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GEO 793 - Lecture Notes
The Geography of Toronto (Ryerson University)
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GEO 793 Notes
Week 2
- Urban area = City
- 3 Themes:
Sustainability
- A city should be economically sustainable
- The resources should also be sustainable
- Environmentally sustainable
Unevenness
- The level of economic unevenness is increasing (Wealth gap)
- In Toronto, the middle class is almost disappearing
- Cities that are doing well in Canada are the larger cities
- They tend to be cities where big corporations (Banks) are located or the government
- The unevenness doesn't exist just within a city, it exists between different cities in Canada as well
- John Tory is focusing more on the issue of homeless people and providing shelters than Rob Ford
Uncertainty
- A situation of insecurity
- The level of uncertainty in Toronto has increased over the last few decades
- It is unlikely for someone to start and end their career in the same company today
- Most jobs in the past were full time 9-5 jobs
o Most jobs today are part-time and at different times
o This puts people under pressure financially – No job security
6 Properties to Understand the City
- Irrespective of space and time
- Production
o Need to be concentrated in one area (Doesn’t work in rural areas)
o Examples: Government, manufacturing
o People living in rural areas are self-sufficient
o People living in urban areas are not self-sustainable (They don't produce food like farms in rural
areas)
o In the 70’s most Torontonians were working in the manufacturing sector
o Today, there are fewer factories and Toronto has become focused on the service sector
o To make money, a city needs to be able to produce something and sell it
- Reproduction
o We need people for production
o Reproduction has decreased over the past few years
o Immigration is big in Canada because people aren’t reproducing at a rate that is sustainable
o These people need to be healthy mentally and physically
- Proximity
o In urban areas, everything is close together
o Proximity relies on the advancement in technology within that society
o Houses are expensive in Toronto because of the value we attach to proximity
- Capitalization
o Investing in the space within the city so you have the best possible return on your investment
o Example: Building a condo instead of a semi detached house
- Place
o The feeling of attachment people develop to a specific area
o Having a sense of place makes you feel attached to a specific location (Could be positive or negative)
- Governance
o Every city needs a governance structure
o You need a municipal government that provides bylaws
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You need to ask for permission in order to build something on a piece of land in Toronto
We need a proper waste disposal system
One of the services is also transportation, so that people leave their cars at home and take public
transportation
The federal government stopped funding the TTC, so now they depend on the money paid by customers
The provincial finance minister gave John Tory $86 million dollars, not as a gift, but like a line of credit
 This is the money we pay to the federal and provincial government… which is allocated to
Toronto
Historical Development of Toronto
- 1900-1945: The inner city
o There was a lot of factories in the downtown part of the city, located close to transportation lines and
water
o Very few people had a car, so they lived very close to their work locations
o Most people worked 6 days a week, and they spent most of their recreational time nearby
o People with the same ethnicity lived close together
- 1945-1975: Metropolitan Development
o Inner suburbs were created (Scarborough, York, and Etobicoke) – They are part of the City of Toronto
o The Northern boundary of Toronto was Steeles Avenue
o There was an economic boom in Canada because Europe was destroyed in the war
o Baby boom existed during this period, as well as significant immigration
o All the highways built in Toronto were built during this period by the Federal Government
o With the population of Canada increasing, highways were created because people were moving to the
outskirts of Old Toronto
o The government invested in the manufacturing of vehicles as well
o White rich people lived in the suburbs
- After 1975: Suburban Domination
o Outer suburbs in the GTA
o Gentrification & condominium development an some inner city areas, smart growth
 Young professionals are moving back downtown so they can be close to work and all the
amenities that are available in Toronto
 Smart Growth: The level of success with regards to environmental conservation
 Many strategies and techniques to stop using vehicles
o The suburbs today are more diverse than they used to be (Ethnically and in terms of class)
o Many people today live in the suburbs and commute to and from Toronto for work
- Is Suburban Expansion Expected to Continue?
o Continue to grow strong
 We keep receiving people (Immigrants): The space in Toronto is already maximized
 The price of living downtown is astronomical
- What is the role public transit is going to play?
o All depends on how it is going to be funded
- What is going to happen with automobile usage?
o The price of gas is dropping, and the environment is being thrown out the window
o We need alternative modes of transportation… Buses take way too long
Cleveland-Peck
- Toronto used to be an Aboriginal hunting and fishing ground
- European Arrival
o French arrived (Fort Rouille’ in 1720)
o Created as a military defence, and establishing trade relations with the Aboriginal people (Fur Trade)
- British Period
o 1759 onwards, French lost to the British and the British kept Fort Rouille’ (1793) for the same
purposes the French did
o John Graves Simcoe was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada
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o He called Toronto York (After the Duke of York)
o It was a very Protestant and British city
o North of Queen Street used to be a farm
o The Toronto area was a defensive harbor
Toronto Grows
o 1837, all of the administrators came directly from Great Britain
o This created a conflict between foreign administrators and the people that were born in Canada
o William Lyon Mackenzie (FIRST MAYOR OF TORONTO) opposed this foreign administration (He
organized a rebellion)
o This rebellion took place on Yonge Street
o New arrivals: Freed black slaves, Irish (Potato famine), and European immigrants
o As time went on, the immigration system was more open and we accepted people from all countries
 They change the city socially and physically
 For example, they build houses and structures like they did in their home countries
What is Left Out?
- Before Europeans arrived, this land had a long history of Aboriginal settlement
- The entire downtown core was underwater
- Between 7000 and 2000 years ago, the waterline turned into what it is today
- The movement from one Aboriginal group to another happens for a variety of reasons
o Military confrontations or,
o Peaceful alternatives
 They believe in the concept of “taking care” of the land, not owning it
 Because of excessive cultivation, the Huron believed that if they moved away, the land would
heal itself
 Changing ownership of the land was not always a physical process
Tkaronto
- Aboriginal people were here thousands of years before the Europeans came
- When the French arrived, they met the Indigenous people, and they had peaceful relationships with them. They
needed them for trading purposes
o Their relationship with the British was worse
- The French brought with them many diseases that the Aboriginals could not heal
- The Toronto Passage was used by the Indigenous people, and when the French arrived, they founded Fort
Rouille
- The French paid money for the land in 1787
- The Indigenous people left and the land was colonialized
- Owning the Land vs. Taking Care of it
o The Aboriginals took care of the land
Week 3
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First part of the course looks at the structural design of the city
The second part of the course looks at the people
Inner Zone: Downtown Toronto
Outer Zone: All of the areas that developed after WW2
There wasn't enough space in Toronto with all the immigration
Inner Zone
- Distillery District
o Helps us understand the historical development in Toronto
o Pre-Industrial Phase (1830-1861)
 Toronto was mainly a service and trade center
 Reasons French and British stayed: TRADING AND MILITARY
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Industrial Phase (1870-1950)
 People were working in factories
 Manufacturing develops and society sorts itself by class
 1867: Confederation, Canada’s birthday
 MacDonald decided that the country needs to develop their own manufacturing industry
 The Canadian manufacturers were having trouble competing with the rest of the world
 MacDonald established “National Policy” in late 1970s– Imposing a tariff on any imported
goods
 For Canadians, it was more advantageous to buy a $10 jacket in Canada as opposed to a $25
jacket from Great Britain (Tariff)
 Having factories in Canada became possible due to the National Policy
 This existed until the post-war period
o Post-Industrial Phase (1950’s – Present)
 Manufacturing moves out of the city to more suburban areas (Transportation made this
possible)
 Most factories were originally located near water or near a railway
 Most of the highways were created in the 1950’s
 The improvement in transportation made the moving of manufacturing to suburban
areas possible
o This distillery was one of the most important ones in all of North America
o In the post-war period, Toronto became more geared towards the service sector
o Restaurants, boutiques, gyms, café’s were opened in Toronto as the manufacturing sector moved
o The Gooderham and Warts building used to be a factory, and now it has changed, although the
