]DMUDYNUÇN
]DMUD
YNUÇN ID DITMNMLÝB VÛEJ
VÛEJLMN
LMN ILUDMMLÝB
ILUDMMLÝB ADBDUNJ
ADBDUNJ
ID DITMNMLÝB ]TVDULHU YDMBHJÝALMN.
LB]YLYTYH YDMBHJÝALMH BNMLHBNJ ID GÌSLMH MNGVT]
YTSYJN ATYLÌUUD[.
LBADBLDUÇ
LBAD
BLDUÇN
N GDMÎBLMN.
^TLGLMN
^TLG
LMN G>E
YNUDN =.= JD\D] ID ]MCGLIY
]MCGLIY
NJTGBH;
N
JTGBH;
5>51619<
BNPN MUT[ ODPLB DGNBTDJ.
DGNBTDJ.
IHMDBYD;
GHBYH\N GNANÞN, KH]Ì GNBTDJ
@DMCN ID DBYUDAN;
DBYUDAN;
YTSYJN ATYLÌUUD[
ATYLÌUUD[,, MCLNVN], N PLDUB
PLDUBD]
D] >< ID BHPLDGEUD
BHPLDGEUD
IDJ 565>.
Ihmugdbtnrsd
Ihmugdbtn
rsd y dxpjlmnr;
•
•
•
Jdyds id ]mcglit
>n. y 5n. Jdy id @lmo db munbth n su npjlmnmlýb db jn mrlstnjharn`çn
¸Db qud mhbslstd jn il`uslýb8
Jdy id ]mcgli
Jn jdy id ]mcgli `ud prhpudstn phr dj lbvdstlanihr idj glsgh bhgerd db dj nþh id
><3=
Dstn jdy bhs pdrgltd dbtdbidr jns il`drdbmlns db dj mhgphrtngldbth gdmîblmh
gdmîb lmh id jhs
gdtnjds mhb il`drdbtds dstrumturns mrlstnjlbn, pdrh db dspdmlnj dj nmdrh id
mhbstrummlýb mhb ubn EMM mhb dj slgpjd nbîjlsls id jn `udrzn rdqudrlin pnrn lblmlnr
dj prhmdsh id idsjlzngldbth id jhs id`dmths idj nmdrh db jhs ehrids id arnbh id ub
gdtnj phjlmrlstnjlbh gnbl`dstnih mhgh id`hrgnmlýb y `hrgnmlýb id ub mcuph h
dstrlmmlýb y sus gdilins adhgìtrlmns id jn `rnmturn id jn prhedtn id nmdrh id
mhbstrummlýb.
(nern dbjnmd pnrn dsmumcnr dj nuilh y dxpjlmnmlýb idtnjjnin sherd jn jdy id
smcgli)
cttps;//shubimjhui.mhg/nj>1=340
Vrlgdrn jdy id @lmo
Jn prlgdrn jdy id @lmo rdjnmlhbn nj `jukh il`uslvh mhb jn mhbmdbtrnmlýb enkh jn
nsubmlýb id ub dstnih dstnmlhbnrlh. Dstn jdy phstujn qud dj `jukh vn idsid ubn
rdalýb
njtn mhbmdbtrnmlýb
n jnsid
rdalhbds
id enkn(idrlvnin
mhbmdbtrnmlýb,
mhb ubn
qud ds id
prhphrmlhbnj
nj arnildbtd
mhbmdbtrnmlýb
(idrlvn
in dspnmlnj),
h dbgnabltui
tìrglbhs
gîs slgpjds dj mhbmdpth id qud dj shjuth sd ghvdrî idsid ubn rdalýb id njtn
mhbmdbtrnmlýb n ubn id enkn mhbmdbtrnmlýb ntrnvdsnbih ub arnildbtd id
mhbmdbtrnmlýb. Db ubn ûblmn ilgdbslýb (dspnmlnj), jn jdy thgn jn `hrgn;
I ds prhphrmlhbnj n jn vdjhmlini id il`uslýb nj munirnih
munirn ih id jns pnrtçmujns qud dstîb
il`ubildbih, jn munj idpdbid id jn tdgpdrnturn, vlsmhslini idj `julih y idj tngnþh
id jns pnrtçmujns id nmudrih n jn rdjnmlýb id Dlbstdlb-]thods. Db
D b shjumlhbds nmuhsns
iljulins jhs mhd`lmldbtds id il`uslýb id il`drdbtds lhbds shb slgljnrds y tldbdb
ids id jhs (6,0 x >6∕<) n jhs (5 x >6∕<) g5
vnjhrds n tdgpdrnturn ngeldbtd qud vnb idsid
/ s. Vnrn ghjìmujns elhjýalmns jhs mhd`lmldbtds id il`uslýb bhrgnjgdbtd vnb dbtrd
jhs (>6∕>>) y jhs (>6∕>6) g5 / s.
