AUTHOR Team
Dan Bruni, B.Sc., M.Sc., B.Ed.
York Catholic District School Board
Greg Dick, B.Sc. (Hons), B.Ed., OCT
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Jacob Speijer, B.Eng., M.Sc.Ed., P.Eng., OCT
Simcoe County District School Board
Charles Stewart, B.Sc., B.Ed.
Peel District School Board
Senior Program Consultant
Maurice DiGiuseppe, Ph.D.
University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT)
Formerly Toronto Catholic District School Board
PROGRAM CONSULTANT
Charles Stewart, B.Sc., B.Ed.
Peel District School Board
8160_FM_pi-vii.indd 1
4/12/12 10:04 AM
Nelson Physics 12
Senior Program Consultant
Maurice DiGiuseppe
Authors
Dan Bruni
Greg Dick
Jacob Speijer
Charles Stewart
Contributing Authors
Stefanie Clark
Isha DeCoito
Christopher T. Howes
Ron Ricci
Rob Vucic
Editorial Director
Linda Allison
Manufacturing
Sharon Latta Paterson
Associate Publisher, Science
David Spiegel
Content Production Editors
Cheryl Tiongson
Shana Hayes
Cover Design
Ken Phipps
Eugene Lo
Jarrel Breckon
Program Consultant
Charles Stewart
Managing Editor, Science
Jennifer Hounsell
Copyeditor
Julia Cochrane
Product Managers
Doug Morrow
Lorraine Young
Proofreader
Gerry Jenkison
Program Manager
Sarah Tanzini
Indexer
Marilyn Augst
Senior Editor
Betty Robinson
Design Director
Ken Phipps
Developmental Editors
Nancy Andraos
Naomi Go
Julia Hubble
Winnie Siu
Interior Design
Greg Devitt
Ken Phipps
Glenn Toddun
Courtney Hellam
Eugene Lo
Editorial Assistants
Michelle Irvine
Bonnie Lo
Mina Shin
Copyright © 2012 by
Nelson Education Ltd.
Student Text and PDF
ISBN-13: 978-0-17-652038-0
ISBN-10: 0-17-625038-4
Student Text
ISBN-13: 978-0-17-650453-3
ISBN-10: 0-17-650453-2
Printed and bound in Canada
2 3 4 15 14 13 12 Portions adapted from
College Physics: Reasoning
and Relationships, First Edition,
Published by Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning © 2010.
Nicholas J. Giordano.
Cover Image
Fractal rendering of a particle
accelerator collision: Joe White/
Shutterstock
Asset Coordinator
Suzanne Peden
Illustrators
Nesbitt Graphics, Inc.
Ralph Voltz
Compositor
Nesbitt Graphics, Inc.
Photo/Permissions Researcher
Strand Acquisitions Inc.
Cover Researcher
Debbie Yea
Printer
Transcontinental Printing, Ltd.
For more information contact
Nelson Education Ltd.,
1120 Birchmount Road, Toronto,
Ontario M1K 5G4. Or you can visit
our website at www.nelson.com.
Excerpts from this publication may
be reproduced under licence from
Access Copyright, or with the
express written permission of
Nelson Education Ltd., or as
permitted by law. Requests which
fall outside of Access Copyright
guidelines must be submitted online
to www.cengage.com/permissions.
Further questions about
permissions can be emailed to
permissionrequest@cengage.com.
ALL RIGHTS ARE OTHERWISE
RESERVED. No part of this
publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanic,
photocopying, scanning, recording
or otherwise, except as specifically
authorized.
Every effort has been made to
trace ownership of all copyrighted
material and to secure permission
from copyright holders. In the
event of any question arising as
to the use of any material, we will
be pleased to make the necessary
corrections in future printings.
All student activities and investigations in this textbook have been designed to be as safe as possible,
and have been reviewed by professionals specifically for that purpose. As well, appropriate warnings
concerning potential safety hazards are included where applicable to particular activities and
investigations. However, responsibility for safety remains with the student, the classroom teacher,
the school principal, and the school board.
