Formula sheet
Mechanical building blocks
Spring
=
Dashpot
=
Mass
=
Electrical building blocks
=
1
=
Capacitor
d
=
Resistor
=
=
Inductor
1
=
d
d
d
First-order system
Standard form
+
=
Step response
Characteristic parameters
1
=
=
Second-order system
Standard form
Step response (underdamped)
Characteristic parameters
=
=
+
( cos
=
+
+
4
+
sin
)
2
=
,
=
,
=
=
=
=
1
4
3
overshoot = exp
×
1