University of Chittagong
Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries
Department of Fisheries
B.Sc. (Honors) 2nd Year
A Field Report for the Fulfillment of Second Year Result
Submitted by
Ataher Ali
Group: 03
ID NO: 18207076
Second Year – 2019
Session: 2017-2018
Date of Submission: 03 February, 2022
Page 1 of 23
1. ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................ 3
3. STUDY AREA................................................................................................................................................. 4
4. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................... 5
5. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 5
5.2.1. DISSOLVE OXYGEN OF THE LAKE: ...................................................................................................................... 7
5.2.2. WATER PH OF THE LAKE: ............................................................................................................................... 8
5.2.3. SOIL PH OF THE LAKE:.................................................................................................................................... 9
5.2.4. WATER TEMPERATURE OF LAKE ....................................................................................................................... 9
5.2.5. AMMONIA OF THE LAKE: .............................................................................................................................. 10
5.2.6. TRANSPARENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE LAKE:............................................................................................. 10
5.3. FEED MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................... 12
5.3.1. CHOOSING AN APPROPRIATE FEED .................................................................................................................. 12
5.3.2. FEEDING RATE OF FISH ................................................................................................................................. 12
5.3.3. PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF FEED ............................................................................................................... 12
5.4. FISH GROWTH AND FEED UTILIZATION ................................................................................................... 13
5.4.1. INITIAL AND FINAL LENGTH-WEIGHT DATA TABLE ............................................................................................. 13
5.4.2. SURVIVAL RATE .......................................................................................................................................... 14
5.4.3. AVERAGE DAILY GROWTH............................................................................................................................. 14
5.4.4. CONDITION FACTOR (K) ............................................................................................................................... 15
5.4.5. SPECIFIC GROWTH RATE ............................................................................................................................... 16
5.4.6. FEED CONVERSION RATIO ............................................................................................................................. 17
5.4.7. PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATIO ........................................................................................................................... 18
6. ANNUAL COST ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 19
7. APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................................. 20
7.1. PHOTOGRAPHS: ............................................................................................................................................. 20
7.2. TABLES:........................................................................................................................................................ 21
8. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................... 22
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 01: LAKE LENGTH WIDTH, AREA AND STOCKING DENSITY .......................................................................... 5
TABLE 02: CULTURED SPECIES AND THEIR INDIVIDUAL NUMBER .......................................................................... 5
TABLE 03: TYPE OF PONDS BASED ON STOCKING DENSITY .................................................................................... 6
TABLE 04: NATURAL FOOD ITEMS FOR THE FISH: .................................................................................................. 6
TABLE 05: INTERPRETATION OF SECCHI DISK VISIBILITY BASED ON EXPERIENCE WITH PONDS AT THE AUBURN
UNIVERSITY FISHERIES RESEARCH UNIT (AUFRU, USA) ........................................................................................ 11
TABLE 06: TABLE OF INITIAL LENGTH WEIGHT ..................................................................................................... 13
TABLE 07: ANNUAL COST ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................... 19
TABLE 07: GROWTH AND FEED EFFICIENCY PARAMETERS................................................................................... 21
TABLE 08: TEMPLATE OF QUESTIONARY SURVEY ................................................................................................. 21
Page 2 of 23
1. Abstract
Feeds and feed management practices are key to the development of the aquaculture sector.
To achieve high levels of aquaculture production, fish farmers need nutritionally adequate
and cost-effective feeds, which are coupled with good feed management practices. Access to
high quality and cost-effective feeds is one of the prerequisites to successful fish farming.
This report comprises of a case study on aquaculture practice carried out at the Science
Faculty Lack in University of Chittagong. This study provides a comprehensive review of
current fish feeding and feed management practices along with growth and feed efficiency
performance of six commercially important fish species cultured in the lake. This tusk also
covered the measurement of water and soil quality data. Data used in this report collected
from the lake management authority as time is too short to collect actual length and weightbased data.
2. INTRODUCTION
Rearing of fishes has been known to humans from the beginning of the civilization.
Aquaculture is associated with four major taxonomic groups: algae, molluscs, crustaceans
and fish. Fish plays an important role in the diet of human as a chief source of protein. The
constituents of fish feed directly affect the growth of the fishes as deficiency of protein in the
fish feed leads to stunted growth. The fish feed having high content of carbohydrate is not
effective towards the growth of the fishes as fish requires less amount of Carbohydrate.