structure remains the same
Holy Trinity Church
o One of six Toronto churches built in the 1840s
o The first building that Eaton created was a factory, not the mall
o A number of residential areas were built near the factory and the church existed nearby to serve the
people
o In the 1960s-1970s, Eaton built a mall because Toronto was becoming more service oriented
o After all of these changes, the only thing that has remained as the Holy Trinity Church (Exact same
structure)
o Urban Change
 Changes in URBAN FORM (Houses to malls/skyscrapters), URBAN FUNCTION (Distillery
district stayed the same, and the use of the area has changed), URBAN MEANING (Distillery is
no longer a place of work, it is a place of entertainment)
Regent Park
o Canada’s largest public housing project
o If you meet a certain number of conditions, the government will give you an apartment for a more
reasonable price
o Built in the 1950’s
o Modernism: Planning philosophy based on a number of factors
o Regent park used to be a part of cabbagetown
o They removed everything that used to exist in that area
 Rebuilt new structures that followed this modernism strategy
o All of the streets were replaced with pedestrian sidewalks
o Only the people that lived in Regent park, or people visiting had no reason to be going to that area
o Modernism: A movement born in Europe in the 1920s
 Replacing slums with healthy and efficient lower cost housing
 Promoting a more equalitarian urban society
 People have a sense of place, so urban areas cannot just always be completely destroyed
o Jane Jacobs criticized everything that modernism is about
o She believed that mixed-uses are better than mono-use
o Older urban districts are a necessary element in a vibrant city
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Mixed-use areas are better
High concentrations of people and activities bring life to cities
Post Modernism and Regent Park Revitalization
 Mix of uses, social mix, public and private investments
 New streets were created to tie the neighborhood back into the city’s street grid (to reconnect
the area to the surrounding areas)
St. Jamestown
o Modernism – good for the working class
o Corporate property capital (Earning profits from urban space)
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Conclusion
- City fabrics as reflecting the urban economy
- Urban space is also shaped by corporations
- City fabrics tend to be transitory
- The influence of modernism and post-modernism
- Urban forms are of a dialogical nature
White Reading
- Jane Jacobs lived in Toronto from 1968-2006
- Most of the changes still would have occurred without the involvement of Jane Jacobs
- 4 Episodes taking place between 1968 and 1978
- Spadina Expressway
o Envisioned much earlier than when Jane Jacobs came (1940s)
o It is impossible to expand to the suburbs without a form of transportation to and from the city
o By taking the 401, you could take the Spadina Expressway south to get downtown
o Opposition began in 1961
 Didn't start when Jane Jacobs arrived, she didn't influence it that much
 She backed the opposition but it would have existed without her
 Provincial government cancelled the project in 1971 (The government didn't want to lose the
vote of the people)
- Urban Renewal
o Began in 1947 with the construction of Regent Park
o Came along with the public housing project (When modernism started)
o CMHC study became a blueprint for the city’s renewal program in 1956
o There wasn't much opposition from the people at this point
o In 1964, the Federal and Provincial government extend the program to the entire city, not only public
housing
o People started to see that Regent Park was no longer working and they began to oppose the project for
the whole city
o Residents opposition to urban renewal programs in Don Vale
o Jane Jacobs opposed the Urban Renewal, but she was not heavily involved politically
o What she wrote before she came to Toronto was important, not really what she did politically in the
city – She was important but the people of the city actually did the work
o John Sewell led the fight against urban renewal
- St Lawrence Neighborhood
o Municipal election in 1972
Ruppert
- All of the changes in the city are due to the economic situation
- The moralization of space is equally important
Yonge Street
- The most important street in Toronto (Canada as well)
- It is the main street
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Not every part of Yonge Street is equally important
Yonge Street south of Bloor is more important than the north
It is the image that we project to the rest of the world
We are going to focus on Yonge-Dundas, and how it has been developed since the 1960’s
Very low rise construction in the 1940/1950s
There was a pro-development mood in the 1960s, which caused the construction of skyscrapers
The Spadina Expressway was supposed to bring people from the North to the city
o People opposed it because was like building a highway in the middle of a neighborhood
o Politically, there was a group of people that got elected to represent the opposition
o At this time, David Crombie was the mayor
o Reformers take the city council in 1972
Eaton replaced his manufacturing facility with a mall (1977), but he originally wanted a high-rise residential
tower, a convention center, and other things
The reformers denied Eaton’s ideas, except for the mall
All of the people that had a store on Yonge and Dundas decided to move indoors (In the Eaton Center)
This was more convenient for the customer
o Avoiding bad weather (Rain, winter…)
o They have accommodations inside the mall (Washrooms, chairs to rest)
o Customers are relatively protected from people they are uncomfortable in dealing with
The shops that remained outside couldn't afford to lease a place inside the Eaton Center
The upper/middle class decided to move within the confines of the mall
The “junkies” were left outside on the street
The picture that would be circulated to the rest of the world would be drug addicts and people with a bad
profile
o This created some red flags
In 1994, City Council approved a plan for the redevelopment of the area
It was a conjoined effort between the public and private sector
o City Hall & Businesses
IN 1997, an Official Plan for the area
o The City of Toronto has the authority to expropriate the area and provide those people with
compensation
o They have the authority to take the land no matter what the owners say
o They did this to improve the area
o All of these owners went to the OMB (Ontario Municipal Board), the owners would need planners and
lawyers (Experts) in order to argue their case
o The Salvation Army and Ryerson University were examples of someone that moved
o Ryerson didn't bother with the challenge and they were offered space in AMC theatre
o Both sides still knew something was wrong with Yonge Street
Moral terms were used to describe Yonge Street
It wasn't so much an economic argument, it was more of a moral argument
o Yonge-Dundas was compared to what it used to be in the past
o Yonge-Dundas in relation to other spaces in Toronto (ex. Bloor Yorkville and Queen West)
o Yonge-Dundas was compared to similar places in other cities (Time Square in New York and Piccadilly
Circus in London)
o All seemed to be cleaner than Yonge-Dundas
o The argument was why couldn't it be as clean as these areas
Conclusion
o Certain city places get problematized (Example is Jane and Finch – Worse than Yonge-Dundas)
o The problematizations in certain spaces result in the moralization of conduct (More prone to vice,
more prone to create trouble)
o What are the consequences of this moralization in the context of urban citizenship?
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Week 4
- Social Mix: A mix of socio-economic people, mix of racial background
- Social mix is meant to create socio-economic diverse urban areas
History of Social Mix Planning
- 1840s in Great Britain – The goals of social harmony and cost efficiency
- In 1840 there was no legislation whatsoever to protect employees
o No sick leave, minimum wage, 5 day work weeks
o Lots of conflict between employers and employees
o This high level of tension created problems for the government
o Lots of protests
- If you live close to your employer, for example, you will have more of a connection to them, and not just hatred
when it comes to work
- If we can put these people together, they will start getting to know each other better and their families
- Poor societies were unable to provide schools and community centers in their neighborhoods
- Wealthy people were able to provide these services themselves
- Therefore, the government decided that if they mix all these people together, it will be cost efficient for them
- The poor people will also learn from the wealthy how to be productive
- Post-War Britain and the US: Social mix planning as a tool for social stability
o This would eliminate a lot of social hostility between people with different incomes
- Social Mix in the 1970s: Jane Jacobs and the reaction to modernism
o In order to have a vibrant and healthy city, you need a mix of social classes together
Social Mix in Canada
- 1970s: Reform movement in Toronto, preservation over development
- 1980s: There was a retreat of social mix, put on the side because there were other priorities (Neo-liberalism
and global economic restructuring)
- 1990s: The return of the social mix (New urbanism and smart growth – Smart growth is a strategy that
concentrates growth downtown as opposed to the suburbs – focusing on environment)
- Social mix new goal: Economic development of cities to attract the “Creative Class”
o Group of young professionals that work with their minds
o Characterized by high income, attracted to diversity (They like what downtown has to offer)
o If we create social mix in Toronto, this will attract the creative class to the city
- 1992: HOPE V!
