The Scientific Revolution The Philosophical Medieval View ■ Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported the Geocentric theory: Earth was an unmoving object located at the center of the universe- the sun and planets moved around the Earth ■ Religion guided views too: Christianity taught that God had placed Earth at the center of the universe. The Scientific Revolution And new philosophy calls all in doubt, The element of fire is quite put out; The sun is lost, and th’ earth, and no man’s wit Can well direct him where to look for it ’Tis all in pieces, all coherence gone; -John Donne, “Anatomy of the World” Geocentric Theory Aristotle (384BC – 322BC) ■ Greek philosopher ■ Developed geocentric model. ■ Philosophies had long-lasting effects on philosophical theories. Claudius Ptolemy (85AD – 165AD) ■ Greek astronomer, mathematician & geographer ■ Expanded Aristotle’s geocentric theory. ■ Introduced trigonometry methods. Universe in Bible Universe in Quran Before the Scientific Revolution ■ Science was called “natural philosophy” ■ Science mixed with moral philosophy, theology, numerology, alchemy & magic ■ Ancient Greek sources highly trusted ■ Few experiments were performed What was the Scientific Revolution? ■ From 1542 to 1700 ■ Development of new ways to study universe ■ Old authorities no longer blindly accepted ■ Application of mathematics to natural world ■ Creation and spread of new ideas and discoveries Causes of the Scientific Revolution ■ The voyages of discovery and colonization ■ Ancient & Medieval works translated into Latin, then vernacular languages ■ New inventions & institutions that promoted sharing of knowledge Heliocentric Model ■ Earth is not center of the universe ■ Earth is just another planet ■ Earth revolves around the Sun ■ Night and day caused by Earth’s rotation Heliocentric Theory Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyQ8Tb85HrU Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) ■ Sun-centered universe – heliocentric theory ■ Earth is no different than any other planet ■ On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) ■ http://www.npr.org/2011/11/08/141931239/for-copernicus-a-p erfect-heaven-put-sun-at-center Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) ■ Uses experiments & observations ■ Planetary movement is a mathematical formula ■ Planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits NOT circles ■ Confirms Copernicus ideas Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) ■ GALILEO – designs 1st telescope w/lens & sees movement of stars & moons (similar to the movement of the planets) ■ Church believes heavens are fixed, unmoving & earth is central they are furious w/Galileo! ■ Galileo accused of heresy (crimes against Church) 1633 brought to trial before Catholic Inquisition & he recants his statements Brainpop Galileo Galilei (1564 — 1642) ■ Gathered observational data that supported the Heliocentric Model ■ Wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) Why did the Catholic Church care? ■ Galileo was CATHOLIC! ■ The Protestant Reformation ■ Events had disturbed the faith of many Christians ■ Movements in the heavens which contradicted Church doctrine Isaac Newton (1642-1727) ■ Universal law of motion every object in universe attracts every other object ■ Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) Explained gravity (what goes up must come down) ■ Universe is a giant clock- all parts work together but God set clock in motion. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) ■ First to dissect human bodies (even though a disapproved practice) ■ Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543) ■ His published observations included detailed drawings of human organs, bones & muscle. William Harvey (1578-1657) ■ Published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628) ■ Showed heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout body Francis Bacon (1561-1626) ■ English politician & writer with an interest in science. ■ Criticized ancient philosophers on how they arrived at conclusions. ■ Urged scientists to experiment in order to arrive at conclusions ■ Developed Scientific Method The Scientific Method ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Observation Research Hypothesis Experiment Analysis Conclusion Rene Descartes (1596-1650) ■ French scientist & mathematician. ■ Developed analytical geometry (links both algebra & geometry) ■ Developments provided new tools for scientific research.