Feed necessity is the largest capital investment in aquaculture business, which can reach 70%
of the total fish maintenance, so feed is the most expensive necessity (Suprayudi et al 2012) i.
That’s why fish feed is a major expenditure for fish farmers. Good fish feed management can
reduce overall culture cost, improve fish farm environment and ensure healthy growth of fish
stock. Fish feed management includes choosing the right feed, using a correct feeding
method, calculating the feeding cost and ensuring the cost effectiveness of fish farm. Feed
management practices considerably impact on the economic performance in fish production.
Thus, adopting appropriate feed management technologies and feeding strategies is
instrumental in maximizing aquaculture productivity.
Page 3 of 23
3. Study Area
The study area is located in Chittagong University campus at latitude 22°28'9.38"N to
longitude 91°46'51.19"E and latitude 22°28'10.53"N to longitude 91°46'58.56"E.
Page 4 of 23
4. Methodology
As the direction and suggestion of our teacher, we go to the study area which is located near
the science faculty. We firstly measured the water quality data and the we go to the person
who look after the pond. We collect all the information from him that we need for making the
report. A template of our questionary survey was given in the appendix part.
5. Data Collection and Analysis
All collected data are analysis by Microsoft Excel and study area map was made by the help
of Google Earth Pro and Arc GIS (Version 10.8).
5.1. Area Measurement and Stocking Density
Table 01: Lake Length Width, Area and Stocking Density
Pond Area and Depth
Average Length (m)
220
Average Width (m)
15.00
Average Depth (m)
1.40
Area (m2)
3300
Total Stock (Approximately)
600
2
Stocking Density (fish/m )
7-8
Following types of commercially important species are cultured in the lake:
Table 02: Cultured Species and their Individual Number
Scientific Name
Local Name
Number of Individuals
Labeo rohita
Rui
180
Labeo catla
Catla
150
Cirrhinus cirrhosus
Mrigal
100
Oreochromis niloticus
Tilapia
60
Common carp
50
Grass Carp
60
Cyprinus carpio
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Total Individuals
600
Page 5 of 23
Based on stocking density, aquaculture pond classified into three types. They are following:
Table 03: Type of Ponds based on Stocking Density
Stocking Density (fish/m2)
Pond Type
Extensive
1-10
10-40
100-250
Semi-intensive
Intensive
From, this we can say that the lake is an extensive aquaculture pond. In this type of pond
natural food is the primary source of food for fish. Extensive pond culture was historically the
first to evolve, and is the least sophisticated. Extensive ponds are much like natural
ecosystems with respect to nutrient inputs, nutrient cycling, species diversity, oxygen
dynamics, and level of human intervention. Extensive ponds are also still the most common.
Although their yield per ha is small, they require little attention or operational cost; and the
owners realize continued net income year after year. In some cases, individual extensive
ponds have been in operation for centuries. Extensive farms have little effect on the
environment (Fast, 1992)ii.
+
+
++
dec
++
+
Molluscs
dec
Insects
Macrophytes
+
Food/Seeds
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
+
Filamentous
Algae
Biological Covers
Bottom Fauna
Bottom Detritus
Fish species
Table 04: Natural Food items for the fishiii:
Omnivores
Rui
++
Catla
+
Mrigal
++
Tilapia
+
+
+
++
++
+
Common carp
++
++
+
+
+
dec
++
+
+
+
dec
+
Herbivores
Grass Carp
++
From relatively less important to more important (++);
dec= Decayed material from macrophytes (higher plants)
Page 6 of 23
5.2. Water Quality Parameter
5.2.1. Dissolve oxygen of the Lake:
Greater phytoplankton productivity increases dissolved oxygen production through
photosynthesis, but this is not a panacea to dissolved oxygen management. Photosynthesis
requires light and the intensity of photosynthetically available light decreases with water
depth. Phytoplankton are restricted to the photic zone within which there is sufficient light for
photosynthesis (C. E. Boyd, 2018)iv.
DO of water was measured by a digital DO meter named as Lutron (Model: DO-5509).