o Occurred in the United States
o Housing opportunities for people everywhere
o The goal was to achieve poverty de-concentration through social mix policies
o This was not as successful as they wanted it to be, because it led to gentrification
 The higher income people started to require higher ended stores and services (The lower
income people could not use these services because they couldn't afford it)
 Gentrification: The shift to a wealthier society
- 1995: The neo-liberalization of the housing sector by the Harris government and its consequences
o Neo-liberalism: Emphasized the individual as opposed to the community
o If you are successful and wealthy, its entirely because of your efforts
o Same applies if you are poor, it is your fault
o Bill Gates: He was smart, but it wasn't ALL because of him
 He had a family that assisted him in pursuing an education
 Lucky enough to be born in the US, not a third-world country
 People who believe in neo-liberalism think that taxes should be cut for higher earning people
because they worked hard for their money
 Poor people deserve to be where they are, and don't deserve public housing and payments from
the government
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Federal government in 1990 didn't want to provide housing for the poor
In 1995 Harris was elected and continues to use the neo-liberalist policy
 No more public housing
o Public housing is managed by service providers
o Larger service providers (TCHC) could survive because they had enough money to keep going
o The highest concentration of public housing is in the downtown core of the city
o TCHC
 Entrepreneurial Approach
 Emphasis on social mix, private capital was available
 Adoption of a business management style (Function more like a private company to make a
profit)
 Increase in evictions – Public housing is a service and not meant to make money – Meant to
help the community
 The contracting out of jobs
Regent Park Revitalization
o Look at pictures in slides
o Social mix is occurring in Regent Park
o The fear is that this revitalization will lead to gentrification
 Most of the stores are for middle-class to upper-class people
 Social mix is almost becoming gentrification because of the services being provided in those
areas (Poor people cannot afford to live there)
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Increasing population in outer suburbs (Vaughan)
Etobicoke, Scarborough, North York are the inner suburbs
When Toronto invests their money, they prefer to invest in downtown, not the inner suburbs
They believe it will bring a higher economic return as opposed to the inner suburbs
Gentrification: First used in Britain (In the 1960s), working class neighborhoods were bought by people with
capital, renovated, and the value increases greatly
Gentrification has undergone s number of changes
o From individual houses to the construction of condominium towers (Condofication)
o Gentrification expands from just downtown to all across the city
o More support from the state level (Municipal and provincial government)
o Being closely connected to neo-liberal inspired urban policies (Individuals are the only ones that
matter, and how hard they work)
 If the wealthy want to live downtown, let them. And the poor people leave
o Gentrification in:
 Distillery district
 Leslieville
 West Toronto Junction
 Liberty Village
Gentrification has not happened magically, its occurred because of the Provincial and Municipal level – Makes
the gentrification process easier
History of Toronto’s Condominium Boom
o 1976: Toronto’s Central Area Plan
o 1994: Mayor Barbara Hall’s economic development policies
o 2000: Toronto Competes: An assessment of Toronto Global Competitiveness (Re-urbanizing and
housing policy)
o 2000: Toronto Economic Development Strategy
o 2002: Official Plan of the City of Toronto
o 2003: Toronto’s culture plan for the creative city (Richard Florida)
o 2008: Agenda for Prosperity, Creative city planning framework
We want the creative class because they make the most money and they will pay the most for condominiums in
the city
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Gentrification brings people back to the city
We don't want people spread out because they the vehicles are worse for the environment and it takes away
from Agricultural uses
Gentrification keeps the city competitive
Policies of the Province of Ontario
o 2005: Provincial Policy Statement, Places to Grow Act
o 2006: Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe Area
Condofiers
o Young (24-40 years old)
o Highly educated
o Couples or singles (No children)
o Employed full-time
o Above average income
o Home-owners as opposed to tenants
These people are going to want stores that cater to their expensive lifestyle (Boutiques)
Condo owners are going to demand services that low income people don't need
o More police services
o Not employment centers
o City Hall is going to listen to the higher income people because they pay more
o Lower income services will be displaced
Gentrification and its Contradictions
o Gentrification relies on selling Toronto as a multicultural, diverse and inclusive city
o We want the creative class to come the city, and this is what they find attractive ^
o The gentrification efforts resulted in anything but this
 In the long-run, the lower income people are displaced
 Gentrification starts with a process that is diverse, and it ends with the opposite
 Certain groups are displaced and communities result in a city space that is not inclusive and
open to diversity
Kern Reading
- The wealthy benefit the most from gentrification
- Low income people are most significantly penalized (Displaced from their original neighborhood)
Condominium Development in Toronto
- 40% of the people that buy condominiums are women
- Builders are more focused on targeting this market
- 1950/1960: When families moved to the suburbs, this was the toughest on women
o They were stuck at home all day (Not many services provided in the suburbs at that time)
- Liberation of women was created
- In order to be liberated, women needed to come to the city... many purchased condominiums
- On average, women are still paid 70 cents for every dollar a man earns doing the same job
- The majority of women in the city still cannot afford to live downtown
- The typical Condo dweller
o White
o Able-bodied
o Heterosexual
o Middle to upper class
How Condos are Advertised
- Part of the advertising has to focus on women (40%) and the other towards men
- Women as potential consumers
o Downtown condo living is presented as the best way for women to enjoy life to the fullest
o Pictures a glamorous lifestyle
- Men as potential consumers
o Instead of presenting the actual condominium, women’s bodies are represented as condo development
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This symbolizes the lifestyle of the condo, not the actual condo
Women are objectified in these advertisements, not liberated
Women in the Scary City
- There is a bad perception on Toronto. Its appealing but also risky in some ways
- Pleasure and risk are directly related in the city
- Women are more aware of the risks that are associated with the city of Toronto
o The different races and different class make the city come alive
o Women are willing to live in a risky environment. They just want to make sure they are safe when they
enter their door at home
o Condo owners have installed a system of security and cameras (They also have security guards at the
entrance at all times)
o Despite the unknowns in the city, the majority of women are raped by someone they know
o Therefore, the outside is actually less dangerous
o Women are still at more risk than men
- The liberation only applies to women that are able to afford to pay for a condo
- Women are objectified when they are marketed towards the male population
Neoliberalism in Toronto
- Being applied to Ontario, and how it affects the city of Toronto
- Harris, led the PC party in Ontario in 1995 and was reelected in 1999
- Resigned in 2001 because he was caught in many scandals
- Dalton McGuinty won the following election
- In the 6 years Harris was in power, he implemented the Common Sense Revolution
- Neoliberalism started roughly with the governments of Ronal Reagan in the US and Margaret Thatcher in the
UK
- We will be talking about how it developed in the 1980’s
- Main concepts:
o Personal responsibility and initiative
 What counts is what you do in your life. Everything can be explained by what you have done
(Successful because you work hard, poor because you don't)
o Deregulation
 If any one is responsible for their own actions, we do not need the government to set rules and
regulations for us
o Privatization
 Because the government has no business in the life of individuals, we should eliminate any kind
of public service and focus on the private sector
 Private Sector: More efficient and saves money
o Liberalization of Markets
 No one should be able to regulate, or restrict the market
 No external control
 Canada went from a rural country to a dominant industrial country
 John Macdonald established the National policy (Tariff), every manufactured item imported
from outside Canada was subject to tax
 This is the opposite of a free market
 Without a tariff, Canada would have never developed their own manufacturing
 Neoliberalism goes against the industrializing of countries. The concept of neoliberalism
prevents this
 North America and European countries will benefit from liberalization because they are
already industrialized
o Downsizing of Governments
 We should reduce people employed by the government because it is inefficient
o Cutbacks of Welfare State
 Welfare state: Came into existence after WW2
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 Why should we provide welfare to anyone if it is their fault that they are poor?
Neoliberalism as a policy
o Legislation put in place
- Neoliberalism as ideology
o People: The world is made up of single individuals, not a community that has support
o You support yourself
- Neoliberalism as governmentality
o Teaching individuals to regulate/be responsible for yourself
Neoliberalists have an economic point of view
- Emphasis on performance, efficiency, and the marketability of knowledge
- Emphasis on privatization and away from public processes
- Redefinition of citizens as clients
The CSR in Ontario
- Not only the Conservative government is neoliberal
- Provincial governments have been at the forefront of neoliberal restructuring in Canada
- In Ontario, the Tories came to power on the basis of CSR in 1995
- CSR was a textbook case of neoliberal policy strategy and projects
- Harris supporters were mainly anti-urban (Mansions in the suburbs), mostly white, and mostly male
- When Harris came into power, this happened (In 1 month)
o Drastic welfare cuts (21% cut to welfare state in one month)
o The Safe Street Act (Criminalize homelessness)
 Putting these people in prison is much more expensive than putting them in welfare (Bad idea)
o Amalgamation
 Amalgamated the council in Etobicoke, York, and Scarborough so it would cost less to staff
 He didn't ask the people of those cities if they agreed with that
o Reduce the number of provincial social service positions
 Much less ESL schools, less support for people searching for affordable housing, less job
searching support
 The people that were more vulnerable got penalized the most
o Introduction of workfare
 If you need financial support, you should work for it (Work for an organization that the
government supports)
o Loosening of Planning restrictions
 All of the rural areas surrounding Toronto are supposed to be sold to developers for town
houses
 We lost lots of prime farmland that was surrounding the GTA
o Deregulation of the province environmental regime
 Cut lots of the environmental jobs (Water inspectors)
 This caused Harris to resign
 Walkerton Ecoli problem (7 People died)
o Underfunding of Education
 The government has backed down on funding education (This is why we pay more tuition)
o Monitoring/Harassment of civil society organizations
 Monitored the people who were questioning his government
- Urban Neoliberalism in Toronto
o Changed the space of politics (amalgamation)
o The “reluctant global city” strategy (Used Toronto as a competitive global city – Olympics for example)
o Bourgeois urbanism (Revitalization of the city to attract middle-upper class people – creative class)
o Rescaling the urban imaginary (Retransforming the city via gentrification)
o Ecological modernization (Attempt Harris made to market nature – selling out farmland to make
money)
o New social disparities (Between the rich and the poor, middle class disappearing)
- In 1998, Mike Harris amalgamated the inner suburbs to create the city of Toronto
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Toronto Neoliberalism
- The general idea is that the citizens were “victims” of Harris
- The person that supported Mike Harris the most with his neoliberalism ideas was mayor Mel Lastman
o He was elected in 1997, two years after Harris took office and reelected in 2000
- Lastman’s Neoliberalism
o He implemented law and order and tax-cut agenda in city hall
o The city is responsible for collecting property taxes
o Whenever Lastman cut taxes, the taxpayers voted for him because it was in their best interest
o He also rewrote the City’s Official Plan
 This was a plan to focus on removing any barriers for developers – Increasing construction
 Lastman wanted to bring as much money to the city as possible
o He restructured the workings of local administration
o He cracked down on marginal population
 Particularly the homeless (Keep them away from the rest of the population, it is their fault that
they are where they are)
Neoliberalism and Urban Citizenship
- Neoliberalism has impacted our understanding of urban citizenship by transforming the citizen into a client
(Member of community to individualized subject)
- Citizen: The community should offer to help people that fall and need help getting back to being successful
- Client: Neoliberalist view, we are single individuals and responsible for ourselves only. We shouldn't be
concerned for everyone around us
- Neoliberalism has also imposed its own view of what is “normal”, thus criminalizing marginal behaviors and
spaces
- Urban neoliberalism has re-regulated the urban everyday
- Yet, it has also generated new forms of resistance and political action by socially and culturally marginalized
groups
R.A Walks
- The 2003 municipal election and the privatization debate
- The desire to privatize is the neoliberalist view
- People closer to the downtown core voted for David miller, those on the outer voted for John Tory
- The political view of people depends on where they live in the city
- Walks wants to see whether there is a relationship between urban form, everyday life, and ideology
- Everyday Life
o Is constitutive of the individual
o Is also alienating as it naturalizes a particular social order
o If you live in a certain environment from a child, it becomes the norm for you (If you are rich you are
used to being spoiled)
Urban Form
- Makes the interaction between different social groups more difficult
- Downtown Toronto: High Density, mixed-use
- Different socio-economic backgrounds and ethnicities in Toronto
- Scarborough: Residential use (Mainly mono-use), density in suburbs is a much lower density of people,
Interaction between different groups is now more difficult
- Urban form plays a role in defining what is normal
Privatization in Toronto
- The issue during this election was privatization
o The restructuring of the welfare state (Cutting back) and downloading of provincial responsibilities to
municipalities (Affordable housing)
o The requirement of becoming a “competitive city” in a global context
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The city had to come up with more money (Especially since the provincial government no longer paid
for the TTC)
o Privatization became popular because of the requirement of becoming a competitive city in a global
context
Data & Method
o Interviews of residents occurred at Beaches-East York
o Qualitative and quantitative analysis (Opinions, and numbers)
o This district was chosen because it has a number of voters that were considered to be from the inner
city, and the suburbs
Findings
o Issues were public transit, housing, school, and health care
o People in the suburbs think the ideal solution is privatizing
o Inner city residents thought that the public services should remain in charge and provide solutions to
these issues
o Drivers, Men, high income, and white, supported privatization/neoliberalism
o By privatizing, we are saving money and saving time, and the proper role of government needs to
distinguish between essential and non-essential services (Housing and public transit is not essential.
