Storing Flammable and
Combustible Liquids in Containers
using NFPA 30
2021 Michigan Safety Conference (MSC)
April 13, 2021 | Mike Marando, P.E. | Senior Engineer
mmarando@nfpa.org
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NFPA data shows that an average of 1,400 warehouse fires
occur every year (2014-2018)
Annual averages
• $159 million in direct property damage
• 20 civilian injuries
• 2 civilian deaths
Flammable and combustible liquids,
gases, piping and filters first ignited in
7% of fires, causing 31% of civilian
injuries and 9% of direct property
damage.
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2
Sherwin Williams (Dayton, Ohio - 1987)
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3
Magnablend (Waxahachie, Texas, 2011)
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4
NFPA 30 Overview and
General Definitions
Accessing NFPA Document Information Pages
• www.nfpa.org
– Codes and
Standards tab
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6
Accessing NFPA Document Information Pages
www.nfpa.org/30
Current and
Prior Editions
Ask a
Technical
Question
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7
Properties
Fundamental hazardous
property of flammable
and combustible liquid is:
Their ability to produce
vapors that are ignitible.
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8
Flammable Liquid
Any liquid that has a closed-cup
flash point below 100°F (38°C)
and a Reid vapor pressure that
does not exceed 40 psia (276 kPa)
at 100°F (38°C)
Class I
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Combustible Liquid
Any liquid that has a
closed-cup flash point at
or above 100°F (38°C)
Class II and III
Note that Class II and III liquids
should be treated as Class I
liquids if they are heated
above their flash point.
4.2
9
Ignitible Liquid Classes and Examples
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3.3.34, 4.2
10
Nomenclature change in the 2021 edition
“Flammable and Combustible” is replaced with
“Ignitible (Flammable and Combustible)”
Transitioning from “flammable” and “combustible” which have
varying definitions between government agencies
Ignitibility of liquids will be indicated by liquid
class (Class IA, IB, IC, II, IIIA, or IIIB)
The liquid class uses flash point and/or boiling point
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11
What is a “Flammable Liquid” or “Combustible Liquid?”
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12
Scope and Purpose
NFPA 30 applies to the storage,
handling, and use of ignitible
(flammable and combustible)
liquids, including waste liquids
Provides fundamental
requirements for the safe storage
and handling of flammable and
combustible liquids
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1.1. and 1.2
13
NFPA 30 Roadmap
Containers, IBCs,
Portable Tanks
or Fixed Tanks?
Containers, IBCs,
Portable Tanks
Fixed Tanks
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See the Navigating
NFPA 30 flowchart
Start with Chapter 9
then Chapters 10-18 as
necessary
Start with Chapter 21 then
Chapters 22-27 as necessary
A.1.3
NFPA 30
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Administrative
References
Definitions
Liquid Classification
Reserved
Fire/Explosion Prevention
and Control
7. Electrical Systems
8. Reserved
NFPA.ORG | © National Fire Protection Association. All rights reserved.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Container Storage – General
Mercantile
Industrial
Storage
Detached, Unprotected
Buildings
14. Hazardous Material Lockers
15. Outdoor Storage
16. Fire Protection Design
Criteria
15
NFPA 30
17.
18.
19.
20.
Processing Facilities
Dispensing and Handling
Specific Operations
Reserved
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21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Tank Storage – General
ASTs
USTs
Storage Tank Bldgs.
Storage Tank Vaults
Reserved
Piping Systems
Loading/Unloading
Wharves
16
Scope
NFPA 30 does not apply to
Transportation (USDOT)
Liquefied petroleum gas (propane - NFPA 58)
or cryogenic liquids (NFPA 55)
Aerosol products (NFPA 30B)
Use and installation of individual alcoholbased rub (ABHR) dispensers
(NFPA 1 – Fire Code/
NFPA 101® – Life Safety Code®)
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1.1.2
17
NFPA 30 Related Documents
Facilities that comply with the
following also comply with NFPA 30
NFPA 1 – Fire Code
NFPA 45 – Laboratories Using Chemicals
NFPA 101® – Life Safety Code®
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1.5.3
18
NFPA 30 Related Documents
Operations that comply with the following also comply with NFPA 30
NFPA 30A – Fuel dispensing for
vehicles/marine craft/fleet
operations/repair garages
NFPA 31 – Indoor fuel storage
tanks for oil-burning appliances
NFPA 32 – Dry cleaning
operations
NFPA 33 – Spray application of
liquids/Glass-fiber reinforced
plastics
NFPA 34 – Dipping and roll-coating operations
NFPA 35 – Manufacture of organic coatings/
Storage and handling of nitrocellulose
NFPA 36 – Solvent extraction of edible oils
NFPA 37 – Fuel storage tanks for stationary
engines and turbines
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1.1.2 and A.1.1.2
19
Equivalency
NFPA 30 does not intend to
prevent use of systems,
methods, or devices of
equivalent or superior quality,
effectiveness, or safety.
