Social Work, Social Welfare, and American Society Philip R. Popple University of Texas at Arlington Leslie Leighninger Arizona State University Allyn & Bacon Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Contents Preface xvii 1 Competing Perspectives on Social Welfare 1 Political Perspectives and Social Welfare Issues 3 The Worldview of Conservatives, Liberals, and Radicals 6 Attitudes toward Change 6 Views of Human Nature 7 Views of Individual Behavior 8 Views of the Family 9 Views of the Social System 10 Views of the Government and the Economic System 12 Political Perspectives in the Real World 20 Political Perspectives and Social Work Values 21 Service 22 Social Justice 22 Importance of Human Relationships 23 Integrity 23 Competence 23 The Authors' Perspective 24 f PRACTICE TEST .„ MySocialWorkLab 26 26 2 Social Welfare: Basic Concepts 27 Stigma and Social Welfare 29 Social Exclusion and Social Welfare 31 Descriptive Definitions of Social Welfare 32 Social Welfare as Nonmarket Economic Transfers 32 Social Welfare as Services to Meet Basic Needs 33 A Functional Definition of Social Welfare 34 Social Structure 35 Dependence, Interdependence, and the Social Welfare Institution 39 A Classification of Social Welfare Services 48 Perspectives on Social Welfare 54 The Conservative Perspective 55 The Liberal Perspective 55 The Radical Perspective 56 vii Summary 5 7 Conclusion 58 PRACTICE TEST MySocialWorkLab 60 60 3 Social Work as a Profession 61 Social Work and Professionalism 62 Social Work's Historical Development 64 State Charitable Institutions 66 The Charity Organization Society 67 The Social Settlement 68 Growth of a Profession 74 Diversity and Unification 75 The Depression and the Development of Federal Social Welfare Programs 77 Con tin ued Profession al Gro wth 81 Social Work Values and Philosophical Base 83 Social Work Ethics and Ethical Dilemmas 86 Updating a Professional Code of Ethics: Interview with a Key Player 87 Social Work Methods 90 A Model of Social Work Practice 92 Practice Settings 93 Salaries and Job Opportunities 96 Social Work Education and Knowledge for Practice 97 Current Professional Issues 97 Social Work in the Larger Field of Social Welfare 102 Perspectives on Practice 102 Conclusion 103 PRACTICE TEST MySocialWorkLab 104 104 4 Generalist Social Work Practice 105 History and Development of Social Work Practice 106 The Evolution of Social Work Practice 108 Development of the Concept of Generalist Social Work 116 Generalist Practice 118 Definition 118 Skills 121 Relationship Between Generalist and Specialized Practice 122 Case Management: A Major Skill for Generalist Practitioners 123 Definition 123 History 123 Vlll Skills 124 Institutional Framework 126 Advocacy 126 Practice Ethics and Ethical Dilemmas Conclusion 129 f PRACTICE TEST 130 '<%> MySocialWorkLab 130 127 5 Responses to Human Diversity 131 Definition of the Problem 133 Definition of Terms 143 Dynamics of Intergroup Relations 145 Perspectives 147 The Conservative Perspective 148 The Liberal Perspective 148 The Radical Perspective 149 History of Intergroup Relations in the United States 149 Social Workers, Social Welfare Institutions, and the "New Immigration " 149 Social Workers, Social Welfare Institutions, and African Americans 151 Social Workers, Social Welfare Institutions, and Women 155 Current Issues Regarding Social Welfare and Human Diversity Multiculturalism 159 Immigration 161 Affirmative Action 166 Separatism or Integration? 168 Social Work Roles Related to Diversity 171 PRACTICE TEST 176 MySocialWorkLab 176 6 Religion and Social Work 159 177 The Religious Roots of Social Welfare 179 Early Egyptian Roots 179 Jewish Roots 179 Christian Roots 181 Muslim Roots 182 The Religious Roots of Organized Social Work 183 Churches and the Charity Organization Society Movement 183 Churches and the Settlement House Movement 184 The Church and the Institutional Roots of Social Work 185 The Secularization of Social Work 186 Th e Reversal of Secularization ? 