CHIMIA
OnclNrcA
fusctrrutwn
STTABEI.,E
lurie
Subotin
Anna
Tlohimciuc
TT}INICA
A MOLDOV€I
UNIVERSTTATIA
FaorltateaTetmologiaAlimentelor
D€partamentulChimie
h.rrieSr.rbotin,
AnnaTrohimciuc
thi$neu 2017
Materialuldidacticinclusin lucrareadati €re drept scoprecapitular€ac€lormai importanteteme din cu6ul
de chimieorganicSla treaptapreuni\r€rsitari.
Autori:luri,eSubotln,conf.univ.,dr.
Ar la Trohlnaluc
Recenzent
AnSelaGurev,conf.univ.,dr.
Copertagiconceptiagrafid: AnnaTrohimduc
Subotin,lufi€
Chimiaorganici in schemegi tabele/ lurie Subotin,AnnaTrohimciuc;Univ.Tehn.a Moldovei,
Facultatea
Tehnologia
Alimentelor,
CatedraChimie.
- Chiginiu:Tehnica_UTM,
2017.-56 p.
50 ex.
lsBN978-997F45503-9
547(o7s)
s94
8un detipar27,09:017
Hiftie ofset
Colidetipar Z0
tsBN978-9975-45-503.9
Formatulhirtiei 60x8rlxv8
Tirajul50 ex.
Comendanr. 72
CUPRINS
1
2
3
4
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Configuratia
electronic5
a atomuluide carbon
Teoriastructuriichimicea compugilor
organici
Tipuride izomeriea compu5ilororganici
Modulde prezentarea formulelorcompugilororganic'
ALCANII
$irulomological alcanilor.proprietitilefizice
Nomenclaturaalcanilor
Proprietitilechimiceale alcanilor
Sintezepe bazSde metan
Utilizareaalcanilor
s.6
ctcLoALcANl
5.7
6
7
7.L
7.2
7.3
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
10
10,1
10.2
10.3
11
tl.t
Il.2
11.3
17.4
12
L2.I
f7.2
12.3
13
13.1
13.2
13.3
t4
L4.t
L4.2
15
HALOGENOALCANI
Distilarea
fraclionati a petrolului
ALCHENE
lzomeria.Nomenclatura.
Proprietilifizice.Oblinereaalchenelor
Proprietililechimiceale alchenelor
Utilizareaalchenelor
AICADIENE
proprietSlifizice.
lzomeria.Nomenclatura.
Oblinereaalcadienelor
Propriet5tilechimiceale alcadienelor
Utilizareaalcadienelor
ALCHINE
lzomeria.Nomenclatura.
Proprietitifizice.Obfinereaalchinelor
Proprietdtilechimiceale alchinelor
Utilizareaalchinelor
ARENE
lzomeria,Nomenclatura,
ProprietAti
fizice.Obtinereaarenelor
Proprietetile
chimiceale arenelor
Utilizareabenzenului
ALCOOLTI
lzomeria.Nomenclatura.
Proprietitifiziceale alcoolilor
Obtinereaalcoolilor.Fenolul
Proprietetile
chimiceale alcoolilor
Utilizareaalcoolilor
ALDEHIDE
5I CETONE
lzomeria.Nomenclatura.
Obtinereaaldehidelorsi cetonelor
Proprietitifizice.Proprietilichimiceale aldehidelorgi cetonelor
Utilizareaaldehidelor5i cetonelor
ACtZtCARBOX|L|C|.
proprietetifiziceale acizilorcarboxilici
lzomeria.Nomenclatura.
Clasificarea.
Metodelede oblinere.Propriet5lichimiceale acizilorcarboxilici
Utilizareaacizilorcarboxilici
ESTERI
Nomenclatura.
Obtinerea.Proprietitifizice.Proprietitichimice,Utilizareaesterilor
Relatiamiros-structura
esterului
GRASIMI
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
'la
t2
13
L4
15
16
t7
L7
18
19
20
2t
22
23
23
24
25
26
26
27
2a
29
29
30
31
32
33
33
34
J)
36
36
3t
38
39
39
40
4T
15.1
15.2
16
15.1
16.2
16.3
t7
17.l
L7.2
L7.3
18
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
19
Clasificarea.Proprietiti fizice.Obtinerea.Hidrolizagrdsimilor
Utilizareagr5similor
AMINE
Clasificarea.
Nomenclatura.
lzomeriaaminelor
Metode de oblinere. Proprietiti fizice.Proprietetichimic€ale aminelor
Utilizareaanilinei
AMTNOACIZI
Nomenclatura.lzomeria.ProprietSlifizice.Metode de obtinere ale aminoacizilor
Propriet5tilechimiceale aminoacizilor
Utilizareaaminoacizilor
HTDRATT
DECARBON
Clasificareahidratilorde carbon
Glucoza.Structura.Proprietetifizice.lzomeria.Obtiner€ahidralilor de carbon
Glucoza.
Proprietdtilechimiceale glucozei
Zaharoza
Amidonul
Celuloza
Utilizareaamidonuluigi celulozei
IDENTIFICAREA
COMPUSILOR
ORGANICI
4l
42
43
43
44
45
46
46
47
48
49
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
S6
Configuratia
electronic[
aatomutui
decarbon
IIPURII.E
DEHIBNIDEANE
c13
Confgur.liaelectronld
e atomulul
de6rbon
ln stareaxclt.tl
Confi
9u14iaelectronici
a rtomululdecarbon
ln sterefundamentali LaN^
Qr
eCI09
eeee
hibridizarea- sp3
"....."-_-------
rl
gl
-c-ctt
hibridizarea- sp2
-C=Ctl
- sp
hibridizarea
-c=c-
Patruotbltall
(s+3p)
nehibddlzall
Patruorbltallhlbrlzl(sD1
e.gg.g
.88
eI
P'
--:-i-p
909.
eee
-->
Trelorbltall
nehlb dlzatl{s+2p)
p,
nehlbrldlzall(s+p)
p; p,
----------------
Trelorbltall
hlb zl (spr)
GO
VV
-------------'ee
z
+
\-!..-./
Dolorbltallhlbrlzl(sp)
........,,.--.-.----.---
vl'
l'8*,.
Teoria
structurii
chimice
organici
acompusilor
Atomiiin moleculi suntlegati
conformvalenteiintr-o anumiti ordine,
numiti structurdchimicd,
Proprietitilesubstanteisuntdeterminate
nu numaide componenta
moleculelor
ei,
dar gide structuraacestota.
AleksandrButlerov
(1828-1886)
Uneisubstante
cuaceiagi
compozitie
calitativi gi<antitativi pot si-i
corespundimaimulficompugi
cu structurichimicediferite,numiti izomeri.
Reactivitatea
atomilorin moleculS
depindede naturaatomilordin moleculi
gi influentalor reciproci.
Tipuri
derzomene
acompu$itor
0rgantcl
It
rzoMERrA
or srnucrunA
DEFUNCTTUNE
organici
compu$itor
aformutelor
Modut
deprezentare
ACID
IZOBUTAN CICLOHEXANIZOPROPANOL LACTIC
BUTAN
Moleculari
De structuri
desfigurati
HHHH
tlll
H-C-C-C-C-H
trll
HHHH
HHH
rtt
H_C-C-C-H
rtl
HIH
H.C-H
I
HH
H -..,zC ..- -H
H'Y
Hrri
H\ /H H\ /H
Ir
"),,-C...^-C,.
GraficN
trldimensionaH X
HH
Formuli
simplificati
XH
HH
cH3-cH-cH3
CH,
u$,n
C
ff:.-{--.:fi
H.H.H
A
Y-H
HHH
lll
H-C-C-C-H
rtl
HIH
o
).H
H.'\/\C,'\J\H
H
De structuri
cH3-cH2-cH2-cH3
semidesfisurati
c3Hso
CuH,,
CnH,o
I
H
HH
CH"
u^c'bh^
"t | "
H2C, ,cH2
CH"
"{SJ-q.H
-- }'-.-c-b-n
"?
\e
HH
rr,.v
H-c-g-c:o_H
HO
I
H
il;3""-o"cH3-cH-cooH
OH
OH
dil 'H
caH6o3
COOH
H-f-cu,
I
u-!-cH,
CH,
CH,
I
OE
A
uoF"oo"
omologic
a[atcanito
$irut
NUMARULSTAREA
DE
TEMP.
