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CHAPTER 1
The Problem and its Background
This chapter presents an overview of the study, including the reasons why
the particular problems are being presented and discussed.
Introduction
Traditionally, a house foundation must meet the standards of concrete class
types A, B, and C to meet its strength requirements and extend its lifespan. The
Concrete Class types such as A, B, and C have a required ratio measurement that
is a combination of cement, sand, and gravel. This prototype will focus on real-time
results that will lead the civil engineers and clients to identify if the particular house
foundation satisfies the contract.
It is unlawful for R.A. 544 of the Civil Engineers and R.A. 9292 of the
Electronics Engineers to commit fraud on their clients and employer. Fraud
frequently occurs on construction sites when the contractor or civil engineer
changes the plan from a specific contract, particularly in the small and normal
setting of a specific house foundation, road, or other concrete implementation.
Some of the contractors and civil engineers have financial motives for thrifting the
materials like gravel, sand, and cement, but if the thrifting is included in the
contract, it is not fraud because they agreed in the first place to thrift. Also, if the
participation of civil engineers does not happen in the first place, the client has no
right to point it out, but if the client catches the contractor changing the materials
and plans, he or she can file a fraud case.
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This kind of contract is known as a "talking contract," which happens without
papers or the participation of a particular civil engineer in the first place. Everyone
knows in the Philippines that some fellow Filipinos don’t have enough money to
hire civil engineers. That's why they go to a person who has experience in
construction, such as a senior construction worker, mason, or contractor.
Background of the Study
There is different devices that are beneficial for the practice of testing the
quality of fresh concrete. It is critical to understand the exact ratio or quality of fresh
concrete because it will have an impact on the industry of building a quality house.
Some construction companies have an issue with fraud or theft of the materials
they are using. They often add additives to the mixture so they can make more
money.
Table 1.1 Types of Existing Prototype and Functions
Device
Existing Prototype
Function
Tempcon Concrete
Temperature
Monitoring Kit
During the curing process, it
checks the temperature of
the concrete.
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Cementometer
The moisture content of
freshly mixed cement can be
determined using a
cementometer.
The concrete Slump
test
determines the fresh
concrete's quality and
workability.
Based on table 1.1, shows that there are some commercial devices for
controlling and non-destructive testing devices for the quality of fresh concrete but
these devices are only popular and available abroad. The only popular traditional
non-destructive equipment here in the Philippines is the Concrete Slump test to
determine the moisture content or workability of the fresh concrete.
The researchers aspire to assist the industry by constructing the proposed
prototype. The proposed "Fresh Concrete Class Type Identifier System for Quality
Control Utilizing Electronic Modules" will be useful for both contractors and clients
in constructing a quality and honest product. This is to determine the specific type
of fresh concrete that the clients and contractors agreed to use to construct their
future homes.
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Objectives of the study
This study aims to develop and implement the Fresh Concrete Class Type
Identifier System for Quality Control Utilizing Electronic Modules.
Specifically, it aimed to achieve the following sub-objectives.
1. To design and develop a system for monitoring the Moisture and
Temperature content of the Fresh Concrete.
2. To design the Schematic diagram of the main system by interfacing the
different types of embedded systems using Electronic sensors with a PIC
Microcontroller utilizing MPLab X IDE and Proteus Simulation.
2.1 Heat Sensor
2.2 Moisture sensor
3. To test the functionality of the Electronics materials.
3.1 System Components
3.2 Material Specifications
3.3 Materials cost and viability
4. To test the functionality of the prototype with Fresh Concrete Specimens.
4.1 To compare the Prototype result with the traditional (Civil
Engineer method).
4.1.1 Temperature Sensor-based Concrete Class grade
identifier compared to manual concrete class ratio proportioning.
4.1.2 Moisture Sensor-based Fresh concrete workability
measurement compared to the Slump test method.
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4.1.3 To provide a strong comparison of the fresh concrete
(PSI result) between using a prototype and the traditional
(Civil Engineer method).
5. To test the accuracy of the prototype to the Actual Scene (Construction
site).
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Conceptual Framework
Conceptual Framework illustrates the connections between the software
and hardware requirements. It consists of input, process, and output.
Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework
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Scope and Limitation
The Capstone prototype used Electronic Temperature and Moisture
Sensors to act as input data which is calibrated to provide contents inside the Fresh
Concrete. The Temperature Content of a particular Fresh Concrete is defined by
a combination of a chemical reaction between Cement (P-Type) and water. The
Temperature Sensor (K-Type) can detect a Temperature range from 0-150 degree
Celsius.
The Moisture Content of the Fresh Concrete can be determined using the
Water-Cement ratio concept and the Moisture Sensor can detect water content.
The proponents used this concept and applied it to build this Capstone Device.
The PIC Microcontroller can perform both Temperature and Moisture Sensors
since it has better storage and Architecture. When the data is gathered and stored
the Liquid Crystal Display which is the output indicator of the Capstone device can
display 20 characters with 4 rows. The LCD indicates the following: Concrete Class
type, Concrete ratio, Concrete materials, Concrete Temperature, and Moisture
Content.
The research prototype testing and target implementation will focus only on
practiced concrete proportion classes such as A, B, and C ratios with the
combination of the materials of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and cement. The
type of cement used for the testing process is limited to Type 1-P cement. The
materials for concrete, such as coarse aggregate and fine aggregate, will not be
specified in size and type since, according to the RRL, these materials do not affect
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the temperature of fresh concrete. The device will identify what materials the fresh
concrete is lacking.
Table 1.2 Concrete Proportion with Water Level
Class
Mixture
Proportion
Cement in
Bag
(50 kg)
Sand
(cu. m.)
Gravel
(cu. m.)
Water level
(L)
A
1:2:4
7.0
.50
1.0
522
B
1:22:5
6.0
.50
1.0
570.75
C
1:3:6
5.0
.50
1.0
700.5
1
The prototype implementation testing will be limited to non-additive fresh
concrete applications since the prototype will only target the natural temperature
produced by a water-cement combination (Type 1-P cement), which means the
prototype will be beneficial to small-scale civil engineering projects. The
prototype`s testing will follow the traditional Civil Engineering testing methods,
which are the cylinder cone method, molding method, and slump cone method for
concrete testing accuracy and reliability. The prototype consists of available and
known electronic modules such as temperature and moisture sensors. The
researchers came up with the idea of using these sensors for the application of
testing fresh concrete.
The prototype will not reveal which brands of water, fine aggregates, coarse
aggregates, and cement were used to make the concrete.
The prototype will not identify the following concepts: environmental
conditions such as temperature and humidity, and so on; plastic shrinkage;
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bleeding; various testing of cement (e.g. chemical composition tests); corrosion of
the reinforcement bars; and concrete pouring.
Significance of the Study
This Capstone prototype aims to contribute to the National Housing
Authority (NHA) in Quezon City for the instrumentation and control of construction
projects, especially those related to fresh concrete. Furthermore, for construction
clients in the Philippines who want dependable testing of their specific house's
foundation in terms of strength quality, The main beneficiary of this prototype is a
group of civil engineers whose clients are small-time projects such as 1-story
housing projects.
The researcher would like to share a genuine interest in how significant the
study is and if this research project will be successful for the following group of
people:
Students and teachers: This study will provide information and give
knowledge to everyone so they have a better understanding of this research
project.
Future Researchers: The study may serve as a reference for their own
undertaking and may use the gathered data as the basis for concluding a research
study of their own. The study will serve as a guide for the development of the
prototype.
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Definition of Terms
This section will outline the concepts and factors that will be covered and
used throughout the study to serve as references for the operational concept.
Additives or Admixtures - The ingredients in fresh concrete other than
aggregate, water, and cement are added to the mix immediately before or during
mixing.
Bleeding, Water Gain, or Laitance- Water that accumulates on top of the
concrete.
Cement - a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens,
and adheres to other materials to bind them together.
