EAST AFRICA UNIVERSITY
Institute of Technology
Main Compos of Bosaso Puntland Somalia
FINAL YEAR PROPOSAL
ON
DESIGN A DUAL-BAND MIMO ANTENNA FOR 5G SMARTPHONE
APLICATIONS
IN
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BY:
ABDULKHALIQ IBRAHIM SIYAD
HAWO MOHAMUD HALIL
ALI SAID ISSE
DEC 2022
East Africa University
Supervisor
ENG MOHAMED JAMA
CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………....1
1.2 BACKROUND………………………………………………………………...………….2
1.3 PROPLEM STATEMENT………………………………………………………………...5
1.4 OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………………………......5
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE RIVIEW……………………………………………………………….…6
CHAPTER TREE
3.1 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………….….7
3.2 PROJECT DESIGN…………………………………………………………………….…8
TENTETIVE TABLE………………………………………………………………………....9
CONCLUSION…………………….………………………………………………………….9
REFRENCE………………………………………………………………………………….10
Chapter 1
1.1Introduction
The research of the 5G smartphone antenna has high application value in order to suit the
demands of current 5G wireless communication systems.
both at home and internationally in the realm of mobile communications. In the 7th
Framework Plan, the EU established the METIS (mobile and wireless communications
enablers for the 2020 information society) initiative for 5G in early 2013 [1].
Many 5G MIMO antenna systems have recently been developed.
MIMO technology improves the performance of communication by using multiple antennas at both
the transmitter and receiver as compared to traditional Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems.
The isolation between antenna elements is considered as one of the most important parameters to
evaluate the high performance of a MIMO system [2].
MIMO technology improves communication performance by either combating or exploiting
multipath scattering in the communications channel between a transmitter and receiver.
This technology is the key of wireless LANs, 3G mobile phone networks, 4G mobile phone networks
and the fifth generation (5G) and is now in wide spread commercial use.
Major challenge to antenna designers is to obtain a miniaturized structure and to attain high
isolation between antenna elements.
With the development of mobile 4G communication system, people's requirements for the
speed of mobile communication are rapidly increasing. In order to meet these needs, the
research and development of the fifth generation (5G) antenna has been carried out.
We will design a dual-band MIMO antenna for smartphone applications to fill this demand.
So a dual-band MIMO antenna means a feature allowing a device to function in two
different frequency bands.
1.2 Background
The first generation (1G) of cellular systems, which consisted of analog devices and
supported only rudimentary voice transmission, was introduced in the 1970s [3].
Early in the 1990s, the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), the second
generation (2G) of cellular networks, was created. The 2G systems enhanced the
transmission quality and coverage while offering digital signal encryption. General packet
radio service (GPRS) and improved data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE) technologies were
launched as an expansion to the 2G systems as the requirement for packet data increased
[3].
Third generation (3G) systems, which increased data speeds from several hundred kilobits
per second (EDGE) to several megabits per second, were introduced around the turn of the
20th century [3].
This boosted the amount of time people spent online using their mobile devices, which
fueled the expansion of the mobile broadband market.
Fourth generation (4G) systems, which have just been released, offer even greater data
rates, enabling a variety of telecommunication services, such as mobile broadband internet
access, internet protocol (IP) telephony, high-definition mobile TV, etc. Peak data speeds of
up to 1 gigabit per second are what the 4G technology is designed to deliver [3].
The foundation of both systems is packet-oriented communication. New radio spectrum, on
the other hand, is expensive and hard to come by for new wireless networks. As a result, the
radio spectrum that is now accessible must be utilised effectively without increasing
bandwidth or transmit power [3].
A single antenna is utilized at both ends of a traditional communication link between a base
station and a mobile terminal, which is known as a single-input single-output (SISO) system.
A SISO system's capacity is influenced by its bandwidth, transmit power, and signal-to-noise
ratio [3].
The transmit power and bandwidth are constrained by frequency limitations. In addition to
noise, wireless communication systems are often impaired by inevitable phenomena like
fading and shadowing. As a result, a SISO system's channel capacity is constrained [4].
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, which employ multiple antennas at both
ends of the link, were first developed in the late 1990s. This makes it possible to employ
several spatial channels at once. In contrast to a SISO link, a MIMO system's channel
capacity grows as more channels are added [4].