FORMULA
STDENUMIREA
AGREGARE TOP.
Co
ALCANULUI IZOMERILOR
CrHu
Metan
Etan
C,H,
Propan
CHo
|rI
N
\,
TEMP.
FIERB.
CO
-182
-16/:
-183
€9
-r90
42
2
-r38
-1
C,H,,
Butan
Pentan
3
-r30
36
CuH,n
Hexan
5
95
69
CrH,u
Heptan
9
-91
96
C,H,,
0ctan
1E
-57
126
CrHro
Nonan
35
l5l
CroH,
Decan
75
e
-51
-30
174
C,,H,,
Undecan
159
U
-26
r96
CrrHru
Dodecan
355
-10
216
C,,H,,
Tridecan
802
6
235
CnH,o
IJJ
-
J
C,oHro
Tetradecan 1828
6
254
C,,H,,
Pentadecan 4347
10
2t1
lcosan 366319 EJ
l-.
CroHu, Triacontan
4t11846763
37
343
450
CooH'
=B
6
F-i
80
60
-rt/l
93
CroHo,
Teracontan -1013
CroH,o, Pentacontan-10r8
C,ooHro,
Hectan
-103e
.tr
lt5
ilolnenclatura
alcanilor
123
cH3-cH-cH3
CH,
2 - metilpropan
1234
cH3-cH-cH2-cH3
CH,
2 - metilbutan
3456
cH3-cH-cH2-cH2-cH3
,9H,
3 - metilhexan
'CH,
r
CH"
lz':
4
s
cH3c - cH2-cH-cH3 2,2,4- trimetilpentan
CH,
CH,
1234567
CH..
CH;
CH-CH"CH,,
CH-CH"L
r
Ll
L I
r
3-etil-5-metilhepan
CH,
QH,
l"
CH,
10
Proprietitite
chimice
atealcanilor
Reacliidesubstitufie
Descompunerea
termici
Halooenatea
lho,t",rhedfiisfi radkalic)
cHn+
clr-E*cH3cl+ Hcl
cH3ct+cl-!!*cHpl, + Hcl
(t. > 1000.c)
CHn'''''-C+2H,
cH2cl2+
cl2-q cHcL+ Hcl
+ CL-is*CCl4
+ HCI
CHCI,
CHo+2O"* CO2+2H2O
Orldarea
bltndi
Clr* 91' * at '
inifierea
CH,+Cl'*Ctt,'+tto
I propagarea
)
cq.+ cl,-cH3cl+cl.,|
intre,upe.,ea
;;:;..'#;;;
g P)
Konovalov,
{reacl.
cttn+Houor$cH3Nor+Hp
CH:=CH-CH,-CH3+H'
cHr-cHr-cttr-ctt,{
CHr-CH=CH-CH3+
H2
cH3-cHr- c4- cH,{* CHr=CH- CH= CH2+2H,
zctto*o,$ 2cH3oH
orn+0,
$ H-c(fl*np
o"*
zcno*
lo,$zn- c(
zn,o
Conversia
metanului
cu.+u,ofrco+ru,
l{itrarca
cH,-cHrcH,$'c4= cH-cHr+H,
cFu:2C+3H2
Oxidarea
Arderea
(ellminaredeQ)
lnecdttisnul
rcacllei
Dehidrogenarea
oazderintezd
Cracarea
termici
cB,o-f*cpr+crHo
etan etend
Dehidrogenarea
intermoleculari
2cHo
""'*' cH=cH+3q
lzomeizarea
(c> 4,f,Alcu
cH3-cH2-cHr-cttr- cn, S cu3-cH- cHr- cHj
CH,
pebaz[
demetan
Sinteze
I cr{,rrtninETrLAjr,l}rA
I I ccr,No;cloRoprcRrrA
I
I
BEltzrNfiNTEncA
I
;ffi,ffi,
N
cl,h)
Glotutar€
I
Ht'HrpRoGEr,r
I
I
ct'unrircrtrE I
I cK.-DrcLoRoMErAN
I
lHcoficrpFoRMrcl@
t cocrr'osc"r
I@
ffiffi;l--
T.j----T_l
atcanilor
Utilizarea
F---,r,
E
@
(,
[
aeu^Atc,-c,"1 |
\Th4
G-fu
r,",-"^""1&
I MATERTEPRn4AI
srNrEzAI
I PENTRU
@
w
Cicloalcani
Formulagenerald
CoHro{n>l)
cH_
/\'
HrC-CH,
ciclopropan
\//
- CH"
H.C
'l
| "
HrC-CH,
ciclobutan
cicluriinstabile
cH-
A
2
H '-tC ",'
CH
I'
H,C-CH,
ciclopentan
\//
,Q$,
H-C
CH'l
|'
H '"tC
( g ,C
' H"
tl
Irrc-cH,
Proprietitichimice
l. Derlvall
dlhalogenafl
marglnall
al alcanllor
+Na
1.Pentruclcloalcanl
nestablll
,rCHz..tcrr,f,i----".,
.Lrz
metilciclopentan
H
",4-tr,
,,['_'Lr" H
1,2- dimetilciclobutan
| +2Nacl
" \ct6ctt,
2. Hidrogenareaarenelor
t{
t{,
tfo?t*sH.-'4f 9t'
HCJH
H,c.,.
rcH,
CH
ciclohexa-n
ft"",
7CH;CH,
H,t^,, --;;ffii*2N?j-H"c
CH,
benzen
cicluristabile
CH,
H,9 CH;CH,
Metodele
deoblinere
sau
e)
ciclohexan
+ 3H,_r_(---)
cH^
*
",/.ttcH^
"'*
c,H,
n-sa_E*at, 9u;cH,BT
BT
CH^
Hy'.ig,.
Ht -
cH3cH,-cH2I
2. Clorularea
,S,
,{I,
H.C
-. H^C CH-CI
't CH"
z+cl^--su"l
I
|
+HCl
HrC...
'rC.,.
rCt,
F,
cH,
3.Dehldrogenarea
alcanllor
cH3cH,-cH3
cH:,
3. Dehldrogenarea
4CH;CH'-__
-9E'mit6;
TCH,CH'...
'
" H,C'
H"C.
CHJH"
'
\cHr-cHi
\CH,-CH,,'
hexan
ciclohexan
7CH;CH,
7CH;CHr.,.
o
HA
- \CHr-CH;
- \CH;CHrl
___ ___ pH-CH3
^__ ^-_rCH;CHrMndHrC..
+H"
metilciclohexan
,!€,
,9!
H"C
CH" . HC' CH
'l
l ' - + *-'
|
ll +3H^
HrCr
HC\\,,CH
rCH,
CH"
CH
4,Arderea
H"C-CH"' + 6 0
"l
|
2-
lr2c- cH'
4CO2+4H2O
H a to g
9Jlg,9'f9fl, *
Clasificarea
Proprietififizice
Duplnumlrulatomilor
dehalogen
(derivatl
mono-,
dF,trF,poli-halogenati)
I
I
H-C-Cl
(rl
H-C-Cl
I
I
H
cl
clorometan
diclorometan
Dupi poziliaatomilorde halogen
C4- CH - CH.l-
ct
I
ct
p,rN
rNrocu,rEA
AroM,,.oR
DE
H,D'.GEN
D,N
A,cA,{,
cuAroM,
DE
HA,ocEN
1,2-dicloropropan
Determinate
denatura
gia radicalului
halogenului
. insolubiliin
HrO
. solubiliin
CrllrOH
. incolori,
volatili
Proprietifichimice
Bazdalcalini(HrO)
cH3-cH2-cttpt +ron -89*cH3-cH'-cH'oH+KCI
cH3-cr!- cHcl,+2KoH-!8* cH3-cH2-c( ff +zrct +tr,o
Utilizarea
(CF,C|,,...)