Authority Having Jurisdiction
(AHJ) determines equivalency.
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1.5
20
Retroactivity
NFPA 30 does not apply
retroactively unless
Authority having jurisdiction
(AHJ) determines that a distinct
and identifiable hazard exists
NFPA 30 specifies that a
requirement is retroactive.
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1.4
21
Definitions
Shall – Mandatory
Used in the main code
Should – Recommended
Used in the annexes
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22
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) - Enforcer
An organization,
office, or individual
Approve equipment, materials,
an installation, or a procedure
Fire department, fire marshal,
insurance company, building
inspector, electrical inspector,
site safety officer
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3.2.2/A.3.2.2
23
Who is my AHJ? – It depends…
Who can levy fines or
shut down a plant?
Who is in charge in an emergency?
Who is in charge of day-today safety operations?
Who imposes the strictest
requirements?
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There may be more than one AHJ!
24
MAQs, Storage Areas
and Containers
Containers within NFPA 30 Scope
Drums/Containers ≤ 119 gal
IBCs ≤ 793 gal
Overpack Containers ≤ 60 gal
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Portable tanks ≤ 660 gal
Courtesy of Greif, Inc. and National Packaging Services
9.1
26
Key Definitions
Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ)
Control Area
A building or portion thereof
within which ignitible liquids
are allowed to be stored,
dispensed, and used or
handled in quantities that do
not exceed the maximum
allowable quantity (MAQ)
The quantity of ignitible liquid
permitted in a control area without
additional safeguards
A threshold for each liquid class
stored in an area having no special
protection measures
Not applicable to liquid processing
facilities. (Chemical plants)
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3.3.2.1/3.3.39/A.3.3.39/17.1
27
Protected vs. Unprotected Storage
Protected Storage
Areas having automatic fire
protection that prevents a
fire from spreading beyond
the design area.
Unprotected Storage
Areas have a risk of fire spreading
beyond the design area
Meets Chapter 16
requirements and/or AHJ
approved for alternative
protection systems
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9.2.1/A.9.2.1, 9.2.2/A.9.2.2
28
MAQ flow chart
Does
Chapter 9
apply?
(9.1.4)
Container Size
Table 9.4.3
Yes
No
MAQ Table
Special
9.6.1
Occupancy? No
9.6.2.1
Yes
Control Area
Table 9.7.2
MAQ Table
9.6.2.1
MAQ
Exceeded
per Control
Area?
Yes
No additional
construction
requirements
NFPA 30 Ch 10-18/NFPA 1 Fire Code
Unprotected Warehouse
Building
MAQ Limitation
Unprotected
Construction/
Table 12.6.2.2
Yes Warehouse
Sprinkler
(if applicable)
(>500 sq ft)?
Flow Chart Protected Warehouse
No
Liquid-Container Combination
Table 12.8.1 (if applicable)
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No
Quantity Limitation for
Liquid Storage Rooms
Table 12.6.1.1
Yes
Liquid
Storage
Room
(≤500 sq ft)?