Health care is essential)
o People that were for privatization relied on exchange value rather than use value (Why should I pay
for TTC with taxes if I don't use it?)
o Exchange Value: If you don't need, you don't pay
o Use Value: If the city benefits (Although I don't), still pay
Socio-Economic Class
o Exchange value understanding of public services were wealthy and not in need of those services
o Those adopting a use value understanding were mostly lower income and in need of those services
Conclusion
o There is a connection on where you live and how you vote (ideology)
o They way our cities are planned and the daily life experienced within these spaces play a role in the
construction of resident’s political and social values
o John Tory was for privatization (In 2003)
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Lehrer and Winkler
- The Pope Squat as a direct action to resist privatization in Toronto and oppose neoliberal urbanism
- OCAP: Organization of mainly volunteers, meet on a regular basis, to figure out a way to combat the situation
of homelessness and poverty in the city
- Ontario Coalition Against Poverty
- Pope Squat
o When Pope John Paul came to Toronto
o OCAP said that people sitting outside in the cold is unacceptable and that “squatting” in an unoccupied
house should be allowed
- We live in a capitalist society, where public and private land exists
- Privately owned land cannot be occupied by someone that does not own it
- Societies that are not capitalist do not recognize the concept of ownership of a private place
o Example is the Aboriginals
o They did not own the land, they took care of it. It was not possible to own the land
- Places that are now considered public are becoming less public and more private
o Privatization of public space and marginalization of certain groups of people
- Social Construction of Space
o Physical, social, and symbolic constructions of space
o Who is the public?
 Homeless people get removed from public parks by the police
 They should technically be allowed to occupy the space
o Globalization has given privatization to public spaces like Dundas Square and Regent Park
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Housing Policy in Canada
o At the beginning of the 20th century (1905), the government would not provide public
housing for people that could not afford to live
o After WW2 (1944), the government started to realize that people that fought for Canada didn't have
jobs when they returned, so they could not afford housing
o Government said: Have the veterans build houses, so they have a job, and this provides public housing
for other people
o In 1944, this was the first national social housing program
o The public housing “boom” occurred between 1964 and 1984
o In the early 1990’s the federal government drastically reduced its commitment to provide subsidized
housing (MARONE) (Neoliberalist view – Poor are poor because it is their fault)
o In 1995, Mike Harris won with a neoliberal agenda to govern the province of Ontario
o Public housing was financed by the federal government, the provincial government, and in some parts,
the municipal government – they didn't have much money because the municipal government revenue
is only property taxes
o Now solution:
 In order to raise money, Toronto encouraged public-private partnerships
 Dundas Square happens to be controlled by a BOG – these people are the owners of the stores
located around Dundas square (Starbucks, Adidas)
 The Board of governors will choose an alternative that will benefit themselves (If there is a
hockey game on, they will play it on the big screen)
 This will attract the younger (wealthy) crowd to come to Dundas Square and buy a
coffee from Starbucks, a hat from Adidas, and maybe go to the Hardrock café after.
Even if legally, Dundas is a public place, the group of private owners will make the
decision based on what benefits them
 Regent Part used to be funded by the public sector, but now, public-private partnerships have
worked together to change that
 The lack of affordable housing in the city results in overcrowding of shelters and the increase
of the homeless population
 Example: John Tory and private companies have partnered to be able to afford maintaining ice
rinks in the city
 When you establish relations with the private sector, there is always a time when they will ask
something of you. They provided you with funding, so you have to listen to their requests
o People that apply for affordable housing must wait 10-15 years until they will be provided with a
house. There is a huge waiting list
o A few years ago the government said: Every time the shelter is 90% full, they have committed to open
additional spaces – They have not kept this promise
o In 2004, the federal government decided that they will try to start supporting federal housing again…
but now its too late, there is such a large backlog
OCAP
- Decided to occupy areas of Parkdale (Southwest of Toronto)
- Up until WW2, Parkdale was an upscale neighborhood, one of the best in the city of Toronto
o Most were wealthy people in nice mansions
- The location of Parkdale was not directly downtown Toronto
- No one wanted to live downtown because there were factories
- Parkdale was located on the waterfront, nice view of Lake Ontario
- With the immigrants coming after WW2, the federal government started a project for highway construction
and other infrastructure
- The Gardiner Expressway was built in the post WW2 period, and was a catastrophe for Parkdale
o All of these wealthy people would open their windows and see a highway instead of a lake
o Lots moved to the suburbs because of this
o Parkdale became a deserted neighborhood in the post WW2 period and it became a poor
neighborhood
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In the 1970’s people with mental issues were locked in an asylum (Institutionalization)
o The government did not want to invest in providing alternative solutions
o They just released these people without providing them with social assistance
o This contributed to the bad reputation of Parkdale, many of these patients were roaming the streets of
Parkdale
In the 1990’s, people started occupying Parkdale because it was cheap
Developers began to come in, buy the property, renovate it, and the property became worth more
Up to today, the gentrification of Parkdale is not as evident as other areas of the city
o Some parts of the area have been gentrified, but other areas have resisted it
o There is currently a mix of wealthy people and low-income people
o The balance of low income and high income people doesn't last forever because the high income people
are going to start demanding higher end services which are more expensive
 In the long run, the low income people will not be able to afford this lifestyle and the wealthy
population will take over
OCAP decided to occupy a property within Parkdale on King West
OCAP operates under the strategy of direct action, no negotiations, actions that will force the authorities to do
something
o One of the actions was them occupying a building on 1510 King West on July 2002
o The building was very poorly kept
o Even several councilors supported OCAP (Jack Layton supported it)
o However, the occupation was ended by the police in November 2002
o The provincial and municipal government were arguing about this situation, which is why it took so
long for the police to get in
o OCAP wanted to make a statement, they wanted to highlight a problem that the city has had for a
number of years (Problem of homelessness and lack of public affordable housing)
 They knew that they were going to get evicted eventually
o The OCAP action raised awareness of the housing crisis in Toronto
o It put back on the agenda the issue of ownership as framed within a capitalist system
Capurri
- Mike Harris was a strong supporter of Neoliberalist policies
- Tory – Center right of political spectrum (neoliberalist)
- Miller – Left center
- People on the left are anti-neoliberalist
- People think that David Miller was against neoliberalist, but he was for it, he was pro-gentrification
- Rob Ford becomes mayor in 2010
o All of the mayors that preceded him were neoliberalist
- Two contenders were Ford and Smitherman
o Smitherman was the minister of finance for Dalton McGuinty
o The result of the election was a significant split between the inner city and the inner suburbs
o Rob Ford won the inner suburbs
o Anyone who will control the votes of the inner suburbs will win the election
- Ford’s agenda
o Respect for Taxpayers (Stop the gravy train, wasting taxpayers money and they are very inefficient)
o His platform was about saving taxpayers money
- Harris in 1995: Safe Street Act – Criminalizing homelessness
- Rob Ford followed this, it was part of his promise
- When you become mayor, you are supposed to support everyone in the city (He didn't attend the pride parade)
o You do not have the luxury to represent whomever you want. You have to represent every city
- People liked Rob Ford because he supported the private sector
- A city is not a business
o A city shouldn't operate this way, or else it's a dictatorship
- What happens to those who
o Have no money to spend
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o Do not pay taxes
o Children/Homeless
o Tenants
All these people do not pay property taxes, where is the municipal government going to get their money from?