Concrete - a hard strong building material made by mixing a fresh concreting
material (such as Portland fresh concrete) and a mineral aggregate (such as sand
and gravel) with sufficient water to cause the fresh concrete to set and bind the
entire mass.
Fresh Concrete - This is where the device of the researchers will be tested.
Gravel/coarse aggregate - Gravel is a loose aggregation of rock fragments.
Gravel occurs naturally throughout the world as a result of sedimentary and erosive
geologic.
K-Type Thermocouple - This device will check the temperature of the fresh
concrete.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) - a panel where the temperature and moisture of
the fresh cone will be displayed.
Light Emitting Diode (LED) - To indicate the class type of the fresh concrete
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Sand/Fine Aggregates - a granular material composed of finely divided rock and
mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size.
Soil Moisture Sensor - will measure the moisture content of the fresh concrete.
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CHAPTER 2
Review Related Literature
This chapter presents the review of related concepts, ideas, studies,
theories, and principles that are connected to the study and development of a
Fresh Concrete Class Type Identifier System for Quality Control Utilizing Electronic
Modules.
Foreign and Local Literature
Admixtures or Additives
DiyDoctor (2022) states that when concrete cures too quickly it loses a lot
of that elasticity and also becomes brittle, decreasing strength levels significantly.
Under typical curing circumstances, concrete maintains high levels of
strength and elasticity, making it resilient and long-lasting as well as able to move
to reflect shifting temperatures without cracking. The addition of admixtures can
help to counteract these effects when dealing with concrete in hotter climates by
slowing the curing process and preserving the mix's strength and elastic qualities.
ASTM C31 - Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
“When strength is used as a basis for acceptance of concrete, specimens
must be molded and cured according to ASTM C31. Cylinder molds can be metal
or plastic, so long as they are non-absorbent, non-reactive to concrete, and
maintain their shape and dimensions under all conditions of use.” (SI Certs, 2019).
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This article explains the right way of limiting the expenses to test a particular
Concrete grade proportion. Consideration of guide for Cylinders, Beams, Standard
Curing, Field Curing, Transporting, and Reporting (i.e. documentation). The ASTM
C31 helps the researcher to gather data from Concrete Specimens.
Commonly Used Construction Materials for Philippine Houses
Seo-Hacker (2022) stated that “the majority of constructions in the
Philippines are both residential and commercial and it is made of concrete.”
It is essential to provide a strong foundation to ensure the safety of the
construction because the land on which such homes and structures are
constructed is often affected by the weather. Some people decide to use steel and
concrete as the foundation. The steel is shielded from rust by the concrete, which
acts as a barrier. Walls and other structural components of a house are also made
of concrete. The entire house is strengthened by using reinforced concrete beams
and columns. A strong structural design makes use of many reinforcements to
build a cohesive and stable structure.
Table 2.1 Concrete Proportion
Mixture
Class
Cement in Bag
Proportion
40 kg.
50 kg.
Sand
cu. m.
Gravel
cu. m.
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A
1: 2: 4
9.0
7.0
.50
1.0
B
1: 22: 5
7.5
6.0
.50
1.0
C
1: 3: 6
6.0
5.0
.50
1.0
1
Concrete Proportion
According to Fajardo (2015), “Proportioning concrete by volume method
has long been practiced in almost all types of concrete construction.”
Concrete is made up of various components. Each of the substances has
unique qualities. The concrete mix ratio of the constituent elements has a large
impact on the strength, workability, and durability of the concrete. Since the
process of concrete formation is a one-way chemical reaction, concrete acquires
all of its properties at once.
The volume of sand and gravel in all classes of the mixture is constant at
.50 and 1.0 cubic meters, respectively. It is true if the cement paste enters the void
of the sand at the same time that the composition of these two materials fills the
voids of the gravel and forms a solid mass known as concrete that is one cubic
meter in size.
Concrete Strength
The study explains that the Pounds per square inch (PSI) of the particular
Concrete Class is one of the classifications to determine what proportion the
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concrete is. Concrete varies at different levels of application, strength, and
composition.
Compression testing is used to determine concrete strength, which is
measured by PSI (pounds per square inch). Regular concrete has a PSI range of
between 2,500 and 5,000. The PSI of engineering exceeds 10,000.
Concrete Temperature
The hotter the external temperature, the faster the concrete will cure. This
is problematic because the concrete mix needs to hydrate as part of the curing
process. This process essentially involves the formation of crystals as the concrete
absorbs water. When the surrounding temperature is too hot, this process is sped
up, meaning that these crystals form too quickly and don’t strengthen as well as
they should. Water also evaporates from the surface of fresh concrete too quickly
during hot weather, which results in a weak surface layer more prone to plastic
shrinkage and cracking (Wrightminimix. co, July 2018).
Corrosion of all kinds
According to Hime and Erlin (2009), “Some metals usually get along fine in
Portland cement mortar and concrete. Some do not, for some it depends.”
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Corrosion has a huge impact on stainless steel, especially on reinforcement
bars and any kind of metal. The article explains that iron and steel are the most
common types of metal on which corrosion strikes. The article explains that
corrosion will not affect the metals as long as the concrete does not contain halides
and carbonation.
Curing of Concrete
“This happens when water and cement chemically react and bond together
over a long period of time which strengthens the concrete.” (Gambrick
Construction 2022)
The article explains that the curing process is an important process to
perform in concrete construction the construction worker should monitor and
control it. Without a curing process, the concrete will never form to its full potential
strength known as PSI. Heat is produced during the curing process due to the
chemical reaction between cement and water, known as hydration.
Fresh Concrete
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Rahul Patil (2020) stated that there are seven properties of fresh concrete.
These include Workability, Segregation, Bleeding, Plastic Shrinkage, Setting
Time, Temperature, and Water Cement Ratio.
The primary determinant of the water-cement ratio is workability. The
uniform distribution of components is known as segregation. Water that
accumulates on concrete is referred to as "bleeding," "water gain," or "laitance."
Rapid surface drying is known as plastic shrinkage. Setting time is the transition
between a plastic and a solid state; it is influenced by the type of cement. Concrete
should not be kept at temperatures higher than 40 °C.
According to wrightminimix.co (2018), to keep the fresh concrete mix cool
during hot weather to refrain the fresh concrete from laying at the hottest part of
the day which is between 11-3 pm. Keep all your equipment in the shade until you
are ready to use it. Ensure that you have a sufficient workforce to lay the concrete
quickly. Cover the concrete with a plastic sheet in order to create shade and
prevent evaporation as the concrete mix cures.
Heat Sensor
According to Ejaz (2020) “A Thermocouple is a type of temperature sensor
which is used to measure temperature. It consists of two different types of metals
that are joined together to form two junctions”. It's typically used in Multimeters to
measure from zero to 100 degrees Celsius.
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According to AKCP A. (2020) “K Type thermocouples are inexpensive,
small, dependable, and have fast reaction times.”
They can measure a wide range of temperatures, from -270 °C to 1,372 °C,
with a small degree of error. Typically, a K-type thermocouple is used at
temperatures above 540 °C and in oxidizing atmospheres. The sensor
configuration is compatible with any type of microcontrollers, such as an Arduino
or a PIC microcontroller. The K-type temperature sensor is made of metal which
will not be affected by corrosion.
How Construction Sites Use Water
According to Evelyn Long (2021) “Construction sites use about 17% of their
water for direct functions, while 25% corresponds to indirect activities. When leaks,
poor sanitary and hydraulic installations, and unsatisfactory project designs occur
on a construction site, its runoff may pollute the ocean.”
Builders use water for a variety of functions on the construction site; they
utilize this resource for drilling and piling, hydro-demolition, pond filling, dust
suppression, soakaway testing, grouting, concrete batching, and worker hydration.
If construction companies mismanage this water use, it can increase the
environmental impact.
