Biology (314)
Class 12th
Solved TMA
Session
2022 - 23
Where every problem
is solved of NIOS.
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)
1
Biology
(314)
Tutor Marked Assignment
Q 1. (b) Give any one point of Difference between the following:
Ans - (i) Prophase of mitosis and that of meiosis:
S.No.
1.
PROPHASE OF
PROPHASE OF
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Pairing of
There is no Pairing of
homologus
homologus
chromosomes
chromosomes.
takes place.
2.
Crossing and
There is no crossing
recombination
over and
occur.
recombination occur.
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)
2
(ii) Anaphase of mitosis and anaphase of meiosis
S.No.
1.
ANAPHASE OF MITOSIS
ANAPHASE I OF MEIOSIS
During the anaphase of mitosis,
During this process the two
the sister chromatids of each
chromosomes of each bivalent separate
chromosomes separate, from one
to one another and pass to opposite
another and move to opposite
pole of spindle. but the two chromatids
poles of spindle as daughter
of each chromosomes still continue to
chromosomes.
remain joined with each other at the
centromere.
2.
This is caused by the division of
It is because of this that the nucleus of
the centromere and the
each daughter cells gets only half of the
contraction of the spindle fibers,
number of chromosomes present in the
as a result the diploid number is
original cell.
maintained in the daughter cells.
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)
3
Q 2. (b) why does a cell remain stable when placed in isotonic solution? what
happens to it if placed in a hypotonic solution?
Ans - isotonic solution: - has the same solute concentration compared to the
intracellular solute concentration. For example: When a red blood cell is placed in an
isotonic solution, there will be no net movement of water. Both the concentration of
solute and water are equal bot intracellularly and extracellularly; therefore, there will be
no net movement of water towards the solution or the cell.
hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration compared to the intracellular
solute concentration.
For example: When a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a
net movement of free water into the cell. This situation will result in an increased
intracellular volume with a lower intracellular solute concentration. The solution will end
up with a higher overall solute concentration.
Q 3. (b)- (i) You ate a meal comprising pulses (dal) and chapatis (roti). In which
parts of the digestive system would their digestion begin, and be completed?
Ans - CHAPATI DIGESTION: START FROM MOUTH AND END IN INTESTINE.

Chapati is a complex carbohydrate.

the digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth.

The starch present is acted upon by salivary amylase and is broken down to simple
sugars(maltose).

It is then passed long the gut by peristaltic movements. it then reaches the stomach
and get mix with gastric juice. but no digestion of carbohydrates takes place.

The food is then passed into the small intestine, where major digestion of
carbohydrates take place.
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)

4
The intestine receives enzymes from pancreas and liver. The pancreatic amylase
further breaks down the sugars into glucose to be absorbed easily. Thus the
digestion of chapati is complete.
PULSES: DIGESTION START IN MOUTH AND PROCESS END IN SMALL INTESTINE

In the mouth, chewing starts the mechanical breakdown of protein.

In the stomach, the chemical digestion of protein begins from hydrochloric acid
and the enzyme pepsin.

In the small intestine, polypeptides are broken down into amino acids, dipeptides
and tripeptides by protein digesting enzymes secreted from the pancreas.

A variety of different transport proteins move the products from protein digestion
into the mucosal cell, some amino acids share the same transport system.

Dipeptides, tripeptides can enter the mucosal cell, once, inside, they are broken
down into single amino acids.

Amino acids pas from the mucosal cell into the blood and travel to the liver,the
liver regulates the distributions of amino acids to the rest of the body .

Small amount of dietry protein is lost in the faces.
(b)- (ii) name the end products.
Chapatti(carbohydrate)
Pulses(proteins)
end product(glucose)
end product (amino acid)
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)
5
Q 4. (a)- (i) Describe the role of thin and thick fibers in the concentrations of a
striated muscle as explained by the sliding filament theory.
Ans - Striated muscle fibers are packed into bundles enclosed in a tough connective
tissue. These bundles are grouped to form a muscle. Every skeletal muscle is also
enclosed in a thin connective tissue. The ends of muscles connect to bones through
another kind of connective tissue called tendon. So, tendon joins a bone to a muscle.
The sliding model of muscle contraction Striated muscle contraction is explained by
Sliding filament Theory. This theory can be explained through the following steps:

The thick and thin filaments myosin and actin are linked by cross bridges of
troponin and tropomyosin.

These cross bridges, on contraction, pull the thin filaments back over thick
filaments.

As a result, the thin filaments slide over the thick filaments. Calcium and ATP are
required for attaching and releasing Troponin.

