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History of Journalism
INTRODUCTION LESSON
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01
02
03
INTRODUCTION
About journalism and its
principles
THE BEGINNING
The early years of Philippine
Journalism
REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES
Philippine Journalism in
different major periods
04
05
RECENT HISTORY
Philippine Journalism Now
THE RISE OF PH CAMPUS
JOURNALISM
The beginning of Philippine
Campus Journalism
WHOA
This can be the part of the presentation where you
introduce yourself, write your email…
“Journalism can never be silent: That is its greatest
virtue and its greatest fault. It must speak, and
speak immediately, while the echoes of wonder, the
claims of triumph and the signs of horror are still in
the air.”
Henry Anatole Grunwald
01
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INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM
DEFINITION - PRINCIPLES - ROLES
WHAT IS JOURNALISM
●
Traditionally Journalism is defined as
bringing the news of the day—
material of current interest or
importance– to an audience.
●
Yet this definition has blurred, at least
in the eyes and ears of consumers.
●
What do you think has caused the
definition to blur?
WHAT IS JOURNALISM
●
As technology (social networks,
online RSS feeds) of journalism
has diversified, the lines
between journalism and gossip,
between journalism and
entertainment, have narrowed.
WHAT IS JOURNALISM
●
At the student level, journalism
is still best approached as the
process of reporting and
writing the news and packaging
it for an audience. Whatever
the technology, news is
information that must be
collected and presented to a
consumer.
WHAT IS JOURNALISM
●
News—or journalism– is only one
part of what is called media.
●
Journalism is not the movies, book
publishing, public relations,
corporate communications,
television sitcoms, radio talk shows,
websites (with the exception of
newspaper websites), or any other
sub divisions of mass
communication.
WHAT IS JOURNALISM
●
Because journalism results in a
product, it can be studied as a
discipline.
●
Journalism is a laboratory in which
the goal is production by a team,
just as it is in the professional press.
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM
OBJECTIVITY
●
●
Objectivity in journalism aims to help
the audience make up their own mind
about a story, providing the facts alone
and then letting audiences interpret
those on their own.
To maintain objectivity in journalism,
journalists should present the facts
whether or not they like or agree with
those facts.
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM
OBJECTIVITY
●
●
●
Objective reporting is meant to portray
issues and events in a neutral and
unbiased manner, regardless of the
writer's opinion or personal beliefs.
Journalistic objectivity requires that a
journalist not be on either side of an
argument.
It generally refers to the idea of three
distinct, yet interrelated, concepts:
truthfulness, neutrality, and detachment
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM
OBJECTIVITY
●
“The fearless protesters demonstrated
against the unjust government policies”
●
EXAMPLE OF A NON-OBJECTIVE
NEWS HEADLINE
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM
BALANCE AND FAIRNESS
●
●
“In objective journalism, stories must be
balanced in the sense of attempting to
present all sides of a story.
Fairness means that a journalist should
strive for accuracy and truth in
reporting, and not slant a story so a
reader draws the reporter’s desired
conclusion.
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM
BALANCE AND FAIRNESS
●
●
Most stories have at least two sides.
While there is no obligation to present
every side in every piece, stories should
be balanced and add context.
Objectivity is not always possible, and
may not always be desirable (in the face
for example of brutality or inhumanity),
but impartial reporting builds trust and
confidence
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM
BALANCE AND FAIRNESS
●
●
●
Journalists are often criticized for lack of
balance and fairness in breaking news
situations.
Will they only publish the story after
getting two sides of the coin?
How ever they try the balancing act, one
side might seem more highlighted. Why?
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM
BALANCE AND FAIRNESS
●
●
In the case of balance, one question a
journalist must ask is whether she is simply
providing “false balance” by presenting an
opposing point of view if the facts are
presumably well known.
If you and your news organization don’t
subscribe to an impartial model of
reporting but rather acknowledge that you
lean toward a particular political or social
point of view, can you throw balance out
the window?
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM
ACCURACY AND TRUTH
●
●
Good decision-making depends on
people having reliable, accurate facts
put in a meaningful context.
This “journalistic truth” is a process that
begins with the professional discipline of
assembling and verifying facts. Then
journalists try to convey a fair and
reliable account of their meaning,
subject to further investigation.
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM
ACCURACY AND TRUTH
●
●
Journalists cannot always guarantee
‘truth’, but getting the facts right is the
cardinal principle of journalism.
Journalism should always strive for
accuracy, give all the relevant facts we
have and ensure that they have been
checked.
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM
ACCURACY AND TRUTH
●
●
Should give space for verified
information rather than gossip.
Should be transparent about the source
of information so audiences can make
their own assessment of the
information.
PRINCIPLES OF JOURNALISM
ACCURACY AND TRUTH
●
●
If the information is half, or is not
checked for its accuracy or if it comes
from a non authenticate source, they
should declare so.
Even in a world of expanding voices,
“getting it right” is the foundation upon
which everything else is built – context,
interpretation, comment, criticism,
analysis and debate. The larger truth,
over time, emerges from this forum.
ROLES FOR A PUBLICATION
If you were in charge how would you rank the ten
roles for a publication, from the following slides?
ROLES FOR A PUBLICATION
News Reporting
to what degree will you report what happens in
school—the good, the bad, the past, present, future?
What do you consider news? Should you produce
anything but news?
ROLES FOR A PUBLICATION
Entertainment
How important is giving your audience an emotionally
rewarding break from academic life, including a focus
on the humorous, light side of themselves? If it isn’t
serious, can you tell if it is news?
ROLES FOR A PUBLICATION
Matter of Record
To what extent will you report all events during the
school year so there will be a record of the year for
others to look back on? What details are important?
To what extent are you producing history? Is
journalism history on the run?
ROLES FOR A PUBLICATION
School Spirit
How responsible are you for stressing the positive and
for helping readers see the good side of the school
year? Are you a cheerleader, obliged to publicize and
promote school life?
ROLES FOR A PUBLICATION
Community Image
Is the community beyond your school campus part of
your audience?
How important is it to give
community residents a positive image of school
events? Does it matter what that they, as parents and
citizens, think about your school?
ROLES FOR A PUBLICATION
Educational skills
How important is it for you to learn and practice the
professional standards of journalism education?
Should the commercial press be your model? Is high
school journalism the first step in a career?
ROLES FOR A PUBLICATION
Reader Culture
How far should you go in giving your readers and
viewers what they want, no matter what it is? Should
your journalistic judgment supersede theirs? Will
they buy your product if it does?
ROLES FOR A PUBLICATION
Leadership
To what extent will you show your audience what
alternatives and choices might exist to resolve
problems and conflicts at your school? To what extent
will you try to control or influence their decisions?
ROLES FOR A PUBLICATION
Public Forum
How much opportunity will you provide for your
audience to express their views, to sound off on
whatever they want? Are all topics open to public
discussion?
ROLES FOR A PUBLICATION
Interpretation
To what degree will you try to explain how events,
issues, and personalities are tied together and affect
student life at your school?
Setting Priorities with Teamwork
●
●
While all 10 goals listed have validity, a
publication or broadcast staff must
generate some agreement on which
ones are most important if it’s to
develop a consistent product.
Otherwise, you’ll confuse your readers.
The way to set priorities is through
discussion.
Setting Priorities with Teamwork
●
●
Journalism is a group effort from beginning
to end. In the commercial press, journalism
requires specialists whose work blends
together as the publication or broadcast is
produced. At the student level, journalism
is more likely to be the work of generalists,
beginners who do a little bit of everything
because that’s the best way to learn.
Goals need to be argued on a regular
basis—they form the foundation of what
you’re going to learn to do.