Dissolve oxygen (mg/L)
10
DO(mg/L)
8
6
4
2
0
Morning
Noon
Evening
Fig 01: Dissolve Oxygen in the Lake
In daytime photosynthesis rate exceeds total daytime pond respiration rate, and dissolved
oxygen concentration increases during the mid-day. The opposite occurs at night when
photosynthesis stops and respiration continues, causing a daily increase and decrease in
dissolved oxygen concentration (Fig:). As phytoplankton bloom intensity increases, the
difference in daytime and nighttime dissolved oxygen concentration increases. The peak of
the daytime dissolved oxygen curve declines with water depth because of decreasing light for
photosynthesis.
Page 7 of 23
5.2.2. Water pH of The Lake:
pH is a measure of whether water is acidic or basic. Fish have an average blood pH of 7.4, so
pond water with a pH close to this is optimum. An acceptable range would be 6.5 to 9.0. Fish
can become stressed in water with a pH ranging from 4.0 to 6.5 and 9.0 to 11.0. Fish growth
is limited in water pH less than 6.5, and reproduction ceases and fry can die at pH less than
5.0. Death is almost certain at a pH of less than 4.0 or greater than 11 (S. Russell, 2009)v.
pH of water was measured by a HANNA pH Meter (Model: HI98107)
pH of Water
10
pH
8
6
4
Morning
Noon
Evening
Fig 02: Water pH of the Lake
The graph shows that Pond water pH fluctuates throughout the day due to photosynthesis and
respiration by plants and vertebrates. Typically, pH is highest at dusk and lowest at dawn.
This is because nighttime respiration increases carbon dioxide concentrations that interact
with water producing carbonic acid and lowering pH. This can limit the ability of fish blood
to carry oxygen.
Page 8 of 23
5.2.3. Soil pH of The Lake:
Soil pH is a critical water quality parameter that depends on the quality of soil, decay matter
in the pond, given feed and fecal matter produced by fish. The ideal pH is 7.5 to 8.5. Pond
soils with pH below 7.5 should be limed with the amount of liming material applied based on
either the results of a lime requirement test or soil pH.
Soil pH was Determined by a LABTEX pH meter (Model: DM-13)
Soil pH
10
pH
8
6
4
Morning
Noon
Evening
Fig 03: Soil pH of The Lake
The graph shows that Pond soil pH fluctuates throughout the day as water pH. Soil pH mostly
affected by DO. But it may fluctuate with various anthropogenic activities.
5.2.4. Water Temperature of Lake
Water temperature wields a major influence on the biological activity and growth of aquatic
life. The amount of dissolved oxygen that a pond can hold is determined by the temperature.
When the water temperature is colder it can hold more dissolved oxygen and aquatic life need
less oxygen during this time. On the other hand, too warm water encourages the growth of
bacteria that are harmful to fish. As fishes are poikilothermic animal, the comfort range of the
temperature for them as about 15-25°C.vi
Water temperature was measured by a thermometer.
Page 9 of 23
Temperature of Water (°C)
Temperature (°C)
30
25
20
15
10
Morning
Noon
Evening
Fig 04: Water Temperature of the Lake
The graph clearly shows that the temperature fluctuation over the day. The rate of
metabolism, the chemical process that converts food to energy, is highly dependent on
temperature. In general, for every 10 degrees Celsius that water temperature increases, a
fish's metabolic rate doubles. This means that at warmer water temperatures, fish have a
faster metabolism and need more food.
5.2.5. Ammonia of The Lake:
The main source of ammonia in fish ponds is fish excretion. The rate at which fish excrete
ammonia is directly related to the feeding rate and the protein level in feed. As dietary protein
is broken down in the body, some of the nitrogen is used to form protein (including muscle),
some is used for energy, and some is excreted through the gills as ammonia. Thus, protein in
feed is the ultimate source of most ammonia in ponds where fish are fed. The decomposition
of this organic matter also produces ammonia, which diffuses from the sediment into the
water column.
It is generally assumed that ammonia is not a problem in the winter because feeding rates are
very low. (Fish are fed on only the warmest days of winter, usually when the water
temperature is higher than 10°C (Banrie, 2013)vii.
The range of ammonia in the water of lake was measured in the range of 1.5-2 mg/L.
Ammonia (NH3) was measured by HANNA Ammonia Kit (Model: HI3824).