Citizen and taxpayers are not the same people
o Citizen: Members of a community that is works together
o Taxpayer: Individuals that may or may not have any connection to other individuals
Toronto’s Inner Suburbs
- This report set for future expansion
- Don Valley Conservation Report (1950) – Central planning document in Ontario until the early 2000’s
o Purpose of report was to preserve all of the natural areas surrounding the city of Toronto
o Making sure that the water system was clean (The Don River water)
o The areas used for farming purposes should be kept the same because it provides food for the city
- However, this report has no implementation plan
- All of these areas did not remain natural, the water system has not remained clean, and the farming has been
removed for settlement
- Problems
o Public officials were ignorant of the issue
o This plan only circulated through the department of planning
 There was a lack of circulation between departments about this plan
o The Don River was supposed to remain natural and remain a forest
 Now it is a transportation corridor
- Sprawl: The uncontrolled expansion into suburban areas (Scarborough, North York, Etobicoke)
- Sprawling is bad from an environmental perspective
- First article (Pamela Blais)
o If you build downtown you don't have to build a sewage system and an electricity grid
o If you build in the suburbs, the infrastructure needs to be built from scratch
o It costs more money to build in the suburbs, so they should be more expensive, however, they are not
o The funding for the infrastructure is provided by the municipality
o If the builder and the buyer take the cost of the infrastructure, then it would be more expensive to live
in the suburbs
- Second Article (Green belt)
o Focused on protecting the green belt (The forested area that surrounds the GTA)
o The urban sprawl should avoid the green belt
- David Crombie has been named to the Greenbelt Panel (remember he was elected in 1972)
- Metrolinx: Provincial agency, tasked for planning with transportation all across the GTA
o They are arguing that the city should pay for the majority of the cost because they are benefitting from
the service
- Mike Harris decided to cut funding for municipalities
- The city does not receive much money from the provincial government
Assignment 3
- Day and time
Toronto’s Inner Suburbs (Continued)
- Scarcely populated during WW2
- They used to live in the inner city
- Lots of immigrants came to Toronto after WW2
o City expanded to accept all these people
- Outer Suburbs (1980’s onwards)
o Surrounding the city of Toronto (Scarborough, Etobicoke, North York, Inner City)
o Halton, Peel, York, Durham, City of Toronto comprise of the GTA
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o This includes the outer suburbs as well
From 1970-2000, we have seen significant changes
o Average income increases by 20% (City #1)
o Average income has remained the same (City #2)
o Average income decreases by 20% or more (City #3)
The majority of neighborhoods in City #3 are the inner suburbs
There is a significant level of income polarization within the city
Rich people get richer, and poor people get poorer
The middle class is disappearing
Is there a relationship between income polarization and voting patterns? Yes. People with decreasing incomes
voted for Rob Ford
People with increasing incomes (Right downtown) voted for Smitherman
Since 1970, there has been a preference for older downtowns as opposed to suburban areas
o People started to find that the suburbs were boring
o They started to move back to the inner city
o People that didn't want to move back down to the city moved more north to the outer suburbs
 It was a further suburban sprawl, which began the development of the outer suburbs
o Municipal governments want to attract the creative class
 They bring money to the city
 These people like to eat out, go shopping, go to the gym, rather than stay home and watch TV
 They are attracted to a unique city with lots of entertainment and event
 Diversity is what attracts them too
o As a result, the inner suburbs are declining, people would prefer to come to the city with all of the
amenities
o Politicians will invest the city’s in the downtown core because this money will attract the creative class
 Not much money is spent in the outer suburbs
o In terms of voting, the majority of the votes came from the inner suburbs. They are upset because the
money is going to the downtown core
o The people that get the city running come from the inner suburbs
o We need to find a way to recognize the contribution they make to the city
 The services the inner suburbs receives is much less than the downtown core
Young and Keil
- Politics of infrastructure
o The set of political decisions that are focused on providing infrastructure for the city
o Infrastructure: Roads, water mains, electricity grid
o The municipality is responsible for the infrastructure and where to build it
- The inner suburbs
o Despite receiving less attention, they still have many people
o Lower income people, new immigrants
o Marginalized by the structure of the city
o The in-between city is fucked
- Importance of Infrastructure
o The federal government has a limited role in terms of infrastructure
o The only time the federal government was involved was after WW2 in building the highway
infrastructure
o They are more involved in providing an infrastructure for the region (GTA)
o Municipalities improve areas within their boundaries
o Because of the lack of willingness to look in the in-between cities, those people are lacking services
provided by the provincial and municipal government
- Legislation (2 Pieces)
o Green Belt Act
 Natural vegetation area that surrounds the city of Toronto and the GTA
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Provincial government has decided that we cannot lose this vegetation (Cant touch that part of
the ecosystem)
 Green Belt Act: Meant to stop sprawling (EXAM)
 It is the ultimate limit where expansion must be stopped
o Places to Grow
 Growth occurs by increasing the density level within the city – Cannot happen at the expense of
the Green Belt
Established a partnership with Quebec and the Federal government to establish the Ontario-Quebec
Continental Gateway and Trade Corridor
o Purpose is to make sure that goods produced by Quebec and Ontario are easily shipped to the USA
(This corridor connects to Windsor)
Goal of the Toronto Transit City Plan (Created by Miller- Transit City) was to build a rail system that operates
above ground to connect the inner suburbs to the downtown core
o The people living in the inner suburbs would not have to wait half an hour for a bus
o Rob Ford eliminated this plan when he took office in 2010 (Focused on subways, and crack cocaine)
o Now that RF is gone, SmartTrack is being implemented by John Tory
o It is an above ground rail system
 Controversy with regards to some of the rail systems because they pass through neighborhoods
 The goal of the SmartTrack plan is to reconnect the inner suburbs to the downtown core, like
the Transit City Plan
o This situation is tough for the provincial government because whenever a new mayor gets elected, they
have to re-evaluate their plan
o Metrolinx: A provincial agency that overview transportation planning for the whole region
 Concerned with any form of transportation, not just public transport (Highways as well)
 The cost for this plan is very high, but the provincial government can only fund a small
percentage of the plan
Challenge of Regional Planning
o Citizens have started to tackle transportation problems themselves
o Example: Jane and Finch on the move
 Advocates for better transit for the people living in this community
 They are part of the in-between city – In need of infrastructure
Conclusion
o Certainly seeing attention in the in-between cities
o We have already seen neoliberalist views (Privatization)
 This doesn't work for people that have lower incomes
 Having a government that provides a certain number of services is essential for these people
 Important to understand that there are tensions in the in-between city
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Other
- City hall has approved the new budget – This includes a 2.75% increase in property taxes (Average household
is $83 more per year)
- Right side: Doesn’t agree with the increase, Left side: We should increase it more
- Tory is taking loans from future budgets and fucking future mayors
- Valentina is teaching her opinion and said that she loves taxes, and that better services are worth the tax
increases
- She doesn't understand why they are spending $4 million to light up the Bloor Viaduct for the Pan Am Games
o She thinks that we should put that money towards affordable housing to get people off the streets
Safe Park Video
- Largest hostel in Canada is on George Street
- Hostel system cannot take in enough people, and they are forced to sleep in parks
- The police charge these people and kick them out
- Idea of the Safe park is to take it back and claim it for homeless peoples safety and solidarity
- OCAP has initiated the Safe Park idea
- Ontario housing has a waiting list for 5 years
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Some homeless people have to commit a crime in order to get into jail and survive
This video connects to the discussion about public places in the city
o Public should be a place that is accessible by everyone, but the reality is that this is not true
Role of Allies
o The voice of the homeless can be resonated by people that have more power
o Protection – Homeless people are subject to more violent acts than regular, middle class people
 The allies help protect the homeless people with their presence
Allies stand in solidarity because they can assess what is just and what is unjust, although they are not
homeless themselves
OCAP does this to wake up the people in the city and create awareness for the homeless
Moving Around in the Toronto Region
- Different, but interrelated movements
o Goods & People
- Goods
o Most things we buy on a daily basis are not produced in the place we buy it
o They are shipped in
- People
o Transportation to and from the city
- This movement is significant because of the location of the City of Toronto (Right in the middle of Canada)
- The region is strategically situated at the crossroads of rail & road networks to connect it to:
o Northern Ontario
o Quebec
o Atlantic Canada
o Western Canada
o The US and Mexico
- Continental Trade Corridor: Connecting Quebec to Windsor
- NAFTA: Ties Canada, US and Mexico
Global City Transportation
- Globalization of the economy
- Urban regions are in competition to attract global capital and are building globalized superstructures to
accommodate international trade (Airports)
- These globalized superstructures are interlinked with localized transportation and transit systems that serve
the everyday needs of the resident population
- This geography is centered at Pearson Airport