Here are a few thoughts about the Primary Roles:
News Reporting
●
The difficulty of setting this goal as a high
priority is determining what is news. As a
journalist you are a gatekeeper-you, not
the audience, decide on what news items
will be presented. Once you forfeit your
right to control access, you stop being a
journalist.
Here are a few thoughts about the Primary Roles:
Entertainment
●
This function has evolved as a strong
priority for most forms of journalism-to the
dismay of traditionalists who see
information and truth as journalism’s most
noble goal. Yet news and entertainment
have long coincided in the same journalistic
medium. The question here is balance.
Here are a few thoughts about the Primary Roles:
Matter of Record
●
this journalistic purpose takes highest
priority in the yearbook, which by
definition, defines the year. Professional
papers do this too-notice the detail
recorded in the stock market report, score
boxes on the sports page, or the weather
page.
Here are a few thoughts about the Primary Roles:
School Spirit
●
Journalism and promotion are not the same
thing, so this priority might be low. You might
run into conflict with school officials who
would only like you to present the school in a
positive light. Other students may see your job
as a publicity agent for their activities. Don’t
dismiss this goal—learn to understand its
importance to others and your school
environment. You should also get used to the
blaming the messenger element in journalism,
in which you get criticized for what you print
and don’t print.
Here are a few thoughts about the Primary Roles:
Community Image
●
This goal deals with public relations,
implying that because adults outside
the school may read the newspaper, it
should be written with them in mind.
You need to prioritize your audience.
Here are a few thoughts about the Primary Roles:
Educational skills
●
Journalism class, like any other course
offered in your school, ought to
develop useful skills in those who take
it, especially if students are
considering journalism as a
profession. That is argument for
developing as professional an
approach as possible for what you are
learning.
Here are a few thoughts about the Primary Roles:
Reader Culture
●
This is a tempting priority fraught
with risks. If you're sure your
audience is homogeneous, it’s easy to
address their tastes, but you might
end up with a crossword puzzle
magazine or a comic book. Awareness
of their needs is good, but it can’t
conflict with the other priorities.
Here are a few thoughts about the Primary Roles:
Leadership
●
It’s quite easy for the newspaper to have
influence on certain areas or on specific
issues, but journalists disagree on the
importance of this goal. Traditional
journalists argue that the press should
report the news in a neutral manner and
not try to influence decisions. Yet the
more active leadership role of the press
in influencing public behavior has been
clear for quite some time.
Setting Priorities with Teamwork
Public Forum
●
This purpose has legal implications.
Getting agreement from the school
administration that your publication is,
indeed, a public forum is the best way to
avoid censorship.
Here are a few thoughts about the Primary Roles:
Interpretation
●
This function deserves high priority in all
forms of student journalism because it
takes the audience beyond the
superficial and tries to explain the
environment in which they spend so
much time. But it is difficult to be
consistent with interpretation.
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THE BEGINNING
THE HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE JOURNALISM
THE EARLY YEARS
The history of journalism in the Philippines goes back to the 16th
century, the same period when England and Europe were starting
on the proliferation of community newspapers.
1637 - "Father of Filipino Printing", Tomas Pinpin, launched the first
Philippine newsletter called "Successos Felices" (Fortunate
Events). The publication was written in Spanish and contained a
14-page report on current events.
1799 - Pinpin again came up with his Hojas Volantes or "flying
sheets". It was titled "Aviso Al Publico" (Notices to the Public),
which served the Spaniards and had a role comparative to a
"town crier.
THE EARLY YEARS
August 8, 1811
The first actual newspaper, "Del Superior Govierno," was launched by
Gov. Fernandez del Forgueras. It was the so-called first regularly
issued publication that reported developments about Spain and
Europe. It was also the first newspaper that included in its layout the
name, date and place of its publication. Unfortunately, the paper only
came up with 15 issues within its years of operation from 1811 to
1832.
35 YEARS GAP
Due to the constraints of the church and government at that time, 35
years had lapsed before the Philippine press continued on its
development.
THE EARLY YEARS
December 1, 1846 - The first daily newspaper called "La
Esperanza." came. The paper, edited by Felipe Lacorte and
Evaristo Calderon, lasted only for three years.
La Esperanza gave way to the birth of other dailies such
as "La Estrella" in 1847 and "Diario de Manila" in 1848.
"Diario de Manila" monopolized the market a year after
its launch and became the government's daily organ
THE EARLY YEARS
Diario de
Manila
It was renamed to "Boletin Oficial de Filipinas" which
later ceased circulation by Royal Order in 1860.
Diario de
Manila
The paper reappeared with Felipe del Pan as its editor and
encountered another official decree that led to its
permanent closure on February 19, 1898.
THE EARLY YEARS
There had been a surplus of newspapers but most of them
talked about the same issues and had almost similar formats.
1862, a Tagalog publisher, Mariano Sevilla, founded El
Catolico Filipino. It was considered the first Philippine
religious newspaper, unexpectedly not managed by the
Church. It was also a paper which seriously dealt with the
problems of Filipinos.
THE EARLY YEARS
El Porvenir
Filipino
Another first in the history, founded in 1865. It was the
newspaper that pioneered in two-edition dailies. Later it
was followed by Revista Mercantil which came out the
same year.
La Opinion
In the succeeding years there had been attempts to create a more
liberal and mass appealing press. The year 1887 marked the
beginning of a more opinionated journalism in the Philippines. It
officially begun on April 1, 1887 with the birth of La Opinion.
According to historians, "it was the first paper to defy the friars
and campaigned for the ouster of the religious…"
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REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES
Philippine Journalism in different major periods
PERIOD OF REVOLUTION
In February 19, 1889 La Solidaridad came out as the "mouthpiece of
the revolution." It operated with its policies "to work peacefully for
social and economic reforms, to expose the real plight of the
Philippines and to champion liberalism and democracy.
The staff of the paper was comprised of known personas like
Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Andres
Bonifacio, Pio Valenzuela and Graciano Lopez-Jaena.
Graciano Lopez-Jaena became the founding editor until he was
succeeded by del Pilar on October 31, 1889. The paper ceased
publication on November 15, 1895 which was then followed by
the death of its second and last editor in the early 1896.
PERIOD OF REVOLUTION
Ang Kalayaan
From the reformists' newspapers, the secret society of
rebels or better known as the Katipunan also came up with
their own publication. They established "Ang Kalayaan"
(Liberty) on January 1, 1896. It was edited by Pio
Valenzuela, Emilio Jacinto and Andres Bonifacio.
It only came out with one issue when a Katipunero betrayed the
secrecy of the paper. Nevertheless, its existence increased the
membership of the society to 30,000.
PERIOD OF REVOLUTION
Other revolutionary papers that emerged in those times were
El Heraldo de Iloilo on January 1, 1898 and La Libertad on
June 20, 1898.
La Independencia was founded on September 3, 1898 by Gen.
Antonio Luna and Fernando Ma. Guerrero. It was staffed by
then famous writers: Rafael Palma, Cecilio Apostol, Epifanio
de los Santos and Judge Jose Abreu.
It folded up in January 1900 when the American decided
to stay in the island and Filipino bias presses one by one
closed down.
PERIOD OF REVOLUTION
El Heraldo de
la Revolución
Bounding Billow,
American Soldier,
Freedom & The
American
When the Americans were slowly gaining control over the
island several so-called Fil-American War newspapers
then cropped up. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, in his effort to
unify his armies, put up his own revolutionary organ called
"El Heraldo de la Revolución" on September 28, 1898
The arrival of more American fleets on August 13, 1898, American
editors aboard Admiral Dewey's flagship came up with the paper,
Bounding Billow. Succeeding the Billow, newspapers such as
American Soldier, Freedom, and The American also came to
existence.
