Representation Of
Data/Information Concepts
Of Data Processing
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a
formalized manner, which should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or
processing by human or electronic machine. Data is represented with the help of
characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special characters (+,,/,*,<,>,= etc.).
Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful
values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions
and actions are based. For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data
must qualify for the following characteristics:
 Timely − Information should be available when required.
 Accuracy − Information should be accurate.
 Completeness − Information should be complete.
 Input − in this step, the input data is prepared in some
convenient form for processing. The form will depend on the
processing machine. For example, when electronic computers
are used, the input data can be recorded on any one of the
several types of input medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes,
and so on.
 Processing − in this step, the input data is changed to produce data
in a more useful form. For example, pay-checks can be calculated
from the time cards, or a summary of sales for the month can be
calculated from the sales orders.
 Output − at this stage, the result of the proceeding processing step
is collected. The particular form of the output data depends on the
use of the data. For example, output data may be pay-checks for
employees.
Data types
 String (or str or text). Used for a combination of any characters
that appear on a keyboard, such as letters, numbers and symbols.
 Character (or char). Used for single letters.
 Integer (or int). Used for whole numbers.
 Float (or Real). Used for numbers that contain decimal points, or
for fractions.
 Boolean (or bool). Used where data is restricted to True/ False
or yes/no options.
Proposition
A proposition is a statement which has truth value: it is either true (T)
or false (F).
Example
1. Which of the following are propositions?
(a) 17 + 25 = 42
(b) July 4 occurs in the winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
(c) The population of the United States is less than 250 million.
Any statement of the form “if p, then q is called a conditional
statement. it is symbolized by P Q ,
where p is called the antecedent and q is called the consequent.
Example: If vinegar is sweet then sugar is sour.
Antecedent: Vinegar is sweet
Consequent: Sugar is sour.
Law of Syllogism
Law of Syllogism (also called The Law of Transitivity) on the other hand,
states that it the conclusion of the first conditional is the hypothesis of
the second, then the first hypothesis implies that the second conclusion
will be true
Example:
If you will study hard, then you’ll have good grades.
If you’ll have good grades, then you’ll find a nice job.
The conclusion of the first conditional is the hypothesis of the second
conditional. Thus, the law of Syllogism can be applied. Therefore, if you will
study hard, then you’ll find a nice job.
Example 2
If you are a third year student, then you are taking Geometry
If you are taking Geometry, then you will be a good in reasoning.
Therefore, If you are a third year student, then you will be a good in
reasoning.
Quiz A.
Determine which of the following sentences is a preposition (statement).
1. Man is mortal.
2. 12 + 9 = 3 – 2
3. A is less than 2
4. The Moon is made of green cheese.
5. Trenton is the capital of New Jersey.
6. Toronto is the capital of Canada
7. 2 + 3 = 5
8. 1 + 0 = 1
9. Sit down!
10.. x + 1 = 2
11.x + y = z
12.2x + 3 = 5
13.4 + 5 = 9
14.Is the moon round?
15.7 is greater than 12
B. Determine the antecedent and consequent of the conditional
proposition.
1. If Microsoft is party-owned by Bill Gates, then dogs are
amphibians.
Antecedent:
Consequent:
2. Jose Rizal is a national hero therefore cats are mammals.
Antecedent:
Consequent:
3. If Antarctica is a continent then chocolate is sweet.
Antecedent:
Consequent:
4. If Lizards eat insects then ants are small.
Antecedent:
Consequent: