TEST 1 (128 Points)
Biology 2321
Name:
1. Fill in the blanks for the missing levels of organization (from simple to complex) of the
human body: atoms  molecules  cells  tissues  organs  organ systems 
organism. (4)
2. Superior means a part that is above another or is closer to the head. Inferior means a part
that is below another or closer to the feet. (4)
3. Medial means toward the midline of the body. Lateral means away from the midline of the
body. (4)
4. Proximal means that the part is located in the center. Distal means away from the center. (4)
5. A mid-sagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left sides (that is, mirror images).
(2)
6. Match the following terms to the most appropriate definition by writing the correct letter in
the space provided: (20)
a. inguinal
b. oral
c. lumbar
d. axillary
e. buccal
f. patellar
g. flank
h. antecubital i. sternal
j. scapular
Inguinal - groin region
Axillary - armpit
Lumbar - lower back area extending from the chest to the hips
Sternal - breastbone area
Antecubital - front part of the elbow area
Flank - fleshy area along the side of the ribs and the hip bone
Scapular - shoulder blade area
Oral - pertaining to the mouth
Patellar - kneecap area
Buccal - pertains to the space between the cheek and the gum
7. The body’s organs (viscera) are located in two major cavities. These are the dorsal cavity
and the ventral cavity. (4)
8. The ventral cavity is divided into two pleural cavities by the mediastinum. (2)
9. Of the abdominopelvic cavity’s nine anatomical regions, the umbilical region surrounds the
navel. (2)
10. Because the wrist is further than the elbow from the point of attachment of the arm to the
body, the wrist is distal to the elbow. (2)
11. A(n) element is a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler form by
ordinary chemical reactions. (2)
12. A(n) atom is the basic unit of matter, and is made up of three subatomic particles, which are
protons, neutrons, and electrons. (8)
13. Of the subatomic particles, protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively
charged, and neutrons are neutral. (6)
14. Ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons between atoms, while covalent bonds result
from the sharing of electrons between atoms. (4)
15. A(n) ionic bond forms between sodium (with one electron in its outer shell) and chlorine
(with seven electrons in its outer shell). (2)
16. Water (H2O) is the compound considered to be the universal solvent. (2)
17. A(n) enzyme is a protein catalyst that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. (2)
18. The term pH Scale, is a measure of the degree of acidity (or “basic-ness”) on a scale ranging
in value from 0 to 14. (2)
19. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the chemical compound which stores the energy in its
phosphate bonds that is used to power the metabolic processes of the body’s cells. (2)
20. Match the following terms to the most appropriate definition by writing the correct letter in
the space provided: (14)
a. mitochondria
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. ribosomes d. cilia
e. lysosomes
f. nucleus
g. cytoplasm
Lysosomes - digestive organelles that engage in phagocytosis; intracellular housecleaning
Endoplasmic Reticulum - classified as rough and smooth
Cilia - short, hairlike projections on the outer surface of the cell
Nucleus - the control center of the cell; contains the DNA
Mitochondria - the power plants of the cell: most of the ATP is made here
Cytoplasm - the gel in the cell
Ribosomes - these organelles are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and are
concerned with
protein synthesis
21. Diffusion is the most common transport mechanism, and involves the movement of a
substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (6)
22. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion wherein water moves along a concentration gradient.
(4)
23. Hypo-tonic solutions are less concentrated that the cytoplasm of the cells within them.
When RBCs are placed in these solutions, the cells will grow. (4)
24. Hyper-tonic solutions are more concentrated than the cytoplasm of the cells within them.
When RBCs are placed in these solutions, the cells will shrink. (4)
25. Iso-tonic solutions are the same concentration as the cytoplasm of the cells within them. (2)
26. Filtration is a type of passive transport mechanism where water and solutes move across
membranes in response to differences in pressure. (2)
27. Active Transport Pump is an example of an active transport mechanism. (2)
28. The four stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase (8)
29. Stem cells are relatively undifferentiated and unspecialized cells which have the potential to
differentiate into more specialized cells like nerve cells. (2)
30. Metastasis is the ability of cancer cells to spread to distant sites. (2)