1. Activity and Exercise Active ROM exercises - how far you can move your joints in different directions. Aerobic exercise - provides cardiovascular conditioning. Anabolism - where the simple molecules combine to generate complex molecules. Anaerobic exercise - any activity that breaks down glucose for energy without using oxygen. Basal metabolic rite - the number of calories you burn as your body performs basic (basal) lifesustaining function. Catabolism - break down of complex molecules. Foot drop - difficulty lifting the front part of the foot. Functional strength - performing work against resistance Isokinetic (resistive) exercise - type of exercise training that uses a special machine. Isometric (static or setting) exercise - static strength training, are contractions of a particular muscle for an extended period of time. Isotonic (dynamic) exercise - exact opposite of isometric exercises. Lateral position - position away from the midline of the body. Metabolism - process by which the body changes food and drink into energy. Orthopneic position - sitting position where an individual leans slightly forward with their arms propped up on an overbed table or their knees. Orthostatic hypotension - form of low blood pressure that happens when standing after sitting or lying down. Passive ROM exercises - the patient does not perform any movement themselves Prone position - in which the person lies flat with the chest down and the back-up. Range of motion (ROM) - means the extent to which a part of the body can be moved around a fixed point Relaxation response (RR) - physical way of reversing the effects of stress and the physical stress response. Spastic - condition in which muscles stiffen or tighten, preventing normal fluid movement. Supine position - lying horizontally with the face and torso facing up, as opposed to the prone position, which is face down. Tripod (triangle) position - one sits or stands leaning forward and supporting the upper body with hands on the knees or on another surface. Valsalva maneuver - breathing method that may slow your heart when it's beating too fast. 2. Circulation Afterload - amount of pressure that the heart needs to exert to eject the blood during ventricular contraction. Atherosclerosis - buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. Atria - two upper chambers in the heart, which receive blood from the veins and push it into the ventricles. Atrioventricular (AV) node - transmits the heart's electrical signal from the atrium to the ventricle, optimizes the coordination of each heartbeat, and, if atrial fibrillation occurs, protects the ventricles from being bombarded with a dangerous number of electrical signals. Atrioventricular (AV) valves - allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles, but not in the reverse direction. Automaticity - ability to do things without occupying the mind with the low-level details required, allowing it to become an automatic response pattern or habit. Bundle of His - group of fibers that carry electrical impulses through the center of the heart. Cardiac output (CO) - amount of blood that is ejected from the heart per minute. Coronary arteries - supply blood to the heart muscle. C-reactive protein (CRP) - high test result is a sign of inflammation. Creatine kinase (CK) – type of protein - an enzyme expressed by various tissues and cell types. Systole - period of contraction of the ventricles Diastole - relaxed phase of the cardiac cycle Heart failure - known as congestive heart failure — occurs when the heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Homocysteine - non-proteinogenic α-amino acid Ischemia - decreased blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. Myocardial infarction (MI) - when one or more areas of the heart muscle don't get enough oxygen and when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked. Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) - the resistance that blood must overcome to pass through the pulmonary vasculature. Preload - force that stretches the cardiac muscle prior to contraction. Purkinje fibers - responsible for the generation of the heart impulses. Semilunar valves - determine the passage of blood between the ventricles and the main arteries, transporting blood away from the heart to the vital organs. Sinoatrial (SA or sinus) node - generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract. Stroke volume (SV) - volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction. Troponin - type of protein found in the muscles of your heart. Ventricles - muscular chamber that pumps blood out of the heart and into the circulatory system. 3. Pain Management Acute pain - short span 1-3 months Chronic pain – 3 months above Agonist analgesic - provide analgesia by acting on opioid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems that block the sensation of pain from signaling to the brain. Agonist-antagonist analgesic - heterogeneous group of compounds capable of providing analgesia sufficient to treat moderate to severe acute pain. Allodynia - "pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain." Coanalgesic - intended for pain relief but were found to have therapeutic properties when used independently or in conjunction with opioids. Dysesthesia - condition in which a sense, especially touch, is distorted. Effleurage - light friction technique commonly used to begin a massage treatment. Equianalgesia - refers to the doses of various opioid analgesics that are estimated to provide the same pain relief. Hyperalgesia - symptom that causes unusually severe pain in situations where feeling pain is normal, but the pain is much more severe than it should be. Hyperpathia - exaggerated reaction to stimuli. Nerve block - an anesthetic and/or anti-inflammatory injection targeted toward a certain nerve or group of nerves to treat pain. Neuropathic pain - if your nervous system is damaged or not working correctly. Nociceptive pain - pain caused by damage to body tissue. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - therapeutic drug class which reduces pain, decreases inflammation, decreases fever, and prevents blood clots. Pain threshold - minimum intensity at which a person begins to perceive, or sense, a stimulus as being painful. Pain tolerance - maximum amount, or level, of pain a person can tolerate or bear. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) - type of pain management that lets you decide when you will get a dose of pain medicine. Peripheral neuropathic pain - result of damage to the nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves), often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet. It can also affect other areas and body functions including digestion, urination and circulation. Pseudoaddiction - patients with legitimate pain that could be alleviated with opioid painkillers exhibit drug-seeking behavior that is misinterpreted as addiction. Referred pain - when the pain you feel in one part of your body is actually caused by pain or injury in another part of your body. Somatic pain - in the muscles, bones, or soft tissues. Visceral pain - pain related to the internal organs in the midline of the body. Sympathetically maintained pain - symptom which occurs in neuropathic pain syndromes of different etiologies. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) - therapy involves the use of low-voltage electric currents to treat pain. 4. Self-Concept Body image - combination of the thoughts and feelings that you have about your body. Core self-concept - represent a stable personality trait which encompasses an individual's subconscious, fundamental evaluations about themselves, their own abilities and their own control. Global self - has been outlined as the awareness of good possessed by the self and refers to the overall appraisal of one's worth or value as a person Global self-esteem - refers to how an individual values the self. It is often treated as a trait that reflects an individual's stable level of self-evaluation. Ideal self - the part of a person's self-concept that consists of their desires, hopes, and wishes Role - coherent set of behaviors expected of an individual in a specific position within a group or social setting. Role ambiguity - term used to describe the lack of clarity, certainty and/or predictability one might have expected with regards to behavior in a job. Role conflicts - exists when two or more social roles overlap and are incompatible. Role development - the position or purpose that someone or something has in a situation, organization, society, etc. Role mastery - the process of living and working purposefully towards a vision, in alignment with one's values and in a state of constant learning about oneself and the reality in which one exists. Role performance - is how a person expresses his or her role. Role strain - refers to the stress when, for any number of reasons, an individual cannot meet the demands of their social roles. Self-awareness - experience of one's own personality or individuality Self-concept - a collection of beliefs about oneself. Self-esteem - how we value and perceive ourselves. Specific self-esteem - confidence in one's own worth or abilities. 5. Urinary Elimination Anuria - lack of urine production. Bladder training - important form of behavior therapy that can be effective in treating urinary incontinence. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood. Creatinine clearance - volume of blood plasma cleared of creatinine per unit time. Detrusor muscle - to contract during urination to push the urine out of the bladder and into the urethra. Dialysis - procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly. Diuresis - condition in which the kidneys filter too much bodily fluid. Diuretics - help rid your body of salt (sodium) and water and help your kidneys release more sodium into your urine. Dysuria - sensation of pain and/or burning, stinging, or itching of the urethra or urethral meatus associated with urination. Enuresis - Urinary incontinence (enuresis) is the medical term for bedwetting. Glomerulus - filtering unit of the kidney, is a specialized bundle of capillaries that are uniquely situated between two resistance vessels Ileal conduit - most common urinary diversion performed by urologists after a patient undergoes a radical cystectomy (bladder removal). Nephrostomy - procedure to drain urine from your kidney using a catheter (tube). Neurogenic bladder - name given to a number of urinary conditions in people who lack bladder control due to a brain, spinal cord or nerve problem. Oliguria - urinary output less than 400 ml per day or less than 20 ml per hour and is one of the earliest signs of impaired renal function Polydipsia - feeling of extreme thirstiness. Polyuria - condition where the body urinates more than usual and passes excessive or abnormally large amounts of urine each time you urinate. Suprapubic catheter - the catheter is inserted through a hole in your tummy (abdomen) and then directly into your bladder. Ureterostomy - surgery to create a urinary diversion Urgency - insistent need. Urinary frequency - he need to urinate many times during the day, at night (nocturia), or both but in normal or less-than-normal volumes. Urinary hesitancy - a condition in which you have difficulty urinating. Urinary incontinence (UI) - loss of bladder control, or being unable to control urination. Urinary retention - condition in which you are unable to empty all the urine from your bladder. Urination - release of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. 6. Nutrition Anabolism - simple molecules combine to generate complex molecules. Catabolism - break down of complex molecules. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - number of calories you burn as your body performs basic (basal) lifesustaining function. Body mass index (BMI) - person's weight in kilograms (or pounds) divided by the square of height in meters (or feet). Calorie - amount of energy in an item of food or drink Kilocalorie (Kcal) - kilocalorie is another word for what's commonly called a calorie Complete proteins - contain all nine essential amino acids in consistent amounts. Disaccharides - sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage. Enzymes - proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. Essential amino acids - Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food. Nonessential amino acids - Nonessential means that our bodies can produce the amino acid Fatty acids - building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat. Glycogen - stored form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose molecules. Ideal body weight (IBW) - weight for height at the lowest risk of mortality. Incomplete proteins - If the protein you eat doesn't have all the nine types of amino acids you need to get from food Kilojoule (kJ) - unit of energy that is equal to 1000 joules. Lipoproteins - particles made of protein and fats (lipids). Malnutrition - refers to deficiencies or excesses in nutrient intake, imbalance of essential nutrients or impaired nutrient utilization. Metabolism - process by which the body changes food and drink into energy. Monosaccharides - called simple sugars, are the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units (monomers) from which all carbohydrates are built. Monounsaturated fatty acids - fatty acids that have one double bond in the fatty acid chain with all of the remainder carbon atoms being single-bonded. Nitrogen balance - difference between nitrogen excreted from the body and nitrogen ingested in the diet Polyunsaturated fatty acids - hydrocarbon chains containing two or more double bonds. Saturated fatty acids - contain no double bond; can be synthesized by the body Unsaturated fatty acid - hose containing one or more double bonds indicating that they can absorb additional hydrogen atoms. 7. Oxygenation Apnea - when you stop breathing while asleep or have almost no airflow. Atelectasis - complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. Biot's (cluster) respiration - regular deep respirations interspersed with periods of apnea. Bradypnea - when you're breathing more slowly than normal. Tachypnea - rapid breathing Dyspnea - Shortness of breath Cheyne-Stokes respirations - rare abnormal breathing pattern. Cyanosis - when your skin, lips or nails turn blue due to a lack of oxygen in your blood. Emphysema - lung condition that causes shortness of breath. Eupnea - normal, good, healthy and unlabored breathing Hemothorax - collection of blood in the space between the chest wall and the lung Hypercapnia - buildup of carbon dioxide in your bloodstream. Hyperinflation - produce significant detrimental effects on breathing Hypoxemia - below-normal level of oxygen in your blood, specifically in the arteries. Нурохіa - one of the most efficient protective agents against the effects of ionizing radiation. Intrapleural pressure - pressure within the pleural cavity. Intrapulmonary pressure - force exerted by gases within the alveoli of the lungs during respiration. Kussmaul's breathing - fast, deep breaths that occur in response to metabolic acidosis. Noninvasive ventilation - delivery of positive pressure ventilation through a noninvasive interface Orthopnea - sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing Pleural effusion - excess fluid builds around the lung. Pneumothorax - collapsed lung ; collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity. Stridor - noisy breathing that occurs due to obstructed air flow through a narrowed airway. Surfactant - chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension between two liquids Tidal volume - amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle. 8. Spirituality Agnostic - a person who holds the view that any ultimate reality (such as God) is unknown and probably unknowable. Atheist - disbelieves or lacks belief in the existence of God or gods. Holy day - obligation are days on which the faithful are expected to attend Mass Kosher - food that complies with the strict dietary standards of traditional