PSPEAK REVIEWER for LET2022
THE BASICS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
Why are so many people afraid of public
speaking?
ANXIETY AND PUBLIC SPEAKING
•Glossophobia - combining the two Greek words
for “tongue” and “fear or dread,” has been coined to
refer to a severe fear of public speaking
Public Speaking-is an organized, face-to-face,
prepared, intentional (purposeful) attempt to inform,
entertain, or persuade a group of people (usually
five or more) through words, physical delivery, and
(at times) visual or audio aids
• the speaker is the focus of attention for a specific
amount of time
Critical Thinking and Public speaking requires:
•Sound logic
•Organized ideas
•Effective thinking
•Clear expression
•Accurate language
PURPOSE
• transmitting information,
• motivating people
•acting upon it
Benefits of Public Speaking
• Self confidence
• New opportunities
• Ability to lead
• Have a rare and valued skill
• Improve your quality of life
Elements of Good Speaking
=VOCAL EXPRESSION=
- You must speak loudly enough to be heard, clearly
enough to be understood, and slowly enough for
your audience to keep up.
There are five dimensions of voice that can be
manipulated for greater effect.
1. Volume – refers to the softness or loudness of
the voice
- speak louder or softer for emphasis
2. Pitch – refers to the highness or lowness of the
voice
- stay at an appropriate mid-range level
3. Rate – refers to how fast or slow one speaks
- Accelerate for a few sentences to excite
- Slow down and pause to emphasize some words.
4. Articulation – refers to how clearly the speaker
pronounces the words
- Speak clearly with full voice.
5. Quality - The personality of your voice, resonant,
throaty, nasal, etc.
• Be appropriate in tone
• While you don’t want to take yourself so seriously
that you pressure yourself into errors, you should
treat the process with respect.
=NONVERBAL EXPRESSION=
- Body language matters because it influences
yourcredibility and helps the audience focus
on your speech.
•Process of externalizing thoughts and feelings into
action
•Includes all activities but not including the words
Elements of Physical Delivery or Body
Language
• Appearance
• Posture
• Facial Expression • Eye Contact
• Movement
• Gestures
AREAS
1. Kinesics – the study of how the body, face
and eyes communicate
- body language
a. Gestures – refers to the movements
we make with our body, feet and hand
b. Posture – refers to the way we hold
ourselves
c. Physical Appearance – has to do
with grooming and the clothes we wear
d. Facial expressions – include all the
different movements reflected on our
faces
e. Eyes – the window of one’s soul establish eye contact
2. Proxemics and Chronemics – refers to the
use of time and space.
3. Paralanguage – is the way we say things
Nonverbal Expression
• Stand still for a moment and make eye
contact with your audience. Then start. Speak
only once you’ve made contact.
• Stay in one place for a while. Don’t pace
around through the speech. Choose 2 or 3
places where you’ll take a step or two.
• Literally, “move into” your next argument.
• Gesture naturally, as you would when you talk
with friends.
• Free your hands as much as possible to “allow”
that to occur.
1) Make the manuscript your friend with large
font, double spacing, and only complete
sentences on one page.
2) Use the lectern for your notes.
3) Keep your hands out of your pockets.
Clothing and accessories are an aspect of
your persuasion.
1) Dress appropriately to the occasion.
2) Don’t hide under hats or behind sunglasses.
3) Watch dangling jewelry.
Preparing a Speech
1. Decide on a topic, or accept the topic assigned to
you.
2. Formulate a statement of central idea (theme).
3. Collect, research that develops the statement of central
idea.
4. Finalize the statement of the central idea, the specific
purpose,
and the goal that adapts to the listeners and setting of the
5. Formulate and organize the body of the presentation
so that the goal can be achieved.
6. Prepare the necessary aids, such as audio, visuals,
and PowerPoint, etc.
7. Develop an introduction that previews, and
conclusion that summarizes the main points of the
presentation.
8. Polish the introduction and conclusion. The
introduction should grab the attention of the audience. The
conclusion should wrap up the presentation and clinch the
purpose expressed in the central idea.
Methods of Speech Delivery
• Impromptu
• Extemporaneous
• Manuscript
• Memorized
Impromptu speaking
• is the presentation of a short message without
advance preparation.