FREoNI
. instalalii
frigorifice,
stingerea
incendiilor
SoLVENTI
(vicinalS)
-!8* gu,- cH,-c<$" * ,*ct *
cH3-cH,-ccl3+3116g
",o
CuNa(reactia
Wiirtz)
CH,- CHr- Cl + 2Na+ Cl- CHr- CH3* CH3-CHr- CHr- CH,+ 2NaCl
Identificarea
cl
I
- cH"
cH.-l c
cl
2,2-dicloropropan
(geminali)
probaBeilgein
-colorarea
fldciriiln
culoarea
verde
(alcool)
Bazialcalind
CH3-CH,-CHrBr+KOH d*r, CH3-CH=CH2+
KBr+ HzO
fractionatd
Distilarea
apetrotutui
GAZEUSOARE
(c,-q)
ETERDEPETROL
(c5-c6)
ULEIDEAX
BENzTNA
ULEIDEMOTOR
(c5- cll)
6)
ucRorNA
(c!- cr.)
PETROITAMPANT
(cr2-crs)
MOTORINA
(cr4-cro)
<@
GAZNATURAL
*
rrr*Ot
MOTORINA
(cr4-cro)
(> c2o)
DECILINDRE
GUDRON
(> cro)
Atchene
CoHro
Formula
generald
Izomeria
l. Depozilie
1tl1
CH;CH-CH;CH, but-1-end
t-entt
Nomenclatura
CH;CH=CH-CH,but-2-eni
CH;CH,
2.Decateni
CHr=Cg-at, propqq(propilend)
etgq[(etilen;)
l2t1
but-l'ena
CH;CH-CH;CH,
-.1
HrC=C-CH,2-m€tllpropeni
CH,
3.Defun(iune(cucicloalcanii)
l{
CH;CH-CH;CH,but-l'eni
"r9-9H,
HrC-CH,
ciclobutan
-trans)
4.Spatiali
Gcis,
CH" H
c=c
H
CH,
-trans
izomer
cH^cH^
c=c
HH
-cis
izomer
CH'=CH-CH;CH3 but'l's41i
Proprietififizice
C,- Co gaze
C,-C, lichide
C,il ... solide
*putinsolubile
in api
lsulublle
ln solvenli
organlcl
- sp2
Hibridizarea
Oblinerea
alchenelor
ln industrie
(f)
l.Cracarea
alcanilor
CFr"*r-C"ILr+CF2"
+Hp {H,
CH,-CH;CH;CHr-CH,.*CH,-CHr-CH3
(to,Ni)
2.Dehidrogenarea
alcanilor
CJI,*,*CF#H,
H2
CH,-CH,*HrC=CH2+
(1",
3,Hidrogenarea
alchinelor
ft (P4Ni))
*
C"Hr.r+H, C,H"
HC-=CH+
H,*HrC=CH,
ln labontor
(f, H,SQ
1.Dehidratarea
alcoolilor
conc.)
R- CHTCHTOH*R-CH=CH,+
4O
CH,-CH;0H*CH2=CH,+
Hp
(f, CrHrOH)
2.Dehidrohalogenarea
monohalogenoalcanilor
R- CH,CH;Hal+NaOH*R-CH=CH2+
HrO+ NaHal
Hal -Cl,-Br,-I
(fl,CrHrOH)
3.Dehalogenarea
dihalogenoalcanilor
R- CHR-CH=CH2+
ZnHal2
fHr+ Znr
Hal Hal
R- CH-CHr+Zn- R-CH=CH:+
ZnClz
cl cl
Proprietdlite
chimice
alealchenelor
Reacfiideadilie
Reacfiideoxidue
CJI,"+Hr* C"H*,
Aditie
dehidrogel
'(r'Ni)
Oxidarea
toali (ardere)
C$o+Halr* C$rHal,
2
"^
cHr=cHr+Hr-cHycH,
Adifiede
halogen
1n
C_I[-+f O"*nCOJnILO
cI{=cHr+3Q* 2CO2+2H20
parliali
Oxidarea
CH.-CH,
2CH.= CH,+O.+-2
'
\'/
CHr=Q11r4
tr.*?";9",
alchena
+ apadebrom* reactie
deidentificare
@
o
Br Br
oxiddeeten;
t CO,+HrO
CH;CI!-CH=CH,+5[O]*CH3-CItr-COOH
Hidrohalooenarea
tlarcovnlcov)
Odiliedupl-regula
CHr=91111 - CH3-CH,CI
"tt
cloroetan
CH,-CH=CHr+HBr- CH:-CH-CH:
Br
= CH-CH3+
CH3-C
3tol-CHifi -CH3+CH3-COOH
CH,
o
4[Ol- 2CH3CH,-CH= CH-CH3+
COOH
2-bromopropan
Adigie
anti-Marcovnicov
CHr-CH=CHr+HBrP- CH,-CHr-CHpr
Aditiedeape(c H,Po.)
propan-2-ol
CH,-CH=CI!+ HOH-CHr-!H- CHr
OH
Reacfiidepolimerizare
(r,eTKI{A(Ctrl,l
r)
nCHr=CHr*(-Qt1-CHr-)"
Polletilena
n CHr=CHr-911r*(*CHr-9H-) poliropilena
CH,
Utilizarea
alchenelor
(urn&rnoreHr)
I
or.oor.r'-,. I |
I
;r"-T- l
,or,r*or'rr*o
I
I ;'.*"---_l
(o
ffi
9rTEGUMELoR
lFRucrELoR
I
Alcadiene
FormulageneraldCoHro_, Izomeria
Obfinerea
(t",Crpr)
l.Dehidrogenarea
alcanilor
l. Depozitie
Nomenclatura n>3Gdienr)
CH'=C=911,
Pro'adieni
1234
CHr=C=911-9113
buta-1,2-djgqi
HibridizareasP'
N
o
"1 "1
op, 8l
H.C=CH-CH=CH^
1234
CHr=CH= 911-911,
buta-1,2-dieni
CH3-CH2-CHr-CHr*CI1r=911-gH=CHz+
2Hz
buta-1,3-dieni
CHr-CH- CHr-CHI CHr=g - 911=911,+2H,
1234
CH,=CH-Ql{=611,
CH,
CH,
2.Decateni
(f, MgOZnO)
2.Dehidrogenarea
alchenelor
12145
CHr=911- a"r- CH=CHz penta-1,4-dieni
CHr=C11-at,-CH,-CHr= Q11-CH=CHz+
Hz
1234
CH.,=
- l C-CH=CH,
CoHu
2-metilbuta-1,3-diena
gidehidratarea
3.Dehidrogenarea
etanolului
(t",zno,A1203)
CH,
buta-1,3-dieni
(cualchinele)
3.Defunctiune
Proprietififizice
- gaautorlichifiabil;
buta-1,3-dieni
insolubilin
apa,
solubilin
eter9ibenzen
2-metilbuta-l,3-dieni
lichid
volatil;
insolubil
inap6,
solubil
inmajoritatea
solvenlilor
organici
HH
tt ttttl l
r234
CHr= CH- Ql1=611,
HH
buta.l,3-dieni
H-C-C-H+Il-C-C-Hr
|
|
\..-
--l
|
|
1234
CH=C-911,-4",
but-l-ind
-CHz=CH-CH=CH,*2HrO* H,
Proprietdfite
chimice
alealcadienelor
tEACl[ DEADflE
Hidrogenarea
Hidrohalogenarea
CHr=Q]l-Qlf =CHr+Hr.*CHr-CH=CH-CH:
_. r-----_CH,-CHCI-CH=CHz
CH"=f,H- Q11=CH,+
HCI-.1
L_CH._CH=CH_CH.CI
Polimerizarea
Halogenarea
n CHr=Ql1-911=CH,* (- CHr- CU= CH- CHr-)n
(sintetic)
cauciuc
butadienic
-t
CH,=CH-CH=CH"+Br"
(f, ft,-?4 Ni)
(t., Na)
I$
- CH,-)o
*(- CH,-9= 611
n cH,=! - CH=CH,
CH,
CH,
(natural)
cauciuc
izoprenic
p-
CHpr-CIIBT-CH=CHz
CHpr-CH=CH- CHpr
CHr=Q[f- Ql1=CHr+2Btr- CHpr - CHBr- CIIBI - CHpr
(t.,s)
Vulcanizarea
cauciucului
I
sI
...-cH"-cH- cH- cH--...
sI
...-CH.-CH=CH- CH.-,,.+...-CH"-CH=CH- CH^-...+ S *
s
I
...-cH"' l cH- cH- cH^-...
