VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JANASANGAMA, BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA, INDIA-590018
MINI PROJECT REPORT
ON
“Bus Management System”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement of 5thsemester for the
academic year 2022-23
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY:
AYUB MOIZ KHAN
[ 1GC20CS007]
SYEDA UMRA
[ 1GC20CS063]
Under the guidance of:
Dr. SALMA JABEEN
Associate Professor,
Dept. of CSE, GCE
GHOUSIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, RAMANAGARA-562159
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
GHOUSIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
RAMANAGARA-562159
(Affiliated To Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE And Accredited by
NBA New Delhi)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini-project work entitled BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
is a bonafide Project work carried out by AYUB MOIZ KHAN (1GC20CS007) and
SYEDA UMRA (1GC20CS063), in partial fulfillment of ‘5th’ semester for the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi, during the academic year 2022-23. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessments have been incorporated with the
report deposited in Department Library, the mini-project report has been approved as
satisfies the academic requirement in mini-project proscribed for said degree.
Signature of Guide
Dr. Salma Jabeen
Name of the Examiners
1.
2.
Signature of HOD
Dr. Dilshad Begum
Signature of Examiners with Date
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to express My deepest sense of gratitude and indebtedness to this great institution of ours,
Ghousia College of Engineering, Ramanagara and more profoundly to the Department of
Computer Science and Engineering which has given us the privilege to imbibe ample of
Technical Knowledge, thereby enabling us to attain our long cherished goal of becoming a worthy
Computer Science Engineer.
Firstly we would like to thank Dr. Md Zahed Ahmed Ansari, Principal, Ghousia College of
Engineering, Ramanagara for his constant support and guidance to the students of this esteemed
institution.
We am delighted to place on record my gratitude to Dr. Dilshad Begum, professor and Head of
the
Department of Computer Science & Engineering for his constant support and suggestions
during the course of the mini-project work.
We am pleased to Acknowledge my indebtedness to our guide Dr. Salma Jabeen Associate
Professor, Department of Compute Science and Engineering for her guidance, constant support,
valuable suggestions and encouragement provided during the course of the mini-project work.
We also thank all other teaching and supporting staff and friends who are directly or indirectly
responsible for the successful completion of the mini-project work.
AYUB MOIZ KHAN (1GC20CS007)
SYEDA UMRA (1GC20CS063)
ABSTRACT
Bus Management System is an integrated electronic management system. This system ensure
that the management process of this can company are smoothly done. This system was developed
as one of the solution to transfer from current manual practices to a more systematic computerized
system . Bus Management System is developed by using Java and SQL. Bus System is a system
which makes handling of records easier. Bus Management System allows customers to reserve
seats, buy and pay tickets online the organization can give reservation administrator and data to
their clients without the limitations of office hours or manpower. Not just does it let clients book
trips around the clock from any location with an Internet connection. Yet it is additionally
designed for use by the company to internally manage their business processes; minimizing
human errors and overcoming difficulties and problems that across in the precious system. The
focus of the project is to Computerize travelling company to manage data, so that all the
transactions become fast and there should not be any error in transaction like calculation mistake,
bill generation and other things. It replaces all the paper work. It keeps records of all the bills
also, giving to ensure 100% successful implementation of the computerized Bus Management
System. Here we can
maintain, insertion, update of information, subsequent analysis,
manipulation and retrieve all the records like Bus ticket, Bus details, Route details, passenger
information etc. in a single database. The main aim of the case study is to design, develop and
maintaining the record of passenger details.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER- 1
1.INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1
1.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem statement ……………………………………………………….. 1