• often occur when someone is asked to “say a few
words” or give a toast on a special occasion
The advantage
•it’s spontaneous and responsive in an animated
group context
The disadvantage
• the speaker is given little or no time to
contemplate the central theme of his or her
message
Result = message may be disorganized and difficult
for listeners to follow a step-by-step guide to give an
impromptu speech in public
Extemporaneous speaking
• is the presentation of a carefully planned and
rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational
manner using brief notes
• speaker can establish and maintain eye contact
with the audience and assess how well they are
understanding the speech as it progresses.
Advantages
• the speaker will be perceived as knowledgeable
and credible
• Audience is likely to pay better attention to the
message because it is engaging both verbally and
nonverbally
Disadvantage
• it requires a great deal of preparation for both the
verbal and the nonverbal components of the
speech.
• Adequate preparation cannot be achieved the day
before you’re scheduled to speak.
Manuscript speaking
• is the word-for-word iteration of a written message.
• the speaker maintains his or her attention on the
printed page except when using visual aids
Advantage
• reading from a manuscript is the exact repetition
of original words
• reading a statement about your organization’s
legal responsibilities to
customers may require that the original words be
exact
• the only errors would typically be mispronunciation
of a word or
stumbling over complex sentence structure
Disadvantage
• it’s typically an uninteresting way to present
• Unless the speaker has rehearsed the reading as
a complete performance
animated with vocal expression and gestures, the
presentation tends to be dull.
• Keeping one’s eyes glued to the script precludes
eye contact with the audience
Memorized speech
• is the rote recitation of a written message that the
speaker has committed to memory
• The advantage to memorization is that it enables
the speaker to maintain eye contact with the
audience throughout the speech
Disadvantages
• Some real and potential costs
• your presentation will be flat and uninteresting
• if you lose your place and start trying to ad lib, the
contrast in your style of delivery will alert your
audience that something is wrong
There are four main kinds of speech delivery
• Impromptu speaking involves delivering a
message on the spur of the moment, as when
someone is asked to “say a few words.”
• Extemporaneous speaking consists of
delivering a speech in a conversational fashion
using notes. This is the style most speeches call
for.
• Manuscript speaking consists of reading a
fully scripted speech. It is useful when a message
needs to be delivered in precise words.
• Memorized speaking consists of reciting a
scripted speech from memory. Memorization
allows the speaker to be free of notes.
Speech Preparations
1. Practice makes perfect.
2. Practice with an audience
3. Hook your audience’s attention.
4. Your body language is key.
5. Don’t get stuck, move around.
6. Set your goal.
7. Get to know your audience.
8. Begin with an interesting question or story.
9. Find others going through your same issues.
10. Get feedback.
Prepared by: SIS NIEL
PCOM REVIEWER for LET2022
Communication
◦ Clearly, there are several major elements in the
communication process a sender, message,
channel, receiver, feedback, context.
◦ There is both a speakers intention to convey a
message and a listeners reception of what has
been said.
◦ A message is only considered successfully
communicated when both the sender and the
receiver perceive and understand it in the same
way.
◦ If this does not happen, then there may be a
breakdown in communication, which may ultimately
stand in the way of you realizing your goals, either
personally or professionally.
Questions to ask before a presentation
◦ 1. Why am I doing this presentation? Am I going to
explain, argue, persuade, or just simply inform?
◦2. Who am I presenting to? Who will be the people
who will listen to me or read my work?
◦ 3. What is my intended outcome upon completing
my presentation?
Functions of communication
◦To provide information
◦To persuade or argue
◦To entertain, honor, or praise
-Lull and Coopman, 2012
To INFORM
◦Most common form of communication
◦Emphasis is on statement of facts and make
listenersunderstand
◦the main purpose of informative or expository
communication or writing is to simply convey
information factually
Goal is to input...