188 Current Sectarian Services 192 IX Social Work and Religion—Uneasy Bedfellows 195 Should the Church Be Involved in Social Work and Social Welfare? 198 Conservative Religion and Social Change 199 Social Work Values and Christian Values—Conflict or Consensus? 203 Conclusion 208 >JU PRACTICE TEST 210 V_^§, MySocialWorkLab 210 7 Poverty: The Central Concept 211 Poverty: Major Issues and Common Terms 214 Rich Country, Poor Country 215 The Measurement of Economic Inequality 216 The Distribution of Income and Wealth in the United States Trends in the Distribution of Wealth and Income 220 Perspectives on Inequality 222 Poverty—The Dark Side of Inequality 225 The Definition of Poverty 225 The Official Poverty Line in the United States 231 Issues and Perspectives in Measuring and Defining Poverty Experimental Poverty Measures 238 Conclusion 239 >3s PRACTICE TEST 240 4 MySocialWorkLab 240 8 The Nature and Causes of Poverty 218 234 241 Who Are the Poor? 243 Statistical Description of the Poverty Population 243 Race 245 Age 245 Region 245 Nativity 245 Family Type 246 The Feminization of Poverty 246 Different Types of Poverty 246 Three Levels of Poverty 246 Data on Different Types of Poverty and Poverty Patterns 247 Why Are the Poor Poor? 250 Poverty as the Result of Individual Characteristics 251 Cultural Explanations of Poverty 256 Critique of Cultural Explanations 260 Structural Explanations of Poverty—Liberal Version 266 Critique of Liberal Structural Explanations 274 Structural Explanations of Poverty—Conservative Version Critique of Conservative Explanations 276 Conclusion 276 PRACTICE TEST MySocialWorkLab 275 278 278 9 The Development of Antipoverty Programs 279 Historical Perspective on Antipoverty Efforts 281 English Roots 282 Colonial Years and the Era of the American Revolution 285 Early Years of the Republic, 1781-1860 288 Social Transformation, Reform, and Reaction, 1860-1930 292 Seeds of the Reluctant Welfare State, 1930-40 298 The Return of Prosperity, 1940-60 300 Reform and Reaction, 1960-88 301 A New Era for Antipoverty Policy 306 Conclusion 312 NJL^ PRACTICE TEST V_-4^ MySocialWorkLab 10 Child Welfare 315 315 316 Definition 318 Statistical Profile 322 Dynamics 326 Historical Perspective 332 The Emergence of Concern for Children 332 The Development of Child Welfare Services 335 Current Issues and Trends 341 Emphasis on Permanency Planning 342 Emphasis on Family Preservation 344 Reaction to Family Preservation 346 Class Action Lawsuits on Behalf of Children in Foster Care 347 Separation of Investigation from Service 348 Perspectives 349 Conceptions of Appropriate Discipline 349 The Causation of Maltreatment 351 Rights of Children, Parents, and the Government 352 Social Work Roles 357 Direct Services in Public Child Welfare 358 Private Agencies 360 Conclusion 360 -As PRACTICE TEST MySocialWorkLab 362 362 XI 11 Crime and Criminal Justice 363 Perspectives on Criminal Justice 368 The Conservative Perspective 368 The Liberal Perspective 369 The Radical Perspective 370 Definition 371 Legal Definitions of Crime 371 Crime as a Social Welfare Problem 373 Statistical Profile 377 Problems with Crime Statistics 378 Patterns of Crime 378 Social Welfare and Crime 381 Dynamics 382 Control Theories 382 Cultural Theories 386 Social Victim Theories 389 A Brief History of Criminal Justice 391 Prisons—The First Reform 391 The Indeterminate Sentence and Parole 393 Probation 394 The Concept of Delinquency and the Juvenile Court 395 Criminal Justice Reform—Rhetoric and Reality 396 Current Issues 396 Prisons 397 Parole 398 Probation 399 Diversion 399 Intermediate Sanctions 400 Abandoning Rehabilitation? 