1.3 Objectives ……………………………………………………………….. 1
1.4 Thesis Layout …………………………………………………………… 2
CHAPTER– 2
2 . LITERATURE SURVEY……………………………………… 3
2.1 The research and implementation of GPS intelligent transmission
Strategy based on on- board Android smartphone……………………… 3
2.2 Performance evaluation of IoT protocol under a constrained wireless
access network………………………………..………………………… 3
2.3 Implementation of unconscious bus location sensing system with
smartphone devices and beacon devices………………………………… 4
2.4 Hybrid dynamic prediction model of bus arrival time based on
Weighted of historical and real-time GPS data…………………………. 4
2.5 GPS based bus tracking system………………………………………….. 5
2.6 RFID-based Ticketing for Public Transport System…………………….. 6
2.7 Taking an electronic ticketing system to the cloud:
Design and Discussion………………………………………………….. 6
2.8 Optimal transport on complex nets……………………………………… 6
2.9 Mobile enabled bus tracking and ticketing system…………………….... 7
2.10 Design and Development of GPS-GSM based Tracking System
with Google Map based Monitoring…………………………………… 7
CHAPTER- 3
3. METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………… 8
3.1 Introduction …………………………………….………………….....
8
3.2 Design Preparations …………………………………………………… 8
3.3 Design Development Tools …………………………………………… 8
3.4 System Requirements …………………………………………………. 8
3.4.1 Functional Requirements …………………………………………. 8
3.4.2 Non-Functional Requirements ………………...…………………. 9
3.5 System Descriptions …………………………………………………… 9
3.6 System Flow chat ………………………………….…………………… 9
3.6.1 User Activities …………………………………………………….. 10
3.6.2 Administrator Activities ………………………………………….. 10
3.6.3 Admin and User Activities ER DIAGRAM ……………………… 11
3.7 Test Case ……………………………………………………………… 12
3.7.1 Admin Case …………………………………………………….. 13
3.7.2
User Case ………………………………………………………… 15
CHAPTER- 4
4. RESULTS AND TESTING ……………………………….... 16
4.1 Admin Login ……………………………………………………….. 16
4.2 User Login……... ………………………………………………..… 16
4.3 Admin Dashboard …………………………………………………
17
4.4 Booking Details …………………… …………………………….
17
4.5 Bus Details ………..……………………………………………….
18
4.6 Availability of Bus ……...…………………………………………
18
4.7 Route Details…………….…………………………………………… 19
4.8 User Details……………..……………………………………………. 20
4.9 Ticket Details ………………………………………………………… 20
CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………. 21
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………. 22
BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
An electronic payment system is a way of making transactions or paying for goods and services
electronically without using cash or checks. In order to accept funding and meet customers
needs, companies like travelling companies are accepting payments in many more forms than
ticket. They can simply book the ticket using the Web page. In addition, customers can check
the availability of the bus ticket before they reserve the ticket.
1.2 Problem statement
Currently, staffs at ticket counter are using the manual system to sell tickets and manage the
bus seat booking. Company spends a large cost need to hire a developer to build to system for
them. Many people find it hard to contact and go to the bus counter each time they want to find
whether there is available ticket on the time they want to depart. It will take quite so/me time
to do the process of finding the available ticket and often involved some cost to do so.
1.3 Objectives
•
Manage reservations and seating effectively.
•
Save and secure payment gateway module.
•
Detail reports for managing trips.
•
Save time spent by standing in queue for purchase.
•
Pay online using online payment facility.
•
Take a ticket printout.
•
Counter booking using online application.
•
Generate detailed report of sales details.
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BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
•
Manage various trips, rates and types.
•
Allows users to reserve seats online.
•
Allow user to pay for tickets online by Integrating system with EBS and benefiting of
their services.
•
Build a secure system.
•
Participate in Reducing cash transaction to solve the traditional payment problems.
•
Provide the better work efficiency, security, accuracy, reliability, feasibility.
•
Reducing The error to almost nil.
•
Improving working conditions.
1.4 Thesis Layout
This thesis would be presented in five (5) chapters in well-structured and
coordinated order as outlined below :
Chapter one (Introduction): is a general introduction of the project,it gives the general idea of the
project and its objectives. Also the problem Statement which is a clearly defined of the problem.
Finally the organizations of the thesis.
Chapter two (Literature Survey): This chapter presents description and explanation for various
technologies used, definition of payment system and its forms, the history of electronic payments,
the type of electronic payments , security and authentication in electronic payment and the epayment in public transport.
Chapter three (Methodology): This chapter introduces a brief description of the system. And
approaches overall framework and hardware components that were used, system functional and
non-functional requirements, database design, and the payment process.
Chapter four (Result): This chapter shows the results obtained when the system executed, and
discusses tests performed on the system.
Chapter five (Conclusion): This chapter provides the Project conclusion, Limitations, and future
work will be performed to improve this project.
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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 The research and implementation of GPS intelligent transmission
strategy based on on-board Android Smartphone.
Authors: z. Wei, Y. Song, H. Liu, Y. Sheng, X. Wang.
Smartphones have been widely integrated with GPS receiver, which may provide accurate location
information to vehicles without cost increase. Traditionally, LBS applications obtain vehicle location
the using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) protocol uploaded to central servers with a fixed
frequency. In this paper, we exploit an intelligent strategy of GPS sensing and transmitting. Explicitly,
we implemented a platform to collect real-time GPS data from vehicles. A common Android
Smartphone server as GPS sensor in a vehicles. Client Application software is designed to generate
GPS location updates with adaptive timestamps once it executed. In the final comparison, MQTT
push technology is introduced into GPS transmission in order to effectively reduce mobile traffic.
2.2 Performance evaluation of IoT protocol under a constrained wireless
access network.
Authors: Y. Chen, T. Kunz.
One of the challenges faced by today’s Internet of things (IoT) is to efficiently support machine-tomachine communication, given that the remote sensor and the gateway devices are connected through
low bandwidth, unreliable, or intermittent wireless communication links.
In this paper, we
quantitatively compare the performance of IoT protocols, namely MQTT ( Message Queuing
Telemetry Transport ), CoAP ( Constrained Application Protocol ), DDS ( Data Distribution Service)
and a custom UDP-based protocol in a medical setting. The performance of the protocols was
evaluated using a network emulator, allowing us to emulate a low bandwidth, high system latency,
and high packet loss wireless access network. This paper reports the observed performance of the
protocols and arrives at the conclusion that although DDS results in higher bandwidth usage
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than MQTT, its superior performance with regard to data latency and reliability makes it an
attractive choice for medical IoT applications and beyond.
2.3 Implementation of unconscious bus location sensing system with
smartphone devices and bacon devices.
Authors: K. Tanaka, K. Naito`
The paper demonstrates a new unconscious sensing system bus location. Our system is a new type of
application based on participatory sensing systems. However, it can perform sensing operation
without user operation. Therefore, we can employ the mechanism to realize practical application such
as bus location systems. Our sensing system consists of a beacon devices, a smartphone application.
The smartphone application can upload a bus location to the cloud service when the smartphone
application detects the beacon devices, and a cloud service. The beacon device is installed on a bus
to activate the smartphone application detects the beacon. The cloud service manages the bus location
and distributes them for smartphone applications. The demonstration shows a prototype system for a
bus location system based on the new participatory sensing mechanism.
2.4 Hybrid dynamic predictor model of bus arrival time based on
weighted of historical and real-time GPS data.
Authors: J. Gong, m. Liu, S. Zhang.
Advanced traveler information systems ( ATIS ) are one component of intelligent transportation
systems ( ITS ), and a major components of ATIS is travel time information. Global positioning
system-based automatic vehicle location ( AVL ) systems have been adopted by many transit agencies
for tracking their vehicles and predicting travel time in real time. It is a very important subject to
improve the precision and reliability of the prediction model which cab attract additional ridership,
reduce passengers anxieties and waiting times at bus stop, and increase their satisfaction.
Furthermore, it can promote the development of city public transportation. This paper presents an
improved approach to predict the public bus arrival time based on historical and real-time GPS data.
After analyzing the components of bus arrival time systematically, the bus arrival time and dwell time
at previous stops are chosen as the main input variables of the prediction model. At first, the algorithm
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of data interpolation and processing is designed to get the real-time GPS data as the input variables
of the prediction models. Secondly, the statistical model is obtained based on the historical data of
average running time of each link and dwelling time of each stop at given time-of-day and day-ofweek respectively. Thirdly, a hybrid dynamic prediction model is proposed to predict the bus arrival
time. Finally, Actual GPS data from bus route 244 located in Shenyang, CHINA are used as a test
bed. The index of mean Absolute percentage Error ( MAPE ) is used to evaluate the three models.
