(1625-1689)
From the Stuarts
to the Hannoverians
Compact Performer Shaping Ideas
Marina Spiazzi, Marina Tavella,
Margaret Layton © 2021
From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
1. Charles I
(1625-1649)
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Charles I succeeded his father James I in 1625;
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married the Catholic daughter of the King of France;
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was a patron of artists and
created a wonderful art collection;
believed in the ‘divine right of
kings’.
A. Van Dick, Equestrian Portrait of Charles I,
1637-38, National Portrait Gallery, London.
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From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
1. Charles I
(1625-1649)
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He could not avoid direct confrontation with the strongly
Protestant Commons;
the Puritans held a considerable
majority in Parliament;
they drew up a Petition of Rights
in 1628 that stated:
- no imprisonment without trial;
- no taxation without consent of
the Commons.
But it was rejected by the king.
A. Van Dick, Equestrian Portrait of Charles I,
1637-38, National Portrait Gallery, London.
Compact Performer Shaping Ideas
From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
2. Who were the Puritans?
The Puritans:
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were extreme Protestants within the Church of England;
thought the English Reformation had not done enough to
reform the doctrines and structure of the Church;
wanted to purify their national Church by eliminating every
trace of Catholic influence;
wanted a true balance of power between the king and
the Parliament.
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From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
2. Who were the Puritans?
The Puritans:
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supported the Parliament;
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were linked to continental Reformed theology;
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believed that personal salvation depended on God;
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regarded the Bible as a guide to life;
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encouraged personal acts of mercy.
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From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
3. The Civil War
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From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
3. The Civil War
The two parties
THE ROYALISTS
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also known as ‘Cavaliers’;
sided with the king;
let their hair grow long;
included the lords, the gentry and
officials of the Church of England;
were concentrated in Wales, Cornwall
and the west of England.
From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
3. The Civil War
The two parties
PARLIAMENTARIANS
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also called ‘Roundheads’;
supported Parliament;
considered long hair sinful and cut theirs
short;
included London, the ports, Eastern
England, the Navy, the new gentry and
small landowners, artisans and Puritans.
From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
3. The Civil War
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From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
4. Oliver Cromwell
(1599-1658)
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A gentleman farmer;
a brilliant leader in raising and
training cavalry composed of brave
Puritan soldiers;
Commander-in-chief of the army
in 1649;
appointed Lord Protector of
England, Scotland and Ireland
in 1653.
From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
4. Oliver Cromwell
(1599-1658)
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Divided the country into eleven military regions
under major generals. Used the army to keep order;
Puritan rules were introduced, like execution for
adultery, the abolition of popular pastimes, games,
dancing and theatre performances;
inns, pubs and theatres were closed down;
Christmas and Easter were banned and replaced
with days of fasting.
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From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
5. The end of the Protectorate
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After Cromwell’s death in 1658, his son Richard held
office for eight months;
he was a weak leader, so Parliament voted the end of
the Protectorate;
in 1660 Parliament invited Charles II to return from
his exile in France;
the monarchy was restored.
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From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
6. Charles II
(1660-1685)
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His court was devoted to pleasure:
- theatres, race-courses and taverns reopened;
- fashion and gossip replaced religious debate.
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6. Charles II
(1660-1685)
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London was struck by a bubonic plague in
1665. More than 100,000 people died;
the Great Fire destroyed most of the City of
London in four days in 1666.
Puritans interpreted the two
catastrophes as God’s
punishment for the
King’s immorality.
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From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
7. The Royal Society
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Founded in 1660, received King Charles II’s patronage
in 1662;
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its motto, nullius in verba (‘take nobody’s word for it’),
was a direct challenge to the dependence on written
authorities;
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it became the centre of the
development of the
new scientific philosophy.
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From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
8. James II
(1685-1688)
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Charles II’s brother, James II, succeeded him in 1685;
he had converted to Catholicism in 1660. His attempts
to place Catholics in positions of authority led to conflict
with Parliament;
in 1688 his second wife, the Catholic
Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son;
fearing a Catholic succession and
possible civil war, the Whigs and the
Tories negotiated with William of
Orange, husband of James’s elder
and Protestant daughter Mary.
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From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
9. The Glorious Revolution
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William of Orange landed with an
army in Devon in 1688 and James II
fled abroad;
William of Orange and his wife Mary
became joint monarchs as William III
and Mary II in 1689;
a revolution had taken place as the
monarch had been chosen by
Parliament, not by ‘divine right’;
the name ‘Glorious Revolution’
celebrates the bloodlessness
of the event.
From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
9. The Glorious Revolution
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The reign of William III and Mary II was a
time of economic progress for England;
London became the financial capital of
the world;
the Bill of Rights of 1689 prevented the
king from raising taxes, keeping an army
or suspending laws without the consent
of Parliament.
From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
10. Queen Anne’s reign
(1702-1714)
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Mary died in 1694 and her sister Anne succeeded William
in 1702. Anne was a popular queen, proudly English and
Anglican. She even attended the debates in the House of
Lords;
with the Act of Union (1707) the kingdom of England and
Scotland was replaced by the United
Kingdom of Great Britain;
Ireland remained a separate kingdom
with its own Parliament subordinate to
Westminster and a Protestant
government at Dublin Castle under
a British-appointed Lord Lieutenant.
From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
10. Queen Anne’s reign
(1702-1714)
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From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians
11. The House of Hanover
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Anne died without a direct heir and the throne passed to a
distant German cousin, George Elector of Hanover;
he became king as George I (1714-1727) and began the
reign of the Hanoverians.
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