◦new learning
◦enhance prior knowledge
◦confirm a concept
◦alleviate comprehension of an idea
◦explain a process or procedure
=Nature of Informative Communication=
◦Information usually deals with:
◦Objects – include anything that
is visible, tangible, and stable in form
◦Examples – Electronic gadgets
◦Processes – series of actions
that lead to a specific result or product
◦Explains how something is made,
how something is done, or how
something works
◦Examples – writing an effective
resume, how to operate a cellphone
◦Events – anything that happens
◦ Examples – festival of lights,
Masskara Festival
◦Concepts – consists of beliefs,
theories, ideas, or principles
◦ Examples – Philosophy of education,
Confucianism, Terrorism
Guidelines for informative speaking
◦Do an obstacle analysis of the audience ◦Organize
the material carefully
◦Personalize your material to your audience
◦Compare the known to the unknown
◦Choose your vocabulary carefully
◦Build on repetition and redundancy
◦Strive to be interesting
To PERSUADE
◦Process of creating, reinforcing, or changing
people’s beliefs or actions
◦Get listeners to agree with you and to act on that
belief
◦ tries to make listeners/readers believe that your
idea is better based on the various reasons that you
have at hand - it is logical and reasoned way to
demonstrate one’s point of view, belief, conclusion,
or position
◦Examples: Debate,Meetin’de avance
Goals of a Persuasive Speech
◦for the audience to accept your viewpoint as
the speaker
◦can be designed to
◦ convince
◦ actuate
◦ stimulate the audience
Elements of Persuasion
◦Ethos – “character”
◦Speaker attempts to persuade by
using authoritative and trustworthy course or
support of the message
◦Pathos – refers to the speaker’s appeal to
emotions
◦Speaker uses pathos to arouse the audience
feelings
◦Logos – logic
◦Involves using logic to support a speaker’s
statements
◦Use of reasoning
Ethical principles for Speech to Persuade
◦Be careful about whom you trust.
◦Analyze and evaluate messages for
reasonableness, truth,and benefit to you and
the community.
◦Always be respectful of your audience.
◦Avoid fallacies.
To ENTERTAIN
◦ designed to captivate an audience’s attention and
regale or amuse them while delivering a message
◦ sometimes referred to as special-occasion
speeches.
◦ delivered on special occasions (e.g., a toast at a
wedding, an acceptance speech at an awards
banquet, a motivational speech at a conference)
◦ Remember!
When we use the word “entertain,” we are
referring not just to humor but also to drama.
The goal of an entertaining speech is to stir an
audience’s emotions.
Communication for work purposes
◦1. Workplace Communication
◦2. Business Letters
◦3. Memos
◦4. Emails
=Workplace Communication=
◦ - is a discipline of its own that is unlike academic
or scholastic writing
◦ - serves specific purposes for particular
individuals, groups, organizations, or departments
3 things to consider in communicating in the
workplace
1. Purpose
a) Am I writing primarily to create a record, to
request/provide information, or to persuade?
b) What amItryingtosay?
2. Audience (Searles,2014)
a) Who will read what I have written?
b) Whataretheirjobtitlesand/orareasof responsibility?
c) Whatdotheyalreadyknowaboutthespecific
situation?
Broad categories of workplace communication
a. UpwardCommunication
- from your position to an audience above you in the
job hierarchy
b. Lateral Communication
-betweenyouandanaudiencewithinyourlevelofhierara
chy
c) Downward Communication
-from your position to an audience below you in the
job hierarchy
d)Outward Communication
- between you and a company that you do business
with or an
audience outside your workplace
3. Tone
- you do not have to sound tough, demanding, or
condescending in your discourse especially
insensitive subjects or issue.
Workplace communication will fail the ethics
test if it is corrupted by any of the following
tactics (Searles, 2014):
1. Suppression Of Information.
2. Falsification Or Fabrication.
3. Overstatement Or Understatement.
4. Selective Misquoting.
5. Subjective wording.
6. Conflict Of Interest.
7. Withholding information.
8. Plagiarism.
=Business Letter=
“Business writing refers to memorandums, reports,
proposals, e-mails, and other forms of writing used
in organization to communicate with internal and
external audiences. Business writing is a type of
professional communication.Also Known Business
Communication and professional writing (Nordquist,
2017).”
“Writing business correspondence like letters and
memos is a skill or potential that must be developed
andpossessby person regardless by his work,
profession, or specialization (Mosura, et al., 199).”