sI
Atchine
Proprieti,tifizice
Nomenclaturo
cini)
FormulageneraldCoHro_,CH=CH
CH3-C = CH
Izomeria
1234
CH=C-CH"-CH,
L Depozilie
a hgeturii
triple
but-l-ine
1234
CHj-C =C-CH,
but-2-ini
N)
o)
2.Decatene
12345
HC= C-CHr-CHr-CH!
pent-l-ine
1234
HC=C-CH-CH3
CH,
3-metilbut-1-ine
cualcadlenele
3.Defun4lune
CHr=CH-Ql{=911, buta-I,3-dien6
CH=C-CH,-CH.
but-r-ine
Cr-Co gaze
C,-C,, lichide
C,r-... solide
but-i-ind
Obtinerea
alchinelor
,
1234
CH=C-CHr-CH3
etfli(acetileni)
ptopllq(metilacetileni)
rputlnsolubile
ln aptr
*sulubile
ln solventi
organici
- sp
Hibridizarea
Acetilena
(1500'C)
1,Din
metan
2CHo*119=at * r"
2.Dincarburi
decalciu
-*HC=CH+ Ca(OH),
CaCr+2Hp
+co)
(cao+3c2!eccac,
A|Ieatcntne
(Na0H/KOH,
1.Dehidrohalogenarea
dihalogenoalcanilor
etanol)
CHr-CHr- CBrr- CH,+2KOHs CH; C= C-CH3+2KBr+ 2HrO
2,2-dibrombutan
CH,- CIIBr-CHBr-CHr+2KOHes{CII3-C= C-CH3+ 2KBr+ 2HrO
2,3-dibrombutan
2.Alchilarea
acetilenurilor
CH,-C = CNa+ Br - CrHr* CHr- C =ic -c2H5+NeBr
propinilurA
desodiu
2-ini
Proprietttite
chimice
aleatchinelor
Reacfiideadifie
Hldrooenarea
Reac{iide substitufi€ ahidrcsenutuiacetitenic
HC=CH+
4-*CHr=CH,
Halogenarea
HC= CH+ Br2-CHBr= CHBr
HC=CH+2H2-CH3-CH3
HC= CH+ 2Br,* CIIBTT-CHBr,
(e [i, Pt]
Hidrohaloqenarea
(seaplicd
regula
luiMarkovnikov)
I
cl
s
I
CHr-C=Ctt+
2HCl*CH"C-CH"
Jl
propinilur;
deargint
Oxidare
totali(ardere)
2CH=CH+
50,-4Cq + 240 + Q
Q= 2800-3000"
-c<fl"*co,
=cHlPlcn
H3c-c
acidacetic
Hldratarea
(Hg'i H'SO.)
(reaqhKucerov)
tilil
CH!-C=CH+tAg(NH,)rOH
l*CH,- C=AgCl+2NII,+Hp
pa{iali
Oxidare
cl
-cHr=CHcl
CH=CH+HCl
=cH+
cH
H- ou*1nCaan
acetiluni
dediargint
Reac{ii
deoxidue
cl
CHj- C =CH+ ItCl-*CHr-C=CHz
N
CH=Ctt+2tAt*,),OH l-AgC =AgCl+4NH3+
2H,O
-. :l
h.*t
tardehidEaceticd
cH3c=cH+
H- oH*
cnj*r:fi
[n;c=,
:",
c(f;"s.2gs,*
tt
".=.so+"$Xacidoxalic
(r,c)
Reacfii
detrimerizare
lcrr=or-@
Utilizarea
atchinelor
ACETII.ENA
t
I
@
I
t"'=t"-tt
vtNtLAaEiitENn
CH,=CH-C=CH
I
-' --rc
clonopnrru
I
N)
(rl
w
(r,z-aictoro6tan) |
|
I eor-rcronunnoevrnrr.
I
Jr
--'
b
L
i
Arene
Formulagenerald
CoHro_u
{o >o)
cH"
A;CH3
\lfcH,
Seriaomoloagi
o
o
Denzen
N
o,
cHr-cH3
etilbenzen
-r
-
-trimetilbenzen
1,2,3
9H"
9H,
o
(toluen)
metilbenzen
9H,
rArcH.
v
1,2- dimetilbenzen
(orto-xilen)
Proprieti[i fizice
l(
\/
Hibridizarea- sp2
Izomeria
)l -lichidincolor;
mirosspecific;
insolubil
in apd;
solubil
in alcool,
eter,acetoni.Toxic.
A;CH,
\#'
'1,2,4
-trimetilbenzen
Ob[inerea
CH,
9H,-CH3
rAr
\4cn,
1-etil-3-metilbenzen
'1,2dimetilbenzen
(orto-dimetilbenzen)
o-xllen
9,H,
@.",
CH,
(to,catal.)
ciclohexanului
3.Dehidrogenarea
f)-*t6r+En\-/ \z
Pt,Cr,Or)
4.Dinhexan(300"C,
1,3-dimetilbenzen
(meta-dimetilbenzen)
m-xilen
9H"
Q:
2NaCl
3cH=cH-LU)l
pH.
rA;cH'
v
1.Reaclia
Wurtz-Fitting
C.H,-C1+2Na+CH;Cl*Cp;CHf
(C,600"C)
acetilenei
2.Trimerizarea
/Ar
1,4-dimetilbenzen
(para-dimetilbenzen)
p-xilen
7CH;CH,
71
"
4H,
H.c.
'\cH--cHj cH"
' * l(
\t/ )l+
- reaclia
(t",AlClr)
benzenului
Friedel-Crafts
5.Alchilarea
cF6+ cH3-cl-c#5-cH3 + Hcl
chimice
alearenelor
Proprietltite
Reacliidepolimerizue
Reacfiidesubstitu[ie
Halosenarea
@* cr;@cl
9H,
"tt
9H,
ncH=cH,-{- ( - gH-cH,-)n
oo
Reacfiideoxidare
(arderc)
Oxidaretotali
2CF6+150'* 12CO'+
6Hp
O*rr,,*t'@B'*run,
Br
Reacfiideadifie
9H'cl
N
{
9H'
@+cr,
@*ncr
9H,
9H,
o".Q
NO.
fO]+no-no,*
fO]+n,o
, -\7
\r/
9H,
9H'
+3no
J6*
-\z r"o-"o,irl6l*o'
\r
NO,
inmediu
acid:
Aditiedehidrcgen
cH"
@*lr,*Q
9H,
Nltrarea
(H1{0,
HIor't.)
parliali
Oxidare
/A..'
\:2
*,-4r0,
\,:t
9H,
@*r",*Q
Aditiedehalogen
rC.** Cirt<8'*"p
in mediuneutrugislab{azic:
*.+-(/
,4,7CH;CH, ,o. *c'-O
cl
crrArcr
tvj*3cL*.,v.,
cl
(-tr*"
--oH+2H'o
+co'
Utilizarea
benzenului
Alcooli
Formulagenerald
/al
.
le
(coH2o*2o)
coH2o*roH
metanol(alcool
metilic)
CH3-OH
CH3- CHr- OH
CH3- CHr- CHr- OH
Clasificarea
alcoolilor
Izomeria
1.Dupi pozitiagrupei-OH
Depozitie
CHr-CHr-OH
N
(l)
Primar
cH"
t-cH"
cH"c
,I
CHr- CH - CH, secundar
etanol(alcool
etilic)
(alcool
propanol
propilic)
32r
r23
cH.' l cH-cH"
ProPan-l-ol
propan-2-ol
OH
Decatena
saturat
CII,=CH-CHr-OH
nesaturat
A.oH
aromatic
v
3. Dupi numirulgrupelorhidroxil
CH3-OH monohidroxiliciCHr- CH - CH,
OH OH OH
CH^-CH^ -dioli
l"
l'
-trioli
OH OH
4321
CH3- CHr- CHr- CHr- OH
butan-l-ol
321
CH"- l CH CH"- OH
2-metil-propan-l-ol
CH,
(cueteri)
Defuncliune
CH3- CHr- OH
CHr- O - CH3
Stareadeagregare
Alcooliin staregazoasi
nusuntdinmotivul
prezenlei
legiturilordehidrogen.