No
29
Exceptions to Chapter 9 container requirements
Containers, IBCs, tanks in operations areas (Ch. 17)
Distilled spirit and wines in casks
Certain medicines, foodstuffs, cosmetics, consumer
products (<20% concentration)
Lowered from 50% based on fire testing
Rescinded beverage exemption for containers < 1.3 gal (5 L)
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9.1.4
30
Additional container exemptions/requirements
When packaged according to
commonly accepted practices
for retail, the following are
exempt from 9.4.1 and 9.4.3
Medicines, beverages,
foodstuffs, cosmetics, and other
common consumer products
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9.4.1.2
31
Acceptable Containers in a Control Area
Reference Table 9.4.3 for the maximum allowable size
for the following:
Any DOT-approved metal can, drum,
portable tank, IBC
Certain DOT-approved plastic
containers, IBCs
Certain fiber drums and IBCs
Metal and plastic safety cans
Glass containers
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9.4.1 and Table 9.4.3
32
A sample of maximum container sizes
Container Type
Metal (other than drums) or approved plastic
Metal drum (UN 1A1/1A2)
Approved metal portable tanks and IBCs
Class Class Class Class Class
IA
IC
IIIA
IB
II
1.3 gal
5.3 gal
(5 L)
(20 L)
119 gal
(450 L)
793 gal
(3000 L)
Rigid plastic IBCs (UN 31H1 or 31H2) and
composite IBCs with rigid inner receptacle
(UN31HZ1)
NP
793 gal
(3000 L)
Fiber drum - NMFC or UFC Type 2A; Types 3A,
3B-H, or 3B-L; or Type 4A
NP
119 gal
(450 L)
NP: Not permitted unless an approved fire protection system for the specific container and protection against
static electricity are provided.
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Table 9.4.3 (excerpt)
33
IBCs for Class I liquid storage
Acceptable for
Class I liquid
storage
Not Acceptable for Class I liquid storage
(Plastic or plastic lined containers)
Courtesy of National Packaging Services, Joseph Scheffey (Hughes Associates), and Snyder Industries.
NFPA.ORG | © National Fire Protection Association. All rights reserved.
Table 9.4.3
34
When is an IBC/container in storage?
Staging a container/IBC/portable tank is limited to the following:
In use for a process
Are filled during a single shift
Required to supply a continuous 24-hour shift
Otherwise, the IBC/container is considered to be in storage
Only NFPA approved IBCs and portable tanks used in a process and
staged in a process area can be filled in a process area. (Except Class IIIB
liquids or intermediate products manufactured in the process area).
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18.4.8/18.4.9
35
MAQs per Control Area – General Occupancy
MAQs are defined in Table 9.6.1 for General Occupancy
The following have additional requirements
Chapter 10 - Mercantile operations
Chapter 12 - Maximum storage heights and total quantity per Pile or
Rack (Table 12.6.2.2)
Section 13.6 - Detached, unprotected buildings (which mostly refer
to 12.6)
Section 18.5.4 - Incidental operations
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9.6.1
36
General Occupancy MAQs per Control Area
Liquid Class(es)
IA
IB and IC
IA, IB, IC combined
II
IIIA
IIIB
Quantity
Notes
gal
30
L
115
120
460
330
13,200
1,265
50,600
1, 2
1, 2
1, 2, 3
1, 2
1, 2
1, 2, 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Quantities may be doubled where stored in approved liquid storage cabinets or in safety cans.
Quantities may be doubled in buildings equipped with an automatic sprinkler system per NFPA 13.
Containing not more than the MAQ per control area of Class IA, IB, or IC liquids, individually.
Unlimited quantities in a building equipped with an NFPA 13 compliant automatic sprinkler system and
designed in accordance with NFPA 30 Chapter 16 protection criteria
5. Where both (1) and (2) apply the increase is permitted to be applied accumulatively (four times MAQ)
Exception: As modified by 9.6.2 and Chapters 10 through 14.
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Table 9.6.1
37
Special Occupancies
Assembly
Ambulatory
health care
Business
Day care
Detention and
correctional
Educational
Health care
Residential
These occupancies can apply to a room or an entire building
For mixed occupancies see NFPA 101 – higher MAQs may be possible
than those in NFPA 30.