o The area around Pearson is occupied by industrial buildings & crossed by a web of superhighways and
major roads
o Highways have replaced rails as the main avenue to ship goods across Canada
o The 409 was sold by the provincial government to the airport authority
o Highway was the more convenient way to move goods than rail
o Almost 80% are moved by trucks
- Pearson Airport
o Connects us with the rest of the world
o Provides us access to 60 cities in the US
o Pearson is the most important airport in Canada, the one in Vancouver sees half of the traffic as
Pearson on a daily basis
o Pearson is governed by the Grater Toronto Airport Authority (GTAA) under a private NFP model
o The goal was to make sure this agency was independent from the government and the shareholders
o This model was adopted with the intention of freeing decision-making process from the influences of
the government and the shareholders
o Being independent is more efficient (Don't need to ask for approval)
o The GTAA acts unilaterally without any coordination in multi-level planning and governance
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Getting Around the City
o Automobiles: Extensive road network
o The region is characterized by extensive car production, ownership, and use
o The suburbs have been built on the logic of automobile transportation
o Automobile transportation has been at the core of Canadian transportation policy since WW2
o Consequences
 Gridlock and Air Pollution (Government wastes 1 billion a year in health care for respiratory
problems)
 Big automakers and car park makers only lobby for keeping jobs
 The Canadian Auto Workers is also absent from the debate
 The Ontario Trucking Association (OTA) is more active and operates through formulation of
transportation policy processes and participation in ad hoc committees and other
governmental initiatives
o Pieces of the gardiner expressway are falling, and it could be dangerous for vehicles
o Safety should be the top priority, regardless of the cost
- TTC
o A giant in a precarious financial position
o Ridership Growth Strategy (RGS) in 2003: The TTC as a key player in assisting in the “smart” reurbanization of Toronto
o TTC recuperates 80% of the fares, they rely too much on funding from our fares
o The TTC tends to focus on the built up core of the GTA because of urban density and the need for cost
recovery
o The extension from Downsview to York is taking a long time, they are also proposing a plan to go more
north to Vaughan
o The density in Scarborough is smaller than downtown, so an extension to that area depends on the
amount of funding they receive from customers (Less customers = less likely)
o Transit City: Connects Mississauga, Etobicoke and goes to Scarborough
 Above ground system, like a streetcar, and it benefits the inner suburbs
o John Tory: Smart Track is basically the same plan as the Transit City plan, same purpose
o It is an above ground system
o People support this plan, but there is no funding for it
o Ridership forecasts are increasing because there are more immigrants coming to Toronto and the
population of Toronto will grow
 We definitely need an expansion
o That is one problem, the other problem is maintenance. Everything is falling apart and there is no
money to fund these repairs
Accessibility
- Dalton McGuinty passed a legislation that will reduce the barriers for people with disabilities
- All subway stops should be accessible to people with disabilities
- Small changes should be made year to year and not all at once. The TTC should be working on this right now
- Supposed to be completely implemented in 2025
Federal Transportation Policy
- Since the 1990’s the Federal Government wanted to follow a policy of privatization/deregulation
- Examples:
o Privatization of Air Canada (1988-89)
o Privatization of the Canadian National Railway (1995)
o Transfer of ownership of major airports to non-profit private agencies (1990’s)
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Provincial Transportation Policy
- Places to Grow: How to protect vegetation by growing the population where residential areas already exist
- The goal is the prevent sprawling
- Transportation is important because the green belt should be inaccessible and the transportation network
should be improved where residential areas already exist
- Metrolinx is responsible for this (Provincially owned)
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Formed in 2006 as the Greater Toronto Transportation Authority
Renamed Metrolinx in 2007
Merged with GO in 2009
It Is a governmental agency that manages and integrates road transport and public transportation in
the GTA and Hamilton Area
Local Transportation Policy
- The GTA divide between downtown and suburban areas is also evident in the transportation policies of the
local municipalities
- The City of Toronto promotes public transit, cycling, and walking
- Suburbs promote the use of automobiles and trucks
Regional Governance and Transportation
- Each city has their own city council and mayor and they have no say as to what is going on in other cities
- It is a compartmentalized system
- Socially, this is a problem
o People move around to different municipalities every day
o The Toronto region needs some integration, there is never a meeting between the mayors and city
councils of each city in the GTA
- In 1998 amalgamation of Toronto was not accompanied by the creation of a regional governance planning
unit
- The Greater Toronto Service Board was ineffective because he had authority to plan, but not to implement
o This was to connect all of the cities
- The GTSB was abandoned in 2001
- The GTSB was finally replaced in 2006 by the GTTA (Later metrolinx)
- Federal and provincial governments are hesitant to commit money for long-term projects
- Problems with Metrolinx
o Less than 1% of spending is used for alternative forms of transportation like bicycling and walking
o Big Move: The plan covers a period of 25 years though capital funding beyond year 15 is not
guaranteed
Conclusion
- The GTA needs better transit for social, environmental, and economic reasons
- Decisions, to be effective, must concern the entire region
- A collective political actor is needed to address the problems and find the long-term regional solutions
- Finding the money is the biggest problem
- Use this reading for the paper
Greater Toronto Area
- Sprawling into the GTA
- New Urbanism: Planning theory that is supposed to reshape the suburbs in a way like downtown
o It opposed everything that the suburbs are
o Community Centers, Parks
o Porches
o No garage
- New urbanism became so popular because it was a preventative strategy for sprawling
- The government agrees with this strategy
- When a theory is applied to reality, it needs to be flexible
- New Urbanism in Cornell, Markham
o Within Markham, Cornell is a small portion
o The first plan was to create an international airport that would compliment Pearson Airport (Eastern
side)
o Project was dropped. Not necessary for 2 airports
o 1988: Used this space to build affordable housing by also following the new urbanism strategy
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1995: Mike Harris was elected and the provincial government stopped supporting affordable housing
(The province would no longer fund Markham’s plan)
o City of Markham sold it to a private company
o Builders kept it as a new urbanism design
o Advantage: Builder markets product to customers as something unique
o Disadvantage: Running a big risk
o New conventional model (No garages, front porch)
 People are invited to leave their homes and interact with neighbors
 Sidewalks are also built to facilitate interaction
- New Urbanism was also implemented in Orangeville (Montgomery Village)
o Much less success than in Cornell
o Built houses with a new urbanist design, however, the houses weren’t selling
o The solution was to drop elements that people didn't want (front porch replaced by a garage)
o The garage was attached to the house as well
o The builders reverted their design to the traditional model after they realized the new urbanism design
was not working
- New Urbanism in the GTA (The Beach, Toronto)
o The housing complex that was built was extremely successful
o The inner city is built for public transit and walking
o People appreciated this idea
- New Urbanism in King West Village
o The neighborhood already represented the idea of new urbanism
o The building was already integrated with the city
New Urbanism in City and Suburbs
- It is much easier to implement a new urbanist design because people are already used to that style of living
- In the suburbs, new urbanism is an experiment and it differs from the original structure
Obstacles to Change
- Public and private actors lack of interest to change hampers New Urbanism attempts
- Existing regulations facilitate maintenance of the status quo
- Constraints imposed by the industry facilitate standardization over innovation
- From the builders perspective, there is no incentive to follow the new urbanist design (Building a detached
garage and the house as well – two separate fees they don't want to pay)
- Builders are comfortable building the same structures and not changing. Less work and it's the same process
Conclusion
- When a general theory is applied to the real world, it gets modified to what the public wants
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Services in Toronto
- Mike Harris wanted to save money as much as possible
- In 1998: Amalgamate separate municipalities (Etobicoke, NY, Scarborough) to become the City of Toronto
- Why do we have to pay for the salary of the staff in the inner suburbs if we can pay one salary
- All the bylaws need to be combined into one set of bylaws as well
- 2001: Restructuring of public recreation policy: The rise of targeted social policy
Restructuring of the Welfare State in Canada
- Recreational policy: The amount of services provided to citizens
- Since the 80’s the federal and provincial government have been reluctant to provide more services
- Mike Harris introduced:
o Workfare – Substituted welfare, in exchange for money, you have to volunteer and work for the
province
o Privatization of public assets and services – Paying for the 407 (Privatizing everything possible)
o Downsizing of Public Services – Eliminated these job positions
o Municipal Amalgamation
- All of these measures were for the reasons of cost-saving
- When you amalgamate these places, there are different sets of recreational policies
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In Toronto, recreational policies were free for all
In the inner suburbs, basic recreation was provided inside the home, additional services were paid for
Wealthy people moved to the inner suburbs after WW2
o Because they were rich, they could afford these recreational services
Post-Amalgamation Policy
- The policy that was adopted was paying a fee
- However, if you cannot afford the fee, these people can use the services even if they don't pay (Welcome policy)
- Where do we draw the line?