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
The Manila Times of Thomas Gowan which was established
on October 11, 1898.
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●
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The paper was a response to the complaints of American soldiers with the lack of a good
English newspaper at that time.
It encountered various changes in ownership including then President Manuel L. Quezon who
bought it in 1917 and sold it after four years of possession.
Two other foreign owners had the Manila Times before Alejandro Roces, Sr. acquired it in
1927.
Roces already running the TVT (Taliba-La Vanguardia-Tribune) chain at that time then realized
the unnecessary owning of another English paper and so he closed it down in 1930. Also
sometime in 1927 the son of Alejandro Roces, Sr., Ramon Roces put up a magazine known as
Graphic.
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
TVT then was considered the first newspaper chain in the Philippines.
Its founding was one of the highlight events during the 1920s and had
bestowed on Roces the titled "father of modern journalism.".
●
Manila Tribune was established by Roces on April 1, 1925, with Carlos P. Romulo as editor
●
Another American newspaper issued that time was the "oldest existing newspaper", The
Manila Daily Bulletin, established by Carson Taylor in February 1, 1900. The paper started out
as a shipping journal and later widened its scope in 1912.
●
Some time after 1930 with Herald and Tribune on tough competition for high number of
circulation, Sen. Vicente Madrigal, owner of the Herald, put up his own publication chain called
DMHM comprised of Spanish daily, El Debate, weekly, Monday Post, Herald and Mabuhay, a
Pilipino daily.
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
With the invasion of the Japanese most publications were shut down
except for the ones they used for their propaganda
●
DMHM was the first destroyed when Manila was bombed.
●
It was only TVT which was left to operate however it was controlled and functioned as "solely
for the benefit of the Japanese state" on October 12, 1942.
●
The chain together with Ramon Roces' Liwayway was allowed to be published regularly but
under censorship of the Japanese Imperial Army.
●
The printing and distribution of the periodicals were transferred under Osaka Mainichi
Publishing Company, established by Liwayway Manila Sinbusya Corporation.
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
The only papers that existed those times were that of TVT, Liwayway,
Manila Shimbun, Shin-Seiki, Bicol Herald and Davao Nichi-Nichi, all
under the control of the corporation.
●
With the side of the guerrillas they also came up with their own periodicals. These were
typewritten or mimeographed paraphernalias on 8 ½ x 11-inch paper edited by journalistsguerillas.
●
The publication served to empower the soldiers' and people's morale and aid as counter
propaganda against the Japanese.
POST LIBERATION
After the atrocities of the Japanese and World War II in
general, Manila was freed on February 3, 1945.
At that time came a rapid proliferation of publications with
most of them simply printed like flyers or in single-sheets.
Manila Free Philippines became the first post-Liberation
newspaper published by the US Office of War Information.
The paper circulated from February - September 1945.
POST LIBERATION
Some of the periodicals closed by the Japanese made
comebacks but those used for propaganda one by one
perished.
Those that disappeared included Philippine Liberty News by
Manuel F. Manahan, Manila Post edited by Abelardo Subido and
wife Trinidad Tarrosa-Subido,Manila Tribune edited by Vicente
Albino-Pacis and a Bannawag certain Morning
POST LIBERATION
Those that were revived included The Manila Bulletin, further
developed in 1947,
Philippines Herald, Manila Chronicle, started as "The People's
Newspaper" and was later bought by Eugenio Lopez in 1947.
Manila Times, re-established by the Roces family.
Likewise, Ramon Roces, son of Don Alejandro, also put out Manila's
first afternoon newspaper called Evening News. Furthermore, his
Graphic, renamed as Kislap-Graphic, Liwayway and vernacular sister
publications: Bisaya, Bannawag and Hiligaynon were also re-launched.
MARTIAL LAW
September 21, 1972
After more than three
decades of free press, on
September 21, 1972 upon
the declaration of Martial
Law, publications were
once again halted from
their liberal operations.
