California Spanishness and Pax Hispanica: (Intro to lecture) (Thursday) 9/9/21
-we didn’t have conquerors come to California
-California was a mission field
-It was an attempt for friendship
-California has the story of friendship developing
- LA fire theories- the Indians used fire in ways that kept the material down. They did this for hunting
Pax hispanica: 1500-1810s
-saw their selves as the greatest empire on earth (roman empire)
-pax=peace
-they wanted to create a world of peace
-their actions/ideals are good
-the bad things that happened, happened because of biological reasons (diseases)
Spanish History:
 Cabrillo
o Landing at Ballast Point in the lee of Point Loma 1542
o Ultimate goal of Cabrillo is to get to China (calls it the Indies)
o The story of San Diego (1769)
 Cabrillo comes in with the boat and calls it San Miguel
 The first group come out and see him
 The second group comes out and flees
 The third group comes out and shoots arrows and injures 3 men
 The Spanish did not shoot back
 They grabbed/lure some children to take them on the boat and shows them around the
boat and gives them shirts and sent them back home
 Goal was to show the Indians that they are friendly
o Cabrillo went up the coast
o Goes to San. Fran and comes back down and spends the winter on an Island
o Cabrillo dies on Santa Catalina Island
 Dies trying to save three of his men from Indian attacks
 He trips and falls on a rock which caused diseases that ended in him dying
o
 Prince Henry “the navigator” (1394-1460)
o Wanted to get around the world to china because the Muslims were hard to convert
 Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
o Pope gives the Pacific Ocean to Spain and the Atlantic /Indian ocean to Portugal
o Spain and Portugal abided by this deal that the pope made
 Magellan’s voyage around the world
o Go along the coast to find a way through and shoot across the pacific to the Philippines and come
back
o Magellan died in April 27, 1521
Cardinal Cisneros:
 Queen’s advisor/ humanist
 Trained in human arts and trained in the bible
 Missionary/reformer/ crusaders

Him and queen Isabella come up with a treaty
o Declared all people who are conquered are free with Spanish citizenship and adopted into the
Spanish life and be a Christian
Asriaan Florensz Deal
Charles V (Carlos the first in Spain)
 Grandson of queen Isabella
 At age 19-Elected Holy Roman emperor over most of Germany and Italy and the Spanish Empire
 Believes God chose him to lead to usher Spain into the end times
 Believed that God chose him to spread the gospel
 He believed that he wrongly licensed conquiadors
o He did it because he didn’t have to supply the money
 1540s- moved Cortez out of political power
o Still has rights and privileges
 Charles designates Antonio De Mendoza in 1540s
Antonio De Mendoza: (important to remember)
 Sent to Mexico to
 Viceroy (15235-1550)
o Vice King in the place of the king (uphold the king’s will)
o The King’s will is to fix things that have been going on that were not of the King’s will
 Humanist/ scholar-Bureaucrat of Spanish Empire
 1540s
o Reformer, go in and fix what was messed up
o Set up schools even in the Indian languages
o Represented good education and solid sense of public and Christian responsibility
 Sends Cabrillo to sail a boat in search for China
o Cabrillo is told to not cause trouble with the Indians
 Indian’s name came from Indies (Columbus named it)
 The main reason is to make friendship and to look for China
o Mendoza’s orders were to make friends and not to fight with anyone
 Didn’t want to push any Indians out of their land
 Educated by Jesuits
 Goal of good government for Indians
 Duty of exploration, Mission,
Class Notes: 9/14/21 (Tuesday)
Reconquista
-taking back the Iberian Peninsula because it was Islamic, and they wanted to convert it to Christianity
-wanted to go to china because people over there were more open compared to Muslims
Fr. Eusebio Kino: (Atondo & Kino= Baja)
 Fr. = father
 A missionary
 Wanted to missionize the state
 Atondo goes with Kino to go back to Baja but fails

o The Spanish is paying for this
Kino suggests reaching out to their families/ pray and donate money for the missionaries in california
o Pius fund of the Californias (Baja/Where we are today)
 Becomes foundation and models and funded by Pius fund
 Ladies in Spain gives money to fund the missionaries
 The money is kept and used for missionary purposes only
Philip II:
 San Diego helped heal Philip’s son
o When his son was sick, they got the bones of San Diego and put the bones in bed with his son
and his son was healed.