5.2.6. Transparency and Productivity of The Lake:
Plankton often are the major source of turbidity in pond water, but particles of mineral soils
and suspended nonliving organic matter also create turbidity. Thus, a small Secchi disk
Page 10 of 23
visibility means a water mass is turbid but does not necessarily indicate there is a heavy
plankton bloom.
Plankton usually give water a green, yellow, blue-green, or brown color. Suspended mineral
particles impart a color similar to that of surface soil in the area – usually brown, yellow, or
red. Thus, plankton and nonliving particles sometimes give water similar color
Secchi Disk Reading
30
Transferency (cm)
25
20
15
10
5
0
Morning
Noon
Evening
Fig 05: Secchi Disk Reading of our Studied Pond.
The graph shows that water of the lake is more turbid because of a mixture of mineral
particles, organic matter, and plankton. The relationship between Secchi disk visibility and
measures of plankton abundance, such as chlorophyll a concentration, is not as strong as its
relationship to turbidity (C. E. Boyd, 2004) viii
Table 05: Interpretation of Secchi disk visibility based on experience with ponds at the
Auburn University Fisheries Research Unit (AUFRU, USA)
Secchi Disk
Reading (cm)
Less than 20 cm
20-30 cm
30-45 cm
45-60 cm
More than 60 cm
Comments
Pond too turbid. If pond is turbid with phytoplankton, there are likely to
be problems with low dissolved oxygen
concentrations in the early morning. When turbidity is from suspended
soil particles, productivity will be low.
Turbidity becoming excessive.
If turbidity is from phytoplankton, ponds in good condition.
Phytoplankton becoming scarce.
Water is too clear. Inadequate productivity
Page 11 of 23
5.3. Feed Management
5.3.1. Choosing an appropriate feed
As feed is the main capital investment of an aquaculture farm, so choosing an appropriate
feed as the nutritional requirement of the cultured species, availability, price, storage method,
hygiene and environmental impacts of different feeds and which one suits the needs of
cultured fish best is very important.
5.3.2. Feeding Rate of Fish
It is vitally important for efficient aquaculture. Underfeeding can result in loss of production.
Overfeeding will cause a wastage of expensive feed and is additionally a potential cause of
water pollution, a condition resulting in loss of animals or requiring expensive corrective
measures. Thus, both overfeeding and underfeeding have serious economic consequences
which affect the viability of the farm.
So, well management of this factor limits both waste of feed and cost. It also controls the
quality of water and sediment. Phytoplankton bloom occurred when nutrients from fish feed
were not properly consumed by the cultured species.
A formula adapted by piper et al., (1982)ix
% Body weight to be feed daily =
FCR×3×A
B
× 100
where:
FCR = the amount of feed necessary to produce a unit of animal weight increase (e.g., 1.2 kg
feed to produce an increase of weight of 1 kg is equivalent to an FCR of 1.2).
A = the daily increase in length in centimeters
B = the length of the fish in centimeters at the present time
Note: As we don’t have these daily sampling data that’s why we can’t calculate daily feeding
rate in our studied lake.
5.3.3. Proximate Composition of Feed
Proximate composition and price of fish feed depends on the quality of ingredients from
which the feed was formulated. Fish feed is the main source of protein for fish growth which
is the most important composition of fish growth.
Protein provides energy and builds muscles. A feed with low protein composition leads to
malnutrition. Protein deficiency means slower growth whereas excessive protein will put up
the feeding Cost. Fat provides fish with energy. A right amount of fat can improve taste and
texture but excessive fat may pose a health hazard to fishx.
Page 12 of 23
Proximate Composition of Fish Feed
45
40
Proximates (%)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Protein
Fat
Fiber
Ash
Moisture
Phosphorus
Calcium
Fig 06: Proximate Composition of Fish Feed that Used in the Lake
5.4. Fish Growth and Feed Utilization
5.4.1. Initial and Final Length-Weight Data Table
Number/sp.
IW(g)
TIW/sp.
(kg)
IL (cm)
FW/fish
TFW/sp.
(kg)
FL (cm)
TWG/sp.
