The Impact of the Student Participation in Social Media Activities for Philippine Election 2022
A Quantitative Research
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
for the Senior High School Department
at
Vicenta C. Enerio National High School
Formerly Tubod National High School
Submitted to:
Mr. Ryan Q. Satal Jr.
Submitted by:
Bacho, Jameson G. – Technical-Vocational-Livelihood in Home Economics
Bagalanon, Alma E. – Technical-Vocational-Livelihood in Home Economics
Bantayan, Maryjane A. – Academics in Humanities and Social Sciences
Corpuz, Julie Mae V. – Technical-Vocational-Livelihood in Home Economics
Galay, Jonuel O. – Academics in Humanities and Social Sciences
Masayon, Jericho C. – Technical-Vocational-Livelihood in Home Economics
VICENTA C. ENERIO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Formerly Tubod National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
2022
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Research Adviser, Mr. Ryan Jr. Q.
Satal for his valuable and continuous support of this research. His patience, motivation,
enthusiasm, and immense knowledge aided in the completion of this study. Indeed, his guidance
helps the researchers in accomplishing this research paper a successful once. We could not have
imagined having a better adviser and mentor throughout the study.
We would like also to extend our deepest gratitude to our beloved parents for their valuable
encouragement, financial supports, and their patience and prayers that extend to sustain to our
momentum despite all the stress and tight schedule made out to survive throughout the research
process.
To our friends, classmates, and teachers who have shared to us their knowledge and support
for the success of this research process. Thank you to all of you.
Above all, to our Almighty God who is the source of everything for the wisdom, strength,
and faith. This would not have been made possible without Him.
Very truly yours,
The Researchers
I
DEDICATION
We, the researchers, heartily dedicate this humble work most especially to the source of
everything in our life-our Almighty Father. Also, our practical research teacher none other than
Sir, Ryan Q. Satal Jr. for his effort of teaching us. And also, to the following persons who are very
close to our hearts, our dear parents contributed a lot of time, supports, financially, morally, and
spiritually in the realization of this study;
Mr. and Mrs. Batcho
Mr. and Mrs. Bagalanon
Mr. and Mrs. Bantayan
Mr. and Mrs. Villanueva
Mr. and Mrs. Galay
Mr. and Mrs. Masayon
These are the number of people whose love can never be quantified. Without their
guidance, this research will not be made possible.to our loving parents, friends and classmates
that gave us so much inspiration and encouragements to carry out the research successfully, we
thank you from the deepest part of our hearts.
Very truly yours,
The Researchers
II
Research Abstract:
Social networking sites have become the latest online communication tool that allows
users to create a network with a public or private profile and interact with people in that network.
In connection to this, it became one of the most powerful tools when it comes to election and
campaign period. The study utilized a simple random sampling technique. The study describes the
impact of the student participation in social media activities for Philippine Election 2022 and
include to know its level of participation who were a registered-student voter in Vicenta C. Enerio
National High School (Formerly Tubod, National High School). 30 of respondents have been
surveyed using the modified questionnaire. The study revealed that there was a high level of
impacts in online participation which they can disseminate an information that relevant to the
election and campaign period, increase their political awareness, and boost their interest to vote.
The result of the study justified that impacts because of the aforementioned factors they agreed
with such as the dissemination of information, political awareness, and interest to vote. It is also
found out that the level of viewing, sharing, and liking in social media posts, videos, articles, and
to name a few were very often which mean they actively engaged on it while the commenting was
sometimes engaging which mean they were not likely involved with this kind of participation.
Keywords: election, social media, liking, viewing, commenting, sharing, disseminate information,
political awareness, and interest to vote.
III
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... I
Dedication ..................................................................................................................................... II
Research Abstract ....................................................................................................................... III
Chapter 1: The Problem .......................................................................................................... 1-10
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................1
Statement of the Problem ..............................................................................................................4
Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................................5
Significance of the Study ..............................................................................................................7
Scope and Limitations of the Study .............................................................................................8
Definition of Terms......................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2: Reviewed of Related Literature ........................................................................ 11-20
Social Media Activities into Political Discourse........................................................................12
Comment and Share ...................................................................................................................14
Like and View ............................................................................................................................15
Impacts of the Social Media Activities Towards Election.........................................................16
Disseminate Information ............................................................................................................17
Political Awareness ....................................................................................................................18
Voting Interest ...........................................................................................................................19
Chapter 3: Research Methods .............................................................................................. 21-28
Research Design .........................................................................................................................21
Research Environment ...............................................................................................................21
Research Participants .................................................................................................................22
Sampling Techniques .................................................................................................................22
Instrument..................................................................................................................................23
Data Gathering Techniques........................................................................................................24
Statistical Treatment ..................................................................................................................25
Ethical Considerations in Research ...........................................................................................28
Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data ........................................ 29-43
Demographic Information of the Respondents ..........................................................................29
Level of Student Participation in Social Media Activities Regarding the Philippine
Election 2022 in terms of Viewing, Liking, Commenting, and Sharing ...................................33
The Impacts of the Students Participation in Various Social Media Activities in regards
to the Following; Disseminate Information, Political Awareness, and Interest to Vote............37
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................. 44-47
Summary of Findings .................................................................................................................44
Conclusions .................................................................................................................................45
Recommendations .......................................................................................................................46
Appendices ............................................................................................................................ IV-XI
Appendix A.1 ........................................................................................................................... IV
Appendix A.2 .............................................................................................................................. V
Annex A. Participant’s Consent Form ...................................................................................... VI
Annex B. Questionnaire ............................................................................................................ VII
References ..................................................................................................................................XII
Curriculum Vitae ...................................................................................................................... XV
Chapter 1
The Problem
Introduction
According to Qualman (2022), “The power of social media is it forces necessary
change.” In connection to this, it is one of the powerful tools because it allows ordinary people to
disseminate information to millions of people, can raise a voice and influence other interesting
subjects, and to name a few.
Social media importance and role has evolved over time to become an important
platform for political discourse, especially to the student’s voter for political information and
engagement. And the people's hyper-connectivity in the digital space has shone a new significance
of constitutional rights like free speech and press freedom. Indeed, the crucial role of social media
in modern society, particularly its power to foster society and political engagement has raised
awareness of democracy itself.
In connection to this, during the 2006 and 2008 election seasons, new technologies
emerged that enable individuals to participate in media-rich online communities organized around
the creation and exchange of media content (Kolbitsch & Maurer, 2006). Such social media were
quite popular in the 2008 election campaign among young adults. For example, young adults used
video sharing and social network sites to obtain campaign information or share campaign news
with others, exchange their political views, and express support for a candidate (Kohut, 2008).
1
Just like in the United States of America of Election 2012, according to the
researchers (Hongwei & DeHart, 2016), it said that the online social capital of US college students
emerged as an important predictor of their online political participation.
I
In addition, social media significantly impacted the evolution of Philippine
democracy. When used correctly, the "connectivity" it fosters can improve political engagement
within the polity, raising citizens' level of political consciousness. Generally, the biggest
consumers of social media belong to 15 to 24 years old age bracket (Joyce, 2010). The Filipino
youth could have a great impact to the result of the 2016 Elections because 40% of the 53 million
registered voters are youth aged 18 to 30 years old. From traditional ways of campaigning,
politicians have used the social media where millions of Filipinos are actively sharing information
and making conversations. The ability to reach such a huge population and potential voters become
attractive for politicians for their desire to win. However, according to Professor Chester Cabalza
of the University of the Philippines, social media can make or break the chances of politicians
because people react, explaining how social media can influence the chances of a candidate in
winning the 2016 presidential election (Lustre, 2015)
Filipinos must critically examine the interaction of social media and democracy now
because they will be involved in high volatility and divisive political battle in the upcoming
election, the 2022 presidential, national, and local election. Besides, the general use of social media
could enhance young people’s online and offline political participation and civic engagement
(Baumgarther & Morris, 2010). Essentially, the participation of students in social media may have
an impact to the outcome of an election considering that the youth make up the vast number of
social media users.
2
Apart from this, the study intends to describe the impact of the student-registered
voters at Vicenta C. Enerio National High School (Formerly Tubod National High School) to their
participation in social media activities for the Philippine Election 2022 towards the dissemination
of information, to their political awareness, and interest to vote. The study will also describe the
student-registered voters to their level of participation in social media as to their responses.
3
Statement of the Problem
The study is being conducted to describe the impact of the registered voter-students
who participated in social media activities regarding to the Philippine election 2022.
Specifically, the study aimed to provide answers to the following questions:
1. What is the level of student participation in social media activities regarding Philippine Election
2022 in terms of?
a.
Viewing
b.
Liking
c.
Commenting
d.