The number of antenna elements at a connection end determines the maximum number of
spatial channels [4].
At least two antennas must be present in one terminal in order to implement MIMO in a
mobile communication system. The difficulties in MIMO-specific antenna design are related
to mutual interaction between antenna components and a user holding the mobile device
causing a decrease in antenna performance. The size of the terminal limits the number of
antennas that may be included in today's mobile terminal. Contrary to this, there is a less
severe space restriction at the base station. In addition, the performance of a MIMO system
is influenced by the propagation environment in addition to the performance of the antenna
[4].
The best placement sites, topologies, types, and numbers of antenna elements should all be
considered while designing MIMO antennas for mobile terminals. As a result, during the
past few years, the antenna design community has become quite interested in coming to a
clear-cut and general conclusion on this matter [4].
1.3Problem statement
The rapid development of communication systems, especially 5G smartphones, requires
dual-band MIMO antennas with better performance and efficiency.
The limitation of smartphones nowadays is limited capacity, which means the antenna has
lower bandwidth and gain.
The limited frequency band is also another main problem for 5G smartphone applications.
For a single-band antenna, devices cannot transmit and receive simultaneously using the
same frequency band.
The reduction in the size of various electrical devices has necessitated the use of dual-band
MIMO antennas
Single band smartphones use only one band and limited to one wireless network.
A single band is the main problem that encouraged us to design a dual band antenna .
1.4 Objectives
1.4.1General objectives
To design and simulate dual band MIMO antenna for 5G smartphones using 2.4GHZ and
5GHZ bands.
Our goal is to meet the growing demand for 5G applications
The aim is to increase the bandwidth that can be used for 5G smartphones
We will design a dual band antenna operating at 2.4GHZ and also 5GHZ which we will do
with a software called CST.
We will design a dual-band antenna for 5G smartphone applications typically certain
performance goals, such as providing good coverage and high data rates in the desired
frequency bands, while also meeting size, shape, and other constraints imposed by the device
in which the antenna will be integrated.
1.4.2 Specific objectives
1. Determine the dual band MIMO antenna and studding principles.
2. Designing a dual band MIMO antenna for 5G smartphones using CST studio software.
3. Simulate the result using CST studio software.
chapter 2
2.1 literature review
This article describes the design of two 2 x 2 MIMO antennas (4 vertical components) for
mobile communication. Better return loss and radiation properties of the developed antenna
made it acceptable for mobile applications. In the future, 4 x 4 and 8 x 8 antenna designs that
are based on 2 x 2 antenna designs can be added. Performances can then be compared, and
the antenna can then be constructed [5].
This paper talks about the channel capacity of MIMO technology may be increased by adding
more components or antennas. MIMO antennas or an array of antennas could be a preferable
option to extend the signal's range, especially when employing battery-operated devices [5].
The says the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), mean effective gain, peak gain,
efficiency, and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) are used to describe the diversity
performance of the proposed 2 x 2 polarization diversity MIMO antenna (MEG) [5].
The substitution approach is used to assess peak gain in an anechoic chamber together with
the planned antenna and two common horn antennas. In both frequency bands, the simulated
gains of the SISO antenna with a slot in the PSG ground are greater than 2.0 DBI in both the
frequency bands [5].
These researchers say the SISO has one transmitting antenna and two receiving antennas at
the receiving end for analysis, SIMO techniques have only one transmitting antenna and
numerous receiving antennas at the receiving end, which helps to increase the receiving
diversity at the receiving end (in this case only two, more than two also possible) [6].
The analysis and simulation for (SISO, MISO SIMO & MIMO) systems they are presented in
their work for transceiver data, where the outcome of comparison to these approaches
achieved by increasing SNR has been ensured that the channel capacity directly in contrast,
the effect of changing the number of antennas as M = 4, 8, or 16 has been documented by
synchronizing with change of SNR value 0-30 dB for the systems. A robust stability satisfied
of the MIMO system when the number of antennas M = 16 with the improvement of the
system performance when a larger SNR value (30 dB) applied [6].
They are concluded that possible to make a qualitative leap in the 4G & 5G wireless
communication systems by placing arrays of antennas on both sides of the system.