(kg)
Table 06: Table of Initial Length Weight
Labeo rohita
180
50
9
16
1.2
210
33
209.95
Labeo catla
150
55
8.25
13
1.3
192.4
28
192.34
Cirrhinus cirrhosus
100
48
4.8
17
1.1
105.6
35
105.55
60
45
2.7
0.9
53.1
22
53.05
50
54
2.7
1.2
57.6
27
57.54
60
43
2.58
1.1
62.7
35
62.65
Scientific Name
Oreochromis
niloticus
Cyprinus carpio
Ctenopharyngodon
idella
Total
600
30.03
11
13
15
681.4
681.10
Sp.=Species; IW= Initial Weight; TIW= Total Initial Weight; FW= Final Weight; TFW= Total Final Weight;
TWG= Total Weight Gain
Page 13 of 23
5.4.2. Survival Rate
Survival Rate is the measurement of survival or total harvested fish at the end of production.
Higher the survival rate means more yield is produced. It depends on many parameters such
as water and soil quality, species itself, feed given to the species, Capability to survive in
adverse condition, acceptability to supplementary feed, predator etc. It is calculated by the
following equation:
Survival Rate (%) =
Number of Hervested Fish
× 100
Number of Initial Fish
Survival Rate
99
Survivability (%)
98
97
96
95
94
93
Labeo rohita
Labeo catla
Cirrhinus cirrhosus
Oreochromis niloticus
Cyprinus carpio
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Fig 07: Survival Rate of Cultured Fish Species
In our studied lake, all cultured species’ survivability is approximately 95% among them
catla’s survival rate is the highest (98.67%) and Grass carp’s is lowest (95%).
5.4.3. Average Daily Growth
It is a measurement of weight grain in each day. The more gaining of weight means that the
respective species will become market size than one with lower weight gain. It depends on
the type and nutritive quality of feed that is offering to the fish and how efficaciously fishes
are using the feed. It is calculated by the following formula (Ricker, 1975):
Average Daily Growth(g/day) =
Total Weight Gain (g)
Culture Period
Page 14 of 23
Average daily Growth
ADG (g/day)
4.5
3.0
1.5
0.0
Labeo rohita
Labeo catla
Cirrhinus cirrhosus
Oreochromis niloticus
Cyprinus carpio
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Fig 08: Average Daily Growth of Cultured Species in the Lake
In our studied lake, highest growth rate shows catla (3.51 g/day) and lowest is tilapia (2.42).
5.4.4. Condition Factor (K)
Condition factor (K) was determined to understand the health condition of fish. Generally,
the fish is of fitting stoutness when it is of round and relatively thick shape. Undernourished
or thin fish has a condition factor of less than 1. Adequately fed or fat fish has a condition
factor greater than 1 (Bannister, 1976)xi.
The condition factor provides information on the variation of fish physiological status and
may be used for comparing populations living in certain feeding, climate and other conditions
Therefore, condition factor can be used to determine the feeding activity of a species to
determine whether it is making good use of its feeding source [xii, xiii, xiv].
Condition factor (K) =
Body Weight
× 100%
Length3
Here, Body weight in gram and Length in Centimeter.
Page 15 of 23
Initial and Final Condition Factor (K)
9
K (%)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Labeo rohita
Labeo catla
Cirrhinus cirrhosus Oreochromis niloticus
Initial
Cyprinus carpio
Ctenopharyngodon
idella
Final
Fig 09: Condition Factor (K) of the Cultured Species in the lake
From the graph, we can see that in our studied lake, Initial condition factor is less than the
final condition factor. We can also see that tilapia’s condition factor is higher than others in
both initial and final. On the other hand, Mrigal’s condition factor is the lowest.
5.4.5. Specific Growth Rate
Growth is an important metric in fisheries and aquaculture. Growth of small fish over
relatively short periods of time is commonly modelled with an exponential function using
instantaneous growth rate (g). Instantaneous growth rates are logarithmic and inherently
difficult to interpret, but specific growth rates (SGR) express growth as the intuitively
understandable percent change in size per unit of timexv.
Specific Growth Rate (%) =
lnWt − lnW0
× 100%
Days
Here,
W0= Initial Weight of fish
Wt= Weight after culture period or days
Page 16 of 23
Specific Growth Rate
0.90
0.88
SGR (%)
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.80
0.78
Labeo rohita
Labeo catla
Cirrhinus cirrhosus
Oreochromis niloticus
Cyprinus carpio
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Fig 10: Specific Growth of Cultured Species in the Lake
This study found higher SGR in Grass carp and lowest in tilapia respectively.