Sharing
2. What is the impact of student participation in social media activities regarding Philippine
Election 2022 in terms of?
a. Disseminate Information
b. Political Awareness
c. Interest to Vote
3. What recommendations can be made to improve the voting experience of students?
4
Conceptual Framework
Student Participation Regarding
the Philippine Election 2022
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
Impacts of their Participation
Social Media Activities
View
Like
Comment
Share
•
•
•
Disseminate Information
Political Awareness
Voting Interest
2
1
Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework of the Study
The conceptual framework of the study shows the relationships of the central topic
which is the contribution and impact of the students’ participation in their social media activities
in discussion of the Philippine Election 2022.
The first frame enumerated the independent variable. This was the identified of type
of online activities that the students participate in regards to Philippine Election 2022 through
social media.
For the dependent variables presented in the second frame, the researchers included
the disseminate information, political awareness, and voting interest which encompassed to the
describing of its impacts of their participation.
Young people nowadays are considered as 21st century learner is greatly active in
participating to these political campaign and promotions. Many of them have a lot to contribute to
Filipino citizen impacting their political participations.
5
According to (Lutkevich, 2021), The term "social media" refers to websites and
applications that emphasize communication, community participation, interaction, content
sharing, and collaboration individuals use social media to connect with and interact with friends,
family, and members of various communities’ businesses leverage social media to market and
promote their products, as well as track customer service issues. The term "media" refers to various
mechanisms used to convey information, ideas, and opinions to the general public (Joyce, 2010).
Social media is the newest platform for communicating messages, expressing opinions, and
establishing and reconnecting connections and relationships (Lustre, 2015).
In connection to this, Alcasid, Villacampa, & Awa (2016), said that Political
candidates establish their social media platforms to mobilize voters and garner support. The youth
are the primary users of social media. Thus, student participation in social media affects the
outcome of an election. On their study aimed to ascertain student engagement on social media
regarding 2016 Filipino National Election candidates. Duterte emerged to be the favored candidate
for president of students inside the 2016 Philippines national election, as evidenced by social media
student engagement on social media regarding a candidate for president issues was relatively high.
The majority of social media users are between 15 and 24 (Joyce, 2010). The Younger generation
could have a significant impact on the outcome of the 2016 elections, as 40% of the 53 million
registered voters are between the ages of 18 and 30 instead of using traditional campaigning
methods, politicians have embraced social media, where Filipino families actively provide
information and conversing.
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Significance of the Study
This study will be beneficial to the following groups and institution.
Student-Registered Voters. They will know great things about their political participation in
social media activities. They should also know that their participation will give an impact to
themselves and to the election.
Politicians. Upon creating their own social accounts, they will know how to connect with the
people, engage with them in real time, and learn how to deal to them from the social media.
Parents and School Administrator.
The given data will guide the parents and school
administrator on what to do with the students who participate in political discussion through the
use of social media. They will able to give some information, advise, and to educate them on how
the student participates of political topics in social media.
Future Researchers. This research will be a useful reference to the researchers who intend to
do similar study.
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Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study dealt on the impact of student participation in social media activities in
Philippine Election 2022 and to determine its level of participation as connected to the study.
Subject Matter. This study focused on the impact of the student participation in social media
activities for Philippine election 2022 discussions. Then these are the determine variables that
being focused to its impact of the student participation, as follow; (1) disseminate political
information, (2) their political awareness, and (3) voting interest. Also, determined their level of
their online participation regarding to the Philippine Election 2022.
Research Environment and Timeline. The locale of the study is being conducted at Vicenta C.
Enerio National High School (Formerly Tubod National High School) as located in Barangay
Tubod, Lake Wood, Zamboanga del Sur. Also, this study started last second week of January, 2022
and targeted to end by June 15, 2022.
Research Participants. This involves a survey for those who are a Comelec registered-voter for
the Philippine Election 2022 and at the same time an enrolled student for school year 2021-2022
at Vicenta C. Enerio National High School. The selection of the participants was simple random
sampling in order to attain the objectives of the study.
Research Design. This study is a quantitative research approach and has utilized the descriptive
research in order to generate an idea through precise description as to provide date which will
answer the queries and describe its variables.
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Research Methods. The instrument used to collect data were both checklist and rating scales
questionnaire and directly undergo through descriptive statistical treatment. Also, the researchers
relied on their criteria in choosing the population members to participate in the study.
Definition of Terms
This section contains the definition of some of the terms commonly used in a research
and explanations of the acronyms that are often used. The terms were conceptually and
operationally defined for better understanding of the readers.
Disseminate Information. Means to spread information (Vocabulary.com). In this study, the
information that being disseminated are all about the political and election discussions.
Election. It is a process in which people vote to choose a person or group of people to hold an
official position (Collins Dictionary). This term usually refers to the upcoming election 2022 in
Philippines.
Participation. It refers to whom it is expected to involve, what it is expected to achieve, and
how it is to be brought about (Agarwal, 2001). In this study, it specifies to the participation of the
student-registered voters in their social media activities regarding to the Philippine election 2022.
9
Political Awareness. Means the citizen’s knowledge of their political rights and duties (Al
Faitouri, 2020). In this study, it refers to their political consciousness and recognizing political
information to the participants.
Social Media. Means the interactive technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of
information, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and
networks (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2019). In this study, it bases to the tools that being used
for their online political participation whether through Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, Instagram,
and to name a few.
Social Media Activities. It refers to the participants’ activities on social media such as viewing,
liking, commenting, and sharing to the any related discussion of Philippine election 2022 uploaded
articles, pictures, posts, and videos.
Student-Registered Voter. It refers to the participants of the study who are both student and a
Comelec-registered voter for Philippine election 2022.
VCENHS. It stands for Vicenta C. Enerio National School. In this study, it refers to the location
where the participants were once enlisted.
Voting Interest. Means any interest in an entity that entitles the owner or holder of that interest
to vote for election (Law. Cornell Education). It specifies to the student-registered voters to have
an interest to vote in the upcoming proper voting.
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Chapter 2
Reviewed of Related Literature
This chapter shows an overview of some related literature that are in concept, theories
and frameworks about the impact of the student participation in social media activities for
Philippine Election 2022 which will provide bases for the interpretation of the data gathered by
the researchers.
Lustre (2015) defined that social media is the newest platform for communicating
messages, expressing opinions, and establishing and reconnecting connections and relationships.
At the same time, Shearer and Matsa (2018) added that social media have emerged as important
sources of news and political information, as well as sites of political discussion for a substantial
portion of individuals in many countries.
The biggest consumers of social media belong to 15 to 24 years old age bracket (Joyce,
2010). In connection to this, (Kahne, Middaugh, & Allen, 2014) investigated the youth, new media,
and the rise of participatory politics and concluded that new media has given a platform to
individuals for information and communication with large audiences and a means to participate in
political activities, specifically when there is an election event.
Nowadays, the public will have wider opportunities to respond and forward the
circulated information regarding the situation might enhance the political participation of the
society and certainly in election. Youth or students are broadly participating in the movement of
democracy and improving governance throughout the country. They usually use social media as
11
tool to participate in any social media activities as developing their political mindset that
understood clearly, elaborate and discuss political information with their peers or people, and
having a planned action regarding the voting election. Thus, in any election event- youth or
students political participation plays a significant role in society and themselves.
According to the (International Institute for democracy and Electoral Assistance.,
2017), election periods are widely defined as a time of party candidate selection, campaigning,
mobilization, and voting. Giving the scenario, citizen’s participation in the political processes has
been considered a fundamental element of an ideal democracy. Thus, participation represents a
significant component in political communication and democratic institution (Abdu, Mohamad, &
Muda, Youth online political participation: The role of Facebook use, interactivity, quality
information and political interest., 2019). They added in their study that- as the social media
emerged, online political participatory activities carry out on social media (e.g., Facebook,
YouTube, Twitter, and to name a few) such as sending political messages on Facebook to the
politicians, commenting on a candidate’s Facebook page, seeking donation for a political party or
sharing political information on social medias. In addition, Ahmad, Alvi, & Ittefaq, (2019) said
that it has found that the participation of students in social media may have an impact to the
outcome of an election.
Social Media Activities into Political Discourse
Social media use has been connected with political and election participation by
citizens. As supported by Schulz (2005), a study suggested that new media users are active in
politics and political discourse. In addition to this, the use of social media and mobile web
application has grown in recent elections particularly among young adults (Rainie, Smitch, &
Schlozman, 2012). By that, the significance for this age group is the rise in the use of social media
12
activities for obtaining and distributing political information, improve political awareness and
voting interest, creating user-generated political content, and expressing political views and
opinions.
Social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and blogs have enabled new
opportunities for interactive, user-centered political experiences. While research has focused
mainly on the mainstream social media sites noted above (Baumgartner , n.d.). There are other
platforms such as photo-sharing sites (e.g., Pinterest) and social news sites (e.g., Reddit).