8160_FM_pi-vii.indd 2
5/3/12 2:07 PM
Reviewers
Accuracy Reviewers
Deepak Chandan
University of Toronto, Department
of Physics
Richard Epp
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical
Physics, Scientific Outreach
Manager
Martin Williams
University of Guelph, Department
of Physics
Assessment Reviewers
Damian Cooper
Education Consultant
Nelson Education Author
Alistair MacLeod
Limestone DSB
Catholicity Consultant
Ted Laxton
Faculty of Education, Wilfred Laurier
University
Formerly Wellington Catholic DSB
ESL Consultant
Paula Markus
ESL/ELD Program Coordinator,
Toronto DSB
Numeracy Consultant
Mary Bourassa
Ottawa–Carleton DSB
STSE Consultant
Joanne Nazir
Ontario Institute for Studies in
Education (OISE),
University of Toronto
NEL
8160_FM_pi-vii.indd 3
Safety Consultants
Jim Agban
Past Chair, Science Teachers’
Association of Ontario (STAO)
Safety Committee
Martin Gabber
Formerly of Durham DSB
Peter Cudmore
Chair, Science Teachers’ Association
of Ontario (STAO) Safety
Committee
Renfrew County District School Board
Christopher T. Howes
Durham DSB
Technology/ICT Consultant
Luciano Lista
Coordinator, eLearning and
Digital Resources,
Toronto Catholic DSB
Aboriginal Education Consultant
Karen Iverson
Karen Iverson Consulting
Advisory Panel and Teacher
Reviewers
Anca Bogorin
Avon Maitland DSB
Racquel Carlow
Dufferin–Peel Catholic DSB
Andrew Cherkas
York Region DSB
Charles J. Cohen
Tanenbaum Community Hebrew
Academy of Toronto
Matthew Di Fiore
Dufferin–Peel Catholic DSB
Naomi Epstein
Tanenbaum Community Hebrew
Academy of Toronto
Shawna Hopkins
Niagara DSB
Patricia Jones
Ottawa–Carleton DSB
Roche Kelly
Durham DSB
Ron Macnaughton
Peel DSB
Christopher Meyer
Toronto DSB
Dermot O’Hara
Toronto Catholic DSB
Steve Pfisterer
Rockway Mennonite Collegiate
Robert Pickett
Catholic DSB of Eastern Ontario
Ron Ricci
Greater Essex County DSB
Henri van Bemmel
Toronto DSB
Rob Vucic
Peel DSB
Glenn Wagner
Upper Grand DSB
Victoria Wraight
Kawartha Pine Ridge Board
of Education
Jim Young
Limestone DSB
Dave Fish
Waterloo Region DSB
Reviewers iii
4/12/12 10:04 AM
Contents
Unit 1 Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Focus on STSE: Applying the Dynamics
of Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Are You Ready?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 1: Kinematics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1 Motion and Motion Graphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3 Displacement in Two Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4 Velocity and Acceleration in Two Dimensions. . . 30
1.5 Projectile Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.6 Relative Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Investigation 1.5.1: Investigating Projectile
Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Chapter 1 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Chapter 1 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 1 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Chapter 2: Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Forces and Free-Body Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Newton’s Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Applying Newton’s Laws of Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Forces of Friction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Explore an Application in Dynamics:
Linear Actuators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.6 Physics Journal: The Physics
of Downhill Skiing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Investigation 2.3.1: Static Equilibrium
of Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Investigation 2.4.1: Inclined Plane
and Friction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Investigation 2.4.2: Motion and Pulleys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Chapter 2 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Chapter 2 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Chapter 2 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
iv Contents
8160_FM_pi-vii.indd 4
Chapter 3: Uniform Circular Motion. . . . . . . 106
3.1
Inertial and Non-inertial Frames
of Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Centripetal Acceleration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Centripetal Force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Rotating Frames of Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Physics Journal: The Physics
of Roller Coasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Explore an Issue in Dynamics:
Improvements in Athletic Technology. . . . . . . .
Investigation 3.3.1: Simulating Uniform
Circular Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation 3.3.2: Analyzing Uniform
Circular Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 3 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 3 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 3 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
108
114
120
125
131
133
135
136
138
139
140
Unit 1 Task: A New Extreme Sport . . . . . . . . . . 146
Unit 1 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Unit 1 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Unit 2 Energy and Momentum. . . 158
Focus on STSE: Innovations
in Energy Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Are You Ready?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Chapter 4: Work and Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Work Done by a Constant Force. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kinetic Energy and
the Work-Energy Theorem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gravitational Potential Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explore an Issue in Energy Generation:
Gravitational Potential Energy
and Hydroelectricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
164
171
177
182
NEL
4/12/12 10:04 AM
4.5
4.6
The Law of Conservation of Energy . . . . . . . . . .
Elastic Potential Energy
and Simple Harmonic Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Springs and Conservation
of Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation 4.2.1: The Work–Energy
Theorem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation 4.5.1: Energy and Pulleys . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation 4.7.1: Energy and Springs. . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 4 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 4 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
184
192
201
209
210
211
212
213
214
Chapter 5: Momentum and Collisions. . . . . 220
5.1
5.2
Momentum and Impulse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conservation of Momentum
in One Dimension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Collisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Head-on Elastic Collisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions:
Glancing Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6 Explore Applications of Momentum:
Staying Safe at Every Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 Physics Journal: Momentum
and the Neutrino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation 5.2.1: Conservation
of Momentum in One Dimension. . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation 5.4.1: Head-on Elastic Collisions. . . . . .
Investigation 5.5.1: Conservation
of Momentum in Two Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 5 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 5 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
222
8160_FM_pi-vii.indd 5
Focus on STSE: The International
Space Station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Are You Ready?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Chapter 6: Gravitational Fields . . . . . . . . . . 286
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Newtonian Gravitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Orbits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explore Applications
of Gravitational Fields: Satellites. . . . . . . . . . .