5.4.6. Feed Conversion Ratio
FCR is a valuable and powerful tool for the fish farmer. It allows for an estimate of the feed
that will be required in the growing cycle. Knowing how much feed will be needed then
allows a farmer to determine the profitability of an aquaculture enterprise. This means that
FCR allows the farmer to make wise choices in selecting and using feed to maximize
profitabilityxvi.
The FCR is simply the amount of feed it takes to grow a kilogram of fish. This means that
when a feed has a low FCR, it takes less feed to produce one kilogram of fish then it would if
the FCR were higher. A low FCR is a good indication of a high-quality feed. It is calculated
by the following formula by (Nose, 1971xvii)
Feed Conversion Ratio =
Feed Intake
Weight Gain
Page 17 of 23
Feed Conversion Ratio
3.0
2.5
FCR (%)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Labeo rohita
Labeo catla
Cirrhinus cirrhosus
Oreochromis niloticus
Cyprinus carpio
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Fig 11: Feed Conversion Ratio of Cultured Species in the lake
For omnivorous species the range of FCR is between 1.4-1.8xviii From the graph, we can see
that FCR is relatively higher than the accepted or normal FCR that means fishes can’t make
the efficacious use of given feed. In this case production cost will be higher. Authority should
check the FCR regularly and the amount of daily given feed can be reduced by checking the
other water quality parameters.
5.4.7. Protein Efficiency Ratio
Protein Efficiency Ratio (P.E.R.) measures the nutritive value of feed that is used as main
protein sources for aquaculture. It also gives an idea about the efficient use of protein of
given feed in the culture pond. Fish intake protein as fish feed and retain protein in their body
as ammino acids for their growth and energy sources. The higher the P.E.R. value of a
protein, the more beneficial it is to the animal. It is calculated by following formula (Nose,
1971).
Protein Efficiency Ratio =
Weight Gain
Protein intake
Page 18 of 23
Protein Efficiency Ratio
1.5
PER (%)
1.0
0.5
0.0
Labeo rohita
Labeo catla
Cirrhinus cirrhosus
Oreochromis niloticus
Cyprinus carpio
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Fig 12: Protein Efficiency Ratio of Cultured Species in the Lake
The graph shows that PER of cultured fishes are relatively good. It also shows that Catla has
a highest PER and tilapia has a lowest PER respectively.
6. Annual Cost Analysis
Here only accounted the feed cost and fry cost. Other costs like transportation cost,
management cost etc are not accounted.
240
9600
180
19008
144
5760
140
7434
120
4800
240
13824
144
5760
200
12540
1440
57600
155330
Profit (Tk)
52500
50024
Total Cost (Tk)
250
260
20000
77600
77730
20000
77600
77730
Average
Price/kg Fish
(Tk)
30Kg Fry Price
(Tk)
17280
14400
Production
Cost/kg (Tk)
Fish Price/kg
432
360
Fish Price/sp.
(Tk)
Feed Cost/sp.
Labeo rohita
Labeo catla
Cirrhinus
cirrhosus
Oreochromis
niloticus
Cyprinus
carpio
Ctenopharyng
odon idella
Total
Feed Given/sp.
(kg)
Scientific Name
Table 07: Annual Cost Analysis
113.9
211.7
Page 19 of 23
7. Appendix
7.1. Photographs:
Page 20 of 23
7.2. Tables:
Table 08: Growth and Feed Efficiency Parameters
Survivability
(%)
ADG
ICF
(k) (%)
Labeo rohita
97.22
3.20
1.22
FCF
(k)
(%)
3.34
Labeo catla
98.67
3.51
2.50
Cirrhinus cirrhosus
96.00
2.89
98.33
Scientific Name
Oreochromis
niloticus
Cyprinus carpio
Ctenopharyngodon
idella
SGR
(%)
PER
FCR
0.87
1.28
2.06
5.92
0.87
1.41
1.87
0.98
2.57
0.86
1.16
2.27
2.42
3.38
8.45
0.82
0.97
2.71
96.00
3.15
2.46
6.10
0.85
1.26
2.09
95.00
2.86
1.27
2.57
0.89
1.15
2.30
ADG= Average Daily Growth, ICF= Initial Condition Factor, FCF= Final Condition Factor, SGR= Specific Growth Rate,
PER= Protein Efficiency, FCR = Feed Conversion Ratio
Table 09: Template of Questionary Survey
SI
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A Survey on Feed Management
How much the length width of the lake is?