Furthermore, they tend to use blogs, microblogs, social network sites, and content-sharing sites to
express their political opinions, such as posting status updates to their profile, uploading video and
photos to express support for a candidate, sharing news articles, and discussing politics with other
users (Rainie, Smitch, & Schlozman, 2012). For example, a nationwide survey conducted in 2012
by the Pew Internet & American Life Project indicated that 42% of 18–29 young adult users of
social network sites or Twitter posted thoughts or comments on political and social issues,
compared to older users (34% of 30–49 users, 28% of 50–64 users, and 20% of 65 or older users).
Also, these young adult users led other forms of online political expression, with 44% of them
having liked or promoted political material and 33% having posted links to political stories (Rainie
et al., 2012).
Currently, Facebook is the most popular Social Networking Site in the world and it
has also achieved phenomenal popularity in Nigeria. In recent years, news reports have frequently
portrayed social media such as Facebook and Twitter as playing a key role in social upheavals and
political protests in countries such as Iran and Egypt (Grossman & Shane, 2009). In Iran use email messages to increase political participation of youths have been found to be positive (Rahim,
2003), likewise in Kenya, use of e-mail was found to raise political participation among the youth.
13
And also in the Philippines, in the run-up to the 2016 Philippine national campaign, Facebook,
Twitter, and Instagram were the most frequently used social networking sites as primary
communication platforms (Lustre, 2015). Thus, the public along with the student have a wider
opportunity to respond, participate, and forward the circulated information, and such situation
might enhance the political and election participation within the society and to the country.
Comment and Share
Social media users can further engage with the political content they are exposed to
with their network members rather easily by commenting on and sharing it (Bode, 2017).
According to the researchers, namely; Kim, Lane, & Hahn (2021) in their study of “Sharing and
Commenting Facilitate Political Learning on Facebook: Evidence from a Two-Wave Panel
Study”- Sharing content and commenting on others’ content—may be an important factor in
political learning and political expression.
Referring to (Beam, 2016), he found out that sharing news on social media positively
predicted structural political knowledge. Taken together, engagement with received political
information on social media through sharing, commenting on, and liking may help individuals to
elaborate on and discuss the political information with their network contacts which then may lead
to political learning. Thus, this aids to the citizens and to particular election event that it may
address to the dissemination of information towards political and election discourse.
In addition, sharing content and commenting on others’ content denote relatively high
levels of engagement, for example, with news stories, content with visual elements, or social media
posts, all of which are created by others. Through sharing and commenting users can recontextualize existing content by reframing, repurposing and reevaluating it (Choi, 2016); He
14
added that through sharing or commenting on content created by someone else users act as active
agents of information processing and externalizing users repackage the pre-existing content from
their own perspective to further circulate their take on it.
Like and View
Among the student’s participation in social media applications it can spread political
awareness. According to the researchers of (International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and
Change, 2020), many political parties are effectively using social media platforms in the country,
with that being said; they have designated social media teams whose regularly basis share political
updates, news about political events, the manifesto of their party, live to a stream of political
events, video clips, speeches, and messages from their mainstream leadership are shared in such a
manner that inflicts the affiliated worker and supporters and causes them to mobilize. In relation
to this, reading and viewing news using online sources, including; social media, liking to a
particular election news and political post are positively predicted political awareness and
knowledge in a correlational study among young adults. For instances, online videos are of
particular and growing importance among the types of political content to which youth are likely
to be exposed (Baumgarther & Morris, 2010).
A 2013 Pew survey indicates that 51% of US adults used YouTube, one-fifth of these
users (10% of the population) got news from the site, and that 39% of those who got news from
YouTube were between 18 and 29 years-old (compared with 21% of the adult population)
(Holcomb, Gottfried, & Mitchell, n.d.). YouTube was an extremely prominent force in the 2012
presidential election. Thus, YouTube has become one of the most important and sizable platforms
for participatory media (Burgess & Green , 2009 ). In all, 95% of the content viewed was usergenerated rather than produced by any of the major presidential campaigns (Sifry, 2012). And this
15
may result that there has been an increase in the amount of political content circulated online and
refers to their political awareness.
Meanwhile, young people are proficient in new technology such as social media and
using it for political awareness and political empowerment that offer an opportunity to their
engagement in election period. Specifically, on the Mana Rangatahi Facebook group (2015) varied
from “liking” to “posting”, “commenting and “sharing”. Merely, liking a post is one of the lower
levels of engagement; however, it does increase the political awareness. For example, a research
of (Waitoa, Scheyvens , & Warren, 2015)) stated that, due to Facebook algorithms, the more posts
a user “likes” from a page the more posts will show in their newsfeed. Further, “liking” a post
which they will select to like or not, in a reason that if is reliable, accurate, and appropriate to click
and which develop their political awareness. Also, they note that the logic of connective action
such as liking is based on content sharing across media networks that enables people to personalize
their connection with issues, choosing what kind of information to like from the post. By liking,
following, re-tweeting or otherwise engaging with online pages, posts, memes, remixes or other
“artifacts of engagement” received from peers, the authors note, creator, thus, youth can recognize
themselves to their political awareness and its engagement.
Impacts of the Social Media Activities Towards Election
Nowadays, the role of social media activities plays a pivotal role when it comes to the
‘election’ or ‘political discourse’. As supported by (Kohut, 2008), it describes that the youth play
a considerable influence in the political dialogue and the use of social media makes it easier for
young people to participate in political activities which increases their knowledge, allows them to
participate, and builds their political efficacy capacity. The researcher also agreed that youth are
actively engaged and use social media to discuss political issues to educate the public.
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Disseminate Information
Referring to (Dhawan, 2015) on his articles entitled “5 Basics of Information
Dissemination”; Disseminate Information is defined as the systematic collection, organization, and
storage information relevant to the needs of community through discussing and distributing,
publishing, sharing, and talking information. In addition to that, the Rural Health Information Hub
stated that an information can be shared through social media or on an organization’s website. In
connection with that, by providing information about politics, social media invites participation
and mobilization and plays a vital role in political education as well as the mobilization of the
public in politics (Doris, 2014).
Social media generated new trends for political participation and changed the patterns
of political communication and concluded. (Siluveru, 2015), endeavored to dig out the facts about
social and digital media in political communication and concluded that social media is being used
for the purpose of social relations and updating the users about happening such as election and
political issue.
As claimed by (Quintelier & Vissers, 2008), millennials are the most active users of
the Internet and social media. They added that, online activities related to politics are useful and
encourage to participate in political events. In relation to this, the young people were relying less
on traditional news media and more on new online media for political information (Kohut, 2008).
Furthermore, students actively use new media for political information such as sharing opinions
and discussing issues around politics and election campaign with fellow community members
(Arshad & Hassan, 2014). By that, as they engaged in political expression on social media, they
can be notified when other users chime in to provide further information, offer additional insight,
or correct their thoughts (Eveland, 2004)
17
The political and election news and information are relatively important. By the social
media influenced political engagement seems to have been positive, partially because political
conversations on these platforms were expected to increase diversity and enrich the political
debate. However, subsequent studies showed different results; Few of online accounts may give
more visibility to certain media outlets, affect political discussions and potentially spread
information (Tucker,, et al., 2018) Evidently, dissemination of information about political
discussion can provide fact information or false information.
Meanwhile, this shows that the student participation regarding the political and
election discussion on social media offers some strength in term of efficiency and quick
information transmission in a much wider coverage area. As supported by (Eveland, 2004) that
social media users can learn from their discussion partners, and together they can collectively
interpret and deliberate on political information and ideas they have received.
Political Awareness
Political awareness is also beneficiary that will take to the youth and student towards
their participation in election through their social media activities. Political awareness has been
considered as a function of three constituents namely; the level of exposure to political
information, the intellectual capability to retain and organize political information, and the desire
to acquire and understand the political news. In other words, political awareness implies having
access to political information, political participation, media primarily in terms of political
contents that stimulate interest in politics and public affairs (Kuotso, 2016). Every democracy
therefore needs citizens’ participation to ensure its further development and survival.
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Besides, political participation involves all the activities that the citizens engage in to
influence the decisions and policies made by the government and its officials. Additionally, the
use of new media, specifically the social networking sites, in engaging to Philippine politics was
witness in the 1st and 2nd Philippine Presidential debates wherein the 40% of Facebook users who
were engaged in the discussion were aged 18-24 years old (Rappler, 2016). In connection to this,
among the student and youth have more access to government information through various media
platforms. By then, students like other citizens need to understand the political systems of their
country and the world around them. This is essential for them to be able to make informed
decisions when the time to elect their leaders and political representatives. (Kuotso, 2016) that
political awareness plays a critical role in providing explanations for the variation in political
participation.
