University of South Australia Course Name: Course Code: Assessment Title: Student Name: Student ID: UO Construction Materials CIVE 1006 E-Reference Book Morgan Budgeon 110357937 Figure 1 (Source: Rethinking the Future 2021). Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 History ............................................................................................................................. 1 The Commissariat Store ........................................................................................................... 1 Material 1 Brisbane Tuff Rock................................................................................................... 1 Material 2 Hard Wood ............................................................................................................. 1 Extraction......................................................................................................................... 1 Production quantities............................................................................................................... 1 Mine operations ...................................................................................................................... 2 Product Market........................................................................................................................ 2 Company ownership ................................................................................................................ 3 Processing ........................................................................................................................ 4 Product Market........................................................................................................................ 4 Company ownership ................................................................................................................ 4 Production materials................................................................................................................ 4 Production Quantities .............................................................................................................. 4 Into the future ......................................................................................................................... 5 References........................................................................................................................ 1 TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 (SOURCE: RETHINKING THE FUTURE 2021). ............................................................... 1 FIGURE 2. PHOTO OF THE FRONT OF THE COMMISSARIAT STORE, TAKEN FROM QUEENS WHARF ROAD, (SOURCE: THE ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND 2014). ......................... 1 FIGURE 3. PHOTO OF THE BACK OF THE COMMISSARIAT STORE, TAKEN FROM WILLIAM STREET. (SOURCE: QUEENSLAND HERITAGE REGISTER 2016).......................................................... 1 FIGURE 4. PHOTO OF WILLIAM STREET RETAINING WALL. SOURCE: DESTINATION BRISBANE CONSORTIUM (DBC) 2017. .......................................................................................... 1 FIGURE 5. PHOTOS OF WOOD USED INSIDE THE COMMISSARIAT STORE. SOURCE: COMMISSARIAT STORE MUSEUM .......................................................................................................... 1 FIGURE 6 CAVAL RIDGE MINE (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH 2022) ................................................. 1 FIGURE 7. OPEN CUT AND UNDERGROUND MINING METHODS. (SOURCE: BHP,2021) .................... 1 FIGURE 8 BHP'S TOTAL COAL PRODUCTION FROM ALL MINES ...................................................... 2 FIGURE 9. MAP OF PRODUCT MARKET. (SOURCE BHP 2021) ..................................................... 2 FIGURE 10. MAP OF BMA MINE, BMC MINE, BMA PORT, PORT, RAIL. (SOURCE: BHP 2021) ..... 3 FIGURE 11. DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF BRICK MANUFACTURING PROCESS. (SOURCE: THE BRICK INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION) ...................................................................................... 4 2 Introduction This e-reference book will be a working document used as a: Guide to materials used in the Australian construction industry Record of my progress in understanding material properties in the industry Concise description and references to applications of materials The methodology I took in material selection was based on availability of high quality performance data during research and my personal experience in using these materials in my career. Section A will include history of two different materials used in the construction of an old building more than 50 years old. Section A will then follow on with the extraction and processing of two other construction materials, their selection and how they are used in the construction of a typical Australian dwelling. In section B the focus will be on the application of materials in five components of a typical Australian dwelling. The properties of two different materials will be compared for the application in three areas: Structural or Physical properties Fire resistance and retardance Environmental impact Finally, section C will cover five products used in modelling a building fabric, in this case walls, which includes: Concrete footing Framing (wood or steel) Wall insulation wrap (external waterproof and vapour permeable) Bricks and mortar Plaster board Material options for each of the above, their availability and suitability for Australian conditions will be discussed. In addition, the document will consider the parameters such as lead time, maintenance and disposal of the various materials used in construction systems. 