- It is demeaning for people with low incomes – By targeting these individuals, it makes them feel like second
class citizens
- Stigmatization sets in
- Services provided by the government should not be considered as goods
o Everyone, no matter what their income is, should be able to enjoy these services
o Recreation is a right
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Ethnic Neighborhoods
- Italians in Toronto (3 Modes)
o Quotidian
o Calendrical
o Monumental
- How do the Italians articulate certain spaces in the city so that everyone else in the community can identify
that place as an Italian neighborhood?
- Italians in the Cityscape
o College Street’s Little Italy
 Not many Italians live there anymore
 There are a number of Italian stores, however
 These stores sell original Italian products
o St. Clair Avenue West’s Corso Italia
 Became more affluent and moved further out to St. Clair
 Contains several Italian commercial storefronts
 Italian population diminished throughout the years and the percentage of new groups has
increased
o Woodbridge
 Many have moved here now
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History
o 1900’s arrival of Italians, 1930’s Development of a commercial and residential Italian identity, 1950’s
Italians begin to move out, 1970’s movement to outer suburbs, 2001, new immigrant groups
predominate in Little Italy
o Only place to go was overseas, they had very little education, so many became construction workers
Quotidian
- Encompasses the everyday level of individual and collective behavior through which Italian Canadians make
claims and seek acknowledgement of their presence in particular neighborhoods
- Examples
o The evening ritual walk (Passeggiata)
 Meeting neighbors and take a break after work
 This kind of behavior makes Italians unique in the neighborhood. Anyone could easily
recognize who they were
o Ethnic Personalization of Space
 Italians saw that the mangiacakes were planting flowers and thought it was stupid
 They planted tomatoes, front porches (This is how their space was appropriated)
- This is the same for every ethnic background. They bring certain characteristics that make them recognizable
to the rest of the community
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Calendrical
- It encompasses the ritual marking of Italian presence performed in urban space
- They happen with a certain regularity every year
- Examples:
o Good Friday religious procession
 On St. Clair West (Corso Italia), the Italians showcased that it was their street by hosting a
Good Friday procession (This is how they appropriated space in the city)
o The gathering together during international soccer tournaments
 Very popular in Mapoli
 Very good way of showcasing their culture in the Toronto community
o The CHIN International Picnic
 Italian Canadian radio station
 Main organizer of a yearly picnic in the summer months in Toronto
 Its supposed to be a multicultural picnic
 Ethnic aspect and class aspect
- These are Italian examples, every ethnic background has their own
Monumental
- It encompasses the foundation of monuments and institutions to assert the performance of Italians in the city
- Examples
o The Italian-Canadian Immigrant Monument
 People were coming here with no money and no connections and using welfare
 People that lived here already thought that this would impact their lifestyle as well
 Italians were working people, and rooted in family values
 The message this monument sends is that every Italian family is like this (Kind of construed)
 Not every Italian is heterosexual
 Not every man earns all the income nowadays
 Not every woman takes care of the house
 There are some inaccuracies that this message sends to Torontonians
o The Columbus Centre
 Programs for seniors, ESL classes, job search, recreational activities
 It is pride for the Italian community
Commercial Italian Identity
- Many Italians have moved north to Woodbrige at this point
- Only the commercial neighborhoods remain in the downtown part of the city
- These neighborhoods are presented to the creative class that are unique, and offer something that is different
than the rest of the city (Supporting gentrification)
- There is a risk of falling into a bunch of stereotypes (People that are good cooks, like coffee, like wine)
Conclusion
- The Italians tried to appropriate particular neighborhoods in the city
- They have succeeded in a way… these spaces remain there today
- Italian neighborhoods are being taken over with new immigrants arriving
- We can expect them to follow the exact same process that the Italians did
- The other attack comes form English Canadians (Gentrifiers) – Settling here because it is unique place to live
Toronto’s Ethnic Diversity
- New immigrant groups are:
- Cultural and racially heterogeneous
o Only white people were allowed to come to Canada in the past
o Chinese and Black were able to come to Canada
o They weren’t welcome, Asians came to build the railway and were supposed to leave
o Blacks were supposed to help fight with Britain
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This changed eventually – Late 1960’s (If you want to come to Canada, they don't assess the colour of
your skin anymore, they assess you based on level of education, job experience, ability to speak
English/French)
o This opened the door for a number of immigrants (Latin America, Africa, Asia)
Socio-Economic Background
o When the Italians came in 1950, there was only one category of immigrants
o Today there are different classes of people (Investors just come to invest money, regular immigrants,
refugees) – The categories are more categorically diversified
There is a higher concentration of visible minorities in downtown Toronto, but now they are moving to the
outer suburbs (The reason for this is the process of gentrification)
o The buying of property is very expensive, many visible minorities cannot afford it, and rich white
people are moving back
Toronto’s Black Community
o There are different black cultures (And we are classifying them all together)
 Black Canadians and Americans
 Black South Americans
 Black Africans
 Caribbean Blacks
o Even these categories are general, they all speak different languages and they cannot be classified
under the same category
o This occurs because we still live in a system that is dominated by a white society
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Immigration Problems
- Difficult to afford a place in Canada
- Economic disadvantage and housing costs
- Lack of knowledge about the functioning of housing markets
- Lack of fluency in English/French
- Racism
Portuguese-speaking Angolans and Mozambicans (1990-2005)
- Portugal colonized these two countries, that's why they were forced to speak their language
- Reasons for immigrating
o Political and economic instability
o In 1975 gained independence from Portugal
o They fought against the Portuguese for their independence
o They couldn't live successfully anymore in Africa, so they came here
- Immigration Status
o They applied and were assessed based on the point system – majority of Angolans have entered
Canada as refugees and were able to bypass the point system
o Going through the point system ensures that you can support yourself
o Refugees who bypass cannot support themselves
- Age
o Angolans were younger than the Mozambique’s (25-26)
o Angolans early 20s
- Household Status
o Most people that came to Canada came by themselves
o Spouses and children did not come with them
o Many of them live with co-ethnics, and share apartments
- Pre-existing Social Networks
o Italian and Greek people have pre-existing networks
o No established network for Angolans or Mozambique’s
- Relations with Portuguese Community
o They could have some welcome atmosphere in the Portuguese community (Speak the same language)
o But this is not the situation
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Residential Mobility
- Reasons to move from one place to another
o Too expensive rents
 Angolans struggled because they came as refugees
o Housing Conditions
 Canada is not the nicest place to live (Not what we project to the rest of the world)
o Size of housing
 Since people share the place to save money, the typical house is one bedroom and difficult to
share
Searching for a Place to Live
- Portuguese sources (Friends and newspaper ads)
- Ethnic Networks (Word of mouth)
- Looking around (Angolans were refugees, Mozambique’s were in a better situation and they could own at least
a second hand car – some type of mobility)
- Private/Non-Private Organizations and Institutions (They didn't search for much support from these places)
Barriers Met by these People in the Toronto Housing Market
- Housing costs vs. income level
- Prejudice and discrimination by landlords
o It is illegal to discriminate when offering up a place to rent
o Sometimes, landlords discriminate based on the voice their hear when they receive calls
Portuguese Community
- Problems met by Angolans and Mozambicans when dealing with the Portuguese community:
o Racism
o Cultural Barriers
- Although they speak the same language, they are not a part of the community because the color of their skin
was different
- The tension during the colonizing years is still not forgotten
- Not good for relations between the two cultures
Level of Satisfaction
- They are quite satisfied with their current dwelling, although they do not feel any sense of “being home”
- Angolans and Mozambicans do not feel any sense of “being home” in their neighborhood either
- This is because they are renting
- Which neighborhood would you like to live in?
o They want to live in a multicultural neighborhood, not close to their own race
- Recommendations
o More information for immigrants
 Once accepted, immigrants should be provided with a package, organizations they could
contact when they arrive in Canada
 Where are neighborhoods located and the price in those neighborhoods
o More information for landlords (About tenant’s rights)
 Government should take a proactive role and send information to landlords
Conclusion
- New immigrant groups do not have many research studies about them
- We are not as multicultural as we actually are
Visible Minorities
- South Asian (13.5% of Toronto population)
- Chinese (9.6% of Toronto population)
- Black (6.9% of Toronto population)
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Ethnic Economies
- Enclave economy
o Stores set up by an ethnic group to serve their own ethic group
- Non-Enclave economy
o Mainstream, not attached to any specific ethnic group
- Mixed (Integrated) Economy
o Has an enclave and non-enclave component
Chinese Settlement Patterns
- MacDonald was racist
- He made an exception to bring Chinese people here to build the railway across the country
o They were accepted as laborers, not citizens
- A tax was created so they would have to pay when they enter the country
- Chinese exclusionary act
o No Chinese people can enter Canada
- Chinese were faced with lots of discrimination when they wanted to rent a place
- They were restricted in their educational choices as well (Automatically excluded from attending an
University)
- Restrictions in terms of employment (Cant be a lawyer, doctor, engineer..)