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Methods for On-Site Evaluation of Concrete Strength
According to FPrimeC (2020), “on-site evaluation of concrete strength is the
main challenge in the condition assessment of existing infrastructure or the quality
control of new construction. The following is known for evaluating the concrete
Compression Test On Concrete Cores, The Pull-Out Test, Rebound Hammer For
Concrete Strength, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, and Combined NDT Methods.”
The most related method for the evaluation of Concrete strength to the
proponent's prototype is the Maturity Method. The article explains that “The
maturity method is a technique to account for the combined effects of time and
temperature on the strength development of concrete” (Carino and Lew, 2001).
Moisture Sensor
According to Imko (2022), “Moisture sensors with capacitive and microwave
technology mostly provide less precise or stable measuring values in case of
abrasion of the tube and of high conductivity or if bulk heights and grain size vary.”
The article provides their device for monitoring the moisture content of fresh
concrete. The moisture measurement sensor technology now plays an important
role in creating the right mixture. The article explains the disadvantages of
capacitive and microwave technology to use as input sensors
Non-destructive tests of concrete
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Non-destructive tests of concrete are methods to obtain the compressive
strength and other properties of concrete from the existing structures. This test
provides immediate results and the actual strength and properties of concrete
structures (theconstructor.org, 2021).
The testing of specimens cast concurrently for compressive strength,
malleability, and flexibility is the standard method of assessing the quality of
concrete in buildings or structures.
PIC vs Arduino
According to Pedamkar (2022) “The working and architecture of Pic and
Arduino have wide variations that are implied in a suitable environment according
to the requirements”.
There are fundamental differences and comparisons between PIC and
Arduino, such as the definition, architecture, functions, applications, advantages,
and limitations. The Arduino can be implemented in robotics, electrical appliances
based on IR, smart home automation, and fault recognition in an underground
cable. The PIC microcontrollers are used in industries as they consume very little
power. It provides maximum efficiency and easily accessible methods to support
software and hardware tools such as simulators, debuggers, and compilers. The
Peripheral Interface Controller, also known as the PIC, belongs to the traditional
microcontroller family with an 8-pin configuration, and it operates on 5 to 6.6 volts
rather than Arduino. Arduino does not belong to the family of microcontrollers
because it is based on a video or audio receiver.
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PIC Microcontroller and Its Architecture
WatElectronics (2019) states that these microcontrollers are found in many
electronic devices such as phones, computer control systems, alarm systems,
embedded systems, etc.
PICs, the world's smallest microcontrollers, can be programmed to perform
a wide range of tasks. There are various varieties of microcontrollers, but the best
are found in the GENIE family of programmable microcontrollers. By using the
Circuit Wizard software, these microcontrollers are emulated and programmed.
Problems in Fresh Concrete
According to Steve (2022) “Harshness and Segregation are caused by
improper proportioning. To prevent it the proper proportioning must implement
satisfied compaction, satisfied water-cement ratio, and proper amount of fine and
coarse aggregates.”
Segregation is the separation of constituent materials of a heterogeneous
mixture of concrete so that their distribution is no longer uniform. The steps of
segregation are as follows; coarse aggregates settle down, the paste separates
from coarse aggregates, and water separates the paste. This is due to the different
values of the specific gravity of materials. Causes are improper grading/mix,
excess w/c ratio, improper placing such as from height, cause of badly designed
mixture, excessive vibration, etc. Prevention: correct proportioning of the mix until
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it gets uniform, complex mix, proper handling, transporting, placing, compacting,
finishing, remixing, use of workability agent to control w/c ratio, etc, use of
pozzolanic materials (makes concrete cohesive), use of air entrain agents. Effects
of concrete are not only going to be weak but also due to lack of homogeneity will
induce all undesirable properties in the hardened concrete.
Problems with Concrete Materials
According to the Association of State Dam Safety Officials (2022) “Errors
made during construction can include adding improper amounts of water to the
concrete mix, inadequate consolidation, and improper curing can cause distress
and deterioration of the concrete. Proper mix design, placement, and curing of the
concrete, as well as an experienced contractor, are essential to prevent
construction errors from occurring. Construction errors can lead to some of the
problems discussed later in this fact sheet such as scaling and cracking.
Honeycombing and bug holes can be observed after construction”.
The article explains other problems with concrete materials such as
Disintegration and Scaling, Cracks, Efflorescence, Erosion, Spalling and Popouts,
and Inspection and Monitoring.
Relation of Water to Concrete
According to Polygon “Water is an essential component when making
concrete. Concrete gains strength throughout the curing process from the moisture
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that water supplies. Water is one of the most crucial components of concrete, yet
it can also be the most harmful if used in excess. The strength and safety of
concrete, one of the most often used building materials, must be ensured by using
the right drying treatments.”
Risks of pouring concrete at the wrong temperature
According to Hamakareem (2022) “Placing concrete at the correct
temperature is critical for its durability and ultimate strength. This is because
temperatures above the normal concrete curing range (32 °C) will not only reduce
the workability of concrete but also cause a significant reduction in its ultimate
strength.”
The article explains that the wrong temperature during concrete placing will
cause Slump Loss, Crack Development, Slow Hydration Process, and Loss of
Strength due to Freezing. Slump Loss happens when the fresh concrete producing
a high-temperature mixture loses moisture quickly. Crack Development happens
when the chipping, flaking, and cracking are under pressure produced by hightemperature conditions. When the temperature is lower than 32 degrees Celsius
it can produce a Slow Hydration Process and Loss of Strength due to Freezing
Smart Concrete Curing System
According to Reddy and Hamsalekha (2020) “It is developed to create an
Automatic curing mechanism to supply water for curing depending on the
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availability of moisture in the concrete and surrounding temperature using a
moisture sensor.”
The Temperature of Fresh Concrete
According to Andrew Fahim (2018) "Temperature is typically measured to
make sure the concrete is in compliance with certain specifications that define an
allowable temperature range”.
Typical specifications require the temperature of the concrete during
placement to be within a range of 50°F to 90°F (10°C to 32°C). The concrete
should be at least 50 degrees Fahrenheit and no more than 90 degrees
Fahrenheit, or 10 to 32 degrees Celsius. The purpose of temperature testing fresh
concrete when creating a structure during curing is to monitor the temperature of
the concrete pour so that you can ensure the strength, quality, and durability of
your structure
Fresh concrete temperatures must typically be kept between 40 and 90
degrees Fahrenheit. As a result, the batch plant must devise techniques for
producing a concrete mixture within specified temperature limits.
The batch plant operators have a few alternatives for keeping concrete
temperatures above 40 F in cold weather. They can use batch plants to heat the
aggregate to prevent freezing, which would impede the flow through the bins and
gates. Alternatively, they may use hot water. While in hot weather, the aggregate
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can be cooled to keep the concrete temperature below 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
This is typically done by spraying the aggregate pile with water and letting it
evaporate. Alternatively, you might use ice or chilled water. Luke Snell (2005)
Traditional Concrete Testing
According to CSI (2009) “This cylinder testing measure is the most common
performance measure used by engineers designing buildings and other
structures”.
It is a critical step in construction to understand if the tested concrete, such
as Concrete A, is suitable for the particular foundation. The compressive strength
of hardened concrete is tested by pouring cylinders of fresh concrete and then
measuring the amount of force required to break up this concrete at prescribed
intervals during the concrete hardening timeline. Concrete cylinder testing must be
performed multiple times (at least three standard-cured specimens must be
tested), and if the strength tests do not result in acceptable strength levels, steps
must then be taken to increase the strength of the concrete. This has been
recognized by authorities writing these specifications: 28 days, selected by experts
in the field, is the determined age to effectively test concrete. This is the agreedupon length of time during which substantial hydration has taken place. Obviously,
this allows for a manageable timeline.
Type 1P Cement
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It is composed of blended cement from ordinary Portland cement mixed with
Pozzolan. This is used for general construction applications (Roberts, 2020).