o That’s where our city’s name came from
 Pax (peace) hispanica
Philip III:
 Becomes concern with Mexico and California (1590s-1610s)
 Develops the northern region of Mexico
 Mexico City to the top of South America
 Suggests moving northern/upward
o He sends Gasper de Zuniga Acevedo y Fonseca, 5th count of Monterey
o This guy is the count of Monterey
 Gasper de Zuniga Acevedo y Fonseca (FIRST DECADE OF THE 1600S)
o Educated by Jesuits (civilizing to spread the gospel)
o Goal of good government for Indians
o Duty of exploration, Mission, and settlement of northward
o Goal of no slavery
 Everyone will become civilized to become citizen of Spain
o Settlements:
 La Paz, Baja, California (peace)
 Never worked out
 Monterrey (northern Mexico)
 Be a steppingstone to get to the Rio Gran River
 Sent Onate expedition that resulted in Santa Fe (holy faith) 1608-10
 Jamestown- 1607
 Quebec- 1608
o Zuniga’s job was to extend the empire into the upper land
 Sends Vizcaino up north in 1602
Note:
-1680- the successful Indian revolt is in Arizona/New Mexico
-kicked Spain out of this area until Spain negotiated and Indian allowed them to come back
Vizcaino: (1660-70s)
-gets sent up north
-draws a picture of Monterey Bay
-Spain thought that Monterey would be the important town of California that would allow them to do trades
-marker town of Spain settlements
-felt justified to rename things around the coast of california
-Vizcaino is the caused who named Santa Catalina, San Pedro, Monterey, san Diego/All the islands
The First Plan for Missions in California: 1620
Antonio de Ascension: (Creates the plan)
 Was not here building anything but gave the first plan for missions in California
 Missionaries were Spanish
o They were soldiers/ must be good and honorable men/ The Spanish wanted to make friends/
good leaders
o If this plan plays out, it will result in friendship
 What are some examples (4)o The religious people are going to oversee the military (soldiers)
 The plan was to find good and honorable men to be missionaries (looked in churches)
o Wanted people with Christian foundations
 They were going to pay more for people to go
o The government of Spain were going to fund it

Class Notes: 9/16/2021 (Thursday)
-Crespi does the first two baptisms
-build a mission close to where the point of docking is
-LA is built on high ground to separate it from the San Fernando valley
-no conquest/no wars between the Spanish and Indians
Q: Who are the missionaries?
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All missionaries believed that God sent people to get things going for them
Maria de Jesus de Agreda (1602-1665)
o the blue nun
o mom and sisters established a Franciscan- based nunnery on family estate
“Congregation of the immaculate conception”
1620-1631: she tells of miraculous bilocation traveling in the American southwest winning natives to
Christ/ helping in new Mexico and Arizona and preparing the way for the future missions in California
Saint Frances of Assisi:
 Renounces his father’s wealth
 Where San Francisco originated from
 Order
o OFM (means they are one of the followers of Saint Francis)
 “Order of the fryers Minor”
 Francis was an Italian
Dominicans:
 Baja, California i eventually turn overs into Dominicans
 followers of saint dominique
 Thomas Aquinas college
o Greatest theologians from Dominicans
Jesuits: “The republics”
 Xavier
 Ignacia Loyala
o Founder of Jesuits
 Important because Kino was a Jesuits
o The Jesuits created successful missions in South America
 Example: Paraguay, South America (1609-1767)
 Suggested that the Franciscans should follow the Jesuits with building a ranch
2nd Attempt at Baja:
 Jesuits set ups missions
 Wanted to try something to encourage the Indians to join
TIMELINE OF EVENTS:
1540s: Charles V (Spain)sends Mendoza to Mexico and Mendoza send Cabrillo to California
1600-1610: Phillip 3 (Spain) sends the count of Monterey to Mexico City and Monterey sends Vizcaino and
Ascension to California
1670-80s: Baja-- Jesuits
Pius fund by Kino and Atondo
1760s: Carlos 3 (Spain) During this time the beginning of the American resolution (Spain was on the United
States side against Britain)
-Carlos 3 supports the American revolution
-an enlightenment figure
1763: Proclamation Line – The French and Indian War (France loses their foothold in N. America)
NOTE:
The reason for the missionaries to move up (towards S.F Bay) is because of the pressure of the British trying to
take their territory.