- lichizi.
- solizi
Alcoolii
inferiori
Alcoolii
suoeriori
RR
6g;ou",,u,.ri-.
o"'
F._ou,
$._
CH3- CHr- CHr- OH
OH
te4iar
OH
2. Dupitipul radicalului
cII3- CHr- OH
Proprietifi fizice
Denaomoroaga
etanol
eterdimetilic
R
R
Solubilitatea
in apl
Cucretterea
catenei
scade
solubilitatea
in api
C, Cr solubili
in oriceproporlii
Cu(hexan-1-ol)
solubilitatea
0,6%
Miros
- mirosspecific
Alcooliiinferiori
dealcool
- inodori
Alcoolii
suoeriori
Temperatura
defierbere
Dinmotivulprezentei
legiturilordehidrogen,
alcoolii
fierblatemierat-uri
inalte
Temperatura
defierbere
creste
in sirul:
alcoolitd{iari
<alcooli
secundari
ialcooliprimari
Densitatea
Densitatea
alcoolilor
< 1glcm3
I
Fenotu
alcoolitor.
0btinerea
FENOtUt
ALCOOtI
Obfinerea
baziciaclobenzenului
Hidroliza
Obfinereaalcoolilor
Hidroliza
bazicia halogenalcanilor
H-O
cHicHpl + NaoH----!-cHiclt-oH
+ NaCl
alchenelor
Hidratarea
H"SO.
-'-"
cH3-9H-CH3
"oH
OH
glucozei
Fermentarea
cH,=c1t-a"r*
(r)
o
2CO,
Cp,rO.-2CfIrOH+
gicetonelor
Reducerea
aldehidelor
cr,-c(fl+n -!r*cHicHPH
cH3-c - cq+ H,-Ni- g11,g11-gn,
ooH
Dingazuldesintezi
co+2[,^f6 cqon
@ on+Hrct
@cr* r.ruon-oxldarea
cataliticia izopropllbenzenului
cH3-9H-CH3
o
o
OH
O *o,s&
tl
+cH3-c-cH3
clinice
Propriettrfile
Metalele
alcaline
2CprOH+ 2Na*2CprONa+ H,
Bazele
alcaline
+ HrO
C.IITOH+NaOH* C.IITONa
Bromurarea
o
OH
1 3 8 1 2*
OH
o
Br-/\-
OH
-7'
Br
+ 3HBr
Br
OH
o'N No'
+lno-uo,ll%,\r 1$1 +rnp
NO,
Propriet[tif.e
chimice
Reactiicuparticiparea
atomuluidehidrogen
din grupahidroxil
Cu metaleleactive
H,!-On
Cumetalealcaline
+ 2Na*2CH-ONa + H2CH"OH
'
H,C-ONa
2 HC-OH+6Na*2 HC-ONa+3H^
tl
metan'oat
desodiu'
Cu acizicarboxilici
n
u+
.r
+ cH3-c<;H--::-ctt,-c-:f,_a",_clr,+
H,o
cH3-cH,-oH
Hp-oH
H,C-ONa
(glicerol) tripropanolatde
propan-I,2,3-triol
sodiu
ester(acetat
deetil)
Reacfii cu participareagrupei hidroxil
Cuhalogenuridehidrogen
CH3-CHr-OH+
I{Bt - CH3-CHpr+ Hp
Eliminarea
apei(f, HrSOn)
CII,- CHr-OH*CHr= CHr+HrO
intermoleculari
Deshidratarea
CHr-CIq- OH+ HOCI{-CH;CH; CH; O-CHi CH3+Hp
Reacliideoxidare
Eliminarea
hidrosenului
;u, cu,-c(fl* H,
cH,-cHr-oH
*np
3fi5ii-o"-rel.cr,-c(fl
Arderea
CflrOH+3O,-2CO,+ 3Hp
H^C-OH
ILC-ONa
___+
HC_OH+3NaOH HC_ONa+3H"O
tl
Hp-oH
Hp-ONa
Cu Cu(OH),-reacfiedeidentificare(cul. albastrl)
HJ-OH
H.C-O-^-.-O-CH"
H"C-OH
H"C-OH HO-CH.
* ilS:."- fil-o-"'-o - c11+
zu,o
z riE-ou
Cu IINO, (HrSOn)
nf-opfl-No, H2c-o-No2
* H9-o-No2+}HP
Hc-oF{+Hol-No,
H2C-OFI HOI-NO, HrC-O-NO2
Utilizarea
alcootitor
(arcoorur
rruc)
t
I
o.,o
o..r,. I I
tot"*ll
f,;t
o)
N
Atdehide
$ cetone
Formulagenerald
-cF,P-.
Metodele
deoblinere
Seriaomoloagl
l. Oxidarea
alcoolilor
cH"-c-cH.
'tl
tTfiSfir.to,'iar
"-.(l
O propanone
(acetona)
n-c(fl cn;c'1flt"trltilou
u..tiot
CH;C-CH,-CH,
*-.(fl
1234
oldehide
ctryctl-c(f,uoo*'r
-ol
O butan-2-ond
,.'
-le* cn,-c(i +tt,
cH,-cH,-oH
nP* Co
Cuo*Ctt,-c(fl*
CH,-CH,-oH+
H2
ctt,-cH-cH,
*,f a,4cHr-c-cH3+
oHo
CH,-CH-CH,-4*CH;C-CH,+ H,
oHo
q)
o)
Izomeriaaldehidelor Izomeriacetonelor
l. Decateni
1.Decateni
'
t --o
4
'
CH3-CH2-CHr-C|g
r--O
3 2
CIL-CH-C-1H
12345
cH"-c-cH"-cH"-cH.
'[
buttn.l
|
O CH3 3-metil-butan-2-oni
2.Defuncliune(cucetonele)
n
cH,-cttr-c([
2.Depozitie
12
o
i|
5
propanal
CH,-C-CH,-CH,-CH.
'tl
ProPanoni
CH.-CH"-C-CH"-CH,
-tl
-
pentan-2-oni
o
I
CH.-C-CH.
'tl
3
2
34
o
o
geminale
3.Hidroliza
dlhalogenurllor
,.,
cH"-c-cH-cH.
-[
CH,
HC= C-CH!+ HrO-'c'L CH3-C-CH3
^^^,
Pentan-2-oni
O
r234
2-metilnropanal
2.Reaclia
Kucerov
HC=9111
96 n,".''CUr-C(fl
5
pentan'3-oni
jl ctt,-c(il+ 2NaCl+
Hp
cHj-cHcl,+2Naott
Br
|
s. . ^ CH3-C-CH'+
cHr-c -cH3+2KOH
2KBr+Hp
Br
4.Oxidarea
metanului
n
cH.+O,J!e-H-C([ +qo
Atdehide
sicetone
Structuragrupeicarbonil
cH,-ctt- c(i +EA
)8.
Proprietifi fizice
(,
5
H (c' - gaz
-
=13: H{
Cs lichide
- solide
C-Cr-lichide
C, -solide
- solubiliin apd,
Omologii
inferiori
.
mirosspecific
u _n..O
ctt,- c (i
n
t. Reducerea
rr
- gaz,
!g[!g,solu]ie
_formalini
apoasd
- lichid,
foarte
toxic
cr,- cH,-cH,-oH
Proprietlfichimice
cH3-f -cH3 + H, cNi, cH3_?H_cII3
9OH
2.Oddarea
. reaclia,bglinzii
deargind"(reactivulTollens)
n
CIr,-c ( i +ztlg (NH,),loH* cH,-c (
qo
f, zlg r * 4NH3+
aldehidaacetici
acidacetic "*
. cureactivul
Felling
n
cn- c(i +2tcu(NH,)ol(ou),
- ctr,-c(f," +cu,or+4NH3+
2H,o
3.Polimerizarea
nCH2= O r' c3t, (- CHr- O_)n
poliformaldehidi
(polioxtmetilena)
4.Policondensarea
- oH .---------- oFr
"d tu;--H,;!r
o( d.nd.n, ).
6D.i!;-$;;s,6r
*o
riginafenolformaldehidici
Utilizarea
atdehidetor
$icetonelor
(,
materialde legiturd) |
| (mas6plastice,
(,l
@
Acizi
carboxitici
Clasifi
carea
acizilorcarboxilici
Formulagenenld
c"tt
"-,c<!,
Duptr
numirulgrupelor
carboxil
monobazici
ginomenclatura
Izomeria
lzomeria
decateni
4
3
I ,-o
Z
c4- cH,-cH,-cioH
(^)
o)
(acidbutkic)
acidbutanoic
3
2
1.-O
cH3-cH-cloH
cH3
(acid
izobutiric)
2-metilpropanoic
acid
(cuesterii)
lzomeria
defuncliune
n
cH,-cq-c(;H
acidpropanoic
.-o
cH3-c:.o _cH3
etanoat
demetil
.-o
cH3-cioH
saturali
.-o
cH3-cH'-cloH
acidpropanoic
(acid
propionic)
.-O
acidcitric
6-
/A-'"o
"-oH
RRR
ttl
6+f
ccc
\\a. s*
/ \\6- 6,
/ \\6.
...H-o o...H-o o...H-o 0...
in api estecauzati
deformarea
Solubilitatea
cusolventul
legiturilor
dehidrogen
V
acidbenzoic
6+
Ho..
--o......
R-C\o_fi...5//C-R
acidacrilic
(propenoic)
nttO
H O - C -C i o H
Hrct
n..o
"-oH
in maremdsurd
sunt
Proprietdlile
fizice
legdturilor
dehidrogen:
deprezenta
determinate
CIr,=cr-c'(3n
aromatici
H-c"-oH
'l
Propriet{ifizice
nesatura!i
acidoxalic
(etandioic)
polibazici
*tb'
*\:Qt-nu-
radicalului
Dupinatura
acidetanoic
(acidacetic)
bibazici
O.-.
- .rro
HO." "-OH
Grupafunclionald
I
I
HC
/
/\\
...H-O...H-O0...H-O...H-OO...
propo(ii
inH,0inorice
C,-Cr-sedizvoltd
HC
Proprietttite
chimice
deobtinere
$imetodele
AtEACtZttOR
CATBOXI.|CI
Proprietifichimice
1.Disoclatla
aclzllor
inferiori
in solutilapoase:
+H*
cH3cooH=cH3coo2.Formarea
sirurilorcu:
Metalele
-,O
.-O
C H 3 - C - \ C i-i i - i C H 3 - c l o (.^)
{
4. Reaclia
deesterificare
cualcooli
-o
-,o
crr,-c(i" +tto- cH,-cH,5". cn,-c(i_ a",_cH,+H,o
acetatdeetil(etanoat
deetil)
5. Reacfla
dedeshidratare
intermoleculari
-cH,+H,6
cH,-c(f," *"j). -.",* cH,-c(ooo;-c
-H*"ri* cq-c_i)Mc+H,
cH3c\o=-"-'--'
\ o kffi,jj,1."H.?ff1.;"")
anhidridiacetici
Metodedeobfinere
Oxiziibazici
2CH3-COOH+
CaO*(CH,COO),Ca+ Hp
t, Oxidarea
alcoolilor
ctt,-cu,-ottfcn;c(f,"
Bazele
+ NaOH* CH,COONa
+ Hp
CHTCOOH
2,Oxidarea
aldehidelor
maislabi
Sirurileacizilor
* cH,-c(f,"* zlgl +4NH3+
cr,- c(f, * zleg(NH),lon
Hp
NaHCOT-CHTCOONa+
H2O+ CO2
CH3COOH+
3.Cuclorul
^-- ^..O +
^..O
Hcl
cHrc(oH cl,- cHr-c(oH+
Cl acidcloroacetrc
3.Oxldarea
alcanilor
2CHj-CH,-CH,-CH3+
5O,-4Cn;C(f," * zn O
4, Hidroliza
halogenoalcanilor
cH3-c -cL+3KoHq",cH,-c-(f," * r"a, *
",o
Utilizarea
acizilor
carboxitici
ACIDUTMETANOIC
(FORMTC)
Medicin6
(actiunebactericidd)
q)
@
ACIDULETANOIC
(ACETTC)
lndustriaalimentari
(aditivti conservant)
lndustriatextild
(prelucrareaprimar6 a fibrelor,hirtiei)
ACIDULCITRIC
ACtDUtACRtLtC
Industriaalimentari
(conservantregulator
alaciditS!ii)
Cosmetologie
lndustriachimici
(ob!inerea
acetalilor<elulozei)
Ermetezant
Industriapetroliera
(miclorareapH)
Sinteza
chimice
Constructie(component
al cimentului)
Ob!inerea
esterilor
Plastificator
Esteri
Formulagenerald
Proprietifichimice
Hidroliza
acidi
5 cu,cH,c(f,*.r.*nion
c'if,"* .",o"
C"Hr"*ifr-O- CoHzo*r
o
Hidroliza
bazicd
cr; c(! ia"" * u.ion*cH,-c(oo*u*
ctr,oH
Proprietilifizice
(o
.
.
'
'
volatile
Lichide
incolore,
Putinsolubiliin
api
< lglml
Densitatea
pldcut
Miros
Nomenclatura
n
t4r-rt
"
" ".o-cHr-cH,
. metanoatul
deetil
. esterul
etilic
alacidului
metanoic
. formiat
deetil
Ob[inerea
Interacliunea
acizilor
carboxilici
cualcoolii:
-o
'-o
ur,-c(i" +tto'-cH,-cH,:" cu,-c( i _ a",_cn.*Hp
Utilizarea
PTASTIFICATORI
AROMATIZATORI
lndustriaalimenta16
Palfumerie
Cosmetologle
soLvENTl
Esteri
!
u-r'.o
" --o-cH^-cH-cHCH,
-il
Metanoat
de2-metiFpropan-1
formiatdeizobutil
V
u-a"O
'^ '.o-cHz-cH2-cH2
cHr-cH3
Forniatdepentil
formiatdeamil
tsfl
o
n-c(3_crr,-
Metanoatde benzil
formiat
debenzil
n-c( !" * no-n.a*n-c(!-***H,o
-o
CH,-CH;CH;C(6-cu.
l1E-f'.
cH,-cH;cH;c(3-."ra", "^'r " \o-
cHz-cHr-cH-cH3
CH,
-il
Etanoatd6 3-metil-butan-1
Butanoat
demetil
butiratdemetil
u-nto
" "'O-CH,-CH;CH-CH,
!!l7
-.o
acetatde izoamil
,,o
rEI -t11.
'-O-(CHr)'-CH,
"",
''o
cH3-cH,-cHr-c(o _1cHr1o_clt,
CH,
-il
Metanoat
de3-metil-butan-1
Etanoatde octil
Butanoat
depentil
formiatdeizoamil
acetatde octil
butiratdepentil
CRIZANTEM
"-t(3-.",-.",-il
Metanoat
de2-feniFetan-1
fomiat de 2-feniletil
.",-.(3-(.",).-.",
O-t<3-.",b
Etanoat
depentilI
Benzoat
debenzil
Grisimi
Reacfiideoblinerea grlsimilor (esterificare)
cft-oHHo-c<flcu,-o-r<fl
UIiIAIAESIECDEGIICERIDE
grisimilor
Clasificarea
+Ho-c<$-cn-o-c<$* ln,o
cH-oH
cHroHr*o-c(R,,
in,-o-c<fl"
glicerol acizicarboxilici
supenon
5
ActztI{ESATURATI
ACtZtSATUnATI
(Dr.domlnl '
Intrlt|ml
ln gildml.nlm.lc)
. oleic (CrTH3rcooH)
stearic (q7H35COOH)
palmitic(CT5HTCOOH) 1bgeturedubld
. linolic(C,'H3ICOOH)
2 legdtutiduble
. linolenic
(C|TH,9COOH)
3 bgetu duble
. arahidonic
(CrrH3lCOOH)
4legetui duble
grdsimi
Hidrolizagrisimilor (saponificare)
cr"-o-c1f;
,,
|
drr^35
CHTOII
+ 3CrrIssCOONa
3NaoH-.CH-OH
iH;oHsteratoesodiu(sepun)
d"r-o-c<!'n',
cH-o-c([.r"+
grisimilor (lichide)
Hidrogenarea
Proprietififizice
< 1glcm3
densitatea
insolubile
in api
(deex.lapte)
grisime+ api/proteine* emulsie
(culoarea
gust
inodore,
incolore,
fird
deimpurititi)
9igustulsuntcauzate
cn,-o-c<!,n..