The "P" stands for the Philippines; this type of cement is only made there;
it is identical to type 1 but is mined and produced there. The minerals from which
these are derived differ slightly from one another, and geochemists may pinpoint
the cement's source pits by analyzing the microscopic nature of the minerals.
Water-Cement Ratio
According to the water-cement ratio law given by Abram as a result of many
experiments, the strength of well-compacted concrete with good workability is
dependent only on the ratio. Concrete vibrated by efficient mechanical vibrators
requires less water-cement ratio and hence has more strength. Thumb Rules for
deciding the quantity of water in concrete: (i) Weight of water = 28% of the weight
of cement + 4% of the weight of total aggregate (ii) Weight of water = 30% of the
weight of cement + 5% of the weight of total aggregate.
According to Mishra (2020) stated that “the increase in the water-cement
ratio indicates an increase in concrete workability. As a result, the strength of
concrete is inversely proportional to its workability." (Mishra, 2015)
The reason for this relationship is that when concrete sets, the water in the
concrete dries out and leaves voids. The more water there is, the more voids there
will be. So, an increase in the number of voids reduces the compressive strength
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of concrete. Therefore, it is critical to strike a balance between the strength and
workability requirements for concrete work.
Water Content
According to D.Loganathan, et. al. (2017), “segregation implies the
separation of coarse aggregate from fine aggregate, paste from coarse aggregate,
or water from the mix, and the ingredients of the fresh concrete no longer remain
uniformly distributed. Some of the causes of segregation on site are poorly graded
aggregate & excessive water content is the major cause of segregation. A badly
proportioned mix, where the sufficient matrix is not there to bond and contain the
aggregate causes aggregates to settle down. Insufficiently mixed concrete with
excess water content shows a higher tendency for segregation.”
EMS sensors are used to detect moisture content through capillary
absorption in masonry materials. Two sensor grades are used such as Commercial
Grade Sensor and Research Grade Sensor. Commercial Grade Sensors are used
to publish “a and b” calibration values for the wood specimen used. Research
Grade Sensor is individually calibrated to actually relate gravimetric moisture
content with electrical moisture content.
Foreign and Local Studies
Admixtures in Concrete
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According to Designing Building the Construction Wiki (2022) “Admixtures
can be used to reduce the cost of building with concrete or to ensure certain
required properties or quality of the cured concrete.”
A compound that may be applied to concrete as an admixture to alter or
enhance its qualities. Typically, just before or during the mixing process, additives
are added to the concrete in addition to the cement, water, and aggregate.
Admixtures can be employed as a last-resort option to try to avert failure if issues
with the concrete occur during construction.
Components of Concrete
According to Ramachandran (2021), “Admixtures are ingredients that are
added to the concrete batch immediately before or during mixing. They confer
certain beneficial effects to concrete, including frost resistance, sulfate resistance,
controlled setting and hardening, improved workability, increased strength, etc.”
Concrete, which is composed of cement, aggregates, chemical admixtures,
mineral admixtures, and water, is the most abundant of all man-made materials.
Cement paste is the active element of concrete, and its performance is largely
determined by the cement paste. Admixtures in concrete provide benefits such as
acceleration, retardation, air entrainment, water reduction, plasticity, and so on,
which are related to the cement-admixture interaction.
Curing with the Internet of Things
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According to King-Chi Lo et. al (2021) “The efficiency of the traditional
concrete curing process on site is low, due to the difficulties in providing continuous
supervision and control of the curing environment, leading to considerable
variation in the curing regimes experienced by different concrete pours”.
To improve the traditional process of curing new concrete on construction
sites The capability of the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has been a
prospect in this project, as it eliminates personage participation and enables more
improved management of the environmental circumstances that affect the curing
process. The research study is about an IoT-based concrete curing control system
based on a moisture sensor invented for monitoring and controlling the moisture
property of fresh concrete to be acceptable for good-quality hardening concrete.
Based on on-site experiments, the performance of this prototype was different from
the performance of traditional curing methods. The results show that the prototype
system performs better than the traditional methods, both in terms of fresh
concrete curing quality control and the time spent on supervision.
According to Taheri (2019) “A multitude of structural health monitoring
options are currently being investigated to address the reliability of concrete
infrastructures at different stages of their service life”.
This study presents recent achievements in the field of sensors developed
for monitoring the health of concrete infrastructures. The focus of this study is on
sensors developed for monitoring parameters including temperature, humidity, pH,
corrosion rate, and stress or strain, and the sensors are particularly fabricated
based on fiber optic, Bragg grating, piezoelectric, electrochemical, wireless, and
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self-sensing technologies. This paper will discuss several examples of developed
concrete monitoring sensors (from laboratory concepts to commercialized
products), as well as their various benefits and drawbacks, as well as open
research problems.
According to Ranz (2016) “In this paper, a methodology for the quality
control of the curing process in precast concrete plants is presented by nondestructive testing techniques”.
The study used different sensors such as temperature, humidity, and
ultrasonic sensors which makes the prototype effective. The study used Wireless
Sensor Networks (WSN) to be a remote monitoring system. The study is about
monitoring the curing process of fresh concrete.
According to T John et. al (2019) “The estimation of the early age
compressive strength of concrete is crucial for quality control in the construction
industry”.
The present study proposes an innovative and cost-effective Internet of
Things (IoT)-enabled system for the real-time monitoring of early-age concrete
strength. The proposed system consists of temperature sensors and Wi-Fi
microcontrollers that are connected to a cloud-based platform. Five selected
concrete mixes are used to demonstrate the proposed system. The maturity
relationships for the selected mixes are developed in the laboratory as per the
relevant standards.
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The early-age compressive strengths of the selected concrete mixes are
predicted using the established maturity relationship, and the results are found to
match well with the actual compressive strengths. The proposed system is found
to be effective in the automation of the maturity method that can trigger the
implementation of user-friendly Internet or mobile applications for the monitoring
of the early-age compressive strength of concrete required in the construction
industry.
Effect of Hot Weather on Concrete
All stages of concrete manufacturing and placement are impacted by hot
weather, which speeds up the hydration process and causes moisture to migrate
both inside and outside the concrete. It has an impact on durability and long-term
strength. A considerable influence is also exerted by wind speed, relative humidity,
and hot weather.
In addition, usually between 75ºF and 100ºF, hot weather problems for
concrete may begin. The combination usually causing the most problems is low
relative humidity and high wind velocity. These conditions, when added to the
harsh sun and high temperature, create a very high potential for problems. (Mishra,
2018)
Moisture Sensor
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“It was found that the dielectric constant was influenced by changes in the
fresh mortar and that the sensors have the potential to qualitatively monitor cement
content, bleeding, hydration, and evaporation” (Smit, Et al., 2022).
According to Ammad Tauqir (2018) “Hydro-mix shows moisture content in
the real-mixing time and it shows good results with higher air content.”
The study designed a device to Monitor the moisture content inside the
fresh concrete and it was named Hydro-mix. The prototype works as a mixing
device for the water-cement ratio which is known as the major cause of the failure
of fresh concrete workability. The prototype functions with real-time monitoring
and result which makes the prototype effective for the construction industry.
Poor-Quality Concrete
“Construction has been halted in the wake of the revelation from
Shenzhen's Housing and Construction Bureau that substandard sea sand
concrete had been used in its construction” (Ian Steadman, 2013).
The study clearly says that if the concrete is made of untreated sea sand, it
is possible for the building to subside and become risky after only a few decades.
Sand Moisture Composition
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“The study proposes a measurement device that monitors the volume of
water in wet sand.” (Othman, N., Hassan2, M., Ahmad1, N., & Puzi1, W., May
2018)
The objective is to control the amount of water in the concrete mixture to
prevent over-watered sand from affecting the balanced concrete mixture ratio
during the construction process. The suggested system would improve the output
of concrete. A microcontroller was used to program the system to transmit a
monitoring system interrupt signal in response to changes in soil moisture. A soil
moisture sensor is used to measure the soil's moisture and humidity levels. When
the moisture or humidity in the soil changes, the sensor sends an interrupt signal
to the microcontroller, and the data is fed into the monitoring software.