Jose de Galvez:
 Visitator of New Spain 1764-1772
 A big thinker
 1763 he suggests that Spain should move towards S.F
o Vision to settle in Northern California
 Occupy and fortify San Diego and Monterey for God and the King of Spain
 Comes to Mexico as a visitor general; and has authority to move up north
o Uses the Pius fund to pay for the move
 Jesuits have ownership of Baja, California
 Suggests to kick the Jesuits out and bring in Franciscans
o Then the Franciscans become owners of Baja
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He plans the missions
o Create a port to support boats that will carry gear/packages to the north
o Pius fund funds the port & boats/ people
o Government has to fund for the boating dock
 2 places for ports (Monterey and San Diego)
 Presidios are forts (“a chess piece”)
 How to move?
o Galvez wants to do the right thing in the right way
o Organizes a structure of missions
 Father Serra is appointed to lead the first missionary to S.F
 Galvez sends Serra
 Went with good/honorable soldiers/ good captain (Portola)
 Portola, Galvez, Serra
o Founded California economically and politically
Father Serra:
 first organizer of Creating and “finding” California
 we are founded by a saint
 California is conquered by the Spanish empire
 Juan Crespi was his assistant
Class Notes: 9/21/2021 (Tuesday)
-Geopolitical: relating to politics/ influenced by geographical factors
-First 2 established towns (pueblo): San Jose & Los Angeles
Biggest issues the Spanish had:
 Getting families to settle
 Colonization was the biggest problem
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Q: Why separate the mission from presidio?
 to protect the women
to protect them from abuse from the soldiers who were men
Antonio María de Bucareli
 Carlos III sends Bucareli to keep things calm and to build things up
 Coordinates a sailing trip by sending Neve
o Neve starts San Jose and Los Angeles
 Sends Juan Bautista de Anza (Moses of California)
o Gather people to go North by offering money/ livestock
 Government subsidized colonization
 Poor families are the ones who mainly left Spain to go settle
o Bring people by Mexico land
 But didn’t coordinate to setup a mission
 Expedition starts in Mexico and crosses through the Colorado river
o This is where the Yuma natives come in
 Was supposed to create a route and because of Yuma uprising, they couldn’t create a new route
(highway) for families to travel up north (240 people families were traveling)
 July 1776- fort gets built along with Pueblo San Jose
San Jose:
 officially founded as California’s first civilian settlement on Nov. 29, 1777
 Pueblo de San Jose de Guadalupe by Jose Joaquin Moraga under orders of Antonio Maria Bucareli and
Ursua, Viceroy of New Spain
 1791
o Because of severe flooding, the San Jose settlement was moved a mile south centered on plaza
de Cesar Chavez
 Pueblos to receive government subsidy to encourage colonization by families
o 5-year plan to settle in L.A
 Receive 2 house lots/ farmland
 2 mares/oxen/cows/goats/sheep/horses and 1 mule
 Leather shield
 Plough
 Musket
 For 2 years $116.43/ next 3 years 60.00
Felipe de Neve
 The ideal governor of the settlement
 Wants the mission to be secularized
Santa Barbara:
 1780: Neve
Spanish established:
 2 pueblos
 4 presidios (Forts): San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey, San Francisco
Rancheros:
- 4 different institutions that structured California
o Mission
o Pueblos (preferred establishment for settling)
o Presidios
o Ranchos
- This is where authority is turned over to an individual
o Ranchos become a wild card
- Ranchos get rewarded for things
Class Notes: 9/23/2021 (Thursday)
-missionaries back then were cultural imperialist who wanted to change people.