- A chemical storage area that meets NFPA 101 requirements within a school
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9.6.2.1
38
Special Occupancy MAQs per Control Area
The MAQ for Classes I, II, and IIIA
liquids can be exceeded if,
All liquids are stored in cabinets and
Total aggregate quantity ≤180 gallons
Where protected with sprinklers
per NFPA 13, Class IIIB MAQs
can be doubled for:
Quantity
Liquid
Class(es)
I and II
IIIA
IIIB
gal
L
10
60
120
38
227
454
Ambulatory health care/Health care
Day care/Educational facilities
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Table 9.6.2.1, 9.6.2.2 and 9.6.2.4
39
Requirements for elevated or basement locations
Above
Grade
Below
Grade
Floor Maximum Allowable Number of Fire Resistance
Level
Quantity per
Control
Rating for
Control Area
Areas per
Fire Barriers
(percent)*
Floor
(hour)†
>9
1
5
7–9
2
4–6
12.5
2
3
50
2
75
3
1
100
4
1
1
75
3
2
50
2
Lower
Not Allowed
than 2
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* - Permitted increases in
Table 9.6.1 allowed
† - Fire barriers include
floors and walls to isolate
control areas from each
other
Class I liquid storage is
not allowed in basements.
Table 9.7.2 and 9.7.3
40
Ignitible Liquid Density Limitations for Liquid Storage Rooms
Total Automatic Fire
Total Allowable
Floor
Protection
Quantity
Area (ft2) Provided?*
(gal/ft2 of floor area)
No
2
≤150
Yes
5
No
4†
>150 and
≤500
Yes
10
For SI units,
1 ft2 = 0.09 m2
1 gal = 3.8 L
* - The fire protection system can be automatic sprinklers, water spray, carbon
dioxide, dry chemical, or other approved system. (See Chapter 16)
† - Total allowable quantities of Class IA and IB liquids [FP < 73°F (22.8°C)] cannot
exceed the quantities permitted in Table 12.6.2.2 or Section 12.6.2.3
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Table 12.6.1.1
41
MAQs* for Unprotected Liquid Warehouses
Containers
Liquid
Class
IA
IB
IC
II
IIIA
IIIB
Maximum Max Total Maximum
Storage Quantity
Total
Height (ft) per Pile Quantity
(gal)
or Rack
Section
(gal)
660
5
1,375
2,750
10
4,125
8,250
27,500
15
13,750
55,000
Metal Portable Tanks and
Rigid Nonmetallic IBCs and
Metal IBCs
Composite IBCs
Maximum Max Total Maximum Maximum Max Total Maximum
Storage Quantity
Total
Storage Quantity
Total
Height
per Pile Quantity Height
per Pile Quantity
(gal)
(gal)
(ft)
or Rack
(ft)
or Rack
Section
Section
(gal)
(gal)
NP
2,000
NP
4,000
7
5,500
11,000
4,125
8,250
7
44,000
27,500
22,000
13,750
88,000
55,000
* – Except as indicated in Chapter 9 and Chapter 13; NP – Not Permitted (see Table 9.4.3)
See 12.6.2.3 for mixed liquid classes in one rack or pile.
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Table 12.6.2.2
42
Liquid-Container Combinations Permitted in
Protected General-Purpose Warehouses
Liquid Type
Storage
Arrangement
Max Roof Height
Container Size
30 ft
40 ft
Unlimited
≤5 gal (19 L)
≤48 oz (1.4 L)
≤5 gal (19 L)
≤2 oz (60 ml)
≤1 gal (4L)
≤6 oz (180 ml)
≤1 gal (4 L)
≤59 oz (1.75 L)
Solid pile or
palletized
40 ft
≤59 oz (1.75 L)
Glass
Palletized or
rack or solid pile
30 ft
≤5 gal (19 L)
Steel
FP ≥450°F (232°C)
FP ≥200°F (93°C)
FP ≤200°F (93°C)
Ethanol or isopropanol
(100%)
Ethanol or isopropanol
(≤50% by volume in
water)
Any flash point,
boiling point >100°F
(38°C)
Rack
Unlimited
30 ft
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Table 12.8.1
Container
Construction
Plastic/glass
43
Building and Sprinkler
Requirements
Protection Levels/High Hazard Levels
"Protection Level" identifies additional building construction and fire
protection requirements imposed by NFPA 1 and NFPA 5000® when
the MAQ is exceeded
Protection Level 2 (High Hazard Level 2)
Protection Level 3 (High Hazard Level 3)
Accelerated burning or deflagration hazard
Support combustion
Normally open containers or
System pressure of 15 psig or greater
Normally closed containers or
System pressure less than 15 psig
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NFPA 5000 6.3.2.4.3 and 6.3.2.4.4
45
Building Construction/Sprinkler Flow Chart
Building
Construction
Requirements
NFPA 5000®
From MAQ Fire Resistance
NFPA 5000
Flow Chart Ratings Tables
34.1.1.2
9.9.1 and 9.9.3/
Exemptions
Manual Fire
Applicable?
