ENGLISH FOR STANDARDIZATION,
METROLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
Учебно-методическое пособие
Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации
Сибирский федеральный университет
ENGLISH FOR STANDARDIZATION,
METROLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
Учебно-методическое пособие
Красноярск
СФУ
2021
УДК 811.111(07)
ББК 81.432.1я73
С884
С884 English for standardization, metrology and quality control : учеб.метод. пособие / Т. В. Ступина, С. В. Бурмага, М. А. Арямнова. –
Красноярск : Сиб. федер. ун-т, 2021. – 68 с.
Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов второго курса бакалавриата направлений 27.03.01
«Стандартизация и метрология», 27.03.02 «Управление качеством». Издание
является основным учебным материалом и рассчитано на 72 часа (2 семестра).
Пособие включает 4 раздела, построенных с учетом особенностей программы
подготовки специалистов в области стандартизации, метрологии и управления
качеством.
УДК 811.111(07)
ББК 81.432.1я73
Электронный вариант издания
см.: http://catalog.sfu-kras.ru
© Сибирский федеральный
университет, 2021
CONTENTS
UNIT 1 STANDARDIZATION ........................................................................ 4
1.1. STANDARDS ............................................................................................... 4
1.2. STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT ................................................................ 7
1.3. TECHNICAL REGULATION ................................................................... 10
1.4. STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS ........................................................... 12
1.5. CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT ................................................................ 15
UNIT 2 CERTIFICATION .............................................................................
2.1. CERTIFICATION PROCESS ....................................................................
2.2. MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CERTIFICATION ........................................
2.3. CERTIFICATION BODY ..........................................................................
2.4. CERTIFICATION AUDIT .........................................................................
2.5. GOST R CERTIFICATION........................................................................
19
19
22
24
26
29
UNIT 3 METROLOGY ...................................................................................
3.1. MEASUREMENT ......................................................................................
3.2. METROLOGY ............................................................................................
3.3. METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT ..................................................
3.4. MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT ..............................................................
3.5. NANOMETROLOGY ................................................................................
31
31
35
39
42
48
UNIT 4 QUALITY CONTROL ...................................................................... 52
4.1. WHAT IS QUALITY? ................................................................................ 52
4.2. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT ....................................................... 55
4.3. QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS ................................................................. 58
4.4. SIX SIGMA ................................................................................................. 61
4.5. 5S .................................................................................................................. 63
3
UNIT 1 STAN
NDARDIIZATIO
ON
1.1.
STANDA
ARDS
1. Readd the quottes about standards.
s
How do you
y underrstand ‘a sttandard’ there?
‘If you
y don't meet
m the sttandards, then you don't
d
quallify.’
‘Donn't judge yourself
y
byy someonee else stan
ndards. Yoou will alw
ways lose.’
‘To accomplissh anythinng whatsoever one must
m havee standardds. None have
h
yet
accoomplishedd anything without thhem.’
2. Worrk in pairss. Discuss the questiions below
w.
a) What
W do staandards doo?
b) Who
W uses standards?
s
?
c) What
W areass do standaards coverr?
3. Mattch the Ennglish woords in box A with the Russsian wordss in box B,
B then
learn thhe words from box A.
A
harmoniized standaard
interfacee standardd
internatiional standdard
regional standard
service standard
s
termiinology sttandard
testin
ng standarrd
stand
dard on daata to be prrovided
proceess standaard
produ
uct standaard
B
гармоонизироваанный стаандарт
стандаарт на прооцессы
станд
дарт на террмины и определен
о
ния регион
нальный стандарт
с
станд
дарт на усслуги
стандаарт на ном
менклатурру показаателей
межд
дународны
ый стандаарт
стандаарт испыттаний
станд
дарт на соовместимоость
стандаарт на проодукцию
4
4. Read the text about standards. Put these words in the correct gaps in the text.
compatibility
requirements
effective
sampling
permit
values
TYPES OF STANDARDS
A standard is a document that pins down the characteristics of a product
or a service. These characteristics may cover design, weight, size, performance,
environmental 1________ , interoperability, materials, production process or
service delivery or even the protocols that allow computers or mobile phones to
connect to each other. The standard may include or deal exclusively with
terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or labeling requirements as they
apply to a product, process or production method.
Standards are generally divided into eight common types based on
purpose.
Terminology standards are concerned with terms, usually accompanied by
their definitions. The standards define words that 2 ________
industries
or
parties entering into a transaction to use a common, clearly understood
language.
Testing standards focus on test methods, sometimes supplemented with
other provisions related to testing, such as 3_______ , use of statistical methods,
or the sequence of tests. They are generally used to assess the performance or
other characteristics of a product.
Product standards specify requirements to be fulfilled by a product (or a
group of products) to establish its fitness for purpose. Such standards can also
address other issues, including packaging and labeling or processing
requirements.
Process standards set out requirements to be fulfilled by a process to
establish its fitness for purpose. For example, a process standard could cover
requirements for the 4________ functioning of an assembly line operation.
Service standards, such as for servicing or repairing a car, establish
requirements to be fulfilled by a service to establish its fitness for purpose.
Interface standards, such as requirements for the point of connection
between a telephone and a computer terminal, make demands concerned with
the 5________ of products or systems at their points of interconnection.
Standards on data to be provided contain a list of characteristics for
which values or other data are to be stated for specifying the product, process or
service. This type of standard generally provides a list of data requirements for
a product or service for which 6________ need to be obtained.
Another important type of standard is called a harmonized standard.
Harmonized standards result from attempts by a nation or a standards
developing organization to make its standards compatible with international,
5
regional or other types of standards. A harmonized standard can also result when
two or more nations agree on the content and application of a standard. This
latter type of harmonized standard tends to be mandatory.
5. Are these sentences:
a) true
b) false
c) there is no information in the text
1. A standard contains different requirements to a product or a service.
2. There are five types of standards.
3. The performance of a product is defined by a testing standard.
4. Product standards are mandatory.
5. Service standards have a list of values and data for a product or a process.
6. Harmonization is the process of minimizing conflicting standards.
6. Translate the Russian text into English.
Для создания условий получения продукции высокого
качества и повышения эффективности производства
необходима рациональная система стандартов, которая
должна охватывать основные стадии жизненного цикла:
проектирование, изготовление и эксплуатацию продукции.
Стандарты должны быть гармонизированы с
международными
стандартами.
Устанавливаемые
показатели, нормы, характеристики и требования, должны
соответствовать мировому уровню науки, техники и
производства, а также учитывать тенденцию развития
стандартизуемых объектов. Таким образом, достигается
прогрессивность и оптимизация стандартов.
Оптимизация при стандартизации состоит в
проведении работ по составлению математических моделей
оптимизации параметров объектов стандартизации. При
этом определяют общие требования к составу и структуре
систем этих моделей, типовую блок‐схему теоретических
методов оптимизации, а также состав и обозначения
методических и нормативно‐технических документов,
регламентирующих теоретические методы оптимизации.
6
1.2.
STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT
1. Put the words in the right order to make sentences about standards
development.
1. Standards, when, there, a, them, should, is, need, demonstrable, developed,
be, for.
2. Standards, multi-stakeholder, through, are, process, developed, a.
3. The, of, request, new, typically, initiated, a, is, by, development, a,
standard, formal.
2. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions below.
a) How long does it take to develop a standard?
b) What is a sponsoring body in developing a new standard?
c) Do you want to get involved in standards development?
3. Match the words (1-8) to the definitions (a-h). Learn the words.
1. adversely
2. competitive
3. to propose
4. resultant
5. substantive
6. unanimity
7. undue influence
8. utility
a) to suggest something to a person to consider
b) important, real, or meaningful
c) a situation in which someone uses their power or
authority in an unfair way in order to affect someone
or something
d) complete agreement among every member of
group
e) in a way that is harmful or likely to cause
problems
f) the quality or state of being useful
g) coming from or caused by something else
h) as good as or better than others of the same kind
4. Read the text and choose the correct word (1-8).
KEY PRINCIPLES IN STANDARD DEVELOPMENT
Requirements for the development of standards vary among domestic,
regional, international and foreign organizations. However, certain principles for
standards development are widely 1 predicted / accepted. To maximize their
utility and 2 to prevent / to maintain the creation of unnecessary barriers to
foreign and domestic commerce, the standards making process should be
conducted in accordance with the internationally accepted principles of
Consensus, Transparency, Balance, Due Process, and Openness.
Consensus. Consensus expresses that all views are heard and the resultant
standard is generally agreed to by those involved. Consensus is characterized by
7
the absence of sustained 3 expansion / opposition to substantive issues.
However, it does not necessarily imply unanimity.
Transparency. Transparency means: (a) providing 4 strong / advance
public notice of a proposed standards development activity; (b) identifying the
scope of work to be undertaken; (c) providing information on conditions for
participation; (d) and providing an opportunity for all interested parties to
comment prior to final approval and adoption.
Balance. Balance shows that no one 5 interest / purpose, including the
government, should dominate. It should be noted that balance can be affected
not only by the number of participants in particular categories but also by the
funding source. The provider of the funding in standards development work can
sometimes end up dominating the process. This is particularly true if the funding
is from a government entity. If funding is to be provided by a government
agency or other entity, care must be taken to avoid undue influence on the
6
attempt / outcome of the process by the funding provider.
Due Process. Due process suggests that any person (organization,
company, government agency, individual, etc.) with a direct and material
interest has a right to: (a) express a position and the basis for it; (b) have that
position considered; and (c) appeal if adversely affected. Due process ensures
equity and fair play in the standards development process.
Openness. The standards development process should be open to
participation by all 7 materially / similarly affected interests.
Most of the nation's SDOs (Standards Developing Organizations) operate
according to these principles; and the result is an open, competitive system that
has produced 8 methods / standards that are widely recognized for the high
quality of their technical content.
5. Answer the questions about the text.
1. Do national and foreign organizations have the same requirements for the
standards development?
2. Why is the standards making process conducted in accordance with the
internationally accepted principles?
3. What does transparency mean?
4. The government shouldn’t dominate in the standards development process,
should it?
