Biopolymers
Biopolymers
Biopolymers are derived from biomass via extraction, fermentation or combined
chemical and biochemical synthesis.
From: Comprehensive Biotechnology (Third Edition), 2019
Related terms:
Polysaccharide, pH, Lignin, Nanoparticles, Adsorption, Biomass, Cellulose, Micro-Organism
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bind to protein or polysaccharide antigens, while polypeptide hormones must be
recognized by their receptors, themselves proteins or glycoproteins. The proteins
that interact with nucleic acids (e.g., repressors) bind to specific base sequences or
secondary structures on the polymeric acids. In some cases these base sequences are
almost palindromic (read the same backward or forward) as in XV, and the protein
molecules which bind to them often have two subunits so that one may bind to each
strand of the DNA.
bind to protein or polysaccharide antigens, while polypeptide hormones must be
recognized by their receptors, themselves proteins or glycoproteins. The proteins
that interact with nucleic acids (e.g., repressors) bind to specific base sequences or
secondary structures on the polymeric acids. In some cases these base sequences are
almost palindromic (read the same backward or forward) as in XV, and the protein
molecules which bind to them often have two subunits so that one may bind to each
strand of the DNA.
XV
XV
A “motif ” found inAseveral
“motifDNA-binding
” found in several
proteins
DNA-binding
consists ofproteins
two helices
consists
linked
of by
twoa helices linked by a
short stretch of polypeptide
short stretch
chain
of in
polypeptide
the form ofchain
a sharp
in the
bend.
form
Such
of aan
sharp
arrangement
bend. Such an arrangement
fits easily into a groove
fits easily
of double
into ahelical
grooveDNA.
of double helical DNA.
Within ribosomes,Within
strong ribosomes,
interactionsstrong
between
interactions
protein and
between
r-RNAprotein
are essential
and r-RNA
for are essential for
maintenance of themaintenance
structure and
of functioning
the structureofand
the functioning
ribosome. Details
of the of
ribosome.
these Details of these
interactions are notinteractions
yet well understood.
are not yet well understood.
Polysaccharide-polysaccharide
Polysaccharide-polysaccharide
interactions can also
interactions
take place,can
probably
also take
involving
place, probably involving
extensive hydrogenextensive
bondinghydrogen
and “shape
bonding
fitting”and
over“shape
lengths
fitting”
of twenty
over or
lengths
more of twenty or more
monosaccharide residues.
monosaccharide
This is important
residues.inThis
plant
is important
cell walls where
in plant
cellulose
cell walls
fibers
where cellulose fibers
are embedded in aare
matrix
embedded
of proteins
in a matrix
and several
of proteins
different
andpolysaccharides.
several different polysaccharides.
ined in terms of their primary chemical structure, functions, and application as
bio-based alternatives to petroleum-based polymers.
ined in terms of their primary chemical structure, functions, and application as
bio-based alternatives to petroleum-based polymers.
contact between the iron/sand mixture and the biopolymer. Following placement
high pH enzyme breaker was added to the fluid to break the remaining biopolymer
in the trench and clay was placed on the barrier to prevent contact with air.
Fig. 18.5. DifferentFig.
biopolymers
18.5. Different
and their
biopolymers
composites.
and their composites.
quantities. They are a sustainable source of nontoxic, biodegradable, eco-friendly,
and low-cost polymeric materials. Their biocompatibility has been explored in agriculture (Perlatti et al., 2013).
quantities. They are a sustainable source of nontoxic, biodegradable, eco-friendly,
and low-cost polymeric materials. Their biocompatibility has been explored in agriculture (Perlatti et al., 2013).
6.3.2 Biopolymer-based sorbents
significant effect from other competitive ions was observed in the chitosan biocomposite indicating its potential in practical defluoridation applications. Additionally,
biopolymers like alginate and pectic have also been utilized for fluoride removal
(Raghav et al., 2019). The active sites on the biomaterial scaffolds (BMS), alginate,
and pectin have been improved by the incorporation of trimetallic oxides (Fe–Al–Ce).