These researchers say using single band MIMO antenna WLAN/Wi-MAX Application:
Maximum power transfer theorem states that when devices are perfectly matched, the most
power can be transferred. When the input impedance of the antenna and the characteristic
impedance of the feed line must match exactly, a feedline antenna transfer might occur [7].
Any impedance mismatch that causes energy to be lost back to the source is known as a
return loss.
The return loss of an antenna is considered to be efficient if it is less than -10 dB. For the
frequency range of 2.4889 GHz to 2.611 GHz, the return loss is less than -10 dB in the figure
below. The obtained bandwidth is 12% [7].
Thus, a single band MIMO antenna operating between 2.3 GHz and 2.5 GHz is suggested and used
for both WLAN applications and other wireless applications [7].
Even though the suggested antenna is only a single band antenna, it is a MIMO antenna that, when
compared to conventional antenna, meets the requirement for high data rates and spectral
efficiency. Another benefit of the suggested antenna is that it has a bowtie structure, which is a type
of antenna that is frequency independent. The antenna's maximum gain is 1.6. The study may
continue to work on making the antenna resonate at different frequencies in the future [7].
CHAPTER 3
3.1 INTRODUCTION OF METHODOLOGY
This chapter will summarize and explain in detail the methodology of this project to ensure
the objectives of the project can be achieved.
This chapter will cover all the work beginning the designing of the antenna to result.
It includes the simulation work using CST Studio, the measurement, and the design.
The simulation part contains designing and simulating the antenna in CST Studio.
The design and simulation are done using CST Studio, and the simulation results will be
optimized to get the dual-band MIMO antenna for smartphone applications.
3.2 Project design
STRT
Literature study
Determine the dual band MIMO antenna and studding
principles
Design and simulation dual band MIMO antenna using
CST software
Simulate result
GOAL
NO
YE
END
Conclusion
as we say the 5G smartphone antenna has high application value in order to suit the demands
of current 5G wireless communication systems.
As shown in chapter 2 the researchers did not meet the needs that we said we will fill
demands.
To fill this demand, we talk also how it’s important to design dual band antenna for this
application.
A dual band antenna will use is 2.4GHZ and 5GHZ bands.
We will talk how our methodology design will be and which chat we will follow to done this
work.
At the end we believing that we can get out of all the points we mentioned in this project
relying on our knowledge and our work if Allah says.
Tentative table
NO
CONTENT
DURATION
1
2
3
4
5
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE RVIEW
METHODOLOGY
RESULT
DISCUSSION AND CONCOLUSION
1 JAN 2022
15 JAN 2022
20 JAN 2022
10 FAB 2023
15 FEP 2023
Reference
[1] METIS. Mobile and wireless communications enablers for the 2020 information society. In: EU
7th Framework Programme Project, https://www. Metis 2020. com.
[2] ] Chen S-C, Wang Y-S, Chung S-J. A decoupling techniquefor increasing the port isolation between
two strongly coupled antennas. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2008;56(12):3650–3658.
[3] High capacity digital communications laboratory. History of MIMO [online].
URL:http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/~hcdc/mimohistory.html. Accessed 9 May 2012.
[4] Webster, E. W. (2021, March 1). What is MIMO (multiple input, multiple output)? Mobile
Computing. Retrieved December 21, 2022, from
https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/MIMO
[5] Bhargava, D. S., Padmavathy, T. V., Reddy, Y. V., Kavitha, N., & Hema, V. (2020, December 1).
Design and Simulation of MIMO Antennas for Mobile Communication. IOP Conference
Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 994(1), 012033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757899x/994/1/012033
[6] Alrubei, M. A. T., Alshimaysawe, I. A., Hassan, A. N., & Khwayyir, A. H. K. (2020, May 1). Capacity
analysis & performance comparison of SISO, SIMO, MISO & MIMO systems. Journal of
Physics: Conference Series, 1530(1), 012077. https://doi.org/10.1088/17426596/1530/1/012077
[7] K.Kavitha1, Shanmuga Priya Rajan2, K. K. and sh.p. (2017, January 1). Single Band MIMO Antenna
for WLAN/Wi-MAX Application. Single Band MIMO Antenna for WLAN/Wi-MAX Application,
Volume: 04(Issue: 01 | Jan-2017), 1–4. https://doi.org/e-ISSN: 2395 -0056