Jewish law. Meditation - deepening one's awareness or focusing one's mind for a period of time. Prayer - expression of faith in God's power Presencing - happens when our perception begins to happen from the source of our emerging future. Religion - particular system of faith and worship. Spiritual care - includes respecting, caring, loving, being fully present, and supporting one's search Spiritual development - believe in something beyond the material universe and to develop an awareness of realities beyond the confines of time and space. Spiritual distress - disruption in a person's belief or value system. Spiritual health - a purposeful life ; anything that relates to the health and wellness of a person's spirit. Spiritual well-being - relates to our sense of life-meaning and purpose. Spirituality - broad concept of a belief in something beyond the self. 9. Fecal Elimination Bowel incontinence - when you're not able to control your bowel movements. Carminatives - drug that relieves flatulence. Cathartics - substance that accelerates defecation. Chyme - semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum. Colostomy - operation that creates an opening for the colon, or large intestine, through the abdomen. Commode - portable toilets that look like a chair. Constipation - when bowel movements become less frequent and stools become difficult to pass. Defecation - expelling feces from the digestive tract via the anus. Diarrhea - loose, watery and possibly more-frequent bowel movements. Enema - injections of fluids used to cleanse or stimulate the emptying of your bowel. Fecal impaction - result of severe constipation, when you're unable to regularly pass poop (stool or feces) and it backs up inside your large intestine (colon). Fecal incontinence - inability to control bowel movements, resulting in involuntary soiling. Flatus - Gas generated in the digestive tract. Gastrocolic reflex - normal reaction to food entering the stomach. Gastrostomy - surgical procedure used to insert a tube, often referred to as a "G-tube", through the abdomen and into the stomach. Haustra - small pouches caused by sacculation, which give the colon its segmented appearance. Haustral churning - undigested food moves along the large intestines for egestion or defecation. Hemorrhoids - swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum, similar to varicose veins. Ileostomy - surgery that connects the lowest part of your small intestine to the outside of your body. Jejunostomy - Surgery to create an opening into the jejunum from the outside of the body. Mass peristalsis - continuous, pushing waste toward the anal end of the tract. Meconium - newborn's first poop. Ostomy - surgery to create an opening (stoma) from an area inside the body to the outside. Peristalsis - series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. Stoma - small opening in the abdomen which is used to remove body waste, such as feces and urine, into a collection bag. 10. Sleep Biological rhythms - series of bodily functions regulated by your internal clock. Electroencephalogram (EEG) - test that detects abnormalities in your brain waves, or in the electrical activity of your brain. Electromyogram (EMG) - diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them Electro-oculogram (EOG) - measures the cornea-positive standing potential relative to the back of the eye. Hypersomnia - recurrent episodes of excessive daytime sleepiness or prolonged nighttime sleep. Insomnia - sleep disorder that can make it hard to go asleep, stay asleep, or wake up early and not go back to sleep. Narcolepsy - sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep. Nocturnal emissions - spontaneous orgasm during sleep NREM sleep - non-rapid eye-movement (NREM) REM sleep - rapid eye movement sleep Parasomnia - involves unusual and undesirable physical events or experiences that disrupt your sleep. Polysomnography - comprehensive test used to diagnose sleep disorders. Sleep - period of rest. Sleep apnea - sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts. Sleep architecture - basic structural organization of normal sleep. Sleep hygiene - putting yourself in the best position to sleep well each and every night. 11. Stress and Coping Alarm reaction - heart rate increases, your adrenal gland releases cortisol (a stress hormone), and you receive a boost of adrenaline, which increases energy. Anger - emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone Anxiety - feeling of fear, dread, and uneasiness. Burnout - emotional exhaustion Caregiver burden - strain borne by a person who cares for a chronically ill, disabled, or elderly family member Coping - thoughts and behaviors mobilized to manage internal and external stressful situations. Coping mechanism - strategies people often use in the face of stress and/or trauma to help manage painful or difficult emotions. Coping strategy - conscious and direct approach to problems, in contrast to defense mechanisms. Countershock phase - body's fight-or-flight response is triggered. Crisis intervention - mental health support provided while a person is experiencing intense, unexpected symptoms or a crisis. Depression - involves a low mood and a loss of interest in activities. Ego defense mechanisms - unconscious psychological processes that help an individual cope with anxiety resulting from a stressful internal or external environment. Fear - be afraid of General adaptation syndrome (GAS) – process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. Local adaptation syndrome (LAS) – topical stress reaction that develops when non-specific irritation is limited to a given region within the body. Shock phase – The three phases of shock: Irreversible, compensated, and decompsated shock. Stage of exhaustion – result of prolonged or chronic stress. Stage of resistance - when your body begins to repair itself and normalize heart rate, blood pressure, etc. Stimulus-based stress models – stimulus that causes certain reactions. Stress – any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain. Stressor – event or situation that causes stress. Transactional stress theory – person's capacity to cope and adjust to challenges and problems is a consequence of transactions (or interactions) that occur between a person and their environment. 12. Safety Asphyxiation – condition of deficient supply of oxygen to the body which arises from abnormal breathing. Bioterrorism – intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs that can sicken or kill people, livestock, or crops. Burn – injury to the skin or other organic tissue Carbon monoxide – colorless, odorless, tasteless gas produced by burning gasoline, wood, propane, charcoal or other fuel. Chemical restraints – intentional use of any medications to subdue, sedate, or restrain an individual. Electric shock – may cause burns, or it may leave no visible mark on the skin. Heimlich maneuver – Bend the person over at the waist to face the ground. Give five abdominal thrusts. Physical restraints – care measure in many hospital wards to ensure patient safety. Restraints – keeps someone or something under control or within limits. Safety monitoring devices – provisions for monitoring of data Scald – injure with very hot liquid or steam. Seizure – sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. Seizure precautions – designed to protect the patient from injury and to reduce environmental stimuli that may trigger the onset of a seizure. 13. FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID-BASE BALANCE Acid - chemical that gives off hydrogen ions Acidosis - acid builds up or when bicarbonate (a base) is lost. Alkalosis - body fluids have excess base Anions - more electrons than protons ; negative charge Arterial blood gases (ABGs) - blood test that requires a sample from an artery in your body to measure the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your blood. Cations - positively charged ion Colloid osmotic pressure - osmotic pressure exerted by large molecules, Colloids - one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Crystalloids - water-soluble electrolytes including sodium and chloride Dehydration - not drinking enough fluid or by losing more fluid than you take in. Extracellular fluid (ECF) - body fluid that is not contained in cells. Fluid volume deficit (FVD) - where the fluid output exceeds the fluid intake. Fluid volume excess (FVE) - when the body has too much fluid. Hydrostatic pressure - pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. Hypertonic - external solution that has a high solute concentration and low water concentration compared to body fluids. Hypervolemia - high solute concentration and low water concentration compared to body fluids. Hypotonic - lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid Isotonic - taking place with normal contraction. Metabolic acidosis - buildup of acid in the body due to kidney disease or kidney failure Metabolic alkalosis - body's pH is elevated to greater than 7.45 secondary to some metabolic process Osmolality - tests measure the amount of certain electrolytes and chemicals in blood, urine, or stool. pH - measure of how acidic/basic water is. Respiratory acidosis - lungs can't remove all of the carbon dioxide produced by your body. Respiratory alkalosis - high levels of carbon dioxide disrupt the blood's acid-base balance. 14. LOSS, GRIEVING, AND DEATH Actual loss - recognized and verified by others while others cannot verify a perceived loss. Algor mortis - normal cooling of a body after death as it equilibrates with the ambient temperature. Anticipatory grief - feeling of grief occurring before an impending loss. Anticipatory loss - grief or loss that are felt before the loss actually happens. Bereavement - condition of being bereaved. Cerebral death - person on an artificial life support machine no longer has any brain functions. Closed awareness - context in which patients are not aware of their own impending death. Complicated grief - ongoing, heightened state of mourning that keeps you from healing. End-of-life care - refers to health care provided in the time leading up to a person's death. Grief - natural response to loss. Heart-lung death - the cessation of all vital functions, including respiration and a heartbeat Higher brain death – places an arbitrary limit on the amount of brain activity that is necessary for one to be considered alive. Hospice – care, comfort, and quality of life of a person with a serious illness who is approaching the end of life. Livor mortis – blood accumulating within the blood vessels in the dependent parts of the body as a result of gravity, causing a discoloration of the skin that varies from pink to dark purplish. Loss – process of losing something or someone. Mortician – plan the details of a funeral. Mourning – deep sorrow for someone who has died Mutual pretense – as if they are unaware of the most crucial facts in a situation Open awareness – attention is open and remains aware of everything that is happening. Palliative care – for people living with a serious illness. Perceived loss – not necessarily seen or felt by others. Rigor mortis – stiffening of the body muscles due to chemical changes in their myofibrils. Shroud – protects against injury to the skin, avoids exposure of the body, and provides a barrier against potentially contaminated body fluids. Undertaker – someone who prepares a body for burial or cremation. 15. Communicating Attentive listening – paying close attention to what is being said or done. Boundaries – indicates or fixes a limit or extent. Bullying – force, coercion, hurtful teasing or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. Communication – exchanging of information Congruent communication – pattern in which the person sends the same message on both verbal and nonverbal levels. Decode – understand the meaning of a word or phrase Elderspeak – inappropriate simplified speech register Electronic communication – form of communication that's broadcast, transmitted, stored or viewed using electronic media, such as computers, phones, email and video. E-mail – computer-based application for the exchange of messages between users. Emotional intelligence – ability to understand and manage your own emotions and recognize and influence the emotions of those around you. Empathy – understand and share the feelings of another. Encoding – turning thoughts into communication. Feedback – information or criticism that is given to someone Group – number of people or things Group dynamics – system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group Helping relationships – for the purpose of giving and receiving help. Incivility – rude or unsociable speech or behavior. Lateral violence – deliberate and harmful behavior demonstrated in the workplace Nonverbal communication – types are facial expressions, gestures, paralinguistics Personal space – surrounding a person which they regard as psychologically theirs. Process recording – tool used to examine the dynamics of a particular interaction in time. Proxemics – branch of knowledge that deals with the amount of space that people feel it necessary to set between themselves and others. Territoriality – defense of an area Therapeutic communication – collection of techniques that prioritize the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of patients. Verbal communication – use of words to share information with other people. 16. SKIN INTEGRITY AND WOUND CARE Aerobic – involving, or requiring free oxygen. Anaerobic – body producing energy without oxygen. Approximated – be similar to something in quality, nature, or quantity. Debridement – procedure for treating a wound in the skin. Dehiscence – partial or total separation of previously approximated wound edges Eschar – dead tissue that falls off (sheds) from healthy skin. Evisceration – surgical technique by which all intraocular contents are removed while preserving the remaining scleral shell Excoriation – where you cannot stop picking at your skin Exudate – fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby tissues. Fibrin – tough protein substance that is arranged in long fibrous chains Granulation tissue – connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process. Hematoma – clotted blood that forms in an organ, tissue, or body space. Hemorrhage – escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel Hemostasis – normal blood clotting in response to an injury. Keloid – enlarged, raised scar surrounding skin. Maceration – chemical removal of muscles and other soft tissues in a specimen while leaving the sclerotized or chitinized parts that are needed for identification. Phagocytosis – cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter Primary intention healing – healing of a wound in which the edges are closely re-approximated. Purulent exudate – plasma with both active and dead neutrophils, fibrinogen, and necrotic parenchymal cells Reactive hyperemia – transient increase in flow rate above the control. Sanguineous exudate – fresh bloody exudate that appears when skin is breached, whether from surgery, injury, or other cause. Secondary intention healing – wound will be left open and left to heal by itself, filling in and closing up naturally. Serosanguineous – contains or relates to both blood and the liquid part of blood (serum). Suppuration – discharging of pus from a wound, sore, etc. Tertiary intention – wound healing, or healing by delayed primary closure, occurs when there is a need to delay the wound-closing process. 17. Vital Signs Apical pulse – pulse point on your chest at the bottom tip (apex) of your heart. Apnea – when you stop breathing while asleep or have almost no airflow. Arterial blood pressure – pressure measured within large arteries in the systemic circulation. Bradycardia – slow heart rate. Bradypnea – breathing more slowly than normal. Cardiac output – product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) and is measured in liters per minute. Compliance – property of a material of undergoing elastic deformation Diastolic pressure – measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats. Dysrhythmia – abnormal or irregular heartbeat. Expiration – exhalation of breath. Hyperpyrexia – body temperature goes above 41.5 degrees Celsius due to changes in the hypothalamus Hypotension – low blood pressure Hypoventilation – breathing that is too shallow or too slow to meet the needs of the body. Inspiration – drawing in of breath; inhalation. Orthostatic hypotension – form of low blood pressure that happens when standing after sitting or lying down. Oxygen saturation (SaO2) – oxygen saturation as measured by blood analysis Peripheral pulse – palpation of the high-pressure wave of blood moving away from the heart through vessels in the extremities following systolic ejection. Point of maximal impulse (PMI) – location at which the cardiac impulse can be best palpated on the chest wall. Pulse deficit – difference between the apical and peripheral pulse rates Pulse pressure – top number (systolic) minus the bottom number (diastolic) is the pulse pressure. Respiration - metabolic process that occurs in all organisms. Systolic pressure – measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart beats. Tachycardia – heart rate over 100 beats a minute. Tachypnea – breathing if it is too fast Ventilation – movement of air through the conducting passages between the atmosphere and the lungs. 18. Medication Anaphylactic reaction – blood pressure drops suddenly and the airways narrow, blocking breathing Antagonist – who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something Buccal – supplying a cheek Drug allergy – reaction of the immune system to a medicine. Drug dependence – directly associated with persistent and excessive use of a psychoactive substance. Drug half-life – time it takes for the amount of a drug's active substance in your body to reduce by half. Drug tolerance – condition that occurs when the body gets used to a medicine so that either more medicine is needed or different medicine is needed. Drug toxicity – level of damage that a compound can cause to an organism. Elimination half-life – length of time required for the concentration of a particular substance to decrease to half of its starting dose in the body. Epidural – provides anesthesia that creates a band of numbness from your bellybutton to your upper legs. Iatrogenic disease – adverse effect caused by medical treatment Idiosyncratic effect – adverse effects that cannot be explained by the known mechanisms of action of the offending agent Inhibiting effect – points to the chain-breaking reaction being a ternary process leading to unreactive products. Intradermal (ID) – shallow or superficial injection of a substance into the dermis Intramuscular (IM) – shot of medicine given into a muscle Intraspinal – introduced into the spinal column and especially the spinal canal. Intrathecal – fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Metered-dose inhaler (MDI) – handheld aerosol device that uses a propellant to deliver the therapeutic agent. Ophthalmic – relating to the eye and its diseases. Otic – relating to the ear. Peak plasma level – highest drug concentration after administration Percutaneous – made, done, or effected through the skin. Physiological dependence –unpleasant physical symptoms occur if the drug is suddenly stopped or taken in smaller doses. Potentiating effect – effect of increasing the potency or effectiveness of a drug or other treatment. Psychological dependence – emotional & mental addictive qualities that come with substance abuse. 19. Hygiene Alopecia – autoimmune disorder that causes your hair to come out Apocrine glands – sweat glands Bactericidal – kill the bacteria and suppress the growth of bacteria Callus – hardened layers of skin that develop when the skin tries to protect itself against friction or pressure. Cerumen – ear wax Cleansing baths – immersing and washing one's body Corn – small patch of thickened, dead skin with a central core. Dandruff – skin on the scalp to flake Dental caries – permanently damaged areas in the hard surface of your teeth that develop into tiny openings or holes. Eccrine glands – simple sweat gland that is found in almost all regions of the skin. Fissures – small tear in the thin, moist tissue that lines the anus. Gingiva – gums Gingivitis – gum disease causes irritation, redness and swelling of your gingiva, the part of your gum around the base of your teeth. Hirsutism – condition in women that results in excessive growth of dark or coarse hair in a male-like pattern — face, chest and back. Hygiene – practices conducive to maintaining health and preventing disease Ingrown toenail – common condition in which the corner or side of a toenail grows into the soft flesh. Lanugo – fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn. Pediculosis – infestation of the hairy parts of the body or clothing with the eggs, larvae or adults of lice. Periodontal disease – mainly the result of infections and inflammation of the gums and bone that surround and support the teeth. Plaque – sticky deposit on teeth in which bacteria proliferate. Plantar warts – small, rough growths on the feet. Pyorrhea – Discharge of Pus Scabies – infestation of the skin by the human itch mite Sebum – oily, waxy substance produced by your body's sebaceous glands. Sudoriferous glands – either of two types of secretory skin glands, eccrine or apocrine.
