C2 Bonding,
Structure, and
the Properties
of Matter
Name:
Class:
Teacher:
1
C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
UNIT
OVERVIEW
Chemists use theories of structure and bonding to explain the physical and chemical properties of materials. Analysis of
structures shows that atoms can be arranged in a variety of ways, some of which are molecular while others are giant
structures. Theories of bonding explain how atoms are held together in these structures. Scientists use this knowledge
of structure and bonding to engineer new materials with desirable properties. The properties of these materials may
offer new applications in a range of different technologies.
RAG start of
topic
Success Criteria – Can you?
Know 3 types of strong chemical bonds
Know what kind of atoms are involved in the 3 types of bonding
Can explain chemical bonding in terms of electrostatic forces and the
transfer or sharing of electrons
Explain the electronic structure of ions of Group 1, 2, and 7 elements
Can give basic description of an ionic bond and state why atoms react
Explain the formation of ion
Explain and work out the charge on an ion
Know Covalently bonded substances can have very large molecules, eg
polymers
Also know Covalently bonded substances can have giant covalent
structures, eg diamond and silicon dioxide
Can represent covalent bonds in 4 different ways
Can represent polymers in repeating units
Understand metals consist of giant structures of atoms arranged in
regular pattern
Know electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms are delocalised so can
move freely through whole structure
The sharing of delocalised electrons =strong metallic bonds
Know the three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.
Melting and freezing take place at the melting point
Boiling and condensing take place at the boiling point
Know the amount of energy needed to change depends on strength of
the forces between particles of the substance
Relate strong forces to substances’ melting and boiling points
Know the 4 state symbols for chemical equations
Know about giant ionic lattices’ MPs and BPs, and explain why it’s that
high value
Explain why ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten
Know the relation of compounds with their MPs & BPs in terms of
intermolecular forces (ie as we  size of molecule, the forces… so the
MP …)
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RAG end of
topic
Have I made
progress?
C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
Know why simple molecular compounds don’t conduct electricity
Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, why polymers are solid at
room temp
Know why giant covalent structures have high MPs
Understand strong metallic bonding = high MP
Know the arrangement of atoms in pure metals & alloys
Explain why alloys are harder than pure metals
Know why metals good conductors of electricity
Nanoscience refers to structures that are 1–100 nm in size, of the order
of a few hundred atoms
Fine particles (PM2.5) have diameters between: 100 and 2500 nm,
1 x 10-7 m and 2.5 x 10-6 m
Coarse
particles
(PM10)
have
diameters
between:
1 x 10-5 m and 2.5 x 10-6 m.
Know coarse particles are often referred to as dust
Understand nanoparticles have different properties than larger
particles, making them useful – give examples
There are disadvantages and risks of these nanoparticles
As the side of cube decreases by a factor of 10, the surface area to
volume ratio increases by a factor of 10.
OVERALL
MY END OF TOPIC REVIEW
Teacher comment
My comment about this topic – eg WWW, EBI…
To improve in the next topic, I will…
My GCSE target is ___________
In the C2 test, I achieved grade ________
3
Re-sit grade (if applicable) __________
C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
What do you know already?
Answer the questions below to test your knowledge.
1. What are the three states of matter?
2. What is the scientific name for saying:
a. Going from solid to liquid
b. Going from liquid to gas
c. Going from gas to liquid
3. Name four substances that have a high melting point, a low melting point,
conduct electricity as a solid, do not conduct electricity as a solid
4. Explain why particles in a solid cannot move around.
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
2.1.1 Chemical Bonds – textbook pages 47 - 48
 There are three types of chemical bonds – fill in the table below. Leave the
electrons column blank
Type of bond
Bond is between…
Electrons are…
Example
 For the examples below, write the correct type of bonding. Use your
periodic table to help you decide if they are metals or non metals.
Iron oxide (FeO)
Carbon dioxide
Water
Platinum
Oxygen
Silver nitrate
Ammonium chloride
 In different kinds of chemical bonds, electrons behave differently. In the
table above, fill in the column about electrons.
Now you have completed this section, RAG how you now feel about it in
the learning journey at the start of the booklet.
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
2.1.2 and 2.1.3 Ionic Bonding and Ionic Compounds – textbook pages 33 - 38
 In an ionic bond, what happens to electrons?
 RULES YOU NEED TO REMEMBER:
Metals always _______ electrons and form _________ ions
Non-metals always _______ electrons and form _________ ions
 An ionic bond is formed because of the _________ of opposite charges.
This is known as ___________ attraction.
 In the space below draw the outer shell electrons of a sodium ion, a chloride
ion, an argon atom and a neon atom. Below your diagrams write why atoms
form ions. You should use ideas of stability to do this.
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
 A dot and cross diagram shows how the electrons are arranged in an ionic
bond. Dots show the electrons moving from the metal and crosses show the
electrons on the non-metal.
Draw below the example of the dot and cross diagram for sodium chloride.
Draw the outer shell electrons for sodium here
Draw the outer shell electrons for chlorine here
Draw the dot and cross diagram for sodium chloride here
On a mini-whiteboard, draw the 5 examples on the PowerPoint slide, then
draw three of them below.
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
 Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?
 Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved and molten but
not when solid?
 Draw diagrams below to explain the question above. You can use circles with
positive (+) and negative (-) signs to represent ions.