Protection 9.10.2 Automatic Fire
Protection
Requirements
Yes
NFPA 30
Follow code listed in
Chapter 16
34.1.1.2 where
applicable
Fire Protection Criteria Decision Trees
• Metal Containers → Figure 16.4.1 (a)
• Nonmetallic Containers → Figure 16.4.1 (b)
• Water-Miscible Nonmetallic Containers →
Figure 16.4.1 (c)
No • Protection Level 2 → NFPA 5000 34.3.4
• Protection Level 3 → NFPA 5000 34.3.5
• Allowable Building Height and Area
NFPA 5000 Table 7.4.1
Sprinkler Design Criteria
• Tables 16.5.2.1 – 16.5.2.18
• New Tables 16.5.2.13 –
16.5.2.18
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Sprinkler Discharge
Containment
• Figure 16.8.1
Sprinkler Layout Schemes
• Figures in 16.6
• New Schemes “D” “E” & “F”
Fire resistance ratings for ignitable liquid storage areas
Type of Storage Area
Fire Resistance Rating (hr)
Interior Walls, Ceilings,
Exterior
Intermediate Floorsa
Walls
Liquid storage room
Floor area ≤ 150 ft2
Floor area > 150 ft2, but ≤ 500 ft2
Liquid warehouse
1
2
4b
NR
NR
4c
NR: No requirement.
No requirement for roofs.
For SI units,
1 ft2 = 0.09 m2
aBetween
liquid storage areas and any adjacent areas not dedicated to liquid storage.
bA 4-hour firewall, in accordance with NFPA 221 is required except as follows:
(1) Where storage is only Class IIIB liquids below their flash point, 2-hour fire resistance rated assemblies permitted.
(2) Where protected by an automatic system (Ch. 16), 2-hour fire resistance rated assemblies are permitted.
(3) Where protected by an automatic system (Ch. 16), accessory use areas (offices and restrooms) having a total area
less than 10% of the liquid warehouse area do not require a fire resistance rating for the interior walls and ceilings.
cThe fire resistance rating for walls located 10 ft to 50 ft from an important building or adjoining property that can be
built upon is permitted to be 2 hours. Walls located greater than 50 ft or more from an important building or
adjoining property that can be built upon do not require a fire resistance rating.
NFPA.ORG | © National Fire Protection Association. All rights reserved.
Table 9.9.1
47
Protection Ratings for Fire Doors
Fire Resistance Fire Protection
Rating of Wall as Rating of Door
Required by
(hr)
Table 9.9.1(hr)
1
3⁄4
2
11⁄2
4
3*
*One fire door required on each side of interior
openings for attached liquid warehouses.
NFPA.ORG | © National Fire Protection Association. All rights reserved.
Table 9.9.3
48
Fire Protection
Portable extinguishers
40:B within 10 ft of the entrance to and outside of liquid storage area, and
40:B within 30 ft of Class I or II liquids located outside of a liquid storage area or
80:B within 50 ft of a storage area
Hose connections where provided
Sprinkler system per NFPA 13
Standpipe system per NFPA 14
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9.10.2
49
Fire Protection Criteria Decision Trees
Figure
Liquid
Container
16.4.1(a)
Miscible /
Nonmiscible
Metal containers/
portable tanks, IBCs
16.4.1(b)
Nonmiscible
Nonmetallic containers
and IBCs
16.4.1(c)
Watermiscible
Nonmetallic containers
and IBCs
NFPA.ORG | © National Fire Protection Association. All rights reserved.