Soil Moisture
“Moisture content has a very strong influence on the mechanical behavior
of the soil. The Oven dry method is widely used for the determination of water
content. The loss of weight that happens due to drying results in the measurement
of the moisture content of the sample. The temperature at which the sample is
oven-dried ranges from 110oC +- 5oC. The oven-dried mass is usually recorded
after 12 to 24 hours” (Farhan Khan, July 2020).
Temperature Sensing of Concrete
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“The LM35 temperature sensor can be embedded in concrete and used to
sense the internal temperature of the curing concrete.” Manuel Ramos (2017)
The study shows that Fresh concrete is generating heat which is produced
during the curing process. The study explains that the amount of heat produced
depends on the volume of fresh concrete. The study shows that temperature
sensors will be effective devices for monitoring the curing process of fresh concrete
in a particular situation such as construction sites.
Testing of Fresh Concrete
According to NCHRP (2005), “to monitor the construction process and make
sure that desired concrete qualities are obtained, testing of fresh and hardened
EOT concrete is necessary.”
Workability, air content, and dimensional stability are routinely tested on
fresh concrete parameters. Measuring the compressive and/or flexural strengths
of hardened concrete is the most frequent and frequently only measurement is
done. Methods to evaluate volume change, durability in freeze-thaw settings,
absorption/permeability, and microstructural characterization are further tests of
hardened concrete that may be taken into consideration. The evaluation of EOT
concrete mixtures should undergo several tests.
The History of Concrete
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Gromicko and Shepard (2022) stated the “time period during which concrete
was first invented depends on how one interprets the term “concrete.” Ancient
materials were crude cement made by crushing and burning gypsum or limestone.
Lime also refers to crushed, burned limestone. When sand and water were added
to these cements, they became mortar, which was a plaster-like material used to
adhere stones to each other. Over thousands of years, these materials were
improved upon, combined with other materials, and, ultimately, morphed into
modern concrete.”
Today’s concrete is made using Portland cement, coarse and fine
aggregates of stone and sand, and water. Admixtures are chemicals added to the
concrete mix to control its setting properties and are used primarily when placing
concrete during environmental extremes, such as high or low temperatures, windy
conditions, etc.
Type of Cement
This cement is used in this study which results in the effect of cement in
steel bars. Type 1 and Type 1P cement are usually used in construction in the
Philippines. The performance of Type 1P concrete is explored since it is gaining
popularity today. Type 1P is cheaper than Type 1 cement thus, their performance
in different curing periods is compared.
Gicaraya, Crissel Kane G., "Effects of curing on corrosion performance of
steel bar in type 1 and type 1P cement concrete using impressed voltage test."
(2012). Undergraduate Theses. 328.
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CHAPTER 3
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the project design, project development, operation,
testing, and evaluation procedures applied in the project to achieve the desired
objectives.
Research Design
The proponents applied the project development model for this capstone
design prototyping entitled "Fresh Concrete Class Type Identifier System for
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Quality Control Utilizing Electronic Modules." The proponents intend to assess the
requirements and analyze the ideas and concepts gathered about concrete. The
quick design assists the proponents in visualizing the construction of the tangible
prototype, such as the casing, circuit diagram, and initial electronic modules. The
building of the prototype occurs when the proponents establish the prototype from
a schematic diagram utilizing software, collect the electronic devices, and finalize
the casing of the prototype.
The initial prototype will be calibrated, and troubleshooting this process is
needed for further development of a particular prototype. After evaluating the initial
prototype, the proponents will have profound ideas about how to proceed with the
detailed design. If the prototype shows any signs of malfunction, the proponents
will loop back to the detailed design for troubleshooting and redefining the
concepts and requirements. If the problem is fixed, the proponents will have a final
quick design to test again and again until it works properly.
The next phase is to implement the prototype; the proponents will look for
recipients such as a small-time civil engineering community that has a contract to
build a house (e.g., the National Housing Authority). It is the duty of the recipients
to maintain the prototype, and it is also the duty of the proponents to enhance the
development of this particular prototype.
Gathering
Requirement and
Analysis
Building Prototype
Quick Design
Evaluation of
Prototype
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Evaluate and
Redefine
Requirements
Evaluate and
Redefine
Requirements
Detail Design
Maintenance
Figure 3.1: Research Design Model
Requirements and Analysis
Since concrete is the primary focus of the study, the proponents have
researched and gathered the necessary concepts about civil engineering
knowledge. Also, the proponents have sought external consultation with
professional civil engineers. Upon consultation, the researchers understood that
fresh concrete would be the center of testing.
The researchers understood that civil engineers have a traditional method
of testing fresh concrete such as a cylinder tube to limit expenses for testing,
known as a "concrete specimen," molding with water, slump cone workability
testing, and the oven method of testing the concrete's moisture. The researchers
did an analysis of the concrete, especially its properties and how it works in the
field of civil engineering.
The proponents plan to have a balanced understanding of both fields, such
as the electronic engineering part and the civil engineering perspective. The
researchers have seen that if prototyping a Fresh Concrete Class Type Identifier
System for Quality Control Utilizing Electronic Modules suitably functions, it will
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have a huge impact on the civil engineering community, especially in
instrumentation for testing of a particular fresh concrete. Those practical methods
used by civil engineers to test the temperature of the curing process and the
workability of fresh concrete with slump cones will reduce the effort and time spent
by the civil engineers waiting for the results. The researchers discovered that the
curing process takes 28 days to complete. On the other hand, civil engineers wait
almost 24 hours to test the moisture of a particular batch of fresh concrete.
Additionally, the researchers examined the specifications of the required
materials and electronic modules and how those materials and devices work. The
proponents are required to have skills in programming, especially embedded C
language programming. The proponents are required to have skills in designing
schematic diagrams utilizing Proteus Simulation and Eagle Simulation. The
proponents are required to have skills in enclosure design to create a handy and
user-friendly prototype casing.
Quick Designs
The proponents created the initial design for prototyping the "Fresh
Concrete Class Type Identifier System for Quality Control Utilizing Electronic
Modules" by sketching and using AutoCAD Simulation. The quick design took a
whole day to make since the proponents have background skills with AutoCAD
design from previous courses in the BS Electronics Engineering curriculum.
The proponents created the initial design for fresh concrete testing with a
practical design that included a tripod and enclosure design for the casing, which
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was later modified after evaluation. The proponents agreed on a portable prototype
for users to use on a specific construction site. The proponents initially designed
an enclosure diagram for casing with dimensions of nearly 5x5 inches, but after
the evaluation, it was reduced in size. The proponents' initial design for sensors is
to close them together and put them inside the casing, then let the transducers put
them outside the casing. They came up with this to lessen the occupation of the
space in the enclosure diagram.
The prototype's initial main objective and feature are to identify what type of
concrete proportion (e.g., Class A, B, or C) is inside the particular house
foundation. Since fraud happens at the construction site because of unintentional
theft, the device will act as a tool to identify if the particular house foundation is
changed.
Building Prototype
The prototype consists of a designed power supply using a voltage regulator
(LM7805, capacitors, and resistors to be filtered. The microcontroller PIC16F877A
is the brain of the prototype, which the proponents programmed in C. The
PIC16F877A is a 40-bit general-purpose input/output device with analog and
digital inputs and outputs that is suitable for student projects. The input sensors
that will be used are soil moisture and thermocouples. The PIC16F877A processes
the C language code that the researchers programmed using Pickit3 through the
MPLAB X IDE.