The results show that the improved model outperforms the historical data based model in terms of
prediction accuracy.
2.5 GPS based bus tracking system.
Authors: E. L. Singla, P. Bhatia.
In this fast life, everyone is in hurry to reach their destinations. In this case, waiting for the buses is
not reliable. People who rely on the public transport their concern is to know the real-time location
of the bus for which they are waiting for and the time it will take to reach their bus stop. This
information helps people in making better travelling decisions. This paper gives the major challenges
in the public transport system and discusses various approaches to intelligently manage it. A current
position of the bus is acquired by integrating GPS device on the bus and coordinates of the bus are
sent by either GPRS service provided by GSM networks or SMS or RFID. GPS device is enabled on
the tracking device and this information is sent to a centralized control unit or directly at the bus stops
using RF receivers. This system is further integrated with the historical average speeds of each
segment. This is done to improve the accuracy by including the factors like a volume of traffic,
crossings in each segment, day and time of day. People can track information using LEDs at bus
stops, SMS, web application or Android application. GPS coordinates of the bus when sent to the
centralized server where various arrival time estimates algorithms are applied using historical speed
patterns.
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2.6 RFID-based Ticketing for Public Transport System.
Authors: F. Foisal Mahedi Hasan et al.
In the system, a malicious argument among public, corruption and most of all traffic jam. This paper
actually suggests a much more public friendly, automated system of ticketing as well as the credit
transaction with the use of RFID based tickets. The total system mainly acts to bring out the
consistency among various bus agencies that will conclude in uniform access of passengers in daily
rides through an automated server being updated every single time the passengers travel by carrying
the RFID based tickets.
2.7 Taking an electronic ticketing system to the cloud: Design and
discussion.
Authors: Filipe Araujo, Marilia Curado, Pedro Furtado, Raul Barbosa.
In this paper we address the challenge of creating an electronic ticketing system for transporting
systems that can partially or completely run on the cloud. This challenge is defined within the scope
of an industrial project. The resulting system should be able to reach a large spectrum of customers
and should provide two key advantages: lower operational costs, especially for small clients without
IT departments, and faster execution of queries for monthly or other sorts of analysis, using the
elasticity of cloud-based resources. To fulfill the goals of the project, we propose very standard
technologies and procedures: a three-tiered architecture; a separation of the online and analysis
databases; and an Enterprise Service Bus to get the input from very diverse hardware and software
stacks.
2.8 Optimal transport on complex nets.
Authors: H. B. Danila, Y. Yu, J. K. Marsh, K. Bassler.
We present a heuristic algorithm for the optimization of transport on complex networks. Previously
proposed network transport optimization algorithms aim at avoiding or reducing link overload. Our
algorithm balance traffic on a network by minimizing the maximum node betweenness as little path
lengthening as possible, thus being useful in cases when networks are jamming due to node
congestion. By using the resulting routing, a network can sustain significantly higher traffic without
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jamming than in the case of shortest path routing.
2.9 Mobile enabled bus tracking and ticketing system.
Authors: Suresh Sankarananrayanan, Paul Hamilton.
Public transportation in many countries is being used as means of transport for travelling and
accordingly people would prefer these public transportation to be scheduled properly, on time and the
frequency be increased for commuters to make good use of it. It has been found that quite an amount
of research work has been carried out, in this sector, by way of using RFID technology in the public
transportation systems towards the tracking of passengers when they board and exit buses. In addition
research has also been carried out in using GPS towards the tracking of buses along with RFID
technology at traffic lights, bus stops, intersections etc and displaying expected arrival times on LCD
screen at bus stops along with their current positions.
2.10 Design and Development of GPS-GSM based Tracking System with
Google Map based Monitoring`
Authors: J. P. Verma, J. S. Bhatia.
GPS is one of the technologies that are used in a huge number of applications today. One of the
applications is tracking your vehicle and keeps regular monitoring on them. This tracking system can
inform you the location and route traveled by a vehicle, and that information can be observed from
any other remote location. It also includes the web application that provides you the exact location of
a target. This system uses GPS and GSM technologies. The paper includes the hardware part which
comprises of GPS, GSM, At mega microcontroller MAX 232, 16x2 LCD and software part is used
for interfacing all the required modules and a web application are also developed at the client side.
The main objective is to design a system that can be easily installed and to provide the platform for
further enhancement.
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter introduces a brief description of the system and approaches overall framework used
in building the system from define the requirements. Also it includes a brief description of the
software and hardware components that were used.
3.2 Design Preparations
The design preparation is a phase before the actual development, they include the determination
of the development tools and determination of the Technique used to develop the application.
3.3 Determine Development Tools
Online Bus reservation system has been developed by XAMP. It is a local Web server which
provides the suitable environment for PHP and SQL. XAMPP stands for Cross-Platform (X), Apache
(A), Maria DB (M), PHP (P) and Perl (P).
Cross platform means it can be run in any computer machine and with any operating software. And
the Apache is the most famous open source Web server which is required for running most of the
application like PHP. Maria DB is the popular database server which is open source. It supports the
PHP. PHP is an online source general-purpose scripting language provides an environment for Web
development. PERL ( Practical extraction and reporting language ) is a high-level general purpose
programming language. It is used in developed Web applications.
3.4 System Requirements
3.4.1 Functional Requirements
Functional requirements define the specific functions that the system performs, along with the data
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operated on by the functions. The functional requirements are presented in scenarios that depict an
operational system from the perspective of the end users. Included are one or more example of all
system features and an enumeration of all the specific requirements associated with these features:
•
The system shall incorporate mechanism to authenticate its users.
•
The system shall verify and validate all user input and should notify in case of error
detection and should help the user in error corrections .
•
The system shall allow sharing of files in the system.
•
The system shall allow quick message to FG be exchanged without face to face interaction.
3.4.2 Non – Functional Requirements
Non-functional requirements address aspects of the system other than the specific functions it
performs. These aspects include system performance, costs and such general system characteristics
as reliability, security and portability. The non-functional requirements also address aspects of the
system development process and operational personnel. It includes the followings :
•
The system shall be user friendly and consistent.
•
The system shall provide attractive graphical interface for the user.
•
The system shall allow developer access to installed environment.
•
The system shall target customer base.
3.5 System Descriptions
The system is a Web-based application that allows visitors to reserve seats, buy and pay ticket
online. The proposed bus reservation system was developed using Structure Query Language (SQL),
PHP hypertext processor (PHP).
The design will take the following approach: designing the database, creating relationships,
designing the user interface and the system processes.
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The system will work in almost all configurations. It has got following features :
•
It will guarantee information precision.
•
Availability of seats can be enquired.
•
Passengers can reserve seats easily.
•
Passengers can also pay for tickets easily.
•
Minimum time required for the different preparing.
•
It will provide better service.
3.6 System Flow Chart
3.6.1 User Activities
The most common activities carried out by user are illustrated bellow :
•
The user can choose journey date and the suitable.
•
The user can check for the available seat.
•
The user can also do payment for the seat on the proposed system.
•
The user can print receipt on the system as evidence of payment.
3.6.2 Administer Activities
•
The administrator can login to system .
•
The administrator gives acknowledge to any payment user made on the system.
•
The administrator can edit information of Bus already exist in system.
•
The administrator can add new route.
•
The administrator can delete reservation.
•
Show the data of whole system.
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3.6.3 ADMINE AND USER ACTIVITY ER DIAGRAM
Fig 3.1 Admin and User activity ER diagram
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3.7 TEST CASES
Admin
Mail
password
Route
R_id
Ori
Dst
Mail
Bus
Bus_ no
Type
R-id
Name
Password
Mail
User
User_id
Booking
Pass_id
Name
Gender age
Mobile
Fig 3.2 Schema diagram
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R_id
B_id
BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
3.7.1 Admin Case:
Table 3.1 : Admin case
Case
Test Case
ID
1
Login test
Expected
Actual
Pass / Fail
Remarks
Output
Output
Login with
Successful
Pass
Good
Fail
poor
Successful
Pass
Excellent
Successful
Pass
Excellent
Successful
Pass
Excellent
Proper
details
2
Exception
Showing a
Not
Handling for
Message with
Successful
Fail login
a
Cause of
Failure i.e
wrong user
name or
password
3
Add route
Add route
properly
4
Add and Update
Add and
Bus information
update bus
information
correctly
5
Filtering
Filter
information
Information
Displayed
Based on the
Choosing
Criteria
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6
Managing
Manage
Details
Information
Successful
Pass
Good
Successful
Pass
Good
Properly
stored
7
View details
View
Of a reserved
reservation
ticket
information
properly
3.7.2 User Case
Next table show all test cases for user and how the system responds:
Table 3.2 : User Case
Case
Test Case
Expected
Actual
Output
Output
Search
Search
Information
Information
ID
1
Pass / Fail
Remarks
Successful
Pass
Excellent
Successful
Pass
Good
Successful
Pass
Good
Successful
Pass
Good
Properly
2
View bus
View bus
information
Information
Properly
3
Enter
Enter
Personal
personal
information
information
properly
4
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Exception
Showing a
handling for
Message with
no enough
a cause of
seats
failure
BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
i.e no enough
seats
5
Reserve
Reserve
Ticket
ticket
information
information
properly
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Successful
Pass
Excellent
BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
CHAPTER - 4
RESULTS AND TESTING
4.1 Admin Login
The home page of the website, Shows all the information of ADMIN LOGIN.
Fig 4.1: Home Page
4.2 User Login
The home page of the website, shows all the information of user login which leads to user page.
Fig 4.2: User login
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4.3 Admin Dashboard
It shows the information about admin dashboard
Fig 4.3: Admin Dashboard
4.4 Booking Details
Admin can check booking status of all buses.
Fig 4.4: Show Bookings
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4.5 Bus Details
Admin can access the information about buses along with the bus number and also can add
new bus to the route.
Fig 4.5: Add Bus
4.6 Availability of Buses.
Admin can check availability of Buses.
Fig 4.6: Availability of Buses
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4.7 Route Details
Admin can access the bus routes and he can add new route to the dashboard.
Fig 4.7: Add Bus Route
4.7.1 Shows route details.
Added Bus route will be displayed in the page.
Fig 4.7.1: Shows Route Details.
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4.8 User Details
Admin can see the customer details who is going to travel in Bus.
Fig 4.8: User Detail Page
4.9 Tickets Details
Admin can view the tickets details of customers.
Fig 4.9: Show Ticket Detail Page
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CONCLUSION
These days, bus agencies are taking essential role in transportation, and to make reservation
reliable they required a strong solid system that they will make reservation less demanding,
speedier and more secure. This undertaking intended to meet requirements of a bus reservation
system. Several steps have been performed to construct the software; the work mainly consisted
of using ready-made libraries, modifying existing open source projects and writing codes from
scratch. Development platform that was used is XAMP v.3.2.1
It has been developed in XHTML, PHP, CSS, and database has been built in MySQL. By using
this application, the organization can give reservation administrations and data to their clients
without the limitation of office hours or manpower. Not just does it let clients book trips around
the clock from any location with an internet connection. Yet it is additionally designed for use by
the company to internally manage their business processes; minimizing human errors and
overcoming difficulties and problems that arose in the previous system.
The web site was developed, without the payment process by EBS limitations.
However, the system still suffers some limitations such as:
•
The website is not linked to EBS server.
•
Admin cannot change the password.
FUTURE WORK
The application can be enhanced by many extra features. Some of these features can be
summarized as follows :
•
Improving the user interface, because the user interface always can be improved.
•
Back end the system to EBS to archive the payment process.
•
Develop mobile applications, since it is more easy to use.
•
Develop a version for fees collections in public transport.
•
At the interface, Mark the reserved seats with red flags.
•
User who u.
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[3] S. Kim, Security Augmenting Scheme for Bus Information System based on Smart Phone,
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