Animal H ealth
(an overview)
Part 1
Judd Aiken
September 2022
Animal Health Issues
All around us
Often Global impact
2022
A few definitions of health
Health
▶
the condition of being sound in body, mind, or spirit
▶
▶
▶
freedom from physica l disease or pain nursed them
back to health
the general condition of the body
condition in which someone or something is thriving
or doing well
Health ---Dorland’s Medical Dictionary
The state of the
organism when it
functions optimally
without evidence of
disease or abnormality
A state of dynamic
balance in which an
individual’s capacity to
cope with all
circumstances of living
is at an optimum level
A state characterized
by anatomical and
physiological integrity
Disease
Dorland’s Medical
Dictionary
▶
Literally “dis-ease” the opposite of “at ease”
▶
An interruption, cessation or disorder of body
functions, systems or organs
▶
A morbid entity characterized by at least two
of these criteria
▶
Recognized causative agents*
▶
Identifiable group of signs and symptoms**
▶
Consistent anatomica l alteration
*e.g. Bacterial or viral infections
**e.g. C ancer, diabetes
Defining Health
▶Health
is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What is “Health”?
▶
Absence of disease
▶
Ability to live a long life
▶
Humans, dogs, ca ts
 Broiler chickens?
 Beef C attle?
www.franchiseinfo.ca
Animal Health in
a Practica l Sense
Farm Animals
▶
Growth
▶
Reproduction
▶
Behavior
▶
Normal for a
species and type of
animal
Animal Health---Livestock
▶
Grow Rapidly
▶
▶
Reproduce efficiently
▶
▶
beef
Work harder than required in natural environments
▶
▶
dairy
Gain lean weight rapidly
▶
▶
hogs
Produce more milk than young require
▶
▶
broiler chickens
horses, working dogs
Provide healthy (non-infectious) food for humans
http://dairystalls.com
Animal Health--Companion Animals
▶
C lose relationship with humans
▶
Definition of health more similar to
humans
▶
Potential for sharing diseases with
people
▶
Infectious (eg. Salmonella)
▶
Non-infectious
▶
▶
Obesity
▶
Secondhand smoke
Sentinel for diseases
▶ Infectious diseases, toxins,
cancers
Animal Health is Local
“traditional/common” view of Veterinarians
Small animal Practice
Large Animal Practice
https://tamarvets.co.uk
http://www.speyvet.co.uk
Animal Health
is Global
Why is WHO mentioned in an Animal Health Course?
Animal Diseases!
https://www.woah.org/
Animal
Products:
Global
Worldwide trade in Animals and
Animal Products
▶
▶
Issues/Concerns---need for governmental regulations
▶
Animal diseases
▶
Food Safety
▶
Plant diseases
▶
Zoonotic Diseases
▶
Animal Rearing Standards
Complex---need a system with rules!
▶
Imports and exports
▶
Countries require rules/ disease surveillance for exports of animals and
animal products
Kilograms of selected meats per person in Canada
(boneless weight, before spoilage and waste)
Graph: CBC
Data: Statistics Canada
Meat consumption—United States
▶
Developed Countries
▶
Decline in consumption
Total consumption of meat (in million metric tons) in different regions and (inset) globally.
H. Charles J. Godfray et al. Science 2018;361:eaam5324
Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association
for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works
▶For cattle
and beef
products, the share of
domestic production
exported is ~50 per cent.
▶For hog
and pork
products, >70%share of
domestic production
▶ Agriculture
and Agri-food Canada.
Canada: Animal Products
▶
Disease Surveillance Required
▶
Importation of animals and animal products
▶
Exportation of animal products
Federal Animal Health
▶
▶
Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)
▶
Food Safety
▶
Protection of Animal Health
▶
Exports, imports, humane transport
▶
Transport of infectious agent (animal)+
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC)
▶
Livestock industry support
CFIA
Public Health Agency of Canada
(PHAC)
Monitors outbreaks of human infectious disease
Those shared with animals, emerging disease
Health Canada
Approves veterinary and human drugs
Responsible for regulating and enforcing laws
Reportable Disease
vs
Notifiable Disease
▶
Reportable Disease
▶ Require action
to control or eradicate because they are a threat to
animal or human health, food safety or the economy.
▶
Notifiable Disease
▶
Require monitoring for trade purposes, or to understand their presence.
No actions will be taken.
1 Not identified in Canada
1640 England to North America
66 days
Mayflower
Sea Traffic
Source: nasa.com
Air
Traffic
58,988,624 flights worldwide (2017)
Trade and Travel
▶
Trade in animals, animal products, produce can move infections to
new locations
▶
Travelers can take infections from home to new locations or bring
them back from abroad