Pres. Ferdinand Marcos
issued Letter of Instruction
(LOI) No. I which contained
the ordinance, "to take over
and control or cause the
taking over and control of
the mass media for the
duration of the national
emergency, or until
otherwise ordered by the
President or by his duly
designated representative.
Almost similar to the press'
situation during the
Japanese Occupation,
publications were put
under government
supervision. Media entities
were sequestered or closed
down restraining their
operation unless approved
by the MMC / MAC agency,
which was tasked to
regulate them.
MARTIAL LAW
Editors, publishers and
activist-journalists were
put into jail considering
them as threat to the
administration. It was in
this period when the likes
Geny Lopez, Jr., Chino
Roces, Max V. Soliven, Luis
Beltran, Teodoro Locsin,
Jose Diokno, Benigno
Aquino, Jr. and others were
detained at Camp Crame.
The only periodicals that
continuously existed were
those owned by Marcos'
cronies and relatives.
These included Manila
Daily Bulletin, then owned
by the late Gen. Hans
Menzi who was
presidential aide-de-camp,
The Times Journal by
Benjamin "Kokoy"
Romualdez, brother of then
First Lady, Imelda Marcos,
and The Daily Express by
Roberto S. Benedicto, who
was a family friend.
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CONTEMPORARY TIMES
THE PRESENT PHILIPPINE JOURNALISM
When the Marcos' administration ended because of
the first People Power revolt, the press was once
again freed.
Manila Times by Ramon Roces decided to revive the
paper on January 1986, registered under his
grandson, Alfredo R. Guerrero.
He also brought back La Vanguardia Publishing Co.,
Inc. which was for his other grandson, Ramon R.
Davila.
The Manila Chronicle was re-established with
publisher Joaquin "Chino" Roces and editor Amando
Doronilla.
The weekly, We Forum, also emerged with Jose
Burgos as its publisher.
Present day newspapers such as Philippine Daily
Inquirer, Philippine Star, Manila Standard and even
Business World were born during those times.
05
HISTORY OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
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The History of Journalism in the
Philippine Islands (1933) and John Lent in
the Philippine Mass Communication
(1964), the history of campus journalism
in the Philippines started when the
University of Santo Tomas published El
Liliputiense in 1890.
ACCORDING TO JESUS VALENZUELA
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in Ang Pamahayagan (1985) argued that the history of
campus journalism in the country started when the
University of the Philippines published The College Folio,
now The Philippine Collegian, in 1910. They also added
that The Torch of the Philippine Normal University, The
Guidon of the Ateneo de Manila University, and The
Varsitarian of the University of Santo Tomas were also
published two years later.
Oscar Manalo, Narciso Matienzo, and Virgilio Monteloyola
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Edited the Coconut, the official student publication of
Manila High School, now the Araullo High School. It was
published in 1912 and it is now considered the first and
oldest high school newspaper in the country.
CARLOS ROMULO Y PENA
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La Union High School in the Ilocos Region published The
La Union Tab, the first printed and regularly issued high
school newspaper in the country. Since then, high school
newspapers came out one after the other.
1923
AMONG THESE HIGH SCHOOL NEWSPAPERS WERE:
The
Pampangan
The
Leytean
The
Rizalian
The
Coconut
1925
1925
1926
1927
Pampanga High
School
Leyte High School
Rizal High School
Tayabas High School
AMONG THESE HIGH SCHOOL NEWSPAPERS WERE:
The Volcano
The Toil
The
Samarinian
The Melting
Pot
1927
1928
1928
1929
Batangas High School
La Union Trade
School
Samar High School
Tarlac High School
AMONG THESE HIGH SCHOOL NEWSPAPERS WERE:
The Granary
The Torres
Cagayan Student
Chronicle
1929
1930
1931
Nueva Ecija High
School
Torres High School
Cagayan High School
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