How much deep the lake is?
What types of treatment they did to the water whenever the quality of water became bad?
How they prevent the predators?
What types of fish species are Cultured in this lake?
How much of per species cultured in this lake?
From where they collect the fry?
Page 21 of 23
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
How much the cost of fry?
Initial Weight and weight of fry
Price of the feed they bought from the market and the name of feed company?
Amount of feed given to the lake per day
How they calculate what amount of feed they required?
Final length and Weight of the fish species when they harvested them from the lake?
Where they sell the fishes? Wholesale or retail?
How much the price of each cultured species?
8. References
i
Suprayudi M. A., Edriani G., Ekasari J., 2012 [Evaluation of fermented product quality of various
local by-products of local agro-industry: its effect on digestibility and growth performance of juvenile
carp (Cyprinus carpio)]. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 11(1):1-10 [In Indonesian].
ii
Boyd, C. & Fast, A.W., 1992. Pond monitoring and management. In: Fast A.W. and Lester L.J.
(Eds). Marine shrimp culture: principles and practices. Developments in aquaculture and fisheries
science, volume 23. Elsevier Science Publisher B.V., The Netherlands.
iii
https://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/CDrom/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6709e/x6709e10.
htm
iv
https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/dissolved-oxygendynamics/#:~:text=Dissolved%20oxygen%20management%20is%20the,hours%20can%20kill%20wa
rmwater%20animals.
v
https://www.noble.org/news/publications/ag-news-and-views/2009/july/fish-pond-water-quality-assimple-as-chemistry101/#:~:text=Fish%20have%20an%20average%20blood,6.5%20and%209.0%20to%2011.0.
vi
https://totalpond.com/blogs/water-gardening/why-water-temperature-is-more-important-than-airtemperature-for-ponds
vii
https://thefishsite.com/articles/managing-ammonia-in-fishponds#:~:text=The%20main%20source%20of%20ammonia,the%20protein%20level%20in%20feed.
&text=The%20decomposition%20of%20this%20organic,sediment%20into%20the%20water%20colu
mn.
viii
https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/secchi-disk-visibility-correct-measurement-interpretation/
ix
Piper et al., (1982); Halver (1972); Phillips (1970);Gaudet (1967); Lee (1981); Ralston Purina
(1974); Marek (1975); Foltz (1982); NRC (1983); NRC (1981); Pullin and Lowe-McConnell (1982);
Jauncey and Ross (1982); New (1986a); New and Singholka (1982); Winfree (1979); Jauncey (1982).
x
https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/fisheries/fish_aqu/fish_aqu_techsup/files/common/Series1_FishFeed
Management.pdf
Page 22 of 23
xi
Bannister, J.V.C. 1976. The length–weight relationship, condition factor gut contents in the dolphin
fish Coryphaena hippurus (L) in
the Mediterranean J. Fish Biol., 9: 335-338.
xii
Le-Cren, E.D., 1951. The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonadal weight and
condition in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). J. Animal Ecol., 20: 201-219.
xiii
Lizama, M.A.P. and A.M. Ambrósia, 2002. Condition factor in nine species of fish of the
Characidae family in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazilian J. Biol., 62: 113-124
xiv
Gomiero, L.M., G.A. Villares Junior and F. Naous, 2008., Relação pesocomprimento e fator de
condição de Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) introduzidos em um lago artificial no Sudeste
brasileiro. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sci., 30: 173-178.
xv
https://derekogle.com/resources/pubs/Crane_et_al-2019-Reviews_in_Aquaculture.pdf
xvi
https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00K8MQ.pdf
xvii
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327183238_Effect_of_Dietary_Protein_Level_on_Survival
_Growth_Performance_and_Body_Composition_of_European_Sea_Bass_Dicentrarchus_Labrax_Fin
gerlings_Under_Sea_Water_Flow_Conditions
xviii
https://www.aquaneo-techna.com/en/productivity/experts/feed-conversion-ratio-farmed-fish
Xvii. https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/msup/aehm/article/24/1/82/173882/Fish-feedsand-feed-management-practices-in-the
Page 23 of 23