- They searched refuge in their community and developed Chinatown in Toronto
o Initially located at City Hall
o Chinatown moved to Dundas and Spadina
- In the post-war period, the Chinese improved their standing and moved outside Chinatown
- They concentrated in the inner suburbs (Scarborough)
o Now they moved to Markham, Richmond Hill, and Mississauga
- As soon as economic circumstances improve, they relocate into the suburbs
Chinese Businesses
- In the old Chinatown, there were grocery stores, other services provided to Chinese people that lived in the
community
- In the 1980’s they moved to Scarborough
- Enclave economies spread to places where there are high concentrations of Chinese people
- Indoor Malls
o Protected from weather
o Variety of different stores in the same location
o Pacific Mall – Largest Chinese mall in North America
o Chinese people can shop and socialize here
- Integrated (Mixed Component) – Started in the early 90s
o Diverse businesses
o Expanding
o Multiple locations
o Integrated with the general economy
- Pacific Mall (Markham), Splendid China Tower (Scarborough) are located right beside each either
o One is on the north and south side of Steeles – Steeles splits the inner and outer suburbs
Yonge Street
- Toronto’s main street
- It covers downtown Toronto, the inner suburbs, and the outer suburbs
- It is a very important street because messages can be resonated – everyone will notice
- Splits east and west Toronto
Democratic Gay Public Space
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Hierarchical Homosexual Space
o Identity is hidden (All homosexuality is a crime in Canada)
o Evidence of sexually related contact hidden (It is a ticket to jail so they didn't express their feelings in
public)
o Rules within gay male networks made by a singular elite (Many couples had one dominant person who
could support themselves easily)
Democratic Gay Male Space
o Identity visible
o Evidence of sexual contact obvious (Gay people still don't express their feelings in public as much as
straight people do)
o Rules and organizational structure set by multiple groups through open discussion
Many gay people don't reveal that they are gay to their employers (Scared of discrimination) or parents
(Traditional people)
We are in the middle between hierarchical homosexual space and democratic gay male space
It is more uncommon to see gay men as opposed to lesbian women
Pre-WWII Gay Space
- Gay men tried to appropriate spaces in the city
- This was difficult because their behavior was criminal
- There was fear and suspicion within the community, they couldn't reveal who they actually were without going
to jail
- Activities:
o Cruising the Street (Walking around)
o Ravines (Safe secret space during the night time – Valentina said that they had sex here, I wanted to
make that clear)
o Parks (Not as quiet as ravines)
o Hustler Streets
 Most of these activities were located on Yonge street and College, however, it was a popular
street so it was easy to get caught
 If you were privileged, you could locate yourself on secondary streets and not running the risk
of getting caught (Grosvenor street)
o Police repression of gay activities in public spaces
- The police stole their morality rights when they knew something was going on (Prostitution)
- They cut down trees in ravines so they couldn't hide, stuff like that
Gay Liberation (1969)
- Stonewall was a big event in New York (Police continued to attack them and kick them out of hotels)
- The gay community took a stand in New York and they started to fight back
- In 1969, homosexuality got partially decriminalized by Pierre Trudeau
The Bathhouse Raids (Feb 1981)
- The police were upset with the gay community because they thought they were inferior to the law
- The police raided the bathhouses
o A place where gay people used to go, by paying high fees, where they could have a private room
o The fees were very high because a part of the fee was given to police to keep them quiet
o General understanding: bathhouse was a safe space
o There has never been an assault against the entire community all at once
o The gay people met and had a march of protest against police brutality
o They marched on Yonge street – It sent a message
o This march was the first of a long series that went on for 2 years (81-83)
o A large portion of the heterosexual population joined the march, and then there were no more attacks
against the gay community
o 200 people expected, 5000 showed up to the march
- Conclusion
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Change is slow
Old forms persist
New structures are gradually introduced
Gay Village
- Forced to reside here because no one wanted to live near them
- Today, it is one of the most valued areas of Toronto
o Real estate price is high
o Supports gentrification
Queer Pride Parade
- Happens the last week of June
- Transformed from a political movement to a tourist attraction
- Initially started in the 1970’s, not before this time because it was a crime
- History
o It began in various forms in the 70s and became an annual event in 1981
o The first Pride Committee was created in 1986
o In 1991 City Council proclaimed Pride Day for the first time
 They realized that Pride is bringing a lot of money to the city
 That is why City Council supports it – many are homophobic still
 Mel Lastman didn't want to go to Pride because it was an opportunity that he shouldn't miss
 It was strange when Rob Ford refused to attend for 4 years in a row
 By applying for the job, you have to represent all of Torontonians
 Whether he likes it or not, he should attend to represent the whole city
Commodification of Diversity in Toronto
- Reshaping of the city according to the wishes of the creative class
- Queerness and ethno-cultural diversity are increasingly used by the city to:
o Advertise Toronto’s cosmopolitan image
o Support a local tourism industry based on the commodification of cultural difference
- This commercialization of diversity only considers things that bring money to the city
- They only embrace diversity that is economically viable for the city (Ignore homelessness)
Commodification of Queerness
- Queer spaces, once targeted by police, are now commodified as a tourist attraction to show how tolerant and
accepting of diversity the city has become
- Until recently, police and municipal politicians perceived gays and lesbians presence in Toronto as a sign of
moral decay
Ryerson University
- Sheldon Levy supports the gay population – Brings in money
- Although he supports the population, policies do not support the gay community
- We need to establish policies that accommodate everyone
Wesley Institute
- research institution
- research done at the city level with social justice
- the Blueprint to End Homelessness in Toronto gives important data from 2011 that has even worsened today
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- very few homeless people go to shelters – shelters are overcrowded, a number of shelters do not have proper
washroom facilities inside, there are also issues with violence, people are also afraid that the few belongings
they have will be stolen
- the fact that 30,000 women, men, and children crowd into homeless shelters in the city annually is only the tip
of the iceberg and doesn’t account for those who don’t bother going
- 70,000 households are on Toronto`s social housing waiting list
- 150,000 households are on the brink of homelessness (paying more than 50% of their income on shelters)
- homelessness has been growing 6 times faster than the overall population since 1960
How to End Homelessness in Toronto?
- move people from shelters to homes though an enhanced rent supplement program
- allows person searching for a house to rent at the market price with the government subsidizing the
difference between what is supposed to be paid and the normal affordable housing price
- will get people out of shelters in the more short-term
- fund new affordable housing – at least 200,000 new and renovated homes in mixed-income neighborhoods in
the next 10 years
- candidates during elections claim to want to provide funding for this housing – these infusions of money are
one-time deals – this is not possible anymore because we have a huge back log – one project every ten years
won’t do
- instead of relying on the goodwill of politicians, we need a program or commitment for the long-term, with
regular and annual goals
Cost of Homelessness
- health costs – studies have shown that homeless people fall sick way more often than the average population
– higher burden on public health care system
- economic costs – safe street act was meant to criminalize homelessness, most resulted in fines – if they could
not pay the fine, they would be jailed - criminalizing homelessness is costly – the cost of taxpayers for a month
in prison is $4,333 while the cost of a month for social housing is $199.92
- social costs – no one wants to live in a community where there is extreme poverty, bad for social connection
Where if Affordable Housing?
- not much left
- a 2-bedroom in Toronto is around $1,060 per month (in 2013, its worse now)
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- to afford that 2-bedroom, an annual income of $42,400 is required
- 40% of Toronto’s households have an income of less than $40,000 (also 2013)
- no new affordable housing is being built
The Geography of Homelessness in the City
- It is in everyone’s best interest to decrease the amount of homelessness in the city
- Toronto Community Housing – Agency that provides affordable housing
- After WW2 they started building affordable housing in downtown Toronto, that's why there are still a lot in the
core
- We need a continuous commitment to build a certain number of houses every year
o All 3 levels of government should be involved for funding it
o City (Municipal): 10% of the cost – They are the poorest level of government
o Province: Since the province pays for jails, hospitals, and shelters, they have the most to gain by shifting
people from expensive institutional settings to cost-effective homes
 It costs more to keep these people in prison ($4000/month in prison)/hospitals than it does to
keep them in a housing complex ($200/month)
o Federal Government: By using some of the annual surpluses from CHMC
 Every year that's gone by, the CHMC has had a surplus, they have used it to invest and make
more money
 CHMC was created to serve the public, not to profit
 They shouldn't be investing, they should be using the surplus to build affordable housing
- Most of the service cuts are in brown spaces (Low income areas)
- It would make more sense to cut services in rich areas because people wont feel the heat as much as people in
lower income areas
Al Gosling
- In June 2009, he was evicted by TCHC from his subsidized bachelor apartment
- You must provide some financial information to TCHC when you apply to make sure that you actually NEED
the housing
- Al slept on the floor for a few days outside of his apartment because he wasn't allowed back in
- He was then moved to a shelter (Very crowded and not the best environment)
- He became ill and passed away in the shelter at 82 years old
- TCHC basically killed this man because they didn't allow him back in his house
- TCHC acted as a private landlord in this case (Not a service that is provided to the public)
o Its job is to serve a vulnerable population which cant live elsewhere
o When you send a letter and someone doesn't answer, you send a social worker to make sure that the
person has received and understood the letter
Exam
- 70MC 2 hours MTCC, everything after midterm, HB pencil and student ID
- 1967 point system
- Holy Trinity church reading
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