Because of this sliding action, Z lines come closer and sarcomere shortens.

All sarcomeres shorten together so the entire muscle contracts.

The muscle relaxes when crossbridge relax and sarcomere regains original.
(a)- (ii) All tissue of plants require nitrogen?

Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for plant function and is a key component of
amino acids, which form the building blocks of plant proteins and enzymes.
Proteins make up the structural materials of all living matters and enzymes facilitate
the vast array of biochemical reactions within a plant. Nitrogen is also a component
of the chlorophyll molecule, which enables the plant to capture sunlight energy by
photosynthesis, driving plant growth and grain yield.
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)

6
Nitrogen plays a critical role within the plant to ensure energy is available when and
where the plant needs it to optimize yield. This crucial nutrient is even present in
the roots as proteins and enzymes help regulate water and nutrient uptake

All plants utilize nitrogen (N) in the form of NO3- and NH4+. It is most imperative
element for proper growth and development of plants which significantly increases
and enhances the yield and its quality by playing a vital role in biochemical and
physiological functions of plant.
Q5. (b)- (i) Draw a sigmoid growth curve of plant to show lag phase, log phase,
and stationary phase. Mention what happens to plant during these phases.
Ans - The growth of an organ or an organism occurs in three successive stages.
They are:
(i) Cell division: The number of cells increases due to mitosis.
(ii) Cell enlargement: The size of individual cell increases after cell division due to
increase in the volume of its protoplasm.
(iii) Cell differentiation: In this stage, structure of the cells changes to perform specific
functions. And similar type of cells having same functions form a group, which is known
as tissue.
SIGMOID GROWTH CURVE
The rate of growth of a plant or plant part is not always the same during its life span.
Sometimes it is slow and at other times rapid. If we plot the increase in cell number
(growth rate) against time, a typical S-shaped curve is obtained. This is called growth
curve or sigmoid growth curve.
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 This curve has three phases of growth.
(i) Lag Phase – This is the initial phase of growth when the rate of growth is
very slow.
(ii) Log Phase – It shows rapid growth and is maximum during the entire life span.
(iii) Stationary Phase – Here the rate of growth starts decreasing and finally it
stops.
Sigmoid curve the total time period during which the fastest growth of the organ or
organism occurs is called grand period of growth.

The period during which the course of growth takes place is known as grand period
of growth. Thus, in a standard growth curve, three well marked regions can be
observed, the initial growth stage (lag phase),
the grand period of growth (exponential or log phase) and the steady stage
(maturity stage or senescence or stationary phase).

The overall growth may be affected by external or internal factors but the Sshaped curve of grand period of growth is never influenced. This growth curve suits
well to the entire life of an annual plant when measured in terms of dry weight
against time.
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)

8
The factors responsible for the decrease in growth are competition for essential
metabolites, growth substances, water, light or the accumulation of inhibitors, toxic
substances or waste materials.
(b)- (ii) Some wheat and rice varieties are kept at a lower temperature to flower in
the same climate, define this process.
Ans - Wheat and rice varieties are kept at a lower temperatures because:
Temperature affects growth and development of plants. For flowering in some plants, a
particular temperature is required. if temperature is reduced to a particular point then
flowering occurs at an early stage. For example, by applying a temperature ranging
between 1-10° C to certain variety of wheat, rice and cotton, growth of seedlings is
accelerated and flowering occurs earlier. This method of inducing early flowering in
plants at low temperature is called vernalization.
Vernalisation: - Vernalisation is defined as the qualitative or quantitative dependence of
plants on exposure to a low temperature to flower. Temperature affects flowering,
metabolic activities, and germination of seeds in plants.

low temperatures whereas Plants that grow in mild weather germinate at those that
grow in hot regions germinate at high temperatures. Some plants need exposure to
a low temperature to germinate. Furthermore, a plant can be induced to flower in a
growing season by exposing it to low temperature. Therefore, it shortens the
vegetative phase and hastens flowering in plants.

Vernalisation is the process of accelerating the process of flowering by subjecting or
exposing the plant to low temperature affects flowering, metabolic activities, and hot
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)
9
regions germinate at high temperatures. Some plants need exposure to a low
temperature to germinate. Furthermore, a plant can be induced to flower in a
growing season by exposing it to low temperature. Therefore, it shortens the
vegetative phase and hastens flowering in plants.
FACTORS AFFECTING VERNALIZATION
 Water and Oxygen
 Temperature
 Effect of light
 Effect of hormones
Vernalisation has some practical applications like:

Plants whose life cycle is completed in two seasons (biennials) can produce flower
in one season if their seeds are pre-treated to a low temperature.