The researcher used the free version of the Eagle Simulator to print the
digital 3D view and create the PCB schematic diagram and layout. The
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researchers used the free version of Proteus to print the digital 3D view and create
the PCB schematic diagram and layout.
Table 3.1 Initial Project Schedule
Activity
Day 1
Day 2
Troubleshooting
Designing the
Schematic Diagram
with Proteus
Simulation
16
hours
2 hours of
Redesigning of
Schematic Diagram
Cancelation of Level
Sensor at the system
Designing the PCB
Layout with Eagle
Simulation
16
hours
5 hours of
Redesigning of
Schematic Diagram
None
Designing the
Enclosure Diagram
with AutoCAD
16
hours
16 hours
16 hours
Evaluation of Prototype
The prototype "Fresh Concrete Class Type Identifier System for Quality
Control Utilizing Electronic Modules" will be evaluated by civil engineers after the
device is completed and ready for actual testing. The Civil Engineering method of
testing fresh concrete, such as the slump test, will be used for the prototype
evaluation. Since the prototype is being evaluated, it is an important aspect for the
civil engineering community, especially here in the Philippines, to have a reliable
device for testing and monitoring fresh concrete. The proponents predict the
prototype will be working by February 2023 and ready for evaluation.
Table 3.2 Target Respondents
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Respondents
Date
Feedback
Civil Engineer
Foreman
Construction Worker
Client
Evaluate and Refine Requirements
After reconsideration of the end user's feedback about the prototype, such
as the impossible result of the testing, the miscalculated result of the monitoring,
and the miscalculated result of the identification of the particular fresh concrete
grade type, the proponents will act accordingly to address the malfunction.
Implementations
When the prototype is ready for implementation, the proponents will look for
a possible beneficiary, such as a group of civil engineers who accept small-scale
projects related to the installation of fresh concrete.
Table 3.3 Implementation Plan
Strategy
Activities
Person Involved
Duration
Information
Distribution
Presentation
Proponent, Civil Engineer, and
Materials Engineer
1 day
Device
Implementation
Actual
Testing
Proponent, Civil Engineer, and
Materials Engineer
1 day
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Maintenance
As the prototype is functioning the proponents will develop the prototype
features for other applications such as fresh concrete ratios identifying system,
curing monitoring system, fresh concrete temperature, and workability testing
system.
Table 3.4 Maintenance Plan
1st version of the Prototype
2nd version of the Prototype
The prototype will deploy to the actual
scene of the Construction site to
perform its functions. The prototype is
approved by experts such as ECE,
CE, and the beneficiary.
The prototype will be maintained and
developed by the proponents for
future application.
Purposive Sampling
The proponents used purposive sampling based on the technical judgment
of selected civil engineers since civil engineering knowledge is wide and
complicated. The proponents used purposive sampling to select at least five (5)
respondents from the community of civil engineers, which accepts small-scale
construction projects.
Description of the Respondents
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The respondents are those professional civil engineers who are masters of
concrete, such as fresh concrete, drying concrete, and hardened concrete.
Respondents will be members of the Civil Engineering Department, which accepts
small-scale construction projects like two-story houses.
Instrumentation
The proponents will use the usability testing method when evaluating the
prototype. If the device is approved or not, it is critical to have the perspective of
those specific respondents. It will act as support for the study by identifying which
level of the proposed system needs to be addressed.
The instrument`s techniques used in the collection of data for this study are:
●
Research
The proponent will undergo a series of research projects through books, the
internet, and other resources that act as references and written documentation for
this study. Especially since the focus of the research is all on civil engineering, it
will help the proponents to understand more about concrete. In Fajardo's book
entitled "Simplified Estimate," the first chapter is about concrete.
●
Consultation
The proponent will undergo consultation with professional civil engineers to
get clarification and understand all about the concrete. The proponents already
conduct consultations with a civil engineer named Engr. Exequiel. At the
consultation, proponents clarified their understanding of concrete, but the situation
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pushed them over the edge, as the civil engineer clarified that the main goal is
difficult to achieve.
●
Experiments
The proponents will undergo the empirical method, which involves manual
experiments including mixing fresh concrete for actual testing. The proponents will
follow the civil engineering method of testing with concrete (e.g., slump test,
molding, and oven method). where the expenses increase due to concrete
materials such as cement, sand, and gravel.
Validation of the Instrument
The validation of the instrumentation is an important aspect of this capstone
project, in which the developers will identify the technique for gathering the data
and/or information needed to complete the capstone project. The following tools
and techniques were employed by the developers in this capstone project:
●
Overt Observation
The developers will ask permission from the model setting to observe how
they perform the tasks involving the device they use to know the quality and class
of the concrete. The main goal of observation is to understand the behavior of the
prototype.
●
Interviews
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The developers will conduct interviews regarding the problems they
encounter while building the structure. The purpose of this interview is to gather
insights.
●
Site Visit
The developers will conduct a site visit to the construction site and the
model setting in order to learn about the different solutions and new technologies
coming from the experts in the field of the construction industry that can be used
in designing the Fresh Concrete Class Type Identifier System for Quality Control
Utilizing Electronic Modules
●
Survey Questionnaires
The developers will conduct a poll among the respondents.
●
Research
The developers will carry out a variety of research activities using different
sources such as books, the Internet, and other resources to obtain knowledge for
reference and documentation for this project.
Data Gathering Procedures
The manual experiments for fresh concrete will be the main procedure to
gather the data, which means the actual mixing of the materials for the concrete
will be performed. The civil engineer that the proponents consulted said we could
perform manual experiments, which are included in the civil engineering testing
method; because of this, the proponents need to buy the materials for fresh
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concrete, such as cement, gravel, and sand, but to lessen the expenses, the
proponents perform the concrete specimen method.
Validation of Questionnaire
1. Formulation of the Data Questionnaire and Survey Form.
The researchers conducted a survey by providing a questionnaire to the
respondents. The surveys will be gathered in order to collect the respondents'
responses to the query.
2. Validation and Distribution of Data Questionnaire and Survey Form of
prospective Respondents.
The people in charge at the National Housing Authority, who are
knowledgeable in building houses, will verify the questionnaire with the target
respondents and collect their scaled assessments, which the researchers will then
study.
3. Retrieval, Encoding, and Data Solution using Scale Technique and
Formula.
Data gathering is an important part of the project's research. The response
sheet has been collected, and the data has been tabulated to get the findings.
4. Interpretation of Data through Data Analysis
The criteria provided by the respondents will be used to explain the data's
conclusions.
5. Evaluation of the Data Result.
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The data result will be evaluated by the researchers using Statistical Tools.
Statistical Treatment of Data
A. Arithmetic Mean
The arithmetic mean is the simplest and most widely used measure of a
mean, or average. It simply involves taking the sum of a group of numbers, then
dividing that sum by the count of the numbers used in the series.
x̄ = xN
Where: x̄ = is the symbol for the mean
∑ = is the symbol for summation
X = the symbol for the scores
N = symbol for the number of scores
B. Likert Scale
The proponents will use the Six-Point Likert Scale to gather results from the
respondents. The scale below is used to interpret the answers of the Users in the
Accuracy Test. This rating scale was used to determine the calculated overall
weighted mean of each Accuracy Criteria testing that falls under the rating scale.
In this scale, Rating is used to know how the Users rate the proposed study.
Table 3.5 Degree of Percentage Accuracy
Numerical Percentages (%)
Verbal Interpretation
Remarks
Range for Accuracy Value
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96 – 100
Excellent
6
91 – 95
Very Satisfactory
5
86 – 90
Satisfactory
4
81 – 85
Very Code
3
76 – 80
Good
2
75 and Below
Poor
1
Functionality Testing
The Microcontroller Unit (MCU) of the Device prototype should be operated
at 5V power supply from Voltage Regulator (i.e. main part of the power supply)
and the MCU should not be operated at 5.5V up to prevent damage. The General
Purpose Input and Output pins of the MCU should be correctly lined up according
to the Schematic Diagram. The PIC16F877A specification indicated that it has
different pins such as PWM signals, analog, and digital input.