Moreover, (Austin, 2008) said that paving the way for exploration into whether
emergent social media platforms similarly impact political awareness and political decision.
(Kuotso, 2016) added that a higher level of political awareness would certainly lead to a greater
increase in participation. (Althubetat & Jarrar, 2013) it was found that students of the University
of Petra who offered any online political discourse as an elective exhibited a high degree of
political awareness. This is a clear indication that exposure to knowledge of politics can greatly
increase the students’ political awareness. (Ali & Fatima, 2016) illustrates the media's role in
raising political awareness among educated youth to their participation, thus youth are becoming
more interested in politics and increase their political awareness.
Voting Interest
Voting is a fundamental human right. According to the researchers of (International
Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 2020), the youth is very well aware of political party
19
manifestos and understood the importance of voting, since the youth is optimistic and interested
in politics and this aspect will bring about change in the country.
So, what is the interesting aspects beyond the student who participate in social media
about election or political discourse? Young people now get their news online or through social
media and when they do it is sporadic; young people are less likely to read newspapers and are
more likely to say that they only check the news from time to time (Molyneux, 2018).
As (Butt & Awang, 2017) stated that the boosting individual participation in social
media such Facebook might improve voting intention. The research reveals that the use of social
media as a tool for altering views and influencing others has an impact on the political arena. This
perception has developed in part because news feeds and social media offer a greater potential for
inadvertent and passive exposure to news online activities (Haim, Graefe, & Brosius, 2018).
The
resources that a student participated by online and social media platforms implies that there an
outcome of influence on voting. As mentioned by Murillo, Theresa, Porley, and Julius on their
study entitled “Political Participation: The Effect of the New Media and Traditional Media on
Voters Turnouts in Las Piñas City”- it being said that the media (both traditional and the internet)
can help increase voter participation by not only providing citizens with information to make
informed voting decisions, but by stimulating interest in elections.
20
Chapter 3
Research Methods
This chapter presents the research methodology of the study. It includes discussion
on the research design and research methods covering the research environment, research
participants, sampling techniques, instrumentation, data gathering techniques, statistical treatment,
and ethical consideration in research.
Research Design
The study has utilized the descriptive type of a quantitative research approach in order
to generate an idea through precise observation in order to provide data which will answer the
queries and describe its variables. To specify; the survey method used to assess demographic
profile such as sex, grade level, and their account(s) being used to participate on discussion about
the Philippine Election 2022 which to know its level as well, and also to describe the three selective
impacts to the said topic.
Research Environment
This study has been conducted in over the school of Vicenta C. Enerio National High
School (Formerly Tubod National High School) located in Barangay Tubod, Lake Wood,
21
Zamboanga del Sur. The student’s population in Vicenta C. Enerio National High School
(Formerly Tubod National High School) has an enough number to be conducted with exactly 30
respondents.
Research Participants
This study has been conducted among the 30 selected student-registered voters who
were currently enlisted and enrolled for school-year 2021-2022 in Vicenta C. Enerio National High
School (Formerly Tubod National High School). Also, involved in the participation of social media
activities regarding the Philippine Election 2022.
RESEARCH PARTICIPATANTS
❖ Enrolled Student in
Vicenta C. Enerio
National High School
for
School-Year:
2021-2022
❖ A
Comelec
Registered-Voter
during the Philippine
Election 2022
❖ Involved
participation
media
regarding
Philippine
2022
in
the
of social
activities
the
Election
Sampling Techniques
In selecting the participants in this research, this study utilized a simple random
sampling method in order to intentionally select participants who were precisely an enrolled
student of Vicenta C. Enerio National High School (Formerly Tubod National High School) for
school year 2021-2022 and a registered voter for Philippine election 2022 with having a
22
participation on social media in regards to election discussion. The researchers relied on their
criteria and purposely chose the population members to participate in the study. Moreover, the
researchers conducted preliminary interview through Messenger application for ensuring that the
participant is qualified considering that they satisfy the criteria. This method gives a reliable source
and equal opportunity to the participants of being selected to represent the study.
Instrument
The instrument used to collect data were both checklist and rating scales questionnaire
that being designed in order to gather the needed date for the study. Moreover, this was used
because it gathered data faster than any other methods and closely relevant type of questionnaires
to be used. With this guided instrument, they could read and answer the questionnaire with ease.
Firstly, the researchers prepared their questionnaire through adapted study and being
modified. The draft of the questionnaire was drawn out and modified based on their readings,
reviewed published theses that relevant to the study. The researcher noticed that there were enough
items to collect data to cover all aspects of the problem and to answer all the specific questions
under the statement of the problem. Afterwards, the researcher submitted the questionnaire to the
adviser for correction after which it was finalized.
For validation purposes, the copies of questionnaire were given to the research adviser
of Vicenta C. Enerio National High School (Formerly Tubod National High School). The research
adviser referred a person of authority to validate the modified questionnaire. After the research
adviser had validated the copies, the researchers started to asked as to find out their assessments
23
of the questionnaire. They were asked if all the items were clear and unequivocal to them; if the
number of items were adequate enough to collect pertinent to the study; if all the items were
objective and not biased; and if all items were relevant to the research problem. Finally, the items
in the questionnaire were revised for more clarify and definiteness.
The copies of the questionnaires were then distributed personally by the researchers to
the respective respondents.
Data Gathering Techniques
After the modified-questionnaire was validated, the researchers multiplied it to the
number of copies (Printed-Questionnaires) sufficient to accommodate all the respondents. Then,
at the same time, the first step to be considered in gathering the data is to secure for a formal
request letter to the School Principal of the said locale and to the selected School Advisers.
Upon the approval, the researchers started to conduct an interview using the printedquestionnaires, specifically the checklist and rating scales instrument. But before answering, the
researchers briefly gave an explanation about the purpose of the study and explained the details to
help the respondents accomplish the questionnaires. The questionnaires were retrieved on the same
day when they were answered with sufficient time.
The results of the retrieved copies of the questionnaire were tabulated. Then, the data
were analyzed and interpreted through the use of the most appropriate statistical procedures.
24
Statistical Treatment
The data gathered from the test was carefully recorded in tables, analyzed and
interpreted accordingly based on the results of statistical treatment that will be subjected through
using the descriptive statistical tools. The study used the Frequency-Percentage Distribution, the
5-point Likert Scale, and the Weighted Arithmetic Mean (WAM).
The following statistical tools was used in the study:
A. Frequency-Percentage Distribution
To determine the demographic profile of the respondents, the frequencypercentage distribution was used. The formula to find the percentage is:
f x 100
P=
n
Table 1. Formula of Frequency-Percentage
Legend:
P = the percentage
f = the frequency of the responses
n = the sum of all the respondent
25
B. 5-Point Likert Scale
The researchers decided to incorporate the 5-point Likert scale to the research
instrument as it provides a great way of measuring the degree of agreement regarding the level of
the student participation in their social media activities towards Philippine Election topics and to
describe its impacts, namely; disseminate information, political awareness, and interest to vote that
the researchers evaluated.
B.1: Level of Student Participation in Social Media Activities
SCALE
INTERVAL
EQUIVALENT RESPONSE
1
1.0 to 1.80
ALWAYS
2
1.81 to 2.60
VERY OFTEN
3
2.61 to 3.40
SOMETIMES
4
3.41 to 4.20
RARELY
5
4.21 to 5.00
NEVER
Table 2. 5-Point Likert Scale
26
B.2: Impacts of Participating in Social Media Activities Regarding the Philippine
Election 2022
SCALE
INTERVAL
EQUIVALENT RESPONSE
1
2.0 to 1.80
STRONGLY AGREE
2
1.81 to 2.60
AGREE
3
2.61 to 3.40
UNCERTAIN
4
3.41 to 4.20
DISAGREE
5
4.21 to 5.00
STRONGLY DISAGREE
Table 3. 5-Point Likert Scale
C. Weighted Arithmetic Mean (WAM).
The researchers used the Weighted Arithmetic Mean (WAM) to measure the
level of efficiency and extent of implementation of the respondents based on the gathered data.
X=
∑ fx
N
Table 4. Weighted Arithmetic Mean
Legend:
∑ Fx= summation to fx
X = mean
N = number of variables
27
Ethical Considerations in Research
In the conduct of the study, the researchers assured that appropriate research
guidelines were followed and certain research ethics were considered. The participants of the study
were in voluntary participation, in which they could withdraw anytime without penalty.
Also, the researchers gave the respondents enough time to answer the research
questionnaire in order for them to actually think of their true insights regarding the impact of the
student participation in their social media activities for Philippine Election 2022. And due to the
COVID-19 pandemic, the researchers together with the participants were ensured that the
minimum health and safety protocols such as wearing face mask, sanitizing, and social distancing
were strictly followed and observed to assured the safety of everyone.