 Write down the three rules for working out the formula of ionic compounds.
1.
2.
3.
 In the space below, use the rules to work out the formula of lithium oxide
and aluminium oxide
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
 Complete the blanks below.
Now you have completed this section, RAG how you now feel about
it in the learning journey at the start of the booklet.
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
2.1.4 Covalent Bonding – textbook pages 39 - 42
 Starter: What is a molecule?
 How are the electrons arranged in a covalent bond? Why do atoms want a
full outer shell?
 Covalent molecules have different properties to ionic compounds – what are
these properties and why do covalent molecules have them?
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
 Fill in the table with the four ways of representing covalent bonding. Draw
the examples in each box
 Outline the advantages and disadvantages of each method – for example,
showing or not showing electrons.
Now you have completed this section, RAG how you now feel about it in
the learning journey at the start of the booklet.
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
2.1.5, 2.2.7 and 2.2.8 Metallic Bonding – textbook pages 45 - 46
 Starter: Name 5 metals from the periodic table. Where are all metals found
on the periodic table?
 What is a metallic substance?
 In a metallic bond, the electrons are _________. This means that electrons
are ______________________. Draw this as a diagram in the space below.
 Explain the properties of metals using metallic bonding. You need to explain
why they conduct electricity and why their melting/boiling points are so
high.
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
 What is an alloy?
 Why are alloys more useful than the metals they are made from?
 Can you name any alloys?
 Draw a diagram of the structure of an alloy.
Test Yourself Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Now you have completed this section, RAG how you now feel about it in
the learning journey at the start of the booklet.
13
C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
2.2.5 and 2.2.6 Polymers and Giant Covalent Substances - textbook pages 43 - 44
 Starter: You are probably wearing or have worn a polymer today – can you
find any names of polymers on your clothing? HINT: Most polymers start
with poly-. Nylon is also a polymer! Write any you find here.
 What is the difference between a polymer and a monomer?
 For the monomers below, write how their names would be as a polymer. The
first one has been done for you.
Name of monomer
Ethene
Name of polymer
Poly(ethene)
Styrene
Propene
Vinyl chloride
Tetrafluoroethene
Urethane
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
 There are two types of polymers – thermosoftening and thermosetting.
Write how they are different below and also draw two diagrams to show how
they are structured differently.
Thermosoftening -
Thermosetting -
 What is a giant covalent compound? Draw one example of a giant covalent
compound below
 Explain how polymers and giant covalent compounds are different.
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
2.2.1 and 2.2.2 The Three States of Matter – textbook pages 49 - 50
 Starter: What are the three states of matter? Write them out below.
 What does a state symbol tell you? For the three states of matter above,
write the correct state symbol.
 What does (aq) mean?
 For the equations on the board, write a word and symbol equation for each
one.
1.
2.
3.
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
 Answer True or False for the sentences below.
 The boiling point of a substance is higher than the melting point.
 The boiling point of a substance is the same temperature as the
condensing point.
 The melting point is a higher temperature than the freezing point.
 What is the difference between the boiling and melting points of molecular and ionic
substances? Why is there a difference?
 Using the diagram below, answer the questions on the PowerPoint slide.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
2.3.1 – 2,3,3 Structure and Bonding of Carbon – textbook pages 54 - 56
 Starter: How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form? Draw a carbon atom
below.
 Write the definition of an allotrope here.
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Name of allotrope
No. of covalent bonds to
How the bonding relates
each carbon atom
to the use
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Sketch of the structure
 Length to diameter ratio – for each of the lengths below, change them into
standard form.
o 1 cm =
o 1 mm =
o 1 µm =
o 1 nm =
 How do you calculate the length to diameter ratio of a nanotube?
 Calculate the LDR of a nanotube where the length is 15 cm and the diameter is
10 nm. You need to convert both to metres first – use the question above to
help you.
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
Exam Style Questions
1. What are fullerenes? (1 mark)
2. Explain why diamond is hard but graphite is soft (2 marks)
3. Why does graphite conduct electricity but diamond does not? (2 marks)
4. A typical carbon nanotube is 12 cm long and has a diameter of 1 nm
calculate the length to diameter ratio of this nanotube. (3 marks)
5. Explain why nanotubes strengthen materials (2 marks)
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C2 Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter
2.4.1 and 2.4.2 Nanoscience (Chemistry Only) – textbook pages 51 - 53
 Starter: How big is a nanoparticle?
 In this section, make notes on what nanoparticles are like including comparison
to bulk materials, reactivity and an example.
Comparison to bulk materials
Reactivity
Example of a nanoparticle
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Medicines
Energy
Electronics
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 Evaluate the safety of nanoparticles – how could they be dangerous?
Exam Style Question
Sun creams should show on the label that they contain nanoparticles – why should
this information be included? Pick two from the list:
1. Nanoparticles do not occur in nature
2. Nanoparticles have a smaller surface area than larger particles
3. Nanotechnology increases the cost of the sun creams
4. Not all of the effects are fully understood
5. Creams containing nanoparticles are easy to apply
6. Nanoparticles can occur naturally
7. Nanoparticles may be harmful
Multichoice Test Questions
1.
2.
3.
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Revision – use the mind map on this page to structure your revision on C2. Make sure you RAG each section of C2
C2 – Structure,
bonding and
states of matter
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