Vnrn ihs h gîs ilgdbslhbds dspnmlnjds, phidghs cnmdr ush idj hpdrnihr (bnejn
h arnildbtd), jh munj adbdrnjlzn jn prlgdrn idrlvnin, hetdblìbihsd;
Jn `udrzn lgpujshrn pnrn jn il`uslýb ublilgdbslhbnj ds jn mnbtlini
qud pnrn gdzmjns lidnjds ds dj arnildbtd id mhbmdbtrnmlýb. Db slstdgns quçglmhs
il`drdbtds n shjumlhbds lidnjds, jn `udrzn
` udrzn lgpujshrn pnrn jn il`uslýb id mnin dspdmld
ds dj arnildbtd id phtdbmlnj quçglmh id dstns dspdmlds. Db dsths mnshs jn prlgdrn
jdy id @lmo (pnrn ubn ilgdbslýb) pudid sdr rddsmrltn mhgh;
]l jn vnrlnejd prlgnrln ds jn `rnmmlýb id gnsn (\>), inin, phr dkdgpjh, db (oa / oa), dbthbmds jn
dmunmlýb thgn jn `hrgn;
Býtdsd qud jn idbslini sd dbmudbtrn `udrn idj hpdrnihr arnildbtd.
]daub
]d
aub in jdy id @lmo
]d cnb utljlznih mhb `rdmudbmln dmunmlhbds idrlvnins id jns jdyds id @lmo pnrn
ghidjnr prhmdshs id trnbsphrtd pnslvh db njlgdbths, bdurhbns, elhphjçgdrhs,
prhiumths `nrgnmìutlmhs, phrhs, sudjhs, ilbîglmn id phejnmlhbds, gntdrlnjds
bumjdnrds, prhmdshs id ihpnih id sdglmhbiumthrds, dtm. Jn tdhrçn id thihs jhs
gìthihs vhjtngdtrlmhs sd dbmudbtrn ensnin db jns shjumlhbds n jns dmunmlhbds id
@lmo. Tbn arnb mnbtlini id lbvdstlanmlýb dxpdrlgdbtnj db mldbmln id phjçgdrhs y
njlgdbths cn ghstrnih qud sd rdquldrd ub db`hqud gîs adbdrnj pnrn idsmrlelr dj
trnbsphrtd id mhgphbdbtds db gntdrlnjds qud dxpdrlgdbtnb ubn trnbslmlýb vçtrdn.
Db jns prhxlglinids id ubn trnbslmlýb vçtrdn dj mhgphrtngldbth idj `jukh sd mhbvldrtd
db bh @lmodnbh. ]d pudid idghstrnr qud jns jdyds id @lmo
@l mo pudidb hetdbdrsd id jns
dmunmlhbds id Gnxwdjj-]td`nb0 pnrn trnbs`drdbmln id gnsn gujtlmhgphbdbtd. Jn
jdy id @lmo ds ub mnsh jçgltd id jns dmunmlhbds id Gnxwdjj-]td`nb, ihbid jn gdzmjn
sd dbmudbtrn dxtrdgningdbtd ilujlin y mnin dspdmld quçglmn sd dbmudbtrn
nmtunbih ûblmngdbtd mhb dj thtnj id jn gdzmjn y bh mhb htrns dspdmlds. Vnrn thgnr
mudbtn id jn prdsdbmln id gûjtlpjds dspdmlds db gdzmjns bh iljulins sd cnmdush id
vnrlnmlhbds id jns dmunmlhbds id Gnxwdjj-]td`nb. Vudid vdrsd tngelìb prhmdshs
id trnbsphrtd nmhpjnih bh ilnahbnjds (rdjnmlhbds id Hbsnbadr).
¸Db qud mhbslstd jn il`uslýb
Jn il`uslýb (ghjdmujnr) ds ub prhmdsh `çslmh rdvdrslejd, mhbslstd db dj `jukh bdth id
îthghs, lhbds u htrn dspdmld idbtrh id ub gntdrlnj, jns pnrtçmujns s
sd
d gudvdb id ubn
rdalýb id njtn mhbmdbtrnmlýb n ub îrdn id enkn mhbmdbtrnmlýb cnstn hetdbdr ubn
ilstrleumlýb ubl`hrgd. Lbiumlih phr jn tdgpdrnturn y dj arnildbtd id mhbmdbtrnmlýb.
Bhrgnjgdbtd jhs prhmdshs id il`uslýb dstîb sukdths n jn Jdy id @lmo. Jn il`uslýb ds
ub prhmdsh qud bh rdquldrd nphrtd dbdraìtlmh, adbdrnjgdbtd hmurrd db ansds y
jçqulihs, prdsdbtn ubn `hrgn id lbtdrmngelh mdjujnr db dj qud pnrtçmujns gntdrlnjds
sd lbtrhiumdb db ub gdilh db dj qud lblmlnjgdbtd dstnenb nusdbtd, nugdbtnbih jn
Dbtrhpçn (idshridb ghjdmujnr) idj slstdgn.