The K-Type Temperature Sensor with Max6675 will be the input data of the
Device prototype which is operated by a 5V power supply. The output data from KType Temperature Sensor will be analog output and converted from the digital
output using Max6675 if the Temperature system did not produce digital output it
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must change the Temperature system. The Soil moisture Sensor with Stainless
Probe should be operated by a 5V power supply from the power supply.
Accuracy Testing
The Temperature outputs from Temperature Modules must be in the range
in the program such as >18.32 Celsius to <32.23 Celsius. The Moisture outputs
from the Moisture Sensor must be in range in the program such as oven dry, air
dry, saturated, and damp.
Software Requirements
The software components for the development of "Fresh Concrete Class
Type Identifier System for Quality Control Utilizing Electronic Modules" are Proteus
Simulation, Eagle Simulation, MPLab X IDE, and AutoCAD Simulation. These
simulations help the proponents build the prototype. With Proteus Simulation, the
proponents design the schematic diagram of the prototype "Fresh Concrete Class
Type Identifier System for Quality Control Utilizing Electronic Modules."
Eagle simulation can be used to design a PCB layout from the proponents'
schematic diagram, which can then be transferred to the printed circuit board. With
AutoCAD Simulation, the proponents can design the enclosure diagram for casing
the prototype "Fresh Concrete Class Type Identifier System for Quality Control
Utilizing Electronic Modules." And lastly, with MPLab X IDE simulation, the
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proponents` main function of the prototype, "Fresh Concrete Class Type Identifier
System for Quality Control Utilizing Electronic Modules," can be programmed with
ease since the simulator uses embedded C.
Table 3.6 Basis for the Schematic Design Software
Name
Description
Features
Proteus
Described as 'combines the schematic capture and
ARES PCB layout programs to provide a powerful,
integrated and easy to use suite of tools for
professional PCB Design' and is an app in the
education & reference category.
Multiplatform
3D Renderer
Wast library
3d sketching
CAD
Software
KiCad
KiCad is an open-source software suite for
electronic design automation (EDA) - designing
schematics of electronic circuits and printed circuit
boards (PCB). KiCad is developed by Jean-Pierre
Charras.
Autodesk
EAGLE
Autodesk EAGLE is an electronic design
automation (EDA) software. Enabling printed circuit
board (PCB) designers to seamlessly connect
schematic diagrams, component placement, PCB
routing, and comprehensive library content.
Multiplatform
3D Renderer
Wast library
3d sketching
CAD
Software
Based on the specifications in Table 3.6, the proponents decided to choose
the Proteus Simulation over the two software. The proteus features are
Multiplatform, 3D Renderer, Wast library, 3d sketching, and CAD Software. The
proponents perform CAD software and use its library to choose which components
are needed for the Schematic Diagram of the system.
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Table 3.7 Basis for the Programming Software
Name
Description
Features
MPLAB X
IDE
Described as 'The MPLAB X IDE is the
new graphical, integrated debugging tool
set for all of Microchip’s more than 800
8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit MCUs and digital
signal controllers and memory devices. It
includes a feature-rich editor, sourcelevel debugger, project manager, and
software and is an app in the
development category.
Integrated
development
environment (IDE)
Extensible by
Plugins/Extensions
Portable
No registration
required
Code::Blocks is a free C++ IDE built to
meet the most demanding needs of its
users. It is designed to be very
extensible and fully configurable.
Integrated
development
environment (IDE)
mikroC is a full-featured ANSI C compiler
for 5 different microcontroller
architectures. It is the best solution for
developing code for your favorite
microcontroller. It features an intuitive
IDE, a powerful compiler with advanced
SSA optimizations, and lots of hardware
and software...
Integrated
development
environment (IDE)
Code::Blocks
MikroC
Based on the specifications in Table 3.7, the proponents decided to choose
MPLAB X IDE over the two programming software. The features of MPLAB X IDE
is an Integrated development environment (IDE), Extensible by Plugins/Extensions
Portable, and No registration required which the proponent uses as criteria.
Table 3.8 Basis for the CAD Software
Name
Description
Features
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AutoCAD
The flagship product of software company
Autodesk, AutoCAD has been available since
1982 and is considered by many the
grandfather of computer-aided design (CAD).
Its prominence in the CAD community is
comparable to that of Photoshop in the
photo-editing community.
Standard, BIM
import, built-in
photorealistic
rendering
BricsCAD
BricsCAD is best known for having rich
features in both 2D drawing and 3D
modeling. In fact, those who are familiar with
AutoCAD, especially the 2008 version, will
note similar interfaces. The huge library of
third-party applications (i.e. plug-ins) can
enhance user functionality.
for Compatibility
with many
AutoCAD
features
CMS
IntelliCAD
CMS IntelliCAD was specifically designed to
serve as an alternative to AutoCAD. It
supports both 2D and 3D modeling
techniques, including full BIM support and
LISP compatibility. IntelliCAD works natively
with DWG files and allows digital signatures
just like AutoCAD.
BIM import, builtin photorealistic
rendering
Based on the specifications in Table 3.8, the proponents decided to choose
AutoCAD to design an enclosure diagram. The features of AutoCAD are the Free
version and Standard, BIM import, and built-in photorealistic rendering which the
proponent uses as criteria.
Table 3.9 Specification of Utilized Software
Name
Proteus
Simulation
Description
Features
The Proteus Design Suite is a
proprietary software tool suite used
primarily for electronic design
automation. The software is used mainly
by electronic design engineers and
Library Parts. 15
million library parts
integrated and on
demand.
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technicians to create schematics and
electronic prints for manufacturing
printed circuit boards.
Autodesk
Eagle
Simulation
AutoCAD
Simulation
MPLab X
IDE
Simulation
Assembly Variants.
Easily create and
manage product
variants.
Report Generation.
Dedicated reporting
module for project
documentation.
Design Rules.
High-Speed Design.
Power Planes.
EAGLE is electronic design automation
(EDA) software that lets printed circuit
board (PCB) designers seamlessly
connect schematic diagrams,
component placement, PCB routing,
and comprehensive library content.
PCB CAD Software
AutoCAD is a commercial computeraided design and drafting software
application. Developed and marketed by
Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released
in December 1982 as a desktop app
running on microcomputers with internal
graphics controllers.
BIM import, built-in
photorealistic
rendering
MPLAB is a proprietary freeware
integrated development environment for
the development of embedded
applications on PIC and dsPIC
microcontrollers and is developed by
Microchip Technology. MPLAB X is the
latest edition of MPLAB developed on
the NetBeans platform.
IDE
Extensible by
Plugins/Extensions
Portable
No registration
required
Hardware Requirements
The prototype "Fresh Concrete Class Type Identifier System for Quality
Control Utilizing Electronic Modules" system consists of electronic modules, e.g.,
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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a PIC16F877A Microcontroller for the main system, a K-type thermocouple for
input temperature data, a Max6675 for a digital converter of the input temperature
data, and a soil moisture sensor with a stainless steel probe for input moisture
data.
Table 3.10 Comparison of Different Microcontrollers
Arduino UNO
R3
Arduino Micro
PIC16F877A
Microcontroller
ATmega328P
ATmega32U4
PIC16F877A
Weight
25g
13g
20g
Operating
Voltage
7V to 9V
5V
4.2V to 5.5V
PWM enable
pins
6 Pins
7 Pins
2 Pins
Criteria
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DC per I/O
(mA)
20mV
20mV
10mV
Input / Output
Pins
Digital: 14 Pins
Analog: 6 Pins
Digital: 20 Pins
Analog: 12 Pins
33 Pins
Flash Memory
32 KB
32 KB
14 KB
Price
₱ 695
₱ 649
₱ 300
Based on the specifications in Table 3.10, the proponents decided to
choose
the
PIC16F877A
microcontroller
over
the
two
other
popular
microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino UNO R3 and Arduino Micro) since it was the
cheapest price among them. The proponents chose
the PIC16F877A
microcontroller to design its own system with Proteus simulation. Although the
PIC16F877A microcontroller has the slowest flash memory, it is enough to perform
certain functions.