Crops can be grown and harvested earlier i.e. biennials can be turned into annuals.
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)
10
Q 6. (b) Take photographs (or draw Portrait or write name) of one of your parents
or siblings and yourself. Stick them close to each other. Now below each
photograph enter the following:
Ans -
MOTHER
S.No.
Inherited features
1.
Whether can roll tongue
2.
Whether can flex thumb
backwards
3.
FATHER
YOURSELF
Father/mother/sister
NO
NO
yourself
NO
NO
Whether earlobe free or
fixed
YES
YES
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)
11
(b)- (i) What is genetics? Write the meaning of inheritance.
Definition of genetics

A branch of biology that deals with the heredity and variation of organisms.

The genetic makeup and phenomena of an organism, type, group, or condition.

Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on
of traits from parents to their offspring

The concept of heredity encompasses two seemingly paradoxical observations about
organisms: the constancy of a species from generation to generation and
the variation among individuals within a species. Constancy and variation are actually
two sides of the same coin, as becomes clear in the study of genetics. Both aspects
of heredity can be explained by genes, the functional units of heritable material that
are found within all living cells.
INHERITANCE
 Inheritance is the passing on of genetic traits from parents to their offspring, and
these offspring get all the genetic information from their parents. Therefore,
inheritance explains why parents and their children have similar characteristic traits.
The characteristic traits passed on by parents include eye colour, hair colour, and
blood type. Even diseases can be passed onto offspring from their parents. An
important point to note is that humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes – of which, 22
pairs are autosomes and 1 pair is an allosome.
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)
12
 Laws of Inheritance
Mendel proposed three laws:
 Law of Dominance
 The Law of Segregation
 Law of independent assortment
(b)- (ii) Draw a pedigree chart to show inheritance of any of the characters studied
in you and your siblings.

Pedigree analysis was developed to understand the inheritance of genes from
parents to offspring.

It was developed as a chart that can represent a family tree along with the family
members and their genetic traits.

genes are the hereditary unit of organisms which are responsible for carrying the
information from the parents to their offspring. These genes are responsible for the
characteristics of a living organism and can also be the reason for some disorders
present in them.

A pedigree chart is a flowchart or a diagrammatic representation prepared to
exhibit the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or
organism along with its ancestors from one generation to the next generation.
In the pedigree chart, males are represented by a square and a circle represents
the female:
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)
13
Autosomal Dominant Trait- Blood Groups, Free hanging earlobes, Widow’s Peak, Rolling
of tongue.
The encoding gene for these genes is present on any of the autosomes. In these traits,
the mutant allele is dominant.
Such type of traits exhibits the following features:
1. The traits get transmitted from the parents to either gender.
2. It affects males and females equally.
3. The trait is present in each of the generations, i.e., the pedigree is vertical.
4. Some common traits of this type include blood groups, polydactyly, brachydactyly,
the dimple in cheeks, etc.
 Me and my sibling show earlobe free trait
 My father and mother both also show earlobe free trait
My family pedigree
Female and Male (colour show earlobe free, blank show fixed lobe)
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14
(b)- (iii) Comment on whether you got the gene from the father or mother, and
write a sentence and evidence from the same.

I am girl child it means I got X chromosome from my father and other X
chromosomes from my mother. The females have XX chromosome If whether
someone is boy so it will be got X chromosomes from her mother and Y
chromosomes from her father.

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Out of these 23 pairs, 22 pairs are
Autosomes and only one pair is the ‘Sex Chromosome’, which actively takes part in
the process of sex determination. Both males and females carry two sets of sex
chromosome.

Male has one X and one Y (XY) sex chromosome in which both are active Female
has both X (XX) sex chromosome in which one is active. The XY sex-determination
system is found in humans, mammals, in some insects, and in few plant species.

All children will inherit an X chromosome from their mother, despite whether they
are a boy or girl. Thus, the sex of the children will be determined by the type of
chromosome inherited from their father. A child who inherits Y chromosome will
be a boy and who inherits X chromosome will be a girl.
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Session 2022-23 (Biology 314)
Name of
Name of
common
patient
15
age
symptoms
Causative
Mode of
organism
transmission
disease
1. common cold Simran
20
Nasal
Rhinovirus
congestion,
By droplet of
infected person
discharge fluid
from nose
2. Pneumonia
jaya
5
Fever, cough,
Streptococcus
By droplet of
painful
pneumonia
infected person
breathing
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