Types of business letters
◦Application letter
◦Resignation letter
◦Letter of Inquiry
◦Sales letter
◦Letter of complaint
◦Letter of Transmittal
A good business letter usually has the
following qualities:
◦It is brief.
◦It is to the point. It conveys its main points clearly
to the
reader and suggests follow-up action.
◦It is polite.
◦It is written in relatively formal language.
◦It contains no errors.
8 C’s of a well written business
communication
◦ COMPLETE
◦ CORRECT
◦ CONCISE
◦ CONCRETE
◦COURTEOUS
◦ CLEAR
◦ CONSISTENT
◦ COHERENT
Parts of a business letter
1. Heading
2. Inside Address/Recipient’saddress
3. Salutation
4. Body Of The Letter
5. Complimentary Closing
6. Signature Block
Formats of a business letter
1. Block.
positions all the parts if the letter to the left, single
spaced
2.. Modified Block
all parts of the letter are tabbed on the left, single
space, except the
heading and the closing which are tabbed in the
center.
3. Semi-block
the paragraphs are indented instead of placing
them all on the left. Headington Center,and date
cambeplacedintherightside three spaces after the
heading. The recipient’s address is on the left, and
the closing on the right
=Memorandum=
◦A form of letter typically used for communication
inside the business organization.
◦are usually brief, lacking a salutation and
emphasizing the needs of readers who have time to
skim messages only
◦ are often used to designate responsibility,
communicate the same material to many people.
◦ are now processed electronically as emails.
◦ DATE:
◦Margins: Left, right, top, and bottom margins vary.
◦Alignment: Everything is left aligned; justification
is not needed.
◦Indentation: Typically, the first line is not indented.
◦Line spacing: Single-space within the paragraphs;
skip a line between paragraphs.
◦Type size: Standard 12-point using Arial/Times
New Roman.
◦Paper: Use standard white 8 1⁄2 in. x 11 in. paper.
Writing plan for memos
1. Opening - This states the purpose of the memo.
2. Body - Includes information that supports the
idea.
3. Arguments - Explains the relevance of facts.
4. Closing - Clearly state the desired outcome.
5. Signature - This is optional because your name
is already prominent at the top.
6. Attachments - Reference initials; Enclosure; cc
The foundation of effective business letters and
memos
◦ Decisions regarding formality expectations are
crucial to selecting the best form of communication
for writing situations.
◦ Business letters and memos are formal
documents.
◦ Writing basics – grammar, punctuation, and
spellings – impact the effectiveness of business
letter.
◦ Appropriate word choice, emphasis, de-emphasis
techniques, and concise writing are critical to writing
=Electronic mail (Email)=
◦ is a digital message between two or more people.
◦ Instead of using a pen to write a letter on paper,
people use a keyboard (or sometimes their voice) to
write out a message on an electronic device such
as a smartphone or computer
◦are sent digitally to the receiver via the program's
Send Button or icon.
◦An email address is required to send or receive an
email message;
◦ the address is unique to individual users
◦ To access and store emails, either an
internet-based
application or a dedicated program on your
computer is needed.
Five key elements of an email
Formatting memos
◦ Memo Header
◦ TO:
◦ FROM:
◦ SUBJECT:
1. Recipient line - indicates the email address of
the receiver of the email message.
2. Subject line - provides a glimpse of the email’s
content. It’s best to keep this line short and specific.
3. Salutation - The greeting should address your
recipient properly. It would be best to include the
name of your recipient in this section.
4. Body - You have to be straight to the point with
your message.
- Try not to lose focus of the email’s purpose.
5. Signature - this is optional, most business
marketing emails include a signature to provide the
sender’s personal information.
Importance of email
◦The speed at which an email can be sent and
received is a huge benefit to most people.
◦People can communicate in minutes or seconds
from anywhere, whether it's in the same building or
across the world.
◦ like large folders for not only private messages but
also files and
other important information.
◦ easy to organize, archive, and search through
your messages, so
any information contained in an email is always
readily accessible
◦provides a record of a conversation, which you
don't get with verbal communication.
Prepared by: SIS NIEL