Moreover, in line with Republic Act 10173 or also known as the Data Privacy Act of
2012, the name of the school where the study was conducted was remained confidential, and same
as with the participants’ identities and their responds were not revealed and remained as
confidential information.
Proper salutation of other authors used in the study were cited in APA referencing
classification. The researchers did not make up any data or results, and plagiarism were evaded.
There was no conflict of interest in the course of discussion in the research. Therefore, the ethical
aspect of research was strictly followed all throughout the conduct of this study.
28
Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis and Intrepretation of Data
This chapter overseen the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data gathered by
the researhers. This study aims to know the students level of participation in social media activities
towards the Philippine Election 2022 discussion and to obtain the main objective of the subject
which is to describe the impacts of the students participation in social media activities regarding
the Philippine Election 2022. The researchers applied the descriptive approach in order to analyze
and interpret the data gathered under the study. Present data were studied and documents were
examined to answer the questions communicated in the statement of the problem. Also, the
analytical procedures are arranged according to the sequence of the specific questions.
4.1. Demographic Information of the Respondents
4.1.A. Age and Grade Level of the Respondents.
Respondents of all ages (18 through to over More Than 20 Years Old) were represented, with
slighty larger numbers in 18 years old category accounting for 18 (60%) of the respondents, next
to the 19 years old category for accounting for 10 (33%) of the respondents, and both with 1 (3%)
respondent of 20 years old and More Than 20 years old of the respondents, respectively.
Meanwhile, there are 7 (23%) respondents and 23 (77%) respondents from the Grade Level of 11
and 12, respectively. In connection to this, these are the demographic informations of the
29
respondents that connected to the subject in order to obtain the exact type of respondents that
needed from the study.
Variable
Age
Total
Grade Level
Total
Category
Frequency
(30)
18 years old
18
19 years old
10
20 years old
1
More than 20 years old
1
30
11
7
12
23
30
Table 4.1.A. Age and Grade Level of the Respondents
Total
Percentage
(%)
60%
33%
3%
3%
99%
23%
77%
100%
4.1.B. Type(s) of Social Media(s) that they used to participate on the discussion about the
Philippine Election 2022
According to (Pablo, 2014), Social media sites have become increasingly popular means for
self-expression, communication, and influence, particularly in relation to political activity. Social
media plays a pivotal role when it comes to politics and election. With that being said, this section
will provide the data that being gathered from their type(s) of social media(s) that they used to
participate on the discussion about the Philippine Election 2022.
Social Media
Result
Frequency
Percentage%
Facebook
29
0.966
97%
Instagram
8
0.2666
27%
TikTok
23
0.7666
77%
Twitter
8
0.2666
27%
YouTube
13
0.4333
43%
Others
0
0
0
Table 4.1.B. Distribution ofb Type(s) of Social Media(s) that they used to participate on the
discussion about the Philippine Election 2022
30
Social Media Sites.
Facebook dominates the social media account of the students (Figure 4.1.B.). And followed by
one-third of the Facebook users which is the new added trends in social media sites, the TikTok
media which is timely and very rampant nowsadays. Then next to the YouTube and followed by
both Instagram and Twitter sites. Meanwhile, no other social media sites that being used to
participate the online activities from the respective respondents.
THE SOCIAL MEDIA(S) THAT THEY USED TO PARTICIPATE ON
THE DISCUSSION OF PHILIPPINE ELECTION 2022
100%
90%
80%
Percentage
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Facebook
Instagram
TikTok
Twitter
YouTube
Others
SOCIAL MEDIA
Figure 4.1.B. A Percentage for the Distribution of Social Media Site (s) they used to participate
Figure 4. Social media preference(s) of the students used to participate the Philippine
Election 2022.
During the 2016 Philippine presidential elections, (Lustre, 2015) said that Facebook, Twitter,
and Instagram were the commonly used social networking sites as the first line of communication.
In particular, Facebook as one of the widely used social media was regarding as a modern political
tool to help candidates become popular to the public and eventually be able to gain more votes
31
during the election (Pariabras, 2013). Given these significant reasons, many political electorates
to give information, communicate, influence users into their ideas, plans, opinions, platforms, and
most importantly make these users vote for them in return.
Meanwhile, TikTok is a video-sharing social networking service, whose popularity is
increasing rapidly. It was the world’s second-most downloaded app in 2019. Although the platform
is known for having users posting videos of themselves dancing, lip-syncing, or showcasing other
talents, user-videos expressing political views have seen a recent spurt. But recently in the
Philippines it aims to perform a primary evaluation of political communication on TikTok.
According to (Serrano, Papakyriakopoulos, & Hegelich, 2020), they illustrate that political
communication on TikTok is much more interactive in comparison to other social media platforms,
with users combining multiple information channels to spread their messages. They added that it
shows that political communication takes place in the form of communication trees since users
generate branches of responses to existing content.
Also, Social media use can also promote protest for several reasons (Gil de Zúñiga et al., 2012).
In the 2012 presidential election in Mexico, YouTube was used as a social media tool to
communicate their concerns and organize protests across the country (Sandoval-Almazan &
GilGarcia, 2013). Students were uploading videos showing their protests that had hundreds of
students shouting complaints against the candidate Enrique Peña Nieto who eventually became the
president of Mexico.
Twitter has also become a pervasive tool in election campaigns (Jungherr, 2016). It has been
a platform by candidates and the public to comment on and interact around making the public
reactions to politics viewable. There have been claims that Barack Obama‟s mobilization of
Twitter during his 2008 and 2012 political campaign had greatly contributed to his victories
32
(Smith, 2009; Rutledge, 2013). Twitter has played a significant role in influencing government
decision making and shaping the relationships between governments, citizens, politicians, and
other stakeholders (Sandoval-Almazan & Gil-Garcia, 2013).
Twitter also was used to kill the
propaganda during the Egyptian uprising (Else, 2012).
On the other hand, Instagram, as world’s most popular image-sharing network, was an
indispensable tool in 2016 US presidential election (Patterson, 2016). Every major presidential
candidate had an Instagram presence recognizing the importance of this social media site.
4.2. Level of Student Participation in Social Media Activities Regarding the Philippine
Election 2022 in terms of Viewing, Liking, Commenting, and Sharing.
4.2.A. Viewing.
This table shows the frequency of student partipation in social media activity through viewing
in related to the Philippine Election 2022. The interpretation below shown that the level of viewing
activity in social media on discussion of Philippine Election 2022 is very often as they view. To
be specific; the respondents were very often to view and watch videos related to the Philippine
Election 2022, same as they view political candidate’s picture, view political debates that relevant
to the said topic, and they were very often to read articles about political candidates in social media.
33
Weighted
STATEMENTS THAT REFERS TO THE LEVEL OF
Mean
VIEWING ACTIVITY IN SOCIAL MEDIA
(WM)
TOWARDS THE PHILIPPINE ELECTION 2022
(5)
DISCUSSION AND PARTICIPATION
1. I view and watch videos related to the Philippine Election
2.2
2022.
2. I view political candidates’ picture in Philippine Election
2.07
2022.
3. I view political debates relevant to the Philippine
2.33
Election 2022.
4. I read articles about political candidates in social media.
2.3
OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN (WM)
2.22
Table 4.2.A. Weighted Mean of Level of Viewing
Interpretation
Very Often
Very Often
Very Often
Very Often
Very Often
In relation to this, online videos are of particular and growing importance among the types of
political content to which youth are likely to be exposed. A 2013 Pew survey indicates that 51%
of US adults used YouTube, one-fifth of these users (10% of the population) got news from the
site, and that 39% of those who got news from YouTube were between 18 and 29 years-old
(compared with 21% of the adult population) (Holcomb, Gottfried, & Mitchell, n.d.).
4.2.B. Liking.
This table shows the frequency of student partipation in social media activity through liking in
related to the Philippine Election 2022. As the table shown below, the level of liking activity in
social media towards participating the Philippine Election 2022 topics is very often. The
respodents were very often to press the reaction button to their preferred political candidates, to
political talks in social media, and factual news during the Philippine Election 2022, respectively.
34
Weighted
STATEMENTS THAT REFERS TO THE LEVEL OF
Mean
LIKING ACTIVITY IN SOCIAL MEDIA TOWARDS
(WM)
THE PHILIPPINE ELECTION 2022 DISCUSSION
(5)
AND PARTICIPATION
5. I press the reaction button to my preferred political
2.01
candidates.
6. I press the reaction button of political talks in social
2.44
media.
7. I press the reaction button about factual news regarding
2.48
the Philippine election 2022.
OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN (WM)
2.31
Table 4.2.B. Weighted Mean of Level of Liking
Interpretation
Very Often
Very Often
Very Often
Very Often
Social media allows the readers of online news posts more engagement with the article liking
when it comes to political discussion (Wohn & Cha, 2019). According to (Baumgarther & Morris,
2010), most of them attempted to discover whether the general use of social media through liking
could enhance young people’s online and offline political participation and civic engagement. In
the United State, the phenomenal popularity of social media has provided various opportunities
for US citizens’ online political participation, Internet users with political interest can press like or
reaction button to their political views and follow political characters on Twitter, can like the
political comment, publish blogs about important social and economic issues, and can like their
favorite political images, videos, websites on Pinterest. Many political and communication
scholars applauded the tremendous democratic potentials of social media for online civic and
political participation through liking in social media posts (Hongwei & DeHart, 2016).
4.2.C. Commenting.
This table shows the frequency of student partipation in social media activity through
commenting in related to the Philippine Election 2022. The data shown different from other social
media activities like sharing activity. It resulted to a sometimes participation of sharing the
35
Philippine Election 2022 discussion in social medias. The students were not very active nor
inactive, but a neautral result when it talks about the participation in social media forums in the
comment section, to comment to a post, or engage in political debates through commenting in
regards to the Philippine Election topics. In a nutshell, the study resulted
Weighted
STATEMENTS THAT REFERS TO THE LEVEL OF
Mean
COMMENTING ACTIVITY IN SOCIAL MEDIA
(WM)
TOWARDS THE PHILIPPINE ELECTION 2022
(5)
DISCUSSION AND PARTICIPATION
8. I participate in social media forums in the comment
3.01
section related to the Philippine election 2022.
9. I comment to a post (e.g., videos, articles, & pictures) in
3.1
social media about political issues.
10. I comment to an articles and news black propaganda
3.15
that attacking my preferred candidate.
11. I engage in political debates about Philippine election
3.11
2022 through commenting.
OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN (WM)
3. 09
Table 4.2.C. Weighted Mean of Level of Liking
Interpretation
Sometimes
Sometimes
Sometimes
Sometimes
Sometimes
Social media users can further engage with the political content they are exposed to with their
network members rather easily by commenting on social media post (Bode, 2017). Furthermore,
(Kim, Weeks, Lane, Hahn, & Kwak, 2016) note that social media afford users to engage in
different types of political expression through commenting self-opinion that require different
levels of effort and allow varying levels of engagement with existing content.
4.2.D. Sharing.
Result showed that few of students are involves in sharing a videos, articles, photos of their
preferred political candidates. Also, they likely to shared an update news and political issues with
checking its credibility that are relevant to the Philippine Election 2022. The table resulted to that
36
their level of sharing activity in social media in regards to the Philippine Election 2022 is very
often.
Weighted
STATEMENTS THAT REFERS TO THE LEVEL OF
Mean
SHARING ACTIVITY IN SOCIAL MEDIA
(WM)
TOWARDS THE PHILIPPINE ELECTION 2022
(5)
DISCUSSION AND PARTICIPATION
12, I share videos, articles, and photos of my preferred
2.49
political candidates.
13. I share update news about the Philippine Election 2022.
2.58
14. I share political issues that are relevant to the Philippine
2.52
Election 2022.
15. I share news about Philippine Election 2022 after
2.53
checking its credibility
OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN (WM)
2.53
Table 4.2.D. Weighted Mean of Level of Sharing
Interpretation
Very Often
Very Often
Very Often
Very Often
Very Often
Referring to (Beam, 2016) found that sharing news on social media positively predicted
structural political knowledge. Taken together, engagement with received political information on
social media through sharing. Social media through sharing the political news are increasing
student engagement (Ivala & Gachago, 2012; Bynum, 2011).
4.3. The Impacts of the Students Participation in Various Social Media Activities in regards to
the Philippine Election 2022, Resulted to the Following; Disseminate Information, Political
Awareness, and Interest to Vote.
This section 4.3. will be presented about the tabulated, interpreted, and analyzed from the
gathered data and tallied inline to the impacts of the students’ participation in social media
activities for Philippine Election 2022, namely; Disseminate Information, Political Awareness, and
Voting Interest.
37
4.3.A. Disseminate Information.
The below table conveyed on the describing the dissemination of information in participation
social media activities to the Philippine Election 2022 topic. The study further reveals that during
the Philippine Election 2022, their participation from various social media activities can greatly
disseminate information from the respective subjects. Thus, it resulted to a agree as an evident to
describe this aforementioned impact. It resulted to agree that aside from they can help to
disseminate further information from the said topic, they can gain more information from itself.
Weighted
Interpretation
STATEMENTS THAT REFERS TO THE IMPACT
Mean
OF PARTICIPATING IN SOCIAL MEDIA
(WM)
ACTIVITIES REGARDING THE PHILIPPINE
(5)
ELECTION 2022 RESULTED TO DISSEMINATE
INFORMATION
1. I am able to provide information regarding the Philippine
2.13
Agree
Election
2022 through my participation in social media activities.
2. I gain further information about Philippine Election 2022
2.11
Agree
through
my participation in social media activities.
3. I am able to spread more updates about political issues
2.43
Agree
and topics
through sharing and commenting the social media post of
news
provider.
4. I am able to help the online campaign information to a
2.26
Agree
certain running political candidate through engaging social
media activities.
5. I am able to disseminate more information in engaging
2.03
Agree
political
debate in a certain comment section or sharing a post.
OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN (WM)
2.20
Agree
Table 4.3.A. Weighted Mean of Dissemination of Information as the Impact to their
Participation
Similarly, Eijaz, (2013) describes that the use new media technologies which inflict the
dynamics of the country's politics. The study reveals that they likely to dissemination an
38
information once they are active in social media. According to the researcher, when compared to
other social media tools such as Twitter, myspace, blogs, etc., Facebook is the most popular social
networking site among young students for disseminating political information. (Kim, Lane, &
Hahn, 2021) added that through online participation in both politics and election, it helps
individuals elaborate on and discuss the political information with their network contacts, which
then may lead to political learning.
For example, Rojas and Puig-i-Abril (2009) found that those who used the internet for
informational uses were more likely to engage in expressive participation online. The Vicenta C.
Enerio National High School (Formerly Tubod National High School) students shown an evident
that they agreed upon that their social media activities able to disseminate an information within
the respective topics. And supported by (Karen & Burger, 2014) that the growth and popularity of
social media suggests whatever their actual impact of participation in online political discussion
can enhance their political knowledge and information as increasing their political participation.
4.3.B. Political Awareness.
Generally, the study reflected that during their participation in social media activities regarding
the Philippine Election 2022 can helps to enhance their political awareness as showed to agreed
the statements. Conventionally, many of them agreed that they become more conscious what they
view in social media about the election and political candidates, also many of them become more
political aware to the political issues and topics. Meanwhile, through checking the autenticity of
information or news they become more concern at the same time become more political aware. On
the other side, one-third of the population are strongly agree that social media activities helped
them in enhancing their political awareness.
39
Weighted
Interpretation
STATEMENTS THAT REFERS TO THE IMPACT
Mean
OF PARTICIPATING IN SOCIAL MEDIA
(WM)
ACTIVITIES REGARDING THE PHILIPPINE
(5)
ELECTION 2022 RESULTED TO POLITICAL
AWARENESS
6. I become more conscious of what I view in social media
1.89
Agree
about the Philippine election 2022 and the political
candidates.
7. I become more political aware to the political issues and
2.21
Agree
topics that
I viewed in any social media platforms.
8. I become more politically aware of concerned about
2.07
Agree
made-up news
in any social media activities.
9. I check the authenticity of what I viewed from any
2.06
Agree
information about
some political topics as I become more political aware.
10. The social media activities helped in enhancing my
1.71
Strongly Agree
political
awareness.
OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN (WM)
1.99
Agree
Table 4.3.B. Weighted Mean of Political Awareness as the Impact to their Participation
Political awareness has been considered as a function of three constituents namely; the level
of exposure to political information, the intellectual capability to retain and organize political
information, and the desire to acquire and understand the political news. In other words, political
awareness implies having access to political information, political participation, media primarily
in terms of political contents that stimulate interest in politics and public affairs (Kuotso, 2016).
In addition, once users have engaged in political expression on social media, they can be notified
when other users chime in to provide further information, offer additional insight, or correct their
thoughts. Overall, expressive social media users can learn from their discussion partners, and
together, they can collectively interpret and deliberate on political information and ideas they have
received to lead to more sustained gains in political knowledge as became more political aware
and concern (Eveland, 2004).
40
Individuals who received political information and engage political activities on social media
were more likely to engage in political expression in social media, then grow their awareness into
politics (Kim, Weeks, Lane, Hahn, & Kwak, 2016). They added that sharing and commenting, not
liking or opinion posting, mediate the path from information reception to political knowledge and
its political awareness.
4.3.C. Interest to Vote.