3 History The Commissariat Store The Commissariat store was built in 1829 by some of Queensland’s first convicts. It Appears to be influenced by Georgian architecture (The Royal Historical Society of Queensland (RHSQ) 2022). Its location is 115-127 William Street Brisbane City. Figure 2. Photo of the front of the Commissariat store, taken from Queens Wharf Road, (Source: The Royal Historical Society of Queensland 2014). Figure 3. Photo of the back of the Commissariat store, taken from William Street. (Source: Queensland Heritage Register 2016). Table 1 History and use of the Commissariat Store. Source: Commissariat Store Museum. 2 Material 1 Brisbane Tuff Rock Brisbane Tuff Rock is the name given to a rock that lies under parts of Brisbane. The Brisbane Tuff Rock is volcanic sediment, namely welded ignimbrite, formed during a single catastrophic eruption around 226 million years ago. Lava, pumice, and bits of rock were expelled from the volcano by a massive explosion. They formed layers upon impact and were "welded" together by the intense heat (up to 1000° C) to produce tuff (Meagther 2020). Brisbane Tuff is used in the walls of the Commissariat store, retaining walls around the property and the paving on Queens wharf Road. This material was more than likely chosen for construction because it was locally available 4km from the construction site at the Kangaroo Point quarry (Royal Historical Society of Queendlnad 2020). The rock is used as a structural element in the building that supports the flooring system and the roof , and is well knowing for its thermal properties. Figure 4. Photo of William Street retaining wall. (Source: Destination Brisbane Consortium (DBC) 2017). Material 2 Hard Wood Wood is a staple of Australian construction, dating back to some of Australia's first construction projects like the Commissariat store, where it was used for internal and external structural purposes, including fencing, stairs, flooring, and doors. Wood was a readily available material around Brisbane in 1929 and is known for its high strength-toweight ratio, versatility, flexibility, workability and thermal bridging performance (Wood Solutions 2012). As shown in the picture below, steel bracing was required to maintain the clear span in the main storage hall and support the Hard wood beams. In later construction wood pillars were used for support to transfer the load to the floor. Figure 5. Photos of wood used inside the Commissariat Store. (Source: Commissariat Store Museum Going from tree to finished material required the use of hand tools such as a pit saw and the adzes (Destination Brisbane Consortium 2017) for the original structural pillars and flooring. Later constructions made use of modern materials such as plywood flooring. Extraction Metallurgical coal, a component in steel manufacture, is mined in open cut or underground resources. Caval Ridge Mine (CRM) is an open-cut coal mine located 6km south of Moranbah in the Bowen Basin in Central Queensland, Australia (BHP 2021). Production quantities The primary raw material produced at the mine is metallurgical coal. Metallurgical coal is a black sedimentary rock found in the earth's crust. It has a higher carbon content, is typically low in moisture, and is a primary ingredient in the steelmaking process. Metallurgical Coal is formed by the heating and compression of prehistoric vegetation over millions of years. The categories of metallurgical coal are: (BHP 2021) Hard coking coal Semi hard coking coal Semi soft coking coal Pulverized coal for injection (PCI) Figure 6 Caval Ridge Mine (Source: Google Earth 2022) Figure 7. Open cut and underground mining methods. (Source: BHP,2021) Mine operations Caval Ridge Mine is a multi-seam open-cut coal mine. Production started at the mine in 2014 and in FY2020 achieved a record annual production of 4.35Mt (BHP, 2021). It is expected that the mine will continue to produce coal for another 26 years (Mining Data Solutions 2021). Figure 8 BHP's total coal production from all mines Product Market Coal from Caval Ride is shipped to China, India, Japan, South East Asia, South Korea, Europe, and Latin America for use in steel mills and coking plants (BHP 2021). Figure 9. Map of product market. (Source BHP 2021) 2 Company ownership The Mine is owned and operated in a joint venture by Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Company Limited, which is an Australian owned entity and the largest producer and supplier of seaborne metallurgical coal, and Mitsubishi Alliance (BMA). This joint venture is