5. How can balance be affected?
6. Is it possible for a company to appeal if it is adversely affected?
7. Does due process or consensus ensure equity and fair play in the standards
development process?
8. Is the standards development process closed?
6. Give the English equivalents of the following words and phrases from the
text.
8
Зарубежная организация; общепринятый; в соответствии с
принципами; увеличить; внутренний рынок; прозрачность;
заинтересованные стороны; объем работ; окончательное
утверждение; источник финансирования; государственное
учреждение; процедура одобрения и выпуска стандартов;
равенство и справедливость; оказать существенное влияние;
высокое качество.
7. Look at the picture and make a description of standards development
processes. You may use the following phrases:
In this picture …
The picture shows …
It has …
It consists of …
There are some …
9
1.3.
TECHNICAL REGULATION
1. Choose words related to regulation from the box.
equipment service activity law
document protection rule system
principle instrument use
risk
2. What does a technical regulation mean for you? What is it used for?
Discuss in pairs.
3. Match the word halves. Use your dictionary. Learn the words.
sur
ment
ive
end
latory
anger
ance
eavour
imple
regu
ulsory
compli
end
veillance
comp
direct
4. Read the text and complete it with the sentences A-E.
A In all cases, a technical regulation would include the administrative
measures required to implement it.
B They are generally not developed according to consensus principles.
C Such controls are called technical regulations.
D A technical regulation is a document or legislation that lays down product
characteristics or their related processes and production methods.
E Technical regulations are given a range of different names.
MORE ABOUT TECHNICAL REGULATIONS
Products may fail and so endanger the health and safety of people, or they
may have a negative effect on the environment, or they may be offered in such a
way that consumers are seriously deceived. To deal with such issues,
governments implement official controls. 1________ . Technical regulations are
not standards, but these two are sometimes confused with each other because
they seem alike. Technical regulations could be stand-alone documents, but they
10
could also be based on standards or may reference them. Whereas standards are
considered voluntary in principle, i.e. suppliers can choose to implement them or
not, technical regulations are mandatory in nature, i.e. everybody has to comply
with them by law.
2
________ . A technical regulation may also include or deal exclusively
with terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or labeling requirements as they
apply to a product, process or production method. 3________ . For example, it
can identify the regulatory authority, list the conformity assessment
requirements, and provide for market surveillance responsibilities and the
implementation of sanctions in case of non-compliance. The building blocks of a
typical technical regulation are shown in the figure below.
Building blocks of technical regulations
Technical regulations are formulated and implemented by a variety of
government ministries or regulatory agencies or both, depending on the
practices and legal system of the country. 4________ . In some countries
stakeholders are given opportunities to provide comments and influence
regulations at a draft stage.
5
________ . In the European Union, they are called Directives,
Regulations, Decisions. In some countries, they are called Compulsory or
Mandatory Standards, sometimes even Compulsory Specifications or just simply
Regulations.
The spread of information on technical regulations, the diversity of the
regulatory agencies responsible for their administration, and the variety of
inspection, testing and certification requirements – all these factors may make it
difficult for a supplier to obtain relevant information and to ensure compliance
11
with all the requirements for the product that is to be exported or marketed.
Although the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreement on Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) endeavours to ensure that technical regulations do not
act as unnecessary barriers to trade and are harmonized with international
standards as much as possible, the world is still far from attaining that goal.
Suppliers therefore have to ensure that they obtain the correct information on
their products for their target market before marketing and shipping them in
order to prevent major disappointments, unanticipated costs or financial losses.
5. Are these sentences:
a) true
b) false
c) there is no information in the text
1. Technical regulations are voluntary.
2. There are three different names of technical regulations.
3. Labeling and packaging requirements are described in technical
regulations.
4. Technical regulations are updated, as necessary.
5. The responsibility for implementing technical regulations lies with the
government.
6. It is not difficult for a supplier to get relevant information on technical
regulations.
6. Make up a dialogue about technical regulations in Russia. Ask and answer the
questions below.
– What are the main requirements of technical regulations in Russia?
– What models of technical regulations are currently applied?
– Do technical regulations have special structure?
– How many technical regulations were issued in Russia?
– Which of them are effective nowadays?
– How to provide a product compliance with the requirements of the relevant
technical regulation?
1.4.
STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
1. Which definition of a standards organization is better? Say why.
a) A standards organization, sometimes referred to as a standards body, is an
organization with authority to endorse official standards for given
applications.
b) A standards organization is a standards body that defines technology
standards.
12
c) A standards organization is public or private, domestic or international
organization that proposes, develops, establishes, monitors and / or
coordinates standards.
d) A standards organization is a domestic or international voluntary
consensus body that usually forms committees to develop consensus
standards.
2. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions below.
a) Why do we need national standards bodies?
b) What is the deference between regional and sub-regional standards
organizations?
c) What are international standards bodies responsible for?
3. Match the opposites. Learn the words.
collaboration
enforce
safety
civil
consensus conformity
headquarter
governmental
profitable
interchangeability
remove
irreplaceability
military
useless
conflict
danger
neglect
private
disagreement
difference
4. Read the text. What are the essential parts of the text? Choose from the list
(a-f).
a) history of ISO
b) purpose of ISO
c) structure of ISO
d) origin of ‘ISO’
e) ISO standards
f) ISO members
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION
As countries and cultures become more global and less isolated, standards
in everything from science, measurement, quality, manufacturing,
environmental sciences, safety and trade are required for ease of trade, travel
and collaboration. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is
the child of two separate organizations, the International Federation of the
National Standardizing Associations (ISA), which was founded in 1926 in New
York, and the United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC).
In 1946, 25 countries sent delegates to London to meet at the Institute of
Civil Engineers, in the hopes of establishing an international agency that could
collaboratively created industrial standards that could be adopted internationally.
On 23 February 1947, ISO was created and began its work. From that time the
ISO has created and established more than 22,000 standards. Freight containers,
13
banking and telephone cards, computer protocols and testing methods are all
standards the ISO has set, thereby facilitating easier trade, travel and research
collaboration around the world.
The ISO connects 157 national standards institutes from around the
world – each member country being represented by one institute. The ISO is
managed by a Central Secretariat, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It is a
non-government agency, although many of the participating institutions are
government agencies, and others are private. The name is obviously different in
other languages, but the acronym ISO remains the same. ‘ISO’ is a word,
derived from the Greek word ISO meaning ‘equal’.
ISO is a democratic organization, with each member country having one
vote. Each member country has equal influence, and all the standards are
voluntary. The ISO has no authority or jurisdiction to enforce the standards it
establishes. The standards are market driven, established by consensus, and are
highly relevant to the current needs set by consumers, governments, businesses,
market trends, etc.
The ISO establishes standards defining quality, safety and
interchangeability in products, environmental standards, common technical
language and terminology, classification of materials, manufacture testing and
analysis, among many other areas. Without their work, countries would have
extreme difficulty conducting efficient and profitable trade, sharing medical and
scientific research, establishing environmental legislation, and assessing
conformity in manufacturing.
The ISO continues to be instrumental in establishing universal standards
that in large part are generally accepted and adopted by member nations in
particular. Over the last few decades, it has also been especially concerned with
the participation of developing countries, and has made a great effort to give
these countries the financial support as well as technical assistance needed to be
part of global standardization.
5. Answer the questions about the text.
1. What is the purpose of international standards?
2. What does an acronym ‘ISO’ mean?
3. When was ISO founded?
4. Where are the headquarters of ISO?
5. How many standards did ISO develop?
6. Are ISO standards voluntary or mandatory?
7. ISO has more than 150 members around the world, hasn’t it?
8. Does ISO help developing country members?
6. Translate the Russian text into English.
14
Как разрабатываются стандарты ИСО?
Стандарты
разрабатываются
заинтересованными
сторонами на основании достижения консенсуса. Эксперты со
всего мира разрабатывают стандарты для конкретных
секторов. Это означает, что стандарты разрабатываются на
основании международного опыта и знаний.
Каковы преимущества международных стандартов ИСО?
Международные стандарты ИСО гарантируют, что
продукты и услуги являются безопасными, надежными и
качественными. Для бизнеса они являются стратегическими
инструментами снижения расходов путем минимизации
отходов и ошибок и увеличения производительности. Они
помогают компаниям получить доступ к новым рынкам,
обеспечивают равные условия для развивающихся стран и
способствуют свободной и справедливой международной
торговле.
1.5.
CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT
1. What is the connection between standards and conformity assessment?
Are they interdependent or one of them affects another? Discuss in pairs.
2. Choose conformity assessment activities from the list (a-h).
a) testing
b) inspection
c) certification
d) managing
e) calibration
f) sampling
g) application
h) registration
15
3. Match words with the same or similar meaning. Learn the words.
assessment impede stainless
overlapping gauge
credible
redundant
tremendous
performance
unambiguous
prevent
reliable
repeated
obvious
clean
needless
criterion
great
efficiency
evaluation
4. Read the text and choose the best title (a, b, c, d) for the text.
a) Сonformity assessment.
b) Principles of conformity assessment.
c) Objectives of conformity assessment.
d) Use of standards and conformity assessment.
?
It is important to remember that standards in themselves have little or no
significance – unless and until they are adopted and used. Some standards never
receive widespread acceptance and use. Others may have been accepted by
industry at one time, but now apply to technologies that have become outdated.
One of the most important uses for standards is within a conformity
assessment process. Buyers cannot always evaluate product specifications or
characteristics by inspection or even from prior experience. Information on a
product’s conformance (or nonconformance) to a particular standard can provide
an efficient method of conveying information needed by a buyer on the
product’s safety and suitability. Standards therefore provide the basis for
conformity assessment activities that, in turn, are the basis for many buyer-seller
transactions. Hence, standards used in conformity assessment activities can have
tremendous impact on companies, nations and the global marketplace.
Standards can cover many aspects of the conformity assessment process.
They can describe characteristics of the product for which conformity is sought;
the methodology (e.g., test, inspection or other assessment methods) used to
assess that conformity; or even the conformity assessment process itself.
Standards used in conformity assessment should be clearly and concisely
written, readily understood, precise, technically credible, and contain only
unambiguous requirements – the absence or presence of which can be
objectively verified. The use of well written standards in a conformity
assessment process lends credibility and validity to the process, increasing its
usefulness.
In addition, standards used in conformity assessment should not impede
innovation. For this reason, performance standards are preferred over design
standards. For example, a performance standard for water pipe might set
requirements for the pressure per unit area that a pipe must withstand along with
16
a test method to determine if a pipe sample meets the requirement.
Manufacturers are free to choose any product design, material, and
manufacturing process as long as the pipe can perform in the specified manner.
On the other hand, a standard that requires that a pipe be made of a given gauge
of copper and have a given diameter is a design standard. Manufacturers trying
to comply with such as standard are not free to innovate – they cannot make the
pipe out of stainless steel or some other new material or vary the size of the
diameter, even if such changes might improve the pipe’s performance. However,
it should also be noted that a poorly written standard of either type is unlikely to
lead to greater technological innovation, increased trade, or to an acceptable
outcome when used in a conformity assessment process.
Standards used in conformity assessment should also specify all essential
characteristics of a product necessary for achieving the objective of the
conformity assessment activity. Knowing what aspects of the product will be
evaluated in a conformity assessment process and whether there are other
aspects which might impact quality, safety, or performance allows the user of
the conformity assessment data to evaluate the data’s significance.
In addition, the user must know what standard(s) was used. Given the
large number of national, regional, and international standards, it is not
surprising that a number of standards are redundant or overlapping.
Requirements in two different standards covering the same characteristics may
be very different, and different test methods can produce very different results.
Ideally, all standards within a conformity assessment system should be
performance based, technically sound and implementable in a cost effective
manner.
5. Are these sentences:
a) true
b) false
c) there is no information in the text
1. Conformity assessment services are provided by the manufacturer, the
purchaser, public or private organizations.
2. Even poorly written standards lead to acceptable results.
3. All standards should contain information about conformity assessment
process.
4. In conformity assessment performance standards are more preferable than
design standards.
5. Within a conformity assessment system standards are realized in a cost
effective manner.
6. Conformity assessment can be performed on products, services, processes,
systems and even persons.
6. Give the English equivalents of the following words and phrases from the
text.
17
Процесс оценки соответствия; технические характеристики
продукции; безопасность продукции; предшествующий опыт;
предоставление информации; выполнять требование; повышать
производительность; давление на единицу площади; новый
материал; соответствовать стандарту; стандарт технических
требований; стандарт проектирования; значение; методы
испытаний; технически обоснованный.
7. Look at the picture and make a description of conformity assessment system.
You may use the following phrases:
This is a picture of …
There is/are … in the picture.
It is divided into …
According to the picture …
Between/under/above/in the middle/on the left/on the right you can see …
Conformity assessment system
18
UNIT 2 CERT
TIFICA
ATION
2.1.
CERTIFIICATION
N PROCE
ESS
n. Then
1. Put the words in the riight orderr to make questionss about ceertification
t questioons with a partner.
ask andd answer the
1. Iss, what, annd, certificcation, bassics, its?
2. Im
mportant, why, certiification, is?
i
3. To, certification, how
w, achievee?
2. Chooose one obbject of ceertificationn from thee box. Desscribe it.
qualiity system
ms
workplaces
produccts serviices
work
ks
stafff
3. Mattch the Ennglish woords in box A with the Russsian wordss in box B,
B then
learn thhe words from box A.
A
aaffix
c
comply
b
batch
c
certificatio
on mark
certificcation org
ganization
processs certificaation
assurannce
producct certificaation
ггарантия
п
партия
п
прикрепля
ять
с
соответств
вовать
сертиф
фикацион
нный знакк
сертиф
фикация продукци
п
ии
сертиф
фикация технологи
т
ического процессаа
сертиф
фицирующая орган
низация
B
4. Reaad the textt about prooduct certtification. Put these words in the correct gaps
in the text.
t
certifiedd
agriicultural provide
conttinuous attestation
a
n domains
19
PRODUCT CERTIFICATION
Product certification is the mechanism whereby a certification
organization attests that products, either a batch or the 1________ production
thereof, have been inspected and tested by it and that the products collectively
comply with specified requirements, usually contained in a standard. The
2
________ by the certification organization is in the form of a certificate
supported by a product certification mark that the manufacturer or producer
affixes on the product after being licensed to do so. The certification
organization therefore provides an assurance about the quality of the product.
Product certification services are offered by many certification
organizations, in both public and private 3________ , at the national and
international levels. In developing economies, national standards bodies
frequently 4________ the only product certification with any market relevance.
In developed economies, private certification bodies are often more important
from a market perspective. Product certification is mostly accepted only in the
home market of the certification organization, but a few operate successfully at
the regional or even at the international level.
Typical examples of product certification marks are the BSI Kitemark
(general products – United Kingdom), the SABS mark (general products – South
Africa), the GS mark (product safety – Germany), the VDE mark (electrical and
electronic equipment – Germany), the UL mark (product safety – United States),
the ASME mark (pressure vessels – United States), the CSA mark (general
products – Canada), KEMA (electrical equipment – the Netherlands) and
AGMARK (5________ products – India). There are many, many more. It should
be noted that the CE (French acronym of Conformité Européenne, meaning
European Conformity) mark is not a product certification mark but a regulatory
device of the European Union.
Processes can be 6________ as complying with stated requirements and in
accordance with the definition of ‘product’. Such process certification is also
considered product certification.
5. Answer the questions about the text.
1. Does a certification organization attest products only?
2. What does a certification mark indicate?
3. Who affixes a certification mark on the product?
4. Do private certification bodies inspect and test products?
5. The Kitemark is a Canadian certification mark, isn’t it?
6. Is KEMA certification mark used on pressure vessels or electrical
equipment?
7. Can a process be certified as a product?
8. What does CE mean?
20
6. Match certificcation marrks (1-10) with the countries
c
(
(a-h).
1
6
2
3
7
5
4
8
9
10
a) Inndia (1)
b) Netherland
N
ds (1)
c) South Africca (1)
d) Russia
R
(1)
e) United
U
Kinngdom (1)
f) Germany
G
(22)
g) United
U
Stattes of America (2)
h) Canada
C
(1))
7. Trannslate the Russian teext into Ennglish.
Серт
тификацияя продукц
ции включает следующие ээтапы:
‐ пода
ача заявкки на серт
тификаци
ию;
‐ расссмотрени
ие и принятие реш
шения по заявке;
‐ отб
бор, идент
тификация образц
цов и их испытани
и
ие;
‐ оцеенка прои
изводствва (если это пред
дусмотрено схем
мой
сер
ртифика
ации);
‐ ана
ализ полуученных результа
р
атов и пр
ринятие решенияя о
вы
ыдаче сертификат
та соотвветствияя (об отка
азе в выд
даче);
а соответ
тствия;
‐ выдача сертификата
за
о
осуществ
вление
инспекц
ционного
о
конт
троля
‐
сер
ртифици
ированной
й продуукцией (если
(
эт
то пред
дусмотреено
схеемой серт
тификац
ции);
‐
к
корректи
мероп
приятия
при
нарушен
нии
рующие
соответст
твия пр
родукции устано
овленным
м требо
ованиям и
ном прим
менении зн
нака соот
тветстввия.
нееправильн
21
2.2.
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CERTIFICATION
1. Choose words related to management from the box.
regulation process
board
worker
guidance
effect
science
care
control agency
leadership art
2. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions below.
a) What is a management system?
b) What management systems do you know?
c) What is management system certification oriented at?
3. Match the words (1-8) to the definitions (a-h). Learn the words.
1. accountability
2. to envisage
3. exhaustive
4. issue
5. relevant
6. security
7. supplier
8. target
a) including all possibilities, very thorough
b) something that you are trying to do or achieve
c) relating to a subject in an appropriate way
d) a person or company that provides goods or
services
e) the state of being protected or safe from harm
f) an obligation or willingness to accept
responsibility
g) the act of officially making something available or
giving something to people to be used
h) to view or regard in a certain way
4. Read the text and choose the correct word (1-8).
BASICS OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CERTIFICATION
In product certification, the product is attested. Management system
certification 1 deals / contains with the processes and procedures of the
manufacturer, producer, supplier or service provider. The management system
can be assessed against the requirements of the relevant standards and, if found
to conform, certified by a 2 standardization / certification body.
These two certification systems therefore have one 3 technical /
fundamental difference. In product certification, the quality of the product is
attested as 4 improving / conforming to a specific standard; it is normally a
supplier-consumer issue. Management system certification is usually a businessto-business requirement and the product standard could vary from customer to
customer. It is only the 5 ability / combination of the manufacturer to comply
with customer requirements that is assessed and not the product quality itself.
22
The best known management certification system is based on ISO 9001,
for which more than a million 6 systems / certificates have been issued
worldwide since its introduction in the late 1980s. A number of other ISO and
international standards are used for management system certification, as well as
a growing number of 7 flexible / private standards. Some are important in
specific sectors of the economy; others are more general in their application.
Some of the more important management certification systems are shown
in the table below. The list is not exhaustive, and suppliers will need to
determine which one is important for their sector and for the envisaged or actual
target 8 markets / bases.
Level
International
standards
Sector
Medical devices
Automotive
Food safety
Information security
IT service management
Supply chain security
Petroleum and gas
Private standards
Aerospace
Food safety and horticulture
Social accountability
Telecommunications
Occupational health and
safety
Standard
ISO 13485:2003
ISO/TS 16949:2009
HACCP
ISO 22000:2005
ISO/IEC 27001:2008
ISO/IEC 20000
ISO 28000:2007
ISO 29001:2003
AS 9100
British Retail Consortium
GLOBALG.A.P.
FSSC 22000
SA 8000
TL 9000
OHSAS 18001
5. Are these sentences:
a) true
b) false
c) there is no information in the text
1. Management system certification is critical to the success of a business.
2. In management system certification, the quality of the product is assessed.
3. Management system certification is oriented at stimulating organisation in
identifying and maintaining the best organisational solution for its needs.