The table below showed that many of them participating in social media activities during the
Philippine Election 2022 resulted to gain interest to vote as the interpretation described agree
answered. Many of the students from Vicenta C. Enerio National High School (Fomerly Tubod
National High School) agreed that through engaging the social media activities regarding the
Philippine Election 2022 they casted their vote during the election period, also they agreed that
through the engagement that they involved; they gained interest to vote. Moreover, they agreed
that the more information they received from their online participation, the more they feel
responsible to cast their vote and boost within their interest to vote. Lastly, the gathered data agreed
that the political awareness they learned from social media activities fortify their interest to vote.
It showed that the social media activities play pivotal role when in terms to political and election
season as to engage and gain interest to vote.
41
Weighted
Interpretation
STATEMENTS THAT REFERS TO THE IMPACT
Mean
OF PARTICIPATING IN SOCIAL MEDIA
(WM)
ACTIVITIES REGARDING THE PHILIPPINE
(5)
ELECTION 2022 RESULTED TO INTEREST TO
VOTE
11. Through engaging the social media activities regarding
1.93
Agree
the
Philippine Election 2022 I casted my vote during the
election period.
12. I believe that I am able to gain interest to vote because
1.96
Agree
I engaged in social media activities regarding the Philippine
Election 2022.
13. The more information that I received from my
2.00
Agree
engagement in
social media activities about the political topics, the
more I feel I
am responsible to cast my vote.
14. Participation in social media forum about the Philippine
2.19
Agree
election
2022 helps boost my interest to vote.
15. The political awareness that I learned from social media
2.06
Agree
activities
fortify my interest to vote.
OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN (WM)
2.02
Agree
Table 4.3.C. Weighted Mean of Interest to Vote as the Impact to their Participation
In the study of Jamshed Butt, Hussain Saleem, Samina Saleem, and Mohammad Awang
(2021), revealed that voting is a planned action of an individual’s intention depending on the
predictors of understanding the social tendency, the political party’s credibility, and an intelligent
psychological decision to cast vote, and as the youth participates in election, they greatly
recognized the candidates and having a motivation to cast their vote. In addition, according to the
study of (Christopher, 2008) it was found very strong evidence that people who participated in
online media platform of online political topics tend to be highly self-interested to vote in the
election period. The resources that a student participated by online and social media platforms
implies that there an outcome of influence on voting. As mentioned by Murillo, Theresa and
Porley, Julius on their study entitled “Political Participation: The Effect of the New Media and
42
Traditional Media on Voters Turnouts in Las Piñas City” it being said that the media (both
traditional and the internet) can help to boost the interest to vote through their pre-online
participation by not only providing citizens with information to make informed voting decisions,
but by stimulating interest in elections.
43
Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
This chapter looks at the summary of findings, conclusions, recommendations
and suggestions for further research.
Summary of Findings.
This study was conducted in Tubod, Lake Wood, Zamboanga del Sur with the total of 30
simple ramdom sampling method who were enrolled for school year 2021-2022 at Vicenta C.
Enerio National High School (Formerly Tubod National High School). The rearchers used the
checklist and rating scale questionnaire methods in order to reveal the affiliation of variable and
indicators under the study.
The outcome of the study of the level of participation in social media activities; the viewing,
liking, and sharing in regards to the Philippine Election 2022 were the same with the intrepretation
of very often, while the commenting was in the intrepretation of sometimes.
In relation to that, it showed that they were still highly participated through viewing, liking,
and sharing in social media towards the said election. Meanwhile, commenting was not likely they
involved during the campaign and election period.
On the other hand, it was found out that throughout their participation in social media
activities give relevant impacts such as the dissemination of information, political awareness, and
44
interest to vote. This resulted to an agreed intrepretation as the highest response of the given
relevant and specific questions, respectively.
The general result of the finds of the study shows that participating in social media
activities towards the election and campaign period plays a vital role through the various impacts.
Most of them can able to disseminate or gain further information, increase their political
awareness, and gain interest to vote.
Conclusions.
Based on the data gathered founded on the findings of the study, it is hereby concluded
that a registered-student voter actively engage in the social media activities such as viewing and
reading a post and videos that relevant to the election and campaign period, pressing reaction to
political candidates, commenting and sharing a political and election discourse can greatly affect
its impacts.
With that being said, it was found out as well that they can highly disseminate an
information whether a credible or not credible in relation to the election, also they can gain further
information throughout their participation which helps them to be political knowledgable.
Secondly, based on the gathered data that throughout their participation they can increase their
political awareness as they are much conscious and concern from the information and topic they
received. Lastly, the study revealed that once they actively engage the political discourse they are
more likely to gain interest, fortify, and to cast their individual rights to vote.
Social networks are both pervasive and powerful. They are an effective means of
connection, one that students use extensively. So, each of the student should be accountable and
45
resposible of their participation in political topics because it can greatly impact to the
dissemination of information, their political awareness, and even its interest to vote.
Recommendations.
In regard to further research, there will have to be more research done after more
programs and trainings to be conducted. More research has to be conducted in order for the
researchers to better understand the impact of the students participation in social media activities
in regarding to the political and election discourse.
1. Students. They should be accoutable, aware, and responsible from the election and political
posts, videos,
articles, and among others. Also, they should be vigilant upon the dissemination or gain an
information if it is credible or not. With these, they can guarantee the positive impact towards their
online participation.
2. Politicians. They should be honest in deliberating and providing a news and information
towards them since
the students likely to participation in online political discourse. They should provide a conductive
atmosphere and necessary information for the consumers.
3. Parents. They should monitor the security of their children from what kind of online
political engagement
that they been through since politics is a critical involvement.
4. School Administrator and Staffs. The school administrator and staff can help to conduct an
enhancement or
46
awareness, and discussion about the online participation in election and political discourse in order
to the students to know what is the proper ways, boost their interest in their participation, and can
encourage to know what are their rights in terms of voting and raising a voice.
5. Future Researchers. They are recommended to determine the level of dissemination of
information whether it is factual or a fake news that being disseminated, shared, and gained from
the students who participated the online activities within the election period. Also, it suggests to
elaborate and specify the other reaction button in social media because it may help to extend the
concise study. Lastly, they should know the needs of the students who intend to do similar study.
47
Appendices
Appendix A.1
To, Nerie Harry G. Gumintad, J.D., Ed.D.
The School Head
Vicenta C. Enerio National High School
(Formerly Tubod National High School)
Tubod, Lake Wood, Zamboanga del Sur
Date: Month_________/Day____/2022
Subject: Permission for data collection
Dear Sir,
Greetings!
We are the Group 11 Researchers from Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences and Home Economic strand.
And a student from Vicenta C. Enerio National High School (Formerly Tubod National High School).
We would like to inform you that we are working on research work on topic about; The Impact of the Student
Participation in Social Media Activities for Philippine Election 2022 and for which we will be requiring to collect
data from Comelec Registered-Students (Voters) by conducting surveys. This data will be used for a research
purposes only and the data being gathered will be remained infinitely confidential. In this regard, we are respectfully
requesting permission from your good office to allow us to conduct our study, as their respondents to your
outstanding students.
Your kind consideration and favorable action on this request is highly appreciated. Thank you so much.
_______________________________
Nerie Harry G. Gumintad, J.D., Ed.D.
(Signature Approval),
Very truly yours,
Bacho, Jameson G.
Bagalanon, Alma E.
Bantayan, Maryjane A.
Corpuz, Julie Mae V.
Galay, Jonuel O.
Masayon, Jericho C.
IV
Appendix A.B
To, Senior High School Advisory
Vicenta C. Enerio National High School
(Formerly Tubod National High School)
Tubod, Lake Wood, Zamboanga del Sur
Date: Month_________/Day____/2022
Subject: Permission for data collection
Dear Sir/Ma’am,
Greetings!
We are the Group 11 Researchers from Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences and Home Economic strand.
And a student from Vicenta C. Enerio National High School (Formerly Tubod National High School).
We would like to inform you that we are working on research work on topic about; The Impact of the Student
Participation in Social Media Activities for Philippine Election 2022 and for which we will be requiring to collect
data from Comelec Registered-Students (Voters) by conducting surveys. This data will be used for a research
purposes only and the data being gathered will be remained infinitely confidential. In this regard, we are respectfully
requesting permission from your good advisory to allow us to conduct our study, as their respondents to your
outstanding and being handled your students.
Your kind consideration and favorable action on this request is highly appreciated. Thank you so much.
_______________________________
(Name of Adviser)
(Signature Approval),
Very truly yours,
Bacho, Jameson G.
Bagalanon, Alma E.
Bantayan, Maryjane A.
Corpuz, Julie Mae V.
Galay, Jonuel O.
Masayon, Jericho C.