400 Social Work Roles 401 Treatment Programs Outside the Criminal Justice System Victim Assistance 403 Victim-Offender Mediation 404 Police Work as Social Work 405 Conclusion 406 NA^ PRACTICE TEST <s —•-# MySocialWorkLab 408 408 12 Health Care 409 Definitions of Health and Illness 411 Statistical Picture of Health Care 412 Health and Socioeconomic Factors Dynamics of Health and Illness 421 History of Health Care 423 xn 418 403 The Rise of Scientific Medicine 424 Medical Social Work 427 Health Care in the 1960s and 1970s 428 Current Issues and Trends 434 Managed Care 434 The Business of Health Care 436 Government Action to Improve Health Care 438 Perspectives 441 The Conservative Perspective 442 The Liberal Perspective 442 The Radical Perspective^ 442 Social Work Roles 443 Conclusion 445 PRACTICE TEST ^ MySocialWorkLab 446 446 13 Mental Health and Developmental Disability 447 Issues in Definition 450 Definitions of Mental Illness 452 Mental Illness as the Absence of Mental Health 452 Mental Illness as Disease 452 Mental Illness as a Reaction to Life's Problems 453 Mental Illness as a Label Assigned by Others 453 Dynamics of Mental Illness 454 Physiological Explanations 454 Psychological Explanations 455 Behavioral Explanations 455 Environmental and Sociologic Explanations 456 Statistical Picture of Mental Illness 458 Definitions of Developmental Disability 459 Dynamics of Developmental Disability 462 Statistical Picture of Developmental Disability 463 Historical Perspectives on Mental Illness 464 Historical Perspectives on Developmental Disability 473 Current Issues and Trends .477 From Institution to Life in the Community 477 Community Services for Those with Mental Retardation 483 Advocacy and Consumer Organizations for the Mentally 111 484 Stigma and Mental Illness 486 Special Populations in the Field of Mental Health 487 Perspectives 488 The Conservative Perspective 488 The Liberal Perspective 489 The Radical Perspective 489 xm Social Work Roles in Mental Health and Developmental Disability Conclusion 493 gy PRACTICE TEST MySocialWorkLab 494 494 14 Housing, Homelessness, and Community Development 495 Definitions of the Problem 497 Actors in the U.S. Housing Situation Builders 498 Developers 498 Bankers 499 Insurance Companies 499 Government 499 Realtors 500 Landlords 501 Community Groups 501 Advocacy Organizations 501 Research 502 498 Statistical Picture of Housing 502 Dynamics of Housing 505 Commodity or Right? 506 Residential Segregation 507 History of Housing 507 Housing Trends from the Mid-1800s through the 1920s The Origins of Modern Housing Policy 510 Housing Policy after the New Deal 512 "Urban Renewal" 513 The Age of HUD 513 Bush II 518 Mortgage Meltdown 519 Obama Begins 520 Current Issues and Trends 521 Homelessness 521 Community Responses 522 Design 523 Triage 525 Sprawl 525 Community Development 527 Gender and Household Stereotypes 528 The Retreat from Public Life 530 Hurricane Katrina 533 Social Work and Community Development 534 Renewing Civility 535 xiv 508 490 Perspectives 536 The Conservative Perspective 536 The Liberal Perspective 536 The Radical Perspective 537 Social Work Roles 538 PRACTICE TEST 541 MySocialWorkLab 15 Aging 541 542 Definitions of Aging ;v 544 Statistical Picture of Aging 545 Living Arrangements 548 Income 549 Health 550 Government Expenditures for the Elderly Summary 551 551 Dynamics: Causes and Effects of Aging 551 Biological Theories 551 Social Psychological Theories of Aging 553 Sociological Theories of Aging 554 History of Aging in America 55 7 Current Issues and Trends 562 Government Programs for Older Americans: • Can They Be Maintained? 562 Long-Term Care 567 Community Services for the Aging: Problems of Coordination 569 Ageism and Advocacy 570 Perspectives 573 The Conservative Perspective 573 * The Liberal Perspective 573 The Radical Perspective 574 Social Work Roles 574 Conclusion 575 ^3y PRACTICE TEST 576 N — ^ MySocialWorkLab 576 Conclusion 577 Notes 580 Name Index 619 Subject Index 623 Photo Credits 634 xv