9rr,-o-c(3,.s..
Bc cu-o-c<!,g.
cn-o-c<! rr' +3H2Ni'
in,-o-c<!'n,, .n-"-.r3;.,
trioleoilglicerol
tristearoilglicerol
grtrsimilor
Utilizarea
SAPUN
soLID/ LIGHID
PARFUMERIE
PRODUSE
COSMETICE
oBTTNEREA
GLTCEROLULUT
fp.
#
fr
-l;')
4rt
s
N
nneOlClttA
unguente,suplimente
PRELUCRAREA
LEMNULUI
uleiuri sicative
PRODUSE
ATIMENTARE
margarini,unt,ciocolati
Amine
DEREVAI
At oNtAcutut,iN CARE
uNUtsAuMAtMUtItAToMtDEH|DRoGEN
sut'fiittoctul cu RADtcAtl
Formulagenerali-NH2
Izomeria
Clasificarea
aminelor
cH,
butan-l-amini
(butilamini)
DUPANATURA
RADIcALULUI
I
ALIFATICE
5
cl)
+
AROMATICE
NII.
cHr-l,II!
metilamina
cH3-NH-CF'
anilina
V
(fenilamina)
metiletilamina
A
TERTIARE
R-N-R
PRIMARE
R-NH,
SECUNDARE
R_NH
H., zH
N
I
(etanamind)
etilamini
propilamini
(CH3),NH
dimetilaminS
4. Optici (dela C.HTNHJ
@'NH-CH3
metilfunilamini
NH"'
izopropilamine
(propan-2-amini)
3,Gradul
desubstitutie
laatomuldeazot
cHr-cHr-cH3
Nomenclatura
cH3-cH-cH3
prcpilamini
(propan-l-amind)
R
cH3
2-metilpropan-2-amind
2-metilpropan-l-amin5
(izobutilamild)
(te4-butilamini)
2.Depozitiea grupei- NH,
cHr-cHr-cHr-NH,
I
R
cH3-cH2-NHz
?",
1.Decatene
CHr-CH-CH1NH, CH3-f-NH,
cH3-cHr-cHr-CH2-NH2
H.. zCH^
N,
I
H"C...
, N Z CHI
cH2-cH3
CH,
metiletilamini
trimetilamini
Amine
Metodedeoblinere
1.CH3-BI+NH3*', CHr-l'[Hr+IDr
Proprietitichimice
proprietdti
bazice
manifestd
Aminele(cagiamoniacul)
i R NH>RNH,>NH3>RrN>cFs-NH,
i
'H
*
2. C#s-N\H+ CHPr-Cflr- -N'H
.CH, ID,
* c.H.-t:!l'*
+cH.Br
o,
c.H--N'H
o'
r
.CH,
rCHr
-u--t -
5
s
,
!
BAzlcE
scADPRoPR|ETATILE
+l
i
radicalilor
dimensiunilor
odatdcucretterea
primare
gisecundare
scade
9iramificdrii
aminelor
Bazicitatea
deamineposedimediubazic
Solutiileapoase
'o'=F*_iltl
cu,-$*
3. R-NOr+ 6[H] !'stR-NHr+ 2Hp
cFsNOr+ 3H,rer cFs-NIIr+ 2Hp
vn
nu modificdculoareaindicatorilor
demetilamoniu
hidroxid
Proprietlfi fizice
(CH.),NH,
CH.NH,,
inferioare
alifatice
Aminele
- gaze(miro-s
(CH.).N
deamohlac)
alifatitemedii- lichide(mirosdepegte)
Aminele
- solide(inodore)
superioare
alifatice
Aminele
sausolide
incolore
aromaticelichide
Aminele
primare
suntbine
inferioare
Aminele
9isecundare
legiturilor
formdrii
in api dinmotivul
solubile
dehidrogen:
6,
6. 6+
u rR
O.zH
r - - O - H . . . : N\R
: H . . . O'.ii
cuacizii
Interactiunea
]Cl
cH3-NHr+HCI- [CH3-NH3
OxidareatotalS(arderea)
+ 2N,
4CH,-NH,+9Or*4COr+10HrO
demetilamoniu
clorurd
Anilina
(<uapadebroml
la inelulbenzenic
Reactia
NH.
-\'
NH"
Br.*Alsr
l( )l+3Br^-* l( )l +3IIBr
\r/
Br
2.4.6-tribromoanilina
la grupaamind
Reaclia
NH^
*Nn,cr-
@'-".'-@
clorurA
defenilamoniu
Utitizarea
anitinei
Aminoacizi
tuNcJtoNALE
coMputtoRGANlcl,
CARE
coNINDouAGRUpE
Grupefunclionale Nomenclatura
-NH, -COOH
cH"-cH"-cH-cooH
-l
'
4321
NH2
acidul
2-aminobutanoic
5au
'rpc
Proprietififizice
Substante
solide
CristalinL
in api gicompugi
organici
Solubili
ttoo>25ooc
cH"-cH,-cH-cooH
-l
'
NH2
0.-aminobutanoic
acidul
A
o)
Metode
deoblinere
-R-CH- COOH
+ 2NH"
+ NH.CI
R-CH- COOH
'
NH,
proteinelor
2.Hidroliza
cH.-co-NH-CH-cooH= cH.-cooH+cH,-cH-cooH
'l
r
NH2 dipeptid;CH,
t'
NH2
CH,
cH.-cH.-cH-cooH
'l
"
t-
cH3-c - cooH
NH,
NH,
acidul
2-aminobutanoic
acidul2-amino-2-metilpropanoic
- NH,
2,Depozitie
agrupei
cH3-cHr-cH-cooH
cH3-cH-cHr-cooH
NH2
acidul
2-aminobutanoic
acidul
3-aminobutanoic
NH'-CHr-COOH)
excepfie
3.Optici(o-aminoacizii,
cl
l'l
l. Decatene
NH2
l. Dinacizicarboxilici
+ Cl,+LR-CH-COOH+
R-CH,-COoH
HCI
CI
Izomeria
NH2
i'' -l r'
El
u;" "'t\oo"
"oo/
izomerii
opticiaalaninei
ProprietEtite
chimice
ateaminoacizitor
AMINoAcIzIIMANIfESIAPnoPRtETAfl
AMFoIERE
Reactiideidentificare
Proprietitilegrupei- COOH
l{eutrallzarea
Intramoleculari
tl\if
sn,-6-(3
;
L;I',N. ;**,ffi ;"3_:
SoluJiile
apoase
conduccurentul
electric
bazice
saunewre
sipotfi acide,
in funcliedenumdrul
gruieiorfuncfionale.
-Orr
n,N-cu;c([_"+H_I_g{H,o
:oo1r*H,N_or;ffi_cH_cooH+
glicina
alanina
H
CH,}
dipeptidA
C",
CUmetale glele 0dentficarea.-anthoa(tztbO
NHr-CHr-COOH*NH,-CHi CO,
NHr-cHrcooH+cu,ouf rctr-cHr-coocH3+
IIro
NHr-Cfir-COOH+NHr*NH;CH,_COONHT+
HrO
Intera4luneqlntramoleculari.
a grupelor
fun4ionale
pentruacldul8-amlnocapronic
,e
CH;CH;CH;CH;gu,--I,!!",*",O
-,''.Nr'-*o
H-llili__
___
______HOl-c=o
Proprietifigenerale
Formarea
complecailor
2R-cH-cooH+
oton, '"z+ogAg2Lu-'-lfF'.r,- o-ro
albastru-violet
",u..*
-lp
NH2
RCf Ctlf Xf ntf PfotGlcl
NH,-CH,-COOH+NaOH*NHz-CHTCOONa+HrO
CU alGoolli (romeazr
erterit
CuamOniacul
tormeazi.mtdet
Pollcondensarea
5
-.I
Cu bazele (tonreazt
i n' l
0den{fierea.mtnordroraron.rtct{ her.rodctid)
t"t'.tj. too"*
* nHo.-?:IIOf
' Ho^\"
NH",o
qalDen
t-€a prolactam
*tcaprolactam
- produsintermediar
pentruobtinerea
capronului
Proprietifilegrupei- NH,
Cu aclzi tall (forme.d
struit)
-c";r.nr,*
- cqun]l
ncr*l"$>c
cr
"$)c
Cuacidulazotos
?')@'"n{*;cooH*znnon=*!}@cH;c,H-coot'ta*r"o
portocaliu
NH,-CH;COOH+
HNOr-HO-CH;COOII+N,+
Hp
aminoacizilor
Utilizarea
SINTEZA
PROTEINELOR
5
}|idrati
decarbon
ZAHARIDE
GIUCIDE.
Clasificarea
Hidraliidecarbon
ffi
I
5
nuhidrolizeazi
++
@
I
hidrolizeaziin maimultde l0
I
I
@
I hidrolizeaziln de la2 oindla 10
f^.o""]
|| cetotrioze
II
"'""
I aldotrioze |
aldotetroze
cetotetroze
I
|
I aldopentoze
|
|
I aldohexoze
@
I
I
|
I
| cetopentoze
I
I
| cetohexoze
[rr^*r*
+t
I
:l
++
I r.dr.d,.".I T."-*r-,.dtil[l
^r"----.---.ar*;ll-.".--..-*l
f iiSoza
Aucoza
fiucioza
I
|
moleculede monozbharide I
||
iliHall
Il^-*l
ii:$Jftr'
I
I
I mal-toz5- | | AFaroza I
I lactozi
| | tregalozi I
celobiod
I
I
T
|
moleculede monozahatide I
FI
| trLltF
I
Glucoza
Structura
Glucoza
H H H OHH
ttttt_o
H-C-C-C-C- C-C?7
ttttt-Ir
HOHOHO H OH
Fructoza
(Jr
HHHOH
H
rrttt
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H
tttt
[l
HOHOHO H O OH
Tnsolulia
apoasiaglucozei
sintprezente
toateformele
tautomere;
formaS-D-glucopiranozi
esteceamaistabili.
"ra'o
H
H
HO
HO
njC-oH
n-r6-on
I
Oblinerea
glucozei
H glucoza
formetautomere
l.ln naturi
9H,oH
H
H
O
HH
HO
Izomeria
optice
I
| ".aro
".aro
H+oH '61 HO+H
HO+H
H-foH
H+oH
cH,oH
=I
Pl
-l
H+OH
HO+H
Ho+H
cH,oH
I
. Solidi
.Incolori
. Cristalini
. Binesolubili
in api
. Dulce
njE-ou
no-.:C-n
n-:C-on
Propriet{ifizice
" .t1on,frI z
4(i o" ,'.c??
Ho\c'_y
HHO
\
o
6CO,+
640,#:CFnO6+602
ciclupiranozic
2.lnindustrie
(hldrcllza
polizaharidelor)
HOH
!4ott
CHOH^
r"\o"H/iI
A\on
(CFroOj)"
+ nH,0$ nCp,,O,
ciclufuranozic
H
HHO
(semiacetalicd)
Transformarea
formeialdehidice
in ciclicd
3.ln laborator
-n
0tt-c(fi 656,CuH,,Ou
Gtucoza.
Proprietfltite
chimice
Reactiideoxidare
H
HO
H
H
(rl
OH
H
H + A g r O H HO
OH
H
OH
H
-o
--LcH,oH-(cHoH)o+2Hp
cii"+ Cu,ol
cH,oH-(cHorDoc-:; + 2cu(oH),
"ota'o
"ta'o
Proyietdlidealdehidd
Reacfia
cuhidroxidul
decupru(ll)lat"
-o
Reactii"oglinzii
deargint"
OH
H" + 2Ae.[
actogtuconrc
otucoza
Reac{iidereducere
OH
cHroH
crloH
grucoza
acidgluconic
ro$u
-n
cH,oH-(cHolr)nc([ + H,ttl gH,oH-(cHorD4-cHpH
glucoza
sorbitol
Propfietdli dep olialcooI
Reacliispecifice
Reacfiacu hidroxiduldecupru(II)
"ta'o
H+OH
2HO-FH + Cu(OH),
I
H+OH
H+OH
cHroH
"ta'o
H+OH
Fermentarea
lactici
sO*H
- "fi+$.--^..
n=$:fffH
+zn,o
H+oi;"""-o+H
HOHrC "
CH2OH
combinatie
complexi
deculoare
albastri
CfI,rOu--*2CI{r-CH- COOH
OH
acidullactic(acidul
2-hidroxipropanoic)
Fermentarea
alcoolici
o
g.c? cII3
cslro6-2cp.5oH+2co'
'cq
+ 5H2O
Zahartlza
orzlnlnoA,ronmlrADrN
GrucozA
srrRucrozA
Formarea
zthuozei
0, -D-glucophanoza
HOH
B
-D-fructofu
ranoza
(,l
N
Proprietifichimice
crrHrror+Hp
H
H
1.Hidroliza
zaharczei
Hrso'r>
cprp6+ cpno5
glucoza ftuctoza
HO
H
qH,04
y'
oHo*tt,o H,SO.,f
=(
HOH
cH^oH^U\oH
r
fi\t
t-{
OHH
cuCa(OH)r,
Cu(0H),
2.Interactiunea
-* c,p,ooo
( 3fi * Ho'cu
2H2o
c,F,,o,
<$.) co{'$ ) o,nz.c
-oH+ fi3) oF,oc,,
t2+
H'
uoltn"on
I
rl
I
Amr00nut
pouzAHARrDA,
FORMATA
DrNUNrrAilDED-CTUCOZA
c{,.GUCOZ|D|CE
UNIEpRtNtEGATUR|
Formarea
amidonului
Proprietifichimice
glucozei
Policondensarea
-* (C6H1oOj)J
nCuH,rOu
nHrO
Reac!ia
deidentificare
Amidonultratat
cuioddi o coloratie
albastri
Hidroliza
amidonului
(,
(,
(c.Hroos)
olzc,Fro,,4
"g(cuH,oor),9
o-+ nHro
amidon
dextrine
(m<n)
maltoza
H
OH
legltura 0-glicozidici
Unitateastructuralia amidonului
o--
+ oH"o t{:o' ' t
HO
o--
n
n
ocF,p,
glucoza
Cetuloza
por.rMER
NAruRAr,
FoRMAT
DrNuNtrATr
or D-erucozAuNlEpRrN
uoArunrB-cucolorcr
Formarea
celulozei
Proprietitichimice
glucozei
Policondensarea
Hidroliza
celulozei
nCfl,pu *
(CF,'O')JnHpsoCrH,P,
H
Ilso.
(CuHroOj)J
nHp
cHroH
cHroH
cH,oH
H
H
OH
H
OH
OH
OH
H
O1...
H
s
H
oII
H
qqoH
qHPH
(rl
H
o
glucoza
O\....+ trHrO
H
Nitrarea
celulozei
OHH
OH
legiturap-glicozidici
I
3nrroNo,
,*o
i H_$H;
it.n,"r'.Hfi]
n+
frcp,o,r
];
Unitateastructuralia celulozei
q40H
H
OH
Interacliunea
cuCH3COOH
o
H
o-......
n
-urQ- <P,ffi
.un,+fiff]
3ncH,cooH
l
;
fnno,
]"*,*o
Utilizarea
amidonului
$icelutozei
INDUSTRIA
ALIruenrRRA
FIBREARTIFICIALE
COSMETOTOGIE
rurolcttrtA
PRoDUcEREA
HIRTIEI
RcnrcurrunA
(hranaanimalelor)
(tl
(tl
r
{[
SUBSTANTE
EXPLOZTBTLE
v
.fr'^''
. -"C
t
coNsTRucTrE
CLASADE
COMPUSI
REACTN
DE
IDEN'I'FIC,'RT
SEMNE!j,R'ACTIEI
UASA DE
(nMPU6t
w c'fII DE
CLASADE
(NMPUSI
IDENfIFICAPF
REACTII
DE
IDENTITICAXX
SEMNELEREACTIEI
ALCAI{I
cLoRAtcA[l
I
FEI'lOl
I
,9,*'.e""6*
4r, u,"1-
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