V
Annex A. Participant’s Consent Form
Title: The Impact of the Student Participation in Social Media Activities for Philippine Election 2022
Researchers: Group- 11: Bacho J., Bagalanon A., Bantayan M., Corpuz J.M., Galay J., & Masayon, J.
Participant Identification Number for this Study: ________
Please write your initial signature in the box
1. I confirm that I have read and understand the information sheet
for the above-mentioned study and have the opportunity to ask
questions.
2. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free to
withdraw at any time without giving any reason.
3. I understand that my responses will be made confidential before analysis.
I give my permission for the members of the research panel to gain access
to my confidential responses after the analysis of the data of the study has
been made.
4. I agree to take part in the above-mentioned study.
_________________________
Name of Participant
Group- 11
Researchers
___
______________
Date
_____________________
Signature
______________
Date
_____________________
Signature
VI
Annex B. QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE IMPACT OF THE STUDENT PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL
MEDIA ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE PHILIPPINE ELECTION 2022
(Adapted from Alcasid, L.P. & Villacampa I.B. & Awa, A.L. (2016))
PART 1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Instructions: Read each item carefully. Put a check on the space provided for the item of your choice.
Name: ____________________________
Optional
Gender: ( ) Male
( ) Female
Grade Level:
Grade 11: ______
Grade 12: ______
Age:
18 years old: _____
19 years old: _____
20 years old: _____
More than 20 years old: ______
The social media(s) that you have been using to participate on discussion about the Philippine election 2022
(e.g., of participation; Viewing, Liking, Commenting, and Sharing):
Facebook
Instagram
TikTok
Twitter
YouTube
Other social media sites. Specify if any: __________________________________________
VII
Grade Level:
GRADE 11
GRADE 12
Gender:
MALE
FEMALE
Age:
18 years old
19 years old
20 years old
More than 20 years old
The social media(s) that you have been using to participate on discussion about the Philippine election 2022
(e.g., of participation; Viewing, Liking, Commenting, and Sharing):
Facebook
Instagram
TikTok
Twitter
YouTube
Others
VIII
Part II. LEVEL OF STUDENT PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVITIES REGARDING THE
PHILIPPINE ELECTION 2022 IN TERMS OF; VIEWING, LIKING, COMMENTING, AND SHARING
Instructions: Read each item carefully. Put a check on the space provided for the item of your choice.
Legend: A-Always, VO-Very Often, S-Sometimes, R-Rarely, N-Never
A
1. I view and watch videos related to the Philippine Election 2022.
2. I view political candidates’ picture in Philippine Election 2022.
3. I view political debates relevant to the Philippine Election
2022.
4. I read articles about political candidates in social media.
5. I press the reaction button to my preferred political candidates.
6. I press the reaction button of political talks in social media.
7. I press the reaction button about factual news regarding the
Philippine election 2022.
8. I participate in social media forums in the comment section related
to the Philippine election 2022.
9. I comment to a post (e.g., videos, articles, & pictures) in social
media
about political issues.
10. I comment to an articles and news black propaganda that
attacking
my preferred candidate.
11. I engage in political debates about Philippine election 2022
through commenting.
12. I share videos, articles, and photos of my preferred political
candidates.
13. I share update news about the Philippine Election 2022.
14. I share political issues that are relevant to the Philippine Election
2022.
15. I share news about Philippine Election 2022 after checking its
credibility.
IX
VO
S
R
N
TOTAL
Part III. PARTICIPATING IN SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVITIES REGARDING THE PHILILIPPINE
ELECTION 2022 RESULTED TO THE FOLLOWING; DISSIMINATE INFORMATION, POLITICAL
AWARENESS, AND INTEREST TO VOTE
Instructions: Read each item carefully. Put a check on the space provided for the item of your choice.
Legend: SA-Strongly Agree, A-Agree, U- Uncertain, D- Disagree, SD-Strongly Disagree
SA
1. I am able to provide information regarding the Philippine
Election
2022 through my participation in social media activities.
2. I gain further information about Philippine Election 2022
through
my participation in social media activities.
3. I am able to spread more updates about political issues and
topics
through sharing and commenting the social media post of
news
provider.
4. I am able to help the online campaign information to a certain
running political candidate through engaging social media
activities.
5. I am able to disseminate more information in engaging
political
debate in a certain comment section or sharing a post.
6. I become more conscious of what I view in social media about
the
Philippine election 2022 and the political candidates.
7. I become more political aware to the political issues and
topics that
I viewed in any social media platforms.
8. I become more politically aware of concerned about made-up
news
in any social media activities.
4. I check the authenticity of what I viewed from any
information about
some political topics as I become more political aware.
10. The social media activities helped in enhancing my political
awareness.
11. Through engaging the social media activities regarding the
Philippine Election 2022 I casted my vote during the
election
period.
12. I believe that I am able to gain interest to vote because I
engaged
X
A
U
D
SD
TOTAL
in social media activities regarding the Philippine Election
2022.
13. The more information that I received from my engagement
in
social media activities about the political topics, the more I
feel I
am responsible to cast my vote.
14. Participation in social media forum about the Philippine
election
2022 helps boost my interest to vote.
15. The political awareness that I learned from social media
activities
fortify my interest to vote
XI
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XIV
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal:
Name:
Jameson Galleto Bacho
Date of Birth:
June 26, 2002
Place of Birth:
Tubod, Lake Wood Zamboanga Del Sur
Recent Place:
Purok 1-San Isidro, Tubod Lake Wood, Zamboanga del Sur
Parents:
Mr. & Mrs. Batcho
Education:
Secondary:
Vicenta C. Enerio National High School
(Formerly Tubod National High School)
Elementary:
Tubod Elementary School
XV
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal:
Name:
Alma Exclimado Bagalanon
Date of Birth:
October 16, 2003
Place of Birth:
Tubod Lake Wood, Zamboanga el Sur
Recent Place:
Purok 1-San Isidro, Tubod Lake Wood, Zamboanga del Sur
Parents:
Mr.& Mrs. Bagalanon
Education:
Secondary:
Vicenta C. Enerio National High School
(Formerly Tubod National High School)
Elementary:
Tubod Elementary School
XVI
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal:
Name:
Mary Jane Antubo Bantayan
Date of Birth:
December 25, 2003
Place of Birth:
Gasa, Lake Wood, Zamboanga del Sur
Recent Place:
Gasa, Lake Wood, Zamboanga del Sur
Parents:
Mr. & Mrs. Bantayan
Education:
Secondary:
Vicenta C. Enerio National High School
(Formerly Tubod National High School)
Elementary:
Gasa Elementary School
XVII
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal:
Name:
Julie Mae Villanueva Corpuz
Date of Birth:
July 10, 2004
Place of Birth:
Salagmanok, Kumalarang, Zamboanga del Sur
Recent Place:
Purok 1-San Isidro, Tubod Lake Wood, Zamboanga del Sur
Parents:
Mr. & Mrs. Corpuz
Education:
Secondary:
Vicenta C. Enerio National High School
(Formerly Tubod National High School)
Elementary:
Salagmanok Elementary School
XVIII
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal:
Name:
Jonuel Obal Galay
Date of Birth:
December 11, 2002
Place of Birth:
Poblacion Kumalarang, Zamboanga del Sur
Recent Place:
Purok 1-San Isidro, Tubod Lake Wood, Zamboanga del Sur
Parents:
Mr. & Mrs. Galay
Education:
Secondary:
Vicenta C. Enerio National High School
(Formerly Tubod National High School)
Elementary:
Tubod Elementary School
XIX
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal:
Name:
Jericho Cimafranca Masayon
Date of Birth:
February 20, 2004
Place of Birth:
Tubod, Lake Wood, Zamboanga del Sur
Recent Place:
Purok 1-San Isidro, Tubod Lake Wood, Zamboanga del Sur
Parents:
Mr. & Mrs. Masayon
Education:
Secondary:
Vicenta C. Enerio National High School
(Formerly Tubod National High School)
Elementary:
Tubod Elementary School
XX
The Impact of the Student Participation in Social Media Activities for Philippine Election 2022
A Quantitative Research
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
for the Senior High School Department
at
Vicenta C. Enerio National High School
Formerly Tubod National High School
Submitted to:
Mr. Ryan Q. Satal Jr.
Submitted by:
Bacho, Jameson G. – Technical-Vocational-Livelihood in Home Economics
Bagalanon, Alma E. – Technical-Vocational-Livelihood in Home Economics
Bantayan, Maryjane A. – Academics in Humanities and Social Sciences
Corpuz, Julie Mae V. – Technical-Vocational-Livelihood in Home Economics
Galay, Jonuel O. – Academics in Humanities and Social Sciences
Masayon, Jericho C. – Technical-Vocational-Livelihood in Home Economics
VICENTA C. ENERIO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Formerly Tubod National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
2022
XXI