4. A lot of standards are applied for management system certification.
5. ISO/TS 16949:2009 is a private standard.
6. Standard AS 9100 is used in the aerospace industry.
6. Give the English equivalents of the following words and phrases from the
text.
23
Сертифицировать; система сертификации; система менеджмента;
организация, предоставляющая услуги; требования потребителей;
выдавать сертификат; исключение; безопасность цепочки поставок;
информационная безопасность; розничная продажа; обращать
особое внимание; разрабатывать частный стандарт; специальный;
основываться на стандарте; оценивать.
2.3.
CERTIFICATION BODY
1. Finish this statement: Certification bodies play a major role in …
2. What are Russian and international certification bodies? Discuss in pairs.
Give examples.
3. Match the word halves. Use your dictionary. Learn the words.
judg
lim
line
ited
influe
tial
nce
dence
take
guide
integ
ment
under
impar
rity
evi
4. Read the text and match the headings (a-d) with the passages (1-4).
a) Independence and impartiality
b) Issuance of certificates
c) General requirements
d) Risk management
24
REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFICATION BODIES AND AUDITORS
1 ______________
The certification body must ensure appropriate expertise and experience,
both in the relevant fields of activity and for the types of auditing tasks it is to
undertake.
The certification body should be carrying out audits, for instance, in
conformity with or according to the principles of:
1. Standard ISO/IEC 17065 establishing requirements for product
certification or ISO/IEC 17021 establishing requirements for management
system certification.
2. Standard ISO 19011 establishing guidelines for quality and/or
environmental management systems auditing.
3. Standard ISO/IEC Guide 60 establishing good practices for conformity
assessments.
2 ______________
The certification body and its auditors must be impartial and free of
conflicts of interest. Evaluations and decisions must be based on objective
evidence of conformity (or non-conformity) and must not be influenced by other
interests or by other parties. All certification body staff, especially auditors,
must operate at high levels of professional integrity and be free from
commercial, financial or other pressures that might affect their judgment. The
certification body must establish documented procedures to appropriately
determine and manage conflicts of interest which may arise in the context of
certification activities.
3 ______________
The auditor must carry out risk evaluation or risk assessment at a supply
chain element to be audited. The result of the risk evaluation drives the intensity
of the audit and influences the size of the sample. At least a “limited assurance
level” should be established during the audit, in context with the nature and
complexity of the System User’s activities. A “limited assurance level” implies a
reduction in risk to an acceptable level as the basis for a negative form of
expression by the auditor.
4 ______________
The certification body must issue a certificate no later than 60 calendar
days after the audit of the System User registered for certification was
conducted. This period already includes the 40-day period for the
implementation of corrective measures in case non-conformities were detected
during the audit. The certification body may issue a certificate up to seven
calendar days prior to the starting date of the validity period. This allows the
certification body to issue a certificate, e.g. prior to a public holiday or to a nonworkday, ensuring that there is no gap between two certificates.
25
5. Answer the questions about the text.
1. What does the certification body ensure?
2. Does ISO/IEC 17021 establish requirements for product certification or
management system certification?
3. Is it necessary for the certification body to be impartial in auditing?
4. What is the purpose of risk assessment?
5. Who must carry out risk assessment?
6. What is a “limited assurance level”?
7. Can the certification body issue a certificate in 50 days after the audit?
8. There shouldn’t be a gap between two certificates, should there?
6. Make up a dialogue about a certification body. Ask and answer the questions
below.
– What are the selection criteria for a certification body?
– What is a personnel certification body?
– What information does a certificate contain?
– Do you want to work in a certification body?
2.4.
CERTIFICATION AUDIT
1. Put the following phases of the audit process in the right order.
a) reporting
b) audit follow-up
c) planning
d) field work
2. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions below.
a) What are internal and external audits, first-, second-, and third-party
audits?
b) What are the purposes of the certification audit?
c) How to prepare for the certification audit?
3. Match words with the same or similar meaning. Learn the words.
obtain
review
scope internal
duration statutory registrar
allocation readiness
employee
legal certifier worker length
distribution range preparation
receive
domestic
inspect
4. Read the text and choose the best title (a, b, c, d) for the text.
a) Certification audit.
b) Phases of the audit.
c) Internal audit.
d) Differences between two stages of the audit.
26
?
A certification audit is the first step for those organizations that have
decided to undergo an assessment process with a certification body or registrar
to determine if their management system complies with the requirements of a
given standard. The certification audit is divided into two stages: stage 1 audit
and stage 2 audit.
These audits differ in many ways: their purpose, duration, information
reviewed and sometimes even in the location where it will take place.
The objective of stage 1 audit is to determine an organization’s readiness
for stage 2 certification audit. Here the registrar will review the management
system documented information, evaluate the client’s site specific conditions
and have discussions with employees. The auditors will look to see that
objectives and key performance indicators or significant aspects are in place and
understood. They will review the scope of the management system and obtain
information on the organization’s processes and operations, the equipment being
used, the levels of control that have been established as well as any applicable
statutory or regulatory requirements. Internal audits and management reviews
will be evaluated to ensure they are being planned and performed and the overall
level of implementation of the management system is determined if they are
ready to move forward with stage 2 certification audit.
The registrar will use stage 1 audit to complete stage 2 audit planning,
including the review, the allocation of resources and details for the next phase of
the audit. Documented conclusions will be given to the organization that will
outline the readiness as well as identify any areas of concerns that could be
classified as a non-conformance during stage 2 audit.
Stage 2 audit evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of the
organization’s management system(s). During this audit, the registrar will
determine the degree of compliance with the standard’s requirements, and report
any non-conformances or potential non-conformances that the organization will
have to correct before the compliance certificate can be issued. If stage 2 audit is
successful, the organization’s management system(s) will be certified.
Stage 2 audit will include:

All relevant documented information that evidences the management
system’s conformity with all the standard’s requirements.

Key performance objective and targets, looking at performance
monitoring, measuring and reporting.

Evaluation of internal audits, management review and management
responsibility for the organization’s policies.

All relevant processes, looking at operational control and the ability to
carry them out as planned.
27
5. Are these sentences:
a) true
b) false
c) there is no information in the text
1. The certification audit aims to ensure that the company’s management
system meets the requirements of the standard.
2. There are three steps in the certification audit.
3. The audit includes a presentation of the company, and generally a tour as
well if appropriate.
4. Discussion with employees is a part of the audit.
5. The company doesn’t have to respond to the non-conformances.
6. After the certification audit, follow-up audits will take place each year in
order to ensure that the level is being maintained and that the company is
making constant improvements.
6. Translate the Russian text into English.
Повторный сертификационный аудит систем управления
Повторный сертификационный аудит должен проводится
на месте в организации‐заявителе и включать дополнительно
проверку следующих вопросов:
‐ результативность системы управления в целом с
учетом внутренних и внешних изменений, ее актуальность и
соответствие области сертификации;
‐
демонстрация
стремления
поддерживать
результативность и совершенствование системы управления
с целью улучшения результатов общей деятельности;
‐ способствует ли функционирование сертифицированной
системы управления реализации политики и достижению
целей организации‐заявителя.
Проведение повторного сертификационного аудита
системы управления осуществляет команда по аудиту органа
по сертификации по процедуре, установленной для проведения
первичной сертификации.
28
2.5 . GOST R CERTIFICATION
1. What is GOST R? What are the benefits of GOST R certification? Discuss in
pairs.
2. Choose three countries which always accept GOST R certificates.
a) Bulgaria
b) Kazakhstan
c) Moldavia
d) Greece
e) Azerbaijan
f) Russia
g) Georgia
h) Belarus
3. Match the opposites. Learn the words.
initiative
available specification person
former
reject apathy
differentiate authenticate particular common
inaccessible connect
applicant entity detailed current manager uncertainty
brief
4. Read the text and complete it with the phrases A-E.
A registered in the Customs Union
B a quality management system certificate
C by current state standards and regulations
D must be authenticated
E responsibility for their conformity to requirements
GOST R CERTIFICATE OF CONFORMITY
A GOST R certificate of conformity is a document verifying that a
particular product has been certified and conforms to the requirements specified
1
________ .
What to keep in mind when obtaining a certificate
The GOST R system differentiates between mandatory (required by law)
and voluntary (at the customer's initiative) certification.
An applicant for product certification may be a legal entity (or private
entrepreneur) 2________ that is the manufacturer or seller (supplier), or acts for
a foreign manufacturer under contract with the manufacturer with respect to
assuring conformity of the supplied products and 3________ .
What package of documents must be provided to obtain a certificate
in general
29
For imported products
When certifying a batch or mass production under a contract:
an Application on a form with the Applicant's stamp;
a Declaration of Conformity or ISO 9001 certificate (if available);
the invoice or contract specifications;
the contract;
a copy of the registration certificate for the applicant company, copies of
documents 4________ by the applicant company seal.
When certifying mass production for a manufacturer:
an Application (form with the Applicant's stamp);
5
________ (ISO 9001) or a Declaration of Conformity) (if available);
a copy of the registration certificate for the applicant company.
For Russian-made products
When certifying mass production for a domestic manufacturer:
an Application (form with the Applicant's stamp);
a copy of the registration certificate for the applicant company;
the regulatory document for the manufactured products (detailed drawing,
GOST);
data sheet, operating manual.
5. Answer the questions about the text.
1. What is a certificate of conformity in the GOST R system?
2. Is mandatory certification required by law?
3. Who can be the applicants for product certification?
4. Where are the applicants registered in?
5. Is there any stamp in a manufacturer application form?
6. For getting a GOST R certificate of conformity imported products should
always have ISO 9001 certificate, shouldn’t they?
7. How are copies of documents authenticated?
8. What documents are necessary for certifying Russian-made products?
6. Give the English equivalents of the following words and phrases from the text.
Декларация о соответствии; сертификат соответствия;
сертификат системы менеджмента качества; установленный
законом; запомнить; частный предприниматель; импортная
продукция; в соответствии с договором; подтверждать;
свидетельство о регистрации; массовое производство; печать
организации; перечень данных; обязательная сертификация;
добровольная сертификация.
