt motor.
The Series DC Motor is like any other motor because the main function of this motor is to
convert the electrical energy to mechanical energy. The operation of this motor depends on the
electromagnetic principle. Whenever the magnetic field formed, a current carrying conductor
cooperates with an exterior magnetic field then rotating motion can be generated. The
relationship between torque, speed, and efficiency is torque is directly proportional to the
product of armature current which is 𝑇𝑎∝ 𝐼𝑎. As the torque increases the armature current is
increased. This can show in the graph. For DC series motors, field winding connected in series
with armature 𝐼𝑎=𝐼𝑓.
The Shunt DC Motor, torque is proportional to armature current. When voltage is applied to the
motor, the armature draws current sufficient to produce a strong magnetic field, which interacts
with the magnetic field produced by the shunt windings causing the armature to rotate. The flux
is constant, the torque increases as the load of a current increases. The load current increases, the
armature current increases but the speed falls slightly due to an increase in voltage drop in the
armature.
2. Do the experimental results are consistent with the expected results? Discuss any
discrepancies and explain possible causes. Suggest or recommend how the error can be
reduced.
No, the experiments do not produce the expected results due to the possibility of errors in the
machinery and measuring equipment, as well as human errors or parallax errors that may occur
when reading measurements during experimentation. Errors may also occur when the circuit is
improperly connected. Due to the possibility of corrosion, the machine must be frequently
inspected and maintained in order to reduce error. In addition, for a precise or accurate
measurement, the eye must be parallel to the eyes for a good or accurate reading. Before
conducting the experiment, the student must verify the connection.
15
3. Compare the performance characteristics of the series and shunt motor as the load
increases.
The characteristics of the series and shunt motor as the load increase, the load current increase,
the armature current increase and the armature torque increase. The difference between series
and shunt is the torque value. As the for-Series DC motor the torque value increased
exponentially while the shunt DC motor is quite slow as it can self-regulate its speed and can be
referred to as a constant motor.
4. State the advantages and disadvantages of both series and shunt DC motor type.
The advantages of a series DC motor is that it has the highest starting torque for a given power
rating and it is cheaper as it has straightforward design and is easy to assemble. The
disadvantage is the speed regulation is low as the load increases the speed of the motor
decreases, the increased speed the torque of the motor decreases sharply. The advantages of a
shunt DC motor are the power supply is cheap, the shunt can be determined to run at a
predetermined speed and the speed of a dc shunt motor is sufficiently constant. The
disadvantage of shunt DC motor is unreliable at low-speed operation, the installation of DC
machine is expensive and shunt motor is a constant speed it would disadvantage when speed
need to be in variable speed.
16
3. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, from data that we were get from the experimental result, we can realized the
series and shunt motor produce the different speed of motor if we manipulate the armature
current. For the series motor, if we increase the armature current the speed of motor decrease
significantly. But, If we increase the armature current for the shunt motor the speed produced
slightly changes and characteristic for the current on the field shows only some of the data
retrieved changed. This data proves the theory for the series motor which the torque T, in
general, is proportional to the product of magnetic flux and the armature current. The data also
proves that a certain value of the field circuit resistance, the field current If is constant, and thus
the magnetic flux Ф is also a constant for the shunt motor. Last but not least, in this experiment,
we learned the the relationship between torque, speed,and efficiency with the armature current
or torque for series and shunt DC motors. Thus, we are now able to to compare the performance
characteristic between series and shunt DC motors. Finally, we are able to run this experiment
smoothly and get the result as the theory that we learned from learning session.
17
4. PRE LAB
18
19
20
21
5. QUIZ
HISTORY OF DC MOTOR
The history of DC motors dates back to the nineteenth century. William Sturgeon, a
British physicist, invented the first DC motor capable of powering machines in 1832.
Davenport invented the DC motor. Thomas Davenport, an American scientist, expanded
on Sturgeon's first work. In 1837, Davenport received a patent for the first operational DC motor
he invented. However, Davenport encountered concerns with battery power costs when the
motors were operating. This rendered the motors useless over time.
After Davenport's first innovation, other innovators started developing concepts. Russian
engineer Moritz von Jacobi created the first spinning DC motor in 1834. The engine designed by
Jacobi became renowned for its power, which would subsequently establish a world record.
Jacobi went on to develop an even more powerful engine, surpassing his own 1838 record for
power. Jacobi's creation of this motor inspired others to build and manufacture additional DC
motors with the same power.
In 1864, Antonio Pacinotti achieved a breakthrough with the invention of the ring
armature. The ring armature now plays a major role in the construction of DC motors; it
conducts current via the grouped coils.
Even with all the improvements during the 19th century, 1886 may have been the most
significant. Julian Sprague was the creator of a DC motor capable of maintaining a constant
speed under varied loads. The innovation of Sprague would lead to the commercialization of the
DC motor. This would include the first variants of electric elevators and trams. These
advancements increased the demand for both commercial and household motors.
Today, DC motors are used extensively in several sectors, including healthcare, food
service, and numerous industrial situations. The adoption of DC motors has greatly increased the
productivity of industry, since machines can now operate with a reliable supply of power and
speed. DC motors have facilitated the day-to-day operations of several different businesses by
replacing large amounts of manual labor with motorized machinery.
22