LECTURE 10: LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION FOR
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
ELECTRCHEMISTRY
•
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
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SPECTROPHOTOMETER
o Reading the result of the test e.g., testing blood sugar
o Machine
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•
POTENTIOMETER:
o PH & ELECTROLYTES DETERMINATION
o Can determine the pH of your blood and other body
fluids and electrolytes determination, sodium,
potassium chloride etc.
POLAROGRAPH:
o GLUCOSE DETERMINATION
AMPEROMETER:
o BLOOD GAS DETERMINATION
CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ELECTROPHORESIS (SEPARATIVE
TECHNIQUES)
•
•
Chromatograph
o Determine drugs, amino acids, fatty acids, bile acids
etc.
Electrophoretogram
o Determination of serum, proteins, hemoglobin
ENZYME IMMUNODASSAY (MODIFICATION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY)
RADIOIMMUNODASSAY (SCINTILLATION DETECTOR)
•
•
LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION FOR CLINICAL
MICROSCOPY AND HEMATOLOGY
FLOW CYTOMETRY
•
Flow cytometer
o Determination complete blood count, type of cells,
crystal bacteria etc.
Autotechnicon
o Automatic tissue processor this can fix dehydrate
cells and infiltrate tissue.
Rotary Microtome
o Use to cutting tissue ducts, in order to produce a
good tissue ribbon that mounted to the microscopic
slide
OTHER CLINICAL LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS
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3 Elements of QA:
Micro, Hema, Micros, Blood bank, histopathology
o MICROSCOPE:
▪
Examination
of
cells,
bacteria,
fungi,
parasites, etc.
•
Histopathology
o MICROTOME:
▪
•
Cutting organs in paraffin (tissue block)
Clinical Chem, Micros, Hema, Blood Bank and
Histopathology
Commitment
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Facilities and resources
•
Technical competence
4 Variables of QC:
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Pre-analytical
•
Analytical
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Post-analytical
•
QC charts
QUALITY CONTROL CLINICAL LABORATORIES
o Centrifuge
▪
•
separation of the liquid from the solid of
•
o Check for the quality of reagents
blood, urine, etc.
•
o Check for the stability machine
Microbiology
o Check for errors committed
o BIOSAFETY CABINETS:
▪
•
Culture and isolation of microorganisms
Enhancement
of
the
growth
of
microorganism. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND
CONTROL IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES
•
Quality assurance/QA
o Programs and procedures use to achieve quality
goals
•
Quality control/QC
Random/Human (errors)
o Systematic
o INCUBATOR:
▪
Purposes of QA:
▪
Equipment and/or reagents
o Clerical:
▪
Miscalculations, wrong data
4 VARIABLES OF QA AND QC
•
Pre-analytical
LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM/LIS
•
o Patient ID and preparation
o Optimizes work flow
o Specimen collection, labelling, handling, transport,
o Maximizes productivity
and processing
o Enhances efficiency
o Turn around time
o Test utilization
•
QC charts
o Checks random and systematic errors
•
Analytical
o Improves quality control
•
Purposes
o Patient information security (bar code)
o Better laboratory request order
o Faster results entry and reporting
o Technical competence of the staff
o Database management
o Accuracy of the machine
o Improve specimen collection and processing
o Quality of the reagents
•
Electronic, web-based application which:
Post-analytical
o Data from the patients (clinical correlation)
o Delta checks (previous)
o Limit checks (reference values)
o Test duplication (re-checking)