30
UNIT 3 MET
TROLOG
GY
3.1.
MEASUR
REMENT
T
1. Reaad the quootes about measurem
ment. How
w do you understan
u
nd them? Discuss
D
in pairs.
‘Meeasure everrything thhat is meassurable an
nd make measurable
m
e what is not
n so.’
Galiileo (15644–1642)
‘Whhen you can
c
measuure what you are speaking about annd expresss it in
num
mbers, youu know soomething about it; but whenn you cannnot meassure it,
wheen you cannnot expreess it in numbers, your
y
know
wledge of iit is of a meager
m
and unsatisfactory kindd. It may be
b the beg
ginning off knowledg
dge, but yo
ou have
scarrcely in your thought advanced
d to thhe stagee of sccience.’
Lordd Kelvin (1824–190
(
07)
2. Worrk in pairss. Discuss the questiions below
w.
a) Why
W did yoou decide to study at
a your speeciality?
b) Have
H
you already
a
heeard about metrology
y? What does
d
this w
word mean
n?
c) Iss the role of
o it imporrtant nowaadays? Wh
hy?
3. Mattch the Ennglish woords in box A with the Russsian wordss in box B,
B then
learn thhe words from box A.
A
arbitraary
artisann
calibraate
cubit
derivee
gauge
initiatee
maintaain
measu
urement
originaal
‘piece--rate’ systtem
SI systtem
techniq
que
transition
31
B
система мер, измерение
локоть (старинная мера длины)
произвольный, случайный
метод, способ
переход
происходить, получать
положить начало
ремесленник, кустарь
измерительный прибор
сдельная оплата труда
первоначальный, исходный
проверять, маркировать
Международная система единиц, СИ
поддерживать, сохранять
4. Read the text and choose the correct word 1-8.
SOME HISTORIC FACTS ABOUT MEASUREMENTS
The death penalty faced those who forgot or neglected their duty to
calibrate the standard unit of length at each full moon. Such was the peril
courted by the royal site architects responsible for building the temples and
pyramids of the Pharaohs in ancient Egypt, 3000 years BC. The first royal cubit
was defined as the length of the forearm from elbow to tip of the extended
middle finger of the ruling Pharaoh, plus the width of his hand. The original
1
standard / measurement was transferred to and carved in black granite. The
workers at the building sites were given copies in granite or wood and it was the
responsibility of the architects to maintain them.
Regardless of the measurement techniques available to you, better
measurements can be made if you apply fundamental good practices, thus the
Pyramids have square bases despite their builders using nothing much more
sophisticated that a ball of string. The Egyptians appreciated that provided that
all four sides of a square are the same length and the two diagonals are equal,
then the interior angles will all be the same – the right angle, or 90 degrees.
They were able to compare the two diagonals and look for small
2
differences / similarities between the two measurements to determine how
square the base of the pyramid was.
Even though we feel ourselves to be a long way from his starting point,
both in distance and in time, people have placed great emphasis on correct
measurements ever since. Closer to our time, in 1799 in Paris, the Metric System
was created by the deposition of two platinum standards representing the meter
and the kilogram – the forerunner of the present International System of Units –
the SI 3 system / unit.
The origin of metrology can be traced to the Industrial Revolution, which
began in Western Europe and the United States in the beginning of the 19th
century. This period saw a transition from manual to mechanized production and
the setting up of factories to manufacture iron and textiles. There was a
4
idea / paradigm shift from artisan-oriented production methods to mass
production. An artisan produced an article the same way a storage shelf is built
32
in a closet – by trial and error till the parts fit. Mass production called for
division of labour and precise definition of production tasks. Tasks became
specialized, requiring skilled people who worked on only a portion of the job,
but completed it quickly and efficiently. The workers’ wages were determined
by a ‘piece-rate’ system. They were only paid for the good parts; thus it became
necessary to define what a good part was. This led to the design of inspection
5
devises / gauges and the need for an inspector who could decide whether a part
was good or not. Since 1913, Henry Ford, an American industrialist, perfected
the assembly line system to produce cars. In order to ensure quality as well as
high production rates, new methods of inspection and quality control were
initiated, which perhaps formed the basis of modern metrology.
The word metrology is derived from the Greek word ‘metrologia’, which
means measure. Metrology has existed in some form or other since ancient
times. In the earliest forms of metrology, standards used were either arbitrary or
subjective, which were set up by regional or local 6 authorities / governments,
often based on practical measures like the length of an arm.
Over the last couple of thousand years significant advances in
7
industry / technology can be traced to improved measurements. Whether we
are admiring the engineering feat represented by the Egyptian Pyramids, or the
fact that in the 20th century men walked on the moon, we should appreciate that
this progress is due in no small part to the evolution of measurement. It is
sobering to realize that tens of thousands of people were involved in both
operations and that these people were working in many different places
producing various 8 components / elements that had to be brought together – the
technology that enabled this was the measurement techniques and standards that
were used.
5. Are these sentences:
a) true
b) false
c) there is no information in the text
1. The first royal cubit was defined as the length of the forearm from elbow to
tip of the extended middle finger of the ruling Pharaoh, plus the width of his
hand.
2. The original measurement was transferred to and carved in black carbon.
3. The Egyptians built the Pyramids for a long time.
4. The meter and the kilogram – the forerunner of the present International
System of Units – the SI system.
5. A ‘piece-rate’ system was a right system.
6. Henry Ford was a British industrialist.
7. Metrology has existed in some form or other since last century.
8. The International System of Units is adopted worldwide.
6. Translate the Russian text into English.
33
Истоки метрологии в России
Для поддержания единства установленных мер еще в
древние времена создавались эталонные (образцовые) меры. К
ним относились бережно: в древности они хранились в храмах,
церквях как наиболее надежных местах для хранения ценных
предметов. В древней России контролем за правильностью
содержания и применения мер занимались таможни,
"кружечные дворы". В Москве действовали Померная изба и
Большая таможня. Померная изба проводила периодическую
("как год минет") поверку мер и изымала неправильные
("воровские") меры.
В 1698 году Петр I написал в указе "О сборе в Московской
Большой таможне пошлин": "за найденные непрямые,
воровские весы лавки опечатать, товары отобрать и семьей
сослать". Он же в Уставе воинских артикулов (1716 год) писал:
"Наказание за обмер и обвес – возвратить добро втрое,
взимать штраф, подвергнуть телесному наказанию". В 1745
году публикуется Указ сенатский о рассылке из камер‐коллегии
во все города заклейменных мер для хлеба и о взыскании
штрафа с того, у кого окажутся неуказанные меры.
Долгое время метрология была в основном описательной
наукой о различных мерах и соотношениях между ними. Но в
процессе развития общества роль измерений возрастала, и с
конца прошлого века благодаря прогрессу физики, метрология
поднялась на качественно новый уровень. Большую роль в
становлении метрологии в России сыграл Д. И. Менделеев,
руководивший отечественной метрологией в период с 1892 по
1907 г. "Наука начинается... с тех пор, как начинают
измерять", – в этом научном кредо великого ученого выражен,
по существу, важнейший принцип развития науки, который не
утратил актуальности и в современных условиях.
34
3.2.
METROLOGY
1. Read the quote of Dr. Richard K. Leach. What are the most important ideas of
metrology? Discuss in pairs.
‘Metrology is not just a process of measurement that is applied to an end
product. It should also be one of the considerations taken into account at the
design stage. According to the Geometrical Product Specification (GPS)
model, tolerancing and uncertainty issues should be taken into account
during all stages of design, manufacture and testing. The most compelling
reason is that it is often considerably more expensive to re-engineer a product
at a later stage when it is found that it is difficult to measure, compared to
designing at the start with the needs of metrology in mind.’
2. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions below.
a) Is it necessary for people from different countries to co-operate on
metrology? If yes, why?
b) In what fields of human activities can a metrologist work?
c) What is the main role of metrology?
3. Fill the gaps in the sentences (1-10) with the correct words from in the box.
confidence research
recordkeeping verification
litigation
complexity
accuracy
traceability
beneficial comparability transparency applied
1. Metrology can be a partner for industry and _____ .
2. _____ is vital in enabling metrology to link human activities together.
3. Industrial or _____ metrology has to ensure the adequate functioning of
measurement instruments used in industry.
4. There is a requirement for legal _____ of the measuring instrument.
5. Fundamental metrology signifies the highest level of _____.
6. The level of _____ establishes the level of _____ of the measurement.
7. The influence the _____ of economic transactions is concerned with legal
metrology.
8. There are three categories with different levels of _____ and accuracy in
metrology.
9. Correct measurements are _____ for manufacturing.
10. They are opposed to the general business practice of minimizing _____ to
limit _____ effects.
35
4. Read the text and choose the best title (a, b, c, d) for the text.
a) Subdivisions of metrology.
b) Common knowledge of metrology.
c) Applied metrology.
d) Core concepts of metrology.
?
Metrology presents a seemingly calm surface covering depths of
knowledge that are familiar only to a few, but which most make use of –
confident that they are sharing a common perception of what is meant by
expressions such as meter, kilogram, liter, watt, etc. Confidence is vital in
enabling metrology to link human activities together across geographic and
professional boundaries. This confidence becomes enhanced with the increased
use of network co-operation, common units of measurement and common
measuring procedures, as well as the recognition, accreditation and mutual
testing of measuring standards and laboratories in different countries. Mankind
has thousands of years of experience confirming that life really does become
easier when people co-operate on metrology.
Metrology covers three main activities:
1. The definition of internationally accepted units of measurement, e.g.
the metre.
2. The realisation of units of measurement by scientific methods, e.g. the
realisation of a metre through the use of lasers.
3. The establishment of traceability chains by determining and
documenting the value and accuracy of a measurement and disseminating that
knowledge, e.g. the documented relationship between the micrometer screw in a
precision engineering workshop and a primary laboratory for optical length
metrology.
Metrology is essential in scientific research, and scientific research forms
the basis of the development of metrology itself. Science pushes forward the
frontiers of the possible all the time and fundamental metrology follows the
metrological aspects of these new discoveries. This means ever better
metrological tools enabling researchers to continue their discoveries – and only
those fields of metrology that do develop can continue to be a partner for
industry and research.