Moreover, the trimetallic oxide incorporation reduced the leaching effect and the
adsorption capacity of the biopolymer composite compared to monometallic oxide
incorporation (Kumar et al., 2017). The biopolymer composite presented a high
surface area of 274.59 m2/g along with an adsorption capacity of 400 mg/g. The
high adsorption capacity was attributed to the combined adsorption phenomenon
of hydrogen bonding, ion-exchange, and ion-pair formations of fluoride with the
surface functional groups like –OH, carbonyl, and esters. The probable mechanisms
of fluoride adsorption over the biopolymer matrix are shown in Fig. 6.4. The work
demonstrated that cross-linking biopolymers with metal nanoparticles have a proportional effect on the surface area and also on the active sites by improving the
chelation degree between the metal ions and inorganic fluoride.
significant effect from other competitive ions was observed in the chitosan biocomposite indicating its potential in practical defluoridation applications. Additionally,
biopolymers like alginate and pectic have also been utilized for fluoride removal
(Raghav et al., 2019). The active sites on the biomaterial scaffolds (BMS), alginate,
and pectin have been improved by the incorporation of trimetallic oxides (Fe–Al–Ce).
Moreover, the trimetallic oxide incorporation reduced the leaching effect and the
adsorption capacity of the biopolymer composite compared to monometallic oxide
incorporation (Kumar et al., 2017). The biopolymer composite presented a high
surface area of 274.59 m2/g along with an adsorption capacity of 400 mg/g. The
high adsorption capacity was attributed to the combined adsorption phenomenon
of hydrogen bonding, ion-exchange, and ion-pair formations of fluoride with the
surface functional groups like –OH, carbonyl, and esters. The probable mechanisms
of fluoride adsorption over the biopolymer matrix are shown in Fig. 6.4. The work
demonstrated that cross-linking biopolymers with metal nanoparticles have a proportional effect on the surface area and also on the active sites by improving the
chelation degree between the metal ions and inorganic fluoride.
Fig. 6.4. Probable mechanisms
Fig. 6.4. Probable
of fluoride
mechanisms
adsorption
of fluoride
over theadsorption
trimetallicover
oxide
the trimetallic oxide
incorporated biomaterial
incorporated
scaffolds
biomaterial
(BMS-FAC).
scaffolds
Reproduced
(BMS-FAC).
with permission
Reproducedfrom
with permission from
Raghav et al. (2019).
Raghav et al. (2019).
Chitin is a biopolymer
Chitin
that
is is
a biopolymer
abundantly that
found
is in
abundantly
the shellsfound
of shrimps
in theand
shells
crab
of shrimps and crab
and can be ubiquitously
and can
found
be ubiquitously
in nature (Pillai
found
et al.,
in nature
2009). (Pillai
The crustacean
et al., 2009).
shells
The crustacean shells
are biomineralized compositions of chitin and inorganic calcium carbonate (Boßelmann et al., 2007). The higher content of calcium carbonate gives rigidity to the
hierarchical structure of the chitin fibrils (Londono-Zuluaga et al., 2019). The chitin
polymer has been demonstrated for its abilities for metal chelation in adsorptive
applications (Londono-Zuluaga et al., 2019). Nehra et al. (2019) reported the use of
chitin modified with bimetallic oxides (Ca–Zn) depicting a fluoride removal capacity
of 40 mg/g. One prominent advantageous feature of biopolymer chitin is the higher
degree of amide groups compared to the amine groups of chitosan rendering an
increase in complexation ability with fluoride. Besides, the ion-dipole interaction of
calcium and fluoride also played a crucial role in adsorption.
are biomineralized compositions of chitin and inorganic calcium carbonate (Boßelmann et al., 2007). The higher content of calcium carbonate gives rigidity to the
hierarchical structure of the chitin fibrils (Londono-Zuluaga et al., 2019). The chitin
polymer has been demonstrated for its abilities for metal chelation in adsorptive
applications (Londono-Zuluaga et al., 2019). Nehra et al. (2019) reported the use of
chitin modified with bimetallic oxides (Ca–Zn) depicting a fluoride removal capacity
of 40 mg/g. One prominent advantageous feature of biopolymer chitin is the higher
degree of amide groups compared to the amine groups of chitosan rendering an
increase in complexation ability with fluoride. Besides, the ion-dipole interaction of
calcium and fluoride also played a crucial role in adsorption.
Chrysanthi Pateraki, ... Vasiliki Kachrimanidou, in Comprehensive Biotechnology
(Third Edition), 2019
Figure 5. Mass flows
Figure
and 5.
process
Mass flow
flowssheets
and process
for theflow
production
sheets for
of PBS,
the production
PHB and of PBS, PHB and
PLA from sugarcane
PLA
and
from
sugar
sugarcane
beet.Modified
and sugar
figures
beet.Modified
from Ref. [16].
figures from Ref. [16].