Generally used to select
appropriate Section 16.5
design tables, but may
reference NFPA 13
16.4
Fire Protection System Design Tables
Tables 16.5.2.1 through 16.5.2.18
Provide design criteria for ceiling and in-rack sprinklers
Establish maximum ceiling and storage heights
Based on full-scale tests with horizontal ceilings
Courtesy of FM Global
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16.5.2
New Fire Protection System Design Tables
Table
System
Configuration
16.5.2.13
Sprinkler or
Foam-Water
Single- and DoubleRow Rack
II and III
Rack
IB, IC, II and IIIA
16.5.2.14
IIIB (FP ≥ 450 °F)
16.5.2.15
16.5.2.16
Sprinkler
Single- and DoubleRow Rack
Ethanol/Propanol/
Methanol
Pallets
50% Ethanol/Propanol/
Methanol and 50%
Water
16.5.2.17
16.5.2.18
Liquid Class or
Liquid
NFPA.ORG | © National Fire Protection Association. All rights reserved.
Container
Metal
(5-60 gal)
Glass/plastic
(Cartoned, <2 oz)
Plastic
(Cartoned or uncartoned,
≤5 gal, ≤48 oz)
Glass/plastic
(Cartoned, ≤ 6 oz)
Glass/plastic
(Cartoned, ≤1 gal, ≤59 oz)
Glass/plastic
(Cartoned, ≤59 oz)
16.5.2.13 – 16.5.2.18
Fire Protection Design Schemes
Referenced in section 16.5 design tables
Provide details on in-rack sprinkler
placement and design criteria
Describe barrier construction and
placement
Fire protection design schemes “D” “E” and
“F” added for 2021
NFPA.ORG | © National Fire Protection Association. All rights reserved.
16.6 and Figure 16.6.2.1(a)
Containment, Drainage, and Spill Control
Figure 16.8.1 shows options
for spill control
Refer to Section 9.13 or
Limit the spread of the sprinkler
liquid discharge (Section
16.8.2)
NFPA.ORG | © National Fire Protection Association. All rights reserved.
16.8/A.16.8
Other Automatic Fire Protection Systems
Types of protection allowed with AHJ
approval
Automatic water spray and water mist systems
Alternative sprinkler system configurations
High expansion foams
Gaseous or dry chemical systems
Courtesy of FOGTEC® Fire Protection
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16.9
NFPA 5000 compared to IBC
NFPA 5000®
34.2.3
34.2.4
34.2.5
34.2.6
34.3
34.3.1
34.3.2
34.3.3
34.3.4
34.3.5
34.3.6
34.3.7
Hazardous Materials Code.
Special Information for Permit
Application.
Control Areas.
Weather Protection.
Requirements for Occupancies
Exceeding the Maximum Allowable
Quantity (MAQ) per Control Area for
High Hazard Contents
Protection Levels.
General Requirements.
Protection Level 1.
Protection Level 2.
Protection Level 3.
Protection Level 4.
Protection Level 5.
414.1.3
414.2
414.6.1
IBC
Information Required
Control Areas
Weather protection
Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5
415
415.1
415.1
415.7
415.8;
415.9
415.8;
415.10
415.10
415.11
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Scope
Scope
Special provisions for Group H-1
occupancies
Special provisions for Group H-2 and H-3
occupancies; Group H-2
Special provisions for Group H-2 and H-3
occupancies; Groups H-3 and H-4
Groups H-3 and H-4
Group H-5
Summary
NFPA 30 is moving towards standardizing ignitible liquid classification
NFPA 30 provides requirements for ignitible liquids in a variety of
storage configurations
Additional requirements were added for 2021 based on fire testing
Additional building construction requirements from NFPA 5000® Building Construction Safety Code® may be required
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The material in this presentation contains some basic information about NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2021 edition. This material is not the official position of any NFPA Technical Committee on any referenced
topic which is represented solely by the NFPA documents on such topic in their entirety. For free access to the complete and most current version of all NFPA documents, please go to www.nfpa.org/docinfo. The NFPA makes no warranty
or guaranty of the completeness of the information in this material and disclaims liability for personal injury, property, and other damages of any nature whatsoever, from the use of or reliance on this information. In using this information,
you should rely on your independent judgment and, when appropriate, consult a competent professional. © 2021 National Fire Protection Association / April 2021
®