Correspondingly, scientific, industrial and legal metrology must also
develop in order to keep pace with the needs of industry and society – and
remain relevant and useful.
Metrology is separated into three categories with different levels of
complexity and accuracy:
36
1. Scientific or fundamental metrology deals with the organisation and
development of measurement standards and with their maintenance (highest
level).
2. Applied or industrial metrology has to ensure the adequate functioning
of measurement instruments used in industry, in production and testing
processes, for ensuring quality of life for citizens and for academic research.
3. Legal metrology is concerned with measurements where these
influence the transparency of economic transactions, particularly where there is
a requirement for legal verification of the measuring instrument.
Fundamental metrology has no international definition, but it generally
signifies the highest level of accuracy within a given field. Fundamental
metrology may therefore be described as the top level branch of scientific
metrology.
A core concept in metrology is (metrological) traceability, defined as ‘the
property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can
be related to stated references, usually national or international standards,
through an unbroken chain of comparisons, all having stated uncertainties.’ The
level of traceability establishes the level of comparability of the measurement:
whether the result of a measurement can be compared to the previous one, a
measurement result a year ago, or to the result of a measurement performed
anywhere else in the world.
Sufficiently correct measurements are essential to commerce. About nine
out of every ten people working in metrology specialize in commercial
measurement, most at the technician level. Correct measurements are beneficial
for manufacturing. Metrology has thrived at the interface between science and
manufacturing. Aerospace, commercial nuclear power, medicine, medical
devices and semiconductors rely on metrology to translate theoretical science
into mass produced reality.
The basic concepts of metrology appear simple on the surface, and
metrology is rarely taught in a systematic manner above the technician level.
Within most businesses, metrology core beliefs such as recording all setups and
observations for possible future reference are opposed to the general business
practice of minimizing recordkeeping to limit litigation effects.
5. Choose the answer to the question: What does metrology ensure?
a) That there are no mistakes.
b) The protection of public safety.
c) The quality control of measurement instruments.
d) The correctness of specific measurement situations.
6. Find the paragraphs in the text to which the following ideas correspond:
a) Three categories of complexity and accuracy.
b) The confidence of metrology.
37
c) A core concept in metrology.
d) Three main activities being covered by metrology.
7. Read the dialogue and complete it with the phrases given above.
In fact, the same is true of most national measurement institutes; It can
measure to 0.001 mm; But how do you know that the height gauge is that
good; So this is where you work; UKAS visit at regular intervals to make sure
the measurements are still OK; NPL is the UK National Physical Laboratory;
But how do you know the bits coming in from the US will fit with your bits.
It was getting near to the end of the day when Peter’s father Frank stuck his
head round the door.
- Hello, Son. … . What do you do here? I know it’s something to do with
measurement.
- Well, Dad, I use this instrument called a height gauge to check the
components that we manufacture. I measure all kinds of features and produce
a calibration report. Someone else then does further tests and at the end of the
day we decide if the component is suitable for use, can be reworked, or if it
should be scrapped. My height gauge is very accurate. … .
- 0.001 mm! Who needs to measure that accurately?
- Well, the designer has put a tolerance on the component of 0.01 mm so
we need to measure ten times better than that to prove it has been
manufactured to specification. The specification limits are dictated by what
the part needs to do. Overall dimensions may have a coarser tolerance.
- Very good. … ?
- See that sticker? It shows that the height gauge has been calibrated by a
UKAS laboratory and they in turn get their measurements done by NPL, the
UK’s national standards laboratory.
- So who are UKAS?
- UKAS stands for the United Kingdom Accreditation Service. Laboratories
can request to become accredited by UKAS. Once UKAS have checked them
out, the labs can then display the UKAS logo on their certificates. … .
- And what about NPL? asked Frank.
- … . They set the standards for all of the units. Most developed countries
have their own equivalent of NPL, such as NIST in the USA.
- So your measurements are checked by UKAS. …?
- We both work to the same procedures and all our measurements are
traceable to the definition of the metre. We are traceable via NPL and the
New York branch is traceable via NIST. NPL and NIST regularly compare
results so they know that a measurement in NIST is equivalent to one at NPL.
- ….
38
3.3. METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT
1. Read the statement below and answer the question: What is the ultimate test
for you?
‘In an era where science, technology and engineering condition our material
standards of living, the effectiveness of practical skills in translating concepts
and designs from the imagination or CAD (Computer-Aided Design) system
to commercial reality, is the ultimate test by which an industrial economy
succeeds.’
2. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions below.
a) Why do we take so much trouble in making measurements?
b) How well do we have to measure?
c) Do our measurements have inexactness?
3. Match words with the same or similar meaning. Learn the words.
objective evaluate
scrap leads
investigate
ascertain inexactness
comprehensive resolve respective
eliminate
comparison imperative
permissible
verify
adequacy
mandatory purpose clear up
complete
matching accordance
wastes corresponding decide
examine
inaccuracy possible
assess check harness remove
4. Read the text and complete it with the sentences A-E.
A Traceability is most often obtained by calibration.
B All these three elements would be considered to explain the direct
measurement using a calibrated fixed reference.
C The primary objective of measurement in industrial inspection is to
determine the quality of the component manufactured.
D In addition, metrology is an integral part of modern engineering industry.
E Even if there are no mistakes, nearly all measurements are still inexact.
OBJECTIVES OF METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT
The accuracy of measurement is very important for the production of a
quality product, and hence it is imperative to mention here that the basic
objective of any measurement system is to provide the required accuracy at
minimum cost. 1________ . It consists of various departments, namely design,
manufacturing, assembly, research and development, and engineering
departments. The objectives of metrology and measurements include the
following:
39
 To ascertain that the newly developed components are comprehensively
evaluated and designed within the process, and that facilities possessing
measuring capabilities are available in the plant.
 To ensure uniformity of measurements.
 To carry out process capability studies to achieve better component
tolerances.
 To assess the adequacy of measuring instrument capabilities to carry
out their respective measurements.
 To ensure cost-effective inspection and optimal use of available
facilities.
 To adopt quality control techniques to minimize scrap rate and rework.
 To establish inspection procedures from the design stage itself, so that
the measuring methods are standardized.
 To calibrate measuring instruments regularly in order to maintain
accuracy in measurement.
 To resolve the measurement problems that might arise in the shop floor.
 To design gauges and special fixtures required to carry out inspection.
 To investigate and eliminate different sources of measuring errors.
2
________ . Different quality requirements, such as permissible tolerance
limits, form, surface finish, size, and flatness, have to be considered to check
the:
- Measurand, a physical quantity such as length, weight, and angle to be
measure.
- Comparator, to compare the measurand (physical quantity) with a
known standard (reference) for evaluation
- Reference, the physical quantity or property to which quantitative
comparisons are to be made, which is internationally accepted.
3
________ . In order to determine the length (a physical quantity called
measurand) of the component, measurement is carried out by comparing it with
a steel scale (a known standard).
Traceability, accuracy, precision, systematic bias, evaluation of
measurement uncertainty, reliability are critical parts of a quality management
system. 4________ . Calibration is the process where metrology is applied to
measurement equipment and processes to ensure conformity with a known
standard of measurement, usually traceable to a national standards board. These
standards are usually coordinated by national metrological institutes: National
Institute of Standards and Technology, National Physical Laboratory.
Mistakes can make measurements and counts incorrect. 5________ . The
term 'error' is reserved for that inexactness, also called measurement uncertainty.
Among the few exact measurements are:
- the absence of the quantity being measured, such as a voltmeter with its
leads shorted together: the meter should read zero exactly.
40
- measurement of an accepted constant under qualifying conditions, such
as the triple point of pure water: the thermometer should read 273.16 Kelvin
(0.01 degrees Celsius, 32.018 degrees Fahrenheit) when qualified equipment is
used correctly.
- self-checking ratio metric measurements, such as a potentiometer: the
ratio in between steps is independently adjusted and verified to be beyond
influential inexactness.
5. Answer the questions about the text.
1. What is the basic objective for any measurement system?
2. Does metrology consist of many departments? What are they?
3. How many objectives are there in the text?
4. What are different quality requirements?
5. Why is it necessary to check the: Measurand, Comparator, Reference?
6. Where is metrology applied to measurement equipment and processes?
7. Why do you think nearly all measurements are still inexact?
8. How many exact measurements are there in the text? What are they?
6. Translate the Russian text into English.
Метрология – наука об измерениях методах и средствах
обеспечения их единства и способах достижения требуемой
точности
Нет ни одной области практической деятельности
человека, где можно было бы обойтись без количественных
оценок, получаемых в результате измерений.
Человек появляется на свет, еще не имеет имени, но
становятся известны его рост, вес, температура тела – уже в
первые минуты жизни ему приходится сталкиваться с
линейкой, весами, термометром. Каждое утро, выходя из дома,
мы оцениваем температуру воздуха на улице и соответственно
одеваемся. Свой день мы расписываем по часам и пытаемся
выполнить этот план, периодически поглядывая на часы.
Стоя перед лужей и решая ‐ прыгнуть через нее или
обойти, мы соизмеряем длину лужи и свои возможности. Вокруг
нас множество приборов и средств измерений ‐ часы,
термометры, линейки, весы, электрические, водяные и газовые
счетчики.
Практически не существует ни одного предприятия или
жилья, где не было бы средств измерений.
41
3.4.
MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT
1. Read the statement below and the explanation of it. How do you understand
them?
‘Random results are the consequence of random procedures.’ (Portas’ Law)
This is illustrated by considering the case of inspecting a batch of 500
components by picking 50 components from the box of 500 and measuring
them. The statistics you derive from those measurements – such as the
average size and standard deviation of the sample will allow you to accept or
reject the batch depending on the sampling plan that you have selected and
the particular criteria used.
2. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions below.
a) Do you know any measurement tools? Call them as many as you can.
b) Have you ever used such tools?
c) What qualities should a tool possess?
3. Match the English words in box A with the Russian words in box B, then
learn the words from box A.