split 50:50 between the two companies (BHP 2021). Figure 10. Map of BMA Mine, BMC Mine, BMA Port, Port, Rail. (Source: BHP 2021) 3 Processing Littlehampton bricks and pavers is a boutique brick and pavers manufacture. located at 2 Childs Rd, Littlehampton, South Australia 5250, with officers in, Victoria, New south Wales, South Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, ACT, Tasmania and internationally (Littlehampton 2022). Product Market Littlehampton exports products all over Australia and internationally, with some notable projects: Taronga Park Zoo Sydney and Disneyland Shanghai, China (Littlehampton 2022). Company ownership They are an Australian family owned and operated manufacture with 120 plus years in business. Littlehampton started with a workman’s hut at the same location as it is today. Hand moulded bricks were first produced and tested for construction applications (Littlehampton 2021). Production materials Littlehampton bricks and pavers are made from natural clay, shale, sand, and water. The colour can change depending on the clay mix, firing temperatures, kiln settings and additives. Bricks with a specific colour or surface texture, such as sand or glaze, are created using a wide range of coating materials and processes (Littlehampton 2022). Production Quantities The original kilns were wood fired for two weeks producing 15,000 bricks a fortnight. Today the kilns can fire 90,000 in only two days, with an annual output of six million bricks and pavers per year (Littlehampton 2022). Figure 11. Diagrammatic Representation of brick manufacturing process. (Source: The Brick industry Association) 4 Into the future In recent years Littlehampton has branched out into national and international markets. They try not to compete with the volume manufactures, instead they concentrate on their niche which is boutique premium-quality products (Oreon Partners 2021). 5 References BHP 2021, Caval Ridge at a glance, viewed 23 July 2022, <https://www.bhp.com/what-we-do/global-locations/australia/queensland/caval-ridge> BHP 2021, Caval Ridge mine, viewed 22 July 2022, <https://www.bhp.com/what-we-do/global-locations/australia/queensland/caval-ridge> BHP 2021, Central Queensland coal mines, viewed 23 July 2022, <https://www.bhp.com/what-we-do/global-locations/australia/queensland> BHP 2021, Metallurgical coa, viewed 24 July 2022, <https://www.bhp.com/what-we-do/products/metallurgical-coal> BHP 2021, Metallurgical coal properties, facts, uses and production, viewed 23 July 2022, <https://www.bhp.com/-/media/documents/business/2019/191119_whatismetcoal.pdf> Destination Brisbane Consortium 2017, COMMISSARIAT STORE AND MILLER PARK CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN, Brisbane: Destination Brisbane Consortium, viewed 15 July 2022, <https://edqdad.dsdip.qld.gov.au/documents/916/11315/846ApprovedDocumentConserva tionManagementPlanD.7TheCommissariatStoreandMillerPark.pdf> Littlehampton bricks and pavers 2022, Making Bricks, viewed 17 July 2022, <https://littlehamptonbrick.com.au/clay-bricks/making-bricks/> Littlehampton 2021, Littehampton Brick is on of Australia's oldest and most awarded brickamkers, viewed 23 July 2022 <https://littlehamptonbrick.com.au/about-us/> Littlehampton 2022, About us, viewed 21 July 2022, < https://littlehamptonbrick.com.au/about-us/> Littlehampton 2022, Contact, viewed 21 July 2022, < https://littlehamptonbrick.com.au/national-contact/> Littlehampton 2022, Do you have questions about bricks, pavers or fire bricks?, viewed 23 July 2022 <https://littlehamptonbrick.com.au/faqs/> Littlehampton 2022, Littlehampton Brick is one of Australia’s oldest and most awarded brickmakers, viewed 22 July 2022 < https://littlehamptonbrick.com.au/about-us/> Meagther C 2020, Volcanoes of Eastern Australia, viewed 9 July 2022 < https://www.csiro.au/en/education/Teacher-professional-development/Educator-onboard/Educator-developed-resources/Volcanoes-of-Eastern-Australia-Chris-Meagher> Mining Data Solutions 2021, Caval Ridge mine, viewed 23 July 2022 < https://miningdataonline.com/property/286/Caval-Ridge-Mine.aspx> Oreon Partners 2021,CLIENT STORY: LITTLEHAMPTON BRICKS AND PAVERS, viewed 22 July 2022, < https://www.oreon.com.au/client-stories/oreon-client-success-story-littlehampton-bricksand-pavers/> Queensland Goverment 2016, Heritage listed. viewed 10 July 2022, < https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600176#> Royal Historical Society of Queendlnad 2020, History and Features of the Commissariat Store, viewed 11 July 2022 < https://commissariatstore.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/BuildingHistory.pdf> The Royal Historical Society of Queensland (RHSQ) 2022, Commissarat Store Maseum, viewed 10 July 2022, < https://commissariatstore.org.au/about-us/> Trague D 2008, Brisbane Tuff, viewed 10 July 2022 < https://windsorhistorical.org.au/brisbane-tuff/> Wood Solution 2012, Wood Products - sawn to engineered: a myriad of choices and applications, viewed 11 July 2022 < https://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/getmedia/3deff2fa-e39c-4e88-9099ce12af420c99/WoodSolutions-Fact-Sheets-1-18.aspx?ext=.pdf> 2