Physics Journal: General Relativity. . . . . . . . . . .
288
297
304
306
Investigation 6.1.1: Universal Gravitation . . . . . . . . . . 308
Investigation 6.2.1: Design a Solar System. . . . . . . . . . 309
Chapter 6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
228
233
240
249
Chapter 6 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Chapter 6 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Chapter 7: Electric Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
7.1
Properties of Electric Charge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
7.2
Coulomb’s Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
7.3
Electric Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
256
7.4
Potential Difference
and Electric Potential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
258
259
7.5
Electric Potential and Electric Potential
Energy Due to Point Charges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
7.6
The Millikan Oil Drop Experiment. . . . . . . . . . . 362
254
260
262
263
264
Unit 2 Task: Applications of Energy and
Momentum in Engineering Design. . . . . 270
Unit 2 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Unit 2 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
NEL
Unit 3 Gravitational, Electric,
and Magnetic Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Investigation 7.2.1: Coulomb’s Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Investigation 7.6.1: The Millikan Experiment. . . . . . . 367
Chapter 7 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Chapter 7 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Chapter 7 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Contents v
4/12/12 10:04 AM
Chapter 8: Magnetic Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
8.1
Magnets and Electromagnets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
8.2
Magnetic Force on Moving Charges. . . . . . . . . . 386
8.3
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying
Conductor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
8.4
Motion of Charged Particles in
Magnetic Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
8.5
Applications of Electric and
Magnetic Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
8.6
Explore an Application
in Electromagnetic Fields:
Particle Accelerators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Investigation 8.2.1: Observing the Magnetic
Force on a Moving Charge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Chapter 8 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Chapter 8 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Chapter 8 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Unit 3 Task: Field Technology in Use. . . . . . . . .422
Unit 3 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Unit 3 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Unit 4 The Wave Nature
of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Focus on STSE: Light and Interference . . . . . . 435
Are You Ready?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Chapter 9: Waves and Light. . . . . . . . . . . . 438
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
Properties of Waves and Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Refraction and Total Internal Reflection . . . . . .
Diffraction and Interference
of Water Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Light: Wave or Particle?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interference of Light Waves:
Young’s Double-Slit Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explore an Issue in Light-Based
Technology: Should Governments
Restrict Network Access? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vi Contents
8160_FM_pi-vii.indd 6
440
444
459
470
Investigation 9.3.1: Properties of Water Waves. . . . . . 487
Investigation 9.3.2: Interference of Waves
in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation 9.5.1: Young’s Double-Slit
Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 9 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 9 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 9 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
488
490
492
493
494
Chapter 10: Applications of the Wave
Nature of Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
Interference in Thin Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Single-Slit Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Diffraction Grating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electromagnetic Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Polarization of Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explore Applications of Light
Technology: Electromagnetic Waves. . . . . . . . .
10.7 Physics Journal: Light Nanotechnology and
Counterfeit Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.8 Explore an Issue in Light Technology:
Global Positioning Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation 10.1.1: Investigating Interference
Using Air Wedges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation 10.2.1: Diffraction of Light
Using a Single Slit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation 10.3.1: CD and DVD
Storage Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 10 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 10 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
502
512
520
526
532
538
540
542
544
545
547
548
549
550
Unit 4 Task: Optical Pattern Analysis . . . . . . . . 556
Unit 4 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Unit 4 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
477
485
NEL
4/12/12 10:04 AM
Unit 5 Revolutions in Modern
Physics: Quantum Mechanics
and Special Relativity. . . . . . . . . . . 568
Focus on STSE: Particle Acceleration
and the Large Hadron Collider. . . . . . . . 569
Are You Ready?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Chapter 11: Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
11.1
11.2
11.3
The Special Theory of Relativity. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time Dilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Length Contraction, Simultaneity,
and Relativistic Momentum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.4 Mass–Energy Equivalence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation 11.2.1: Analyzing Relativistic Data. . . .
Chapter 11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 11 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 11 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
574
580
588
598
604
606
607
608
Chapter 12: Quantum Mechanics. . . . . . . . 614
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
NEL
8160_FM_pi-vii.indd 7
Introducing Quantum Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Photons and the Quantum Theory of Light. . . .
Wave Properties of Classical Particles. . . . . . . . .
Explore an Application in Quantum
Mechanics: Medical Diagnostic Tools. . . . . . .
616
620
632
640
12.5
Physics Journal: Raymond Laflamme and
Quantum Information Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.6 The Standard Model of Elementary Particles. . .
Investigation 12.2.1: The Photoelectric Effect. . . . . . .
Investigation 12.2.2: Determining Planck’s
Constant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Investigation 12.6.1: Laser Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 12 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 12 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 12 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
642
644
654
656
657
658
659
660
Unit 5 Task: The Large Hadron Collider:
The World’s Biggest Microscope. . . . . . 666
Unit 5 Self-Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Unit 5 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Appendix A
Skills Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Appendix B
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Appendix C
Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Credits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxx
Contents vii
4/12/12 10:04 AM