Table 3.11 Comparison of Thermocouple
Criteria
Type R
Type N
Type K
Composition
(+) Platinum
(-) Alumel - 13%
Rhodium
(+) Nicrosil
(-) Nisil
Chromel (+)
Alumel (-)
Temperature
Range
-50 ℃ to 1768 ℃
- 250 ℃ to 1300
℃
-250 ℃ to 1250
℃
Sensitivity
8 to 14 μV / ℃
24 to 38 μV / ℃
28 to 42 μV / ℃
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Prize
₱ 622
₱ 810
₱ 101
Based on the specifications from table 3.11, the proponents decided to
choose K type Thermocouple since it is the cheapest among Type R and N
Thermocouple. The proponents chose the K-type Thermocouple since its
Sensitivity of it is higher (i.e. 28 to 42 μV / ℃). The proponents chose the K-type
Thermocouple since it is easy to the canvas from the electronic store.
Table 3.12 Comparison of Module use in Thermocouple
Max31856
Max6675
Compatible with
Thermocouple
Types K, J, N, R, S, T, E,
and B.
Type K
Allows reading
210℃ to 1800 ℃
0℃ to 1024 ℃
Operating Voltage
3.3V to 5V
5V
Temperature
Resolution
0.0078125 ℃
0.25 ℃
Price
₱ 842
₱ 159
Criteria
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Based on the specifications from table 3.12, the proponents decided to
choose Max6675 over Max31856 since it is the cheapest. The proponents
consider the fact that it is not the best analog signal converter since it only allows
reading from 0℃ to 1024 °C and the temperature resolution is only 0.25 °C.
Table 3.13 Comparison of Soil Moisture Sensor
Resistive Soil
Moisture Sensor
Capacitive Soil
Moisture Sensor
Soil moisture
Sensor with
Stainless Probe
Operating
Voltage
3.3V to 5V
3.3V to 5V
5V
Operating
Current
15mA
5mA
-
Integrated
Circuit
LM393
LM555
LM358
Criteria
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Size
3.2cm X 1.4cm
Price
( PCB)
9.8cm X 2.30cm
₱ 196
₱ 85
3.5cm X 1.7cm
( PCB )
₱ 290
Based on the specifications from table 3.13, the proponents decided to
choose Soil moisture Sensor with Stainless Probe; it can be used as a transducer
amplifier, DC gain block, etc. It has a large dc voltage gain of 100dB. This IC can
be operated on a wide range of power supply from 3V to 32V for a single power
supply or from ±1.5V to ±16V for a dual power supply and it also supports large
output voltage swings. Although the Soil moisture Sensor with Stainless Probe
price is the highest, the proponents consider it since it is compatible with the
prototype.
Important Diagrams
The prototype`s design consists of important diagrams such as a schematic
diagram where the main system is included, a block diagram where the system
flows, and a flowchart that will act as a guide for programming. The schematic
diagram depicts the technical aspect of the system, with the two electronic sensors
used to collect data as input. This sensor is popular and proven effective (e.g., the
K-type temperature sensor and moisture sensor).
The PIC16F877A will be the brain of the system; this is where the program
is encoded with MPLab X IDE. The LEDs and LCD (16x2) will be the indicators of
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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the result. The block diagram is the process that should happen in the schematic
diagram, where the data from the input sensor is gathered and calibrated by the
PIC16F877A MCU and the results are displayed by the indicators (e.g., LEDs and
LCDs). The flow chart will be the guide for which function of the device it acts on.
Circuit Diagrams
Figure 3.2 Circuit Diagram of the Prototype
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Figure 3.3 Circuit Layout of the Prototype
Block Diagram
Display the
Class Type
Ratio
Charging Port
(If needed to charges)
Sensor On
Thermocou
ple Sensor
Power Supply
(Battery)
Moisture Sensor
Identify the
class type
Switch On
Identify the
moisture level
Display the result
Display the result
LCD On
(Introduction Message)
Display the result
LED is On
Display Cement
needed
Display Water needed
Display Gravel needed
Display Sand needed
Reset button
(If needed)
Click the Class Type
Ratio
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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Figure 3.4 Block Diagram of the Prototype System
Light Emitting Diode
Thermocouple Sensor
PIC16F877A
Soil Moisture Sensor
Liquid Crystal Display
Figure 3.5 Block Diagram of the Prototype
Flowchart
Start
Temperature
sensor
Measure the
temperature of Fresh
Concrete
The
temperature
range is for
“Class A”
Print On LCD
Class A
LED Green is ON
The
temperature
range is for
“Class B”
Print On LCD
Class B
LED Blue is ON
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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The
temperature
range is for
“Class C”
The
temperature
is >18.32 C
and < 32.23
C
Print On LCD
Class B
LED Yellow is ON
Print On LCD
Undefined
LED Red is ON
End
Figure 3.6 Flowchart of Temperature Sensor
Start
Moisture
sensor
Measure the moisture
of Fresh Concrete
The moisture
range is for
“Oven Dry”
Print On LCD
Oven Dry
The moisture
range is for
“Air Dry”
Print On LCD
Air Dry
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
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The moisture
range is for
“Saturated”
The moisture
range is for
“Damp”
Print On LCD
Saturated
Print On LCD
Damp
End
Figure 3.7 Flowchart of Moisture Sensor
Project Design
Probe
LCD 16X4
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Reset Button
Moisture Sensor
LED
Thermocouple
Sensor
Switch Button
Class type
Button
Figure 3.8 The Design Model of Prototype
Network layout
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Figure 3.9 Network layout of Prototype
Cost of Material
Shows the different materials that the proponents used in making their
prototype with the corresponding quantity and cost per material.
Table 3.14 Cost of Material
Name / Description
Picture
Quantity
Price
Type K Thermocouple
1 pc
₱101
Max6675
1 pc
₱ 159
Soil Moisture Sensor
with Stainless Probe
1 pc
₱ 290
Pickit 3
1 pc
₱ 1 200
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PIC16F877A
1pc
₱ 300
IC Holder
( 40 pins )
1 pc
₱ 40
Crystal Oscillator
( 16 Mhz )
1 pc
₱ 20
Ceramic Capacitor (
30pF 50V )
and
( 100nF 50V )
3 pcs
₱ 1.50
2 pcs
₱2
1 pc
₱ 12
Electrolytic Capacitor
( 100uF 50V )
and
( 10uF 50V )
LM7805
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Resistor
( 10K ohms )
6 pc
₱3
Tact Switch
( 2 pins )
5 pcs
₱ 10
Switch ( SPST )
1 pc
₱5
PCB Terminal
( 2 pins )
1 pc
₱6
Copper PCB
(4X6)
1 pc
₱ 30
18650 3.7 V
( Battery )
2 pcs
₱ 54
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Battery Holder
1 pc
₱ 40
LCD ( 20 x 4 )
1 pc
₱ 314
TP4056 Module
( Micro USB )
1 pc
₱ 19
2S 5A Li-ion Battery
Protection Board
1 pc
₱ 69
Pin Header
( Male ) 40 pins
1 pc
₱ 16
Trimmer
( 50K ohms ) 3 pins
1 pc
₱5
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QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY
Ferric Chloride
LED 5 mm
( Green, Blue, Yellow,
Red )
1 pc
₱ 25
4 pc
₱8
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Appendix A
Consultation with Engr. Rogel Exequiel Talagtag
Date : November 10, 2022
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Appendix B
Letter for Quezon City Engineering Department
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Appendix C
Letter for National Housing Authority
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Appendix D
Turnitin Result
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