-missionaries believed that they have something that others needed
The Spanish Missions of Alta California:
 1769-1835 (lasted 30 yrs. because Serra didn’t believe the natives were ready to be independent)
o 101,000 baptisms
 No one is forced to join a mission or to be baptized
o 28,000 marriages
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o 71,000 burials
Neophyte: baptized native
o Most natives are not neophytes
o Why would a native want to join a mission?
 A communal organization that will make sure they are fed and clothed/ health
 A sense of spiritual belonging
 A lot of Natives do convert to Christianity
 Curiosity
o They would have to learn the Lord’s prayer/go through classes of Catholicism
o Once a native joins, they are supposed to be committed to stay with the mission and they will
receive the land back which included farming, housing, citizenship, etc.
The missionaries didn’t want the men to be lazy
o Natives are coming from a hunter/gathering lifestyle and after hunting, the women would do
the rest of the work
If someone joined a mission and run away, they would chase you
o Children would often try to run away
o There were some people who felt like they were force into the missions
 Example- children who were born into it
o They would get whipped once when they are back
Goal of the missions: “Secularization”
 Mission is supposed to last for 10 years
 After 10 years, the mission becomes secularized
o Secularization:
 not about religion
 the meaning of secularization during that time means going back to the norm (going
back to being a city)
 The land goes back to neophyte natives
 The missions become self-governing Spanish cities (pueblos) and the natives’ become citizens of the
Spanish empire
 Serra doesn’t think they aren’t ready
 Natives elect their government on the missions (Neve’s plan)
o Self-governing system
o 2 missions & 2 Native alcalde
Pablo Tac:
 Born at mission San Luis Rey (1822-1841)
 Along with Agapito Amamix (only 2 Natives that fulfilled expectations to become a missionary clergy)
o Taken to college of San Fernando in Mexico City
 Then they get sent to Rome
o Enter in the Urban College in Rome on Sept. 24, 1834 (12 yrs old)
o Learn Latin and Greek
 Studying priesthood but both natives died of smallpox
 Writes “Conversion de San Luiseños de la Alta California”
o Written in Rome
Failure of the Missions:
 didn’t empower natives to become clergies
 Greatest failure of Serra is that the missions never created a clergy of natives
o over emphasized the childishness of natives/ didn’t see them as intelligent
Class Notes: 9/28/2021 (Tuesday)
-monjerío: where women would stay on the rancheras (someone who is sick or sexually assaulted)
-alcaldes: Native elective officials
EXAM QUESTION:
The most important aspirational terms for understanding the Pax Hispanica in California?
 Friendship:
o Neve (exchanging beads, fruits, nuts) (make friends with them wherever he went)
o Cabrillo: In San Diego when the Native Americans met the Spanish, the Spanish didn’t retaliate
when the Natives first came/ gave the children shirts and showed them around the boat to
show that they are friendly.
o Father Ascension:
 Created a plan to be friendly by sending good Christian men to make friends and not
coming as conquistadores) (ensures that the soldiers are the best by paying more)
o Political idea of respect “create a working system that creates peace” “Political relationship”
 Civilization:
o Settling institutions
o Natives to become citizens of Spain
 3 institutions: presidios/ missions/ pueblos (highest institutions)
 Objective: the main objective is to create a town
 Power political system can be seen
 Doing it in a friendly way
 Neophyte
o A Native who makes the commitment to convert
o Natives who chose to be baptized
o A beginner Christian who freely chose to convert
 Need to show commitment example- Pablo Tac
o Technically the children who are born into the missions are considered Neophytes
o Many natives could be found in their original villages
o Do get punished if they tried to leave
 Secularization
o Going back to the norm
o 2 types of clergies:
 Religious clergy- runs the missions “rule”
 Specialized regular missionary clergy
 Friar- missionaries who are on the move
 Secular clergy
 Missions become churches
 All the land goes to Natives
o How fast to secularize:
 Missionaries want to go fast
 Neve wants to go slow
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o 1830s is when all the missions become secularized
Household vs Enlightened Republic
o Everyone wants their rights
o Freedom
 “technically” all Natives were free
 The natives who joined the missions freely joined
o Equality
 No hope for equality because it was hierarchy
 Social classes