A
additive
caliper
circumstance
deviation
dispersion
end face
increment
lapping
offset
perfection
sampling
serrated
setting up
soaking
straightness
subtlety
B
отклонение
отбор
увеличение
добавка
торец
доводка
зубчатый
смещение
разброс
безупречность
обстоятельство
утонченность
штангенциркуль
прямолинейность
регулировка
выдержка
4. Read the text about equipment for measurements. Put these words in the
correct gaps in the text.
factors
circle blocks types
calibrated
tools
subtlety
ambient
errors
micrometer
42
EQUIPMENT FOR MEASUREMENTS
Choosing the correct tool for any measurement job requires the
consideration of many factors. These 1________ include:
 The drawing tolerance.
 Ease of measurement.
 Speed of measurement required.
 Multi-purpose or dedicated measurement equipment.
 The cost of the proposed solution.
For some 2________ of equipment, only manufacturers’ specifications
will exist. These are more difficult to interpret as different manufacturers will
have different test methods and will express the results from these tests in
different ways. They will quote terms such as accuracy, resolution, repeatability
and error. They may give a maximum value for these parameters over a range or
they may quote a length dependent equation that applies over the range. In these
circumstances great care needs to be taken in making comparisons.
There are a lot of different 3________ for making measurements. Some of
them are presented below.
A: angle gauges
One practical realisation of angular units takes the form of angle gauges.
Angle blocks are very similar in concept to Johannson’s gauge blocks – they
were developed at NPL (National Physical Laboratory) by Tomlinson in 1939
and also revisited by Chapman at National Research Council laboratory in the
1970s. The essential difference is of course that instead of the distance between
the two faces of the block being important it is now the angle between the faces.
The 4________ of angle is that it is not only additive, but also subtractive – thus
making the sets smaller.
B: gauge block
The gauge blocks are formed with a single combined block on the basis of
Johannson’s system. This system works on the principle combining a set of
gauge blocks with different decade increments creating any required value to the
nearest 0.001 mm. The distance between the end faces is carefully controlled
during the manufacturing process so that the final desired size is reached to
within a fraction of a 5________ . During the final lapping process all the gauge
blocks in a given batch are wrung together and measured using a high accuracy
comparator and a gauge block of known size. The use of gauge 6________ is
straightforward and the precision is remarkably high.
C: serrated type of precision index
No ultimate standard is required for angular measurement since any angle
can be established by appropriate sub-division of the circle. A 7________ has
360 degrees, no more, no less. The principle of self-proving (circle-closing
method) of the division of a circle is fundamental to angle measurement. The
43
example below shows this method applied to a precision index. The precision is
8
________ by a self-proving.
D: callipers
Callipers are a prime example of a piece of equipment that exhibits a large
Abbe offset. The dashed line in the Figure shows the line of measurement,
which as you can see is offset from the measurement scale. Any 9________ due
to straightness errors in the beam will be magnified at the point of measurement.
E: micrometer
Conversely the micrometer has a scale in line with the measurement axis.
The Abbe offset in this case is zero.
F: autocollimator
The measurement of small angular motion is important in a number of
applications such as setting up and checking machine tools. Measurement of
small angle is made using an instrument called an autocollimator. An
autocollimator is used with a reflecting surface.
G: soaking a plug gauge
Another point to take note of is that a temperature range will often be
specified over which the error bounds are valid. You cannot rely on the
specification if you are operating outside the specified temperature range.
If the component that you are going to measure is at a temperature above
10
________ , either because it has been handled, has recently been delivered or
has recently been machined, it needs to be left to ‘soak’ to the ambient
temperature. Placing the item on a steel block or surface table is the normal
means of soaking.
Typical soaking times could be two hours for small objects in good
thermal contact with a flat surface such as a surface table. Anything weighing
more than 1 kg should be left at least four hours to soak and preferably
overnight. The closer you want the item temperature to be to the laboratory
temperature, the longer it will take. If in doubt, affix the probes from an
electronic thermometer to both the test item and the soaking plate and wait until
the temperatures are the same.
H: absolute distance meter and an ADM from the front
The latest developments in laser trackers have seen the incorporation of
absolute distance meters (ADM) into the optical system so that the displacement
reading can be reset following a beam break – a distinct operational advantage
over a simple tracking interferometer that must be physically reset at a known
location. The distance measurement with an ADM (Figure 7a and Figure 7b) is
based on the phase measurement principle. A laser diode emits light pulses with
a defined wavelength and pulse repetition frequency. A time difference exists
between the internal reference path and the external measurement path, the light
pulses, reflected from a target and received by the instrument, have experienced
a phase shift in relation to the light pulses received through the internal
44
reference path. That phase difference between those two signals is proportional
to the distance between instrument and target.
The optical signals are converted into analogue electronic signals and then
into digital signals. The phase difference between the reference signal and the
measurement signal is then calculated.
5. Match descriptions of the tools in the text (A-H) with the figures (1-8).
Figure 2
Figure 1
Figure 4
Figure 3
Figure 5
45
Figure 6
Figure 7a
Figure 7b
Figure 8
46
6. Describe any other measurement equipment / tool. You may use the following
phrases:
This tool seems to be a … .
It has a … and …… .
It is used the method of … .
It’s good for measuring the … .
7. Read the dialogue and complete it with the phrases given above.
It was nice to know so useful information; What is Metrology itself; Yeah, you
are right; And it isn’t easy, as I’ve thought before; My future profession will
be related to Metrology and Measurement; Who doesn't think about and use
measurements on a daily, sometimes hourly, basis; Measurements are also
the focus of the laboratory testing business; You might be surprised to learn
just how creative our earliest ancestors were; I haven’t seen you for ages.
- Hello, Bill! … !
- Hi, Don. … . I’m very busy these days.
- Are you? You’re studying somewhere, aren’t you?
- Actually, yes! … .
- Where exactly do you get an education?
- Well, at Siberian University. … .
- Interesting, I’ve never heard about it. … ?
- It is defined as "the field of knowledge concerned with measurement."
- As I guess, we all think about Metrology a lot, whether we realize it or
not.
- That’s true. … ? What time is it? How hot or cold is it outside? How
much do I weigh today? What's my blood pressure?
- Yeah! My cholesterol level? You may have even inquired, "How fast was
I going, Officer?" It goes on and on.
- … . What is the compressive strength of a specimen, its mass, or its
density?
- Yes, but should we trust these measurements?
- The instruments we use today and the measurements we make are very
sophisticated and reliable.
- I think, weights and measures were among the earliest tools invented,
weren’t they?
- … . That time humans looked around and used those things that were
convenient and available, such as fingers, hands, and forearms for measuring
length.
- Well, anyway, I have to go now. … . Good luck. Bye.
- Well, I hope to see you some day. So long.
47
3.5.
NANOMETROLOGY
1. Read the joke about a nanometer. Comment your understanding with some
words.
‘A nanometre is the length that a man’s beard grows in the time he takes to
say ‘Hello, how are you?’
2. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions below.
a) Have you ever heard anything about nanometrology?
b) What are nanoparticles? Where are they used?
c) Is nanometrology more accurate than usual metrology? If yes, why?
3. Choose the word that is different. Say why. Learn the words.
a) length
diameter
clothes
b) phoning
include
behave
c) property
secretary
priority
d) evaluation
relation
nickname
e) degree
pace
protein
f) member
dimension
subdivision
g) consequence
about
arrangement
h) challenging
neutral
month
i) nanometre
quantum
phrase
j) dictionary
magnify
underpin
4. Read the text and match the headings (a-f) with the passages (1-6).
a) Measuring in the nanoscale
b) The meaning of the nano
c) A new field in engineering
d) Main issues
e) Some reasons in a priority field
f) Catching the imagination of scientists
WHAT IS NANOMETROLOGY?
Nano in Greek means ‘dwarf’. One nanometre is one-billionth of a metre
or 10 m. Comparing an object with a diameter of 1nm with another with a
diameter of 1m is like comparing a small pebble with the giant-sized earth.
Nanometrology is the science of measurement at the nanoscale level.
Figure1 illustrates where a nanoscale stands in relation to a metre and
subdivisions of a metre. Nanometrology has a crucial role in the production of
nanomaterials and devices with a high degree of accuracy and reliability
−9
48
(nanom
manufactuuring). It includess length or sizee measurrements (where
dimenssions are typically given in nanometre
n
es and thee measurem
ment unceertainty
is oftenn less thann 1nm) as well as measureme
m
ent of forcce, mass, aand electriical and
other properties.
p
.
i relationn to a metrre
Fiigure 1 Naanoscale in
Nanometrrology adddresses tw
N
wo main isssues: preccise measurement of
o sizes
in the nanometrre range, and adaptting existing or developing new meth
hods to
characterize properties as a functioon of size. A direct consequennce of this is the
develoopment off methodss to charracterize sizes based on thhe evaluattion of
properrties and too comparee sizes meaasured usiing variouus methodss.
H it is necessaryy to providde a formaal introducction to naanotechnology as
Here
it is grreatly relaated to nannometroloogy. Nano
otechnologgy is a com
mparativeely new
field inn engineerring. The propertiess of the ob
bjects that we see aaround us do not
changee much with
w changge in size.. In the nanoworld,, howeverr, change in size
affectss propertiees enormoously. Ricchard Fey
ynman, thhe famouss physicisst, said,
‘Atoms on a smaall scale behave
b
likee nothing similar too those on a large sccale. As
we go down annd fiddle around
a
with atoms down there, we aare workin
ng with
differeent laws altogether
a
r.’ For innstance, irron loses its magnnetic prop
perty at
nanosize. Gold at 1nm size neithher shiness nor is chemically
c
y neutral. When
particlees are aboout 50nm in size, thhey exhibiit propertiees similarr to those of bulk
materiaal. Nanoomaterials comprisse nanoparticles and
a
nanoocrystals. Small
nanopaarticles, which
w
posssess nanoddimension in all the three prinncipal direections,
are called quantuum dots.
