Introduction to Medical Terminology Chapter 1 PowerPoint Lecture Notes to Accompany Medical Terminology Express, Second Edition Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Regina M. Masters Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company Introduction Welcome to the PowerPoint® for Medical Terminology Express: A Short-Course Approach by Body System, Second Edition. This presentation consists of a chapter overview with interactive exercises based on chapter content and relevant images for each body system chapter in the text. Content slides contain a navigation bar along the left border to allow for single-click, quick, and slick movement throughout the presentation. We hope you enjoy this presentation and find it to be a useful addition to the Express suite of learning resources. — Barbara A. Gylys Regina M. Masters Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Overview Medical Terminology Specialized language used by health care providers. Four elements are used to build medical words: – – – – Word root (WR) Combining form (CF) Suffix Prefix Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Overview Medical Terminology (continued) Three rules of word building. Defining medical words. Pronunciation guidelines. Plural suffixes. Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Word Elements Word Root (WR) Foundation of a medical word that contains its main meaning. Usually derived from Latin or Greek language. Most medical words contain at least one WR. – – – – hepat in hepat/itis tonsill in tonsill/ectomy gastr in gastr/oma laryng in laryng/itis Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Word Elements Combining Form (CF) Created when a WR is combined with a vowel, known as a combining vowel. – Combining vowel usually an o, but sometimes an i or an e. Difficulty pronouncing certain combinations of WRs requires insertion of a vowel. No meaning of its own but enables two or more word elements to be connected. Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Word Elements Combining Form mamm/o in mamm/o/gram psych/o in psych/o/logy laryng/o in laryng/o/spasm hepat/o in hepat/o/megaly Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Word Elements Suffix Word element at the end of a word. Changes the meaning of a medical word. Contained in most medical words. Usually an indication of a pathology, condition, symptom, therapeutic or diagnostic procedure, or part of speech. Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Word Elements Suffix -ectomy in append/ectomy -itis in appendic/itis -oma in neur/oma -tomy in crani/o/tomy -scope in gastr/o/scope -oma in gastr/oma Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Word Elements Prefix Word element at the beginning of a word. Many are the same as those used in the English language. Changes the meaning of a medical word. Not contained in all medical words. Usually an indication of a number, time, position, measurement, direction, or negation. Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Word Elements Prefix hyper- in hyper/tension hemi- in hemi/plegia epi- in epi/derm/al post- in post/nat/al inter- in inter/cost/al Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Medical Words Three steps for defining medical words. 1. Define the suffix first. 2. Define the first part of the word (WR, CF, or prefix). 3. Define the middle part of the word (WR or CF). Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Medical Words Exercise 1. gastr/itis: 2. oste/o/arthr/itis: 3. poly/neur/itis: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Medical Words Exercise 1. gastr/itis: inflammation of the stomach 2. oste/o/arthr/itis: inflammation of the bone and joint 3. poly/neur/itis: inflammation of many nerves Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Medical Words Exercise 4. append/ectomy: 5. gastr/ectomy: 6. mast/ectomy: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Medical Words Exercise 4. append/ectomy: excision of the appendix 5. gastr/ectomy: excision of the stomach (either all or partial) 6. mast/ectomy: excision of a breast Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Building Medical Words Three rules for building medical words. Rule 1: WR links a suffix that begins with a vowel. Rule 2: CF (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant. Rule 3: CF (root + o) links a root to another root to form a compound word. – Rule 3 holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel, as in gastr/o/intestin/al. Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Building Medical Words Exercise Determine which of the three rules for building medical words applies to the following terms. 1. arthr/itis 2. gastr/o/intestin/al 3. hepat/o/cyte Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Building Medical Words Exercise 1. arthr/itis Rule 1: A root links a suffix that begins with a vowel. 2. gastr/o/intestin/al Rule 3: A CF links a root to another root to form a compound word; a root links a suffix that begins with a vowel. 3. hepat/o/cyte Rule 2: A CF links a suffix that begins with a consonant. Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Pronunciation Guidelines Pronunciation guidelines are located in the back of the textbook. Pronunciation Help table is located at the end of the Word Elements and Pharmacology tables in each body system chapter. Diacritical marks and capitalization are used to aid pronunciation of terms throughout the text and to help you understand pronunciation marks used in most dictionaries. Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Surgical Suffixes Suffixes associated with surgical procedures. append/ectomy arthr/o/centesis lith/o/tripsy rhin/o/plasty oste/o/tome Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Surgical Suffixes Suffixes associated with surgical procedures. arthr/o/desis thromb/o/lysis mast/o/pexy trache/o/stomy trache/o/tomy Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Surgical Suffixes Exercise 1. excision, removal: 2. surgical puncture: 3. crushing: 4. separation; destruction; loosening: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Surgical Suffixes Exercise 1. excision, removal: -ectomy 2. surgical puncture: -centesis 3. crushing: -tripsy 4. separation; destruction; loosening: -lysis Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Surgical Suffixes Exercise 5. incision: 6. fixation (of an organ): 7. suture: 8. surgical repair: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Surgical Suffixes Exercise 5. incision: -tomy 6. fixation (of an organ): -pexy 7. suture: -rrhaphy 8. surgical repair: -plasty Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Surgical Suffixes Exercise 9. forming an opening (mouth): 10. binding, fixation (of a bone or joint): 11. instrument to cut: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Surgical Suffixes Exercise 9. forming an opening (mouth): -stomy 10. binding, fixation (of a bone or joint): -desis 11. instrument to cut: -tome Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Diagnostic Suffixes Suffixes associated with diagnostic procedures. electr/o/cardio/gram (ECG, EKG) gastr/o/scopy esophag/o/scope Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Diagnostic Suffixes Suffixes associated with diagnostic procedures. pelv/i/meter* cardi/o/graph angi/o/graphy pelv/i/metry * The i in pelv/i/meter is an exception to the rule of using the connecting vowel o. Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Diagnostic Suffixes Exercise 1. instrument for examining: 2. visual examination: 3. instrument for recording: 4. process of recording: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Diagnostic Suffixes Exercise 1. instrument for examining: -scope 2. visual examination: -scopy 3. instrument for recording: -graph 4. process of recording: -graphy Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Diagnostic Suffixes Exercise 5. instrument for measuring: 6. act of measuring: 7. record, writing: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Diagnostic Suffixes Exercise 5. instrument for measuring: -meter 6. act of measuring: -metry 7. record, writing: -gram Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Pathological Suffixes Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease. neur/algia gastr/itis hem/o/rrhage cardi/o/megaly Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Pathological Suffixes Suffixes associated with an abnormal condition or a disease. hepat/o/cele lymph/edema myo/pathy dia/rrhea neur/oma Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Pathological Suffixes Exercise 1. pain: 2. formation, growth: 3. forming, producing, origin: 4. bursting forth (of): Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Pathological Suffixes Exercise 1. pain: -algia, -dynia 2. formation, growth: -plasia, -plasm 3. forming, producing, origin: -gen, -genesis 4. bursting forth (of): -rrhage, -rrhagia Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Pathological Suffixes Exercise 5. swelling: 6. hernia, swelling: 7. stone, calculus: 8. abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells): Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Pathological Suffixes Exercise 5. swelling: -edema 6. hernia, swelling: -cele 7. stone, calculus: -lith 8. abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells): -osis Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Pathological Suffixes Exercise 9. involuntary contraction, twitching: 10. narrowing, stricture: 11. discharge, flow: 12. disease: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Pathological Suffixes Exercise 9. involuntary contraction, twitching: -spasm 10. narrowing, stricture: -stenosis 11. discharge, flow: -rrhea 12. disease: -pathy Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Pathological Suffixes Exercise 13. inflammation: 14. tumor: 15. rupture: 16. paralysis: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Pathological Suffixes Exercise 13. inflammation: -itis 14. tumor: -oma 15. rupture: -rrhexis 16. paralysis: -plegia Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Pathological Suffixes Exercise 17. dilation, expansion: 18. vomiting: 19. blood condition: 20. abnormal condition (produced by something specified): Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Pathological Suffixes Exercise 17. dilation, expansion: -ectasis 18. vomiting: -emesis 19. blood condition: -emia 20. abnormal condition (produced by something specified): -iasis Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Grammatical Suffixes Suffixes attached to word roots to form parts of speech, such as adjectives and nouns. gastr/ic (adjective) neur/al (adjective) obstetr/ician (noun) pneumon/ia (noun) Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Adjectives and Nouns Exercise 1. Adjective suffixes -ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -ic, -ile, and -ous mean: 2. Noun suffixes -esis, -ia, and -ism mean: 3. Noun suffixes -ician and -ist mean: 4. Noun suffix -iatry means: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Adjectives and Nouns Exercise 1. Adjective suffixes -ac, -al, -ar, -ary, -ic, -ile, and -ous mean: pertaining to 2. Noun suffixes -esis, -ia, and -ism mean: condition 3. Noun suffixes -ician and -ist mean: specialist 4. Noun suffix -iatry means: medicine; treatment Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Singular Words to Plural Forms Suffix changes when a word is modified from a singular to a plural form. diagnosis to diagnoses bronchus to bronchi deformity to deformities pleura to pleurae Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Change Singular Terms to Plural Forms Exercise 1. thrombus: 2. ovum: 3. fungus: 4. diagnosis: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Change Singular Terms to Plural Forms Exercise 1. thrombus: thrombi 2. ovum: ova 3. fungus: fungi 4. diagnosis: diagnoses Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Common Prefixes Word element placed at the beginning of a word. Changes the meaning of the word. Not contained in all medical terms. Most prefixes same as in the English language. Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Common Prefixes Exercise 1. dipl-, diplo-: 2. macro-: 3. homo-, homeo-: 4. mono-, uni-: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Common Prefixes Exercise 1. dipl-, diplo-: double 2. macro-: large 3. homo-, homeo-: same 4. mono-, uni-: one Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Common Prefixes Exercise 5. micro: 6. circum-, peri-: 7. a-, an-: 8. super-: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Common Prefixes Exercise 5. micro: small 6. circum-, peri-: around 7. a-, an-: without, not 8. super-: upper, above Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Common Prefixes Exercise 9. post: 10. pre-, pro-: 11. primi-: 12. dia-, trans-: Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company 1 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Define Common Prefixes Exercise 9. post: after, behind 10. pre-, pro-: before, in front 11. primi-: first 12. dia-, trans-: through, across Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company Copyright © 2015 by F.A. Davis Company. All rights reserved. This product is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means— electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without written permission from the publisher. Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company