N
Nanometr
rology is one of thhe most exciting
e
a challeenging areas for
and
mechanical engiineers. It has
h really caught thee imaginattion of sciientists thee world
over, and
a it cannnot progrress at a fast
f pace unless wee find wayys and means to
make accurate measurem
ments up to 0.1 nm.
n
In many
m
casees, measu
urement
techniqques devveloped for
f
conveentional materials cannot be appllied to
nanosttructures. The
T follow
wing are some
s
of th
he reasons why nannometrolo
ogy is a
priorityy field todday:
49
 Special protocols for nanostructures and nanomaterials must be
developed to avoid severe mistakes in evaluating results.
 New phenomena at the nanoscale level require an understanding of and
the ability to measure the physics of very small objects. The arrangement of
atoms or particles in nanostructures has new and sometimes even exotic forms.
 Measurement standards have to be developed to match technology
advances and support the increasing applications of nanostructures.
 Nanotechnology is interdisciplinary in nature and comprises varied
fields such as biology, chemistry, and materials technology with underpinned
knowledge of physics.
5. Answer the questions about the text.
1. How can you compare the object of 1nm with the one of 1m?
2. What is the role of nanometrology?
3. How many issues does the nanometrology have? What are they?
4. What does nanotechnology do? Where does it work?
5. How does changing in size affect properties in the nanoworld?
6. What do we call quantum dots?
7. Is nanotechnology a perspective area for mechanical engineers? Why?
8. What should be done for nanomaterials? Why?
9. What fields does nanotechnology comprise?
10. Why do measurement standards have to be developed?
6. Translate the Russian text into English.
50
Метрическая система – общее название международной
десятичной системы единиц, основанной на использовании
метра и грамма. Основное отличие метрической системы от
применявшихся ранее традиционных систем заключается в
использовании упорядоченного набора единиц измерения.
Для любой физической величины существует лишь одна
главная единица и набор дольных и кратных единиц,
образуемых стандартным образом с помощью десятичных
приставок. Тем самым устраняется неудобство от
использования большого количества разных единиц (таких,
например, как дюймы, футы, мили и т. д.) со сложными
правилами преобразования между ними. В метрической
системе преобразование сводится к умножению или делению
на степень числа 10.
В 1875 году семнадцать стран, включая Россию,
подписали Метрическую конвенцию. Новая международная
организация
незамедлительно
занялась
разработкой
международных эталонов длины и массы и передачей их копий
всем странам ‐ участницам.
В 1899 году метрическая система мер была допущена к
применению в России законом, проект которого был
разработан Д. И. Менделеевым. На основе метрической
системы была разработана и принята в 1960 году XI
Генеральной конференцией по мерам и весам Международная
система единиц (СИ). В течение второй половины XX века
большинство стран мира перешло на систему СИ.
К
настоящему
времени
метрическая
система
официально принята во всех государствах мира, кроме США,
Великобритании, Либерии и Мьянмы (Бирмы).
51
UNIT 4 QUAL
LITY CONTRO
OL
4.1.
WHAT IS QUALIITY?
1. Whiich definittion of quaality is bettter? Say why.
w
a) Quality
Q
is the
t standaard of som
mething ass measuredd against other thin
ngs of a
simiilar kind; the
t degreee of excelllence of so
omething.
b) Quality
Q
is a measuure of exccellence or state off being frree from defects,
d
deficciencies and
a
signif
ificant vaariations, brought about byy the striict and
conssistent addherence to measuurable and verifiabble standa
dards to achieve
a
unifo
formity of output thaat satisfiess specific requireme
r
ents.
c) Quality
Q
is the degrree to whhich a sett of inherrent charaacteristicss fulfils
requuirements.
w.
2. Worrk in pairss. Discuss the questiions below
a) What
W does quality appply to?
b) Who
W is respponsible for
f qualityy?
c) How
H to achhieve and check quaality?
3. Mattch the Ennglish woords in box A with the Russsian wordss in box B,
B then
learn thhe words from box A.
A
after--sales servvice
durabbility
malfuunctioningg
serviceability
poor quality
conform
ming produuct
defective product
quality product
p
quality of
o conform
mance
quality requireme
r
nt
52
B
низкое качество
требование к уровню качества
качественная продукция
степень соответствия
послепродажное обслуживание
неисправность
некачественная продукция
долговечность
эксплуатационная надежность
изделие, удовлетворяющее
техническим условиям
4. Read the text about quality. Put these words in the correct gaps in the text.
established
supplement
grade
fitness
prepare
purchasing
QUALITY AND ITS DIMENSIONS
The quality of a product or service depends on an exchange between two
persons, one supplying the product or service and the other receiving the product
or service. The supplier and the customer can have different views on what
quality is and this may lead to misunderstandings and disputes. In that sense,
quality can be understood as “the conformance with customers’ requirements or
1
________ for purpose”.
The first point to note is that it is the customer who defines whether a
product is fit for use or not. If the characteristics of a product or service do not
match those required by the customer, it will not be a quality product for the
latter. For example, a limousine with high gas consumption will not be a quality
product for someone looking for a small car with low gas consumption. A
supplier can 2________ specifications for his/her product based on what is
perceived as the requirements of customers and manufacture products
conforming to those specifications. However, if the conforming products are
found to be unfit for use by the users, they would be considered defective
products; in this case, the specifications have failed to take fully into account the
needs of the consumers. This brings to the adage that the customer is king.
Quality is not absolute but relative. A product may be of good quality for
someone, but of poor quality for someone else. For instance, one person may be
comfortable with high-heeled shoes while another may prefer flat shoes. Quality
is all about the customer’s perception of excellence and the response to that
perception. It is measured solely by its utility to one audience – the customer.
The second point to note is that customers’ requirements change over time
3
as ________ power increases or as more innovative products are made
available on the market. A customer who was satisfied with a black-and-white
television set in the past now goes for a colour television set with a flat screen.
Quality or fitness for purpose is usually defined by quality of design and
quality of conformance. However, for products with a long life such as
53
computers and refrigerators, which require after-sales service, there are two
other parameters. These are the availability for use (the product should not break
down often and should work for a reasonable period before breaking down
again) and field service, which should be prompt and performed with integrity
by competent personnel.
When talking about quality, the term ‘4________’ comes to mind; it is
defined in ISO 9000 as the “category or rank given to different quality
requirements for products, processes or systems having the same functional
use”.
Some examples are the class of airline ticket and category of hotel in a
hotel guide.
Quality has many dimensions:
• Performance, which refers to a product’s main operating characteristics.
• Features, which are extras that 5________ the main characteristics.
• Reliability, which reflects the probability of a product malfunctioning or
failing within a specified period.
• Conformance, which is the degree to which a product’s design and
operating characteristics meet 6________ standards.
• Durability, which is the amount of use before the product deteriorates.
• Serviceability, which is dependent on the service team’s speed, courtesy,
competence and the product’s ease of repair.
• Aesthetics, which is linked to appearance and impression.
• Perceived quality, which is linked to the reputation of the brand.
5. Are these sentences:
a) true
b) false
c) there is no information in the text
1. Customers determine the quality of a product or service.
2. Quality requirements don’t change over time.
3. Quality is vital to successful organisations.
4. All products need after-sales service.
5. Perceived quality is connected with appearance and impression.
6. There are eight important dimensions of quality.
6. Translate the Russian text into English.
54
Петля качества
Огромное значение в системе выпуска качественной
продукции имеет жизненный цикл или петля качества.
Петлей качества называют модель связанных между собой
способов деятельности, которые оказывают воздействие на
продукцию на разных стадиях – от определения потребностей
до удовлетворения этих потребностей.
В жизненном цикле выделяются следующие этапы:
1. Изучение рынка, маркетинг.
2. Создание и разработка требований.
3. Создание продукции.
4 Обеспечение в материальном и техническом плане.
5. Подготовка и технология производства.
6. Производство.
7.Обследование и контроль.
8. Хранение и упаковка.
9. Реализация продукта.
10. Эксплуатация и монтаж.
11. Техническая помощь.
12. Утилизация.
4.2.
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
1. How do you understand total quality and quality management? Discuss in
pairs.
2. Choose the developer(s) of total quality management.
a) Joseph Moses Juran
b) Walter Andrew Shewhart
c) William Edwards Deming
d) Kaoru Ishikawa
e) Philip Crosby
f) Armand Vallin Feigenbaum
55
3. Match the words (1-8) to the definitions (a-h). Learn the words.
1. adopt
2. benefit
3. commitment
4. leadership
5. recognition
6. remove
7. stakeholder
8. wasted
a) an agreement or promise to do something
b) the ability of an individual or a group of
individuals to influence and guide followers or other
members of an organization
c) to cause something to no longer exist
d) not used, spent in a good or effective way
e) to take up and practice or use
f) a person or group who has a specific interest in the
outcome or success of a project or business
g) the act of accepting that something is true or
important or that it exists
h) something that produces good or helpful
results or effects
4. Read the text and choose the correct word (1-8).
ALL ABOUT TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Total quality management (TQM) is the way of managing for the future,
and is far wider in its application than just 1 repairing / assuring product or
service quality – it is a way of managing people and business processes to
ensure complete customer satisfaction at every stage, internally and externally.
TQM, combined with effective leadership, results in an organisation doing the
right things right, first time.
The core of TQM is the customer-supplier interfaces, both externally and
internally, and at each interface a number of processes lie. This core must be
2
tested / surrounded by commitment to quality, communication of the quality
message, and recognition of the need to change the 3 culture / strength of the
organisation to create total quality. These are the foundations of TQM, and they
are supported by the key management functions of people, processes and
systems in the organisation.
The essential components of TQM are commitment and leadership.
TQM is an 4 approach / assembly to improving the competitiveness,
effectiveness and flexibility of an organisation for the benefit of all stakeholders.
It is a way of planning, organizing and understanding each activity, and of
removing all the wasted effort and energy that is 5 seldom / routinely spent in
organisations. It ensures the leaders adopt a strategic overview of quality and
focus on prevention not detection of problems.
Whilst it must involve everyone, to be 6 practical / successful, it must start
at the top with the leaders of the organisation.
All senior managers must demonstrate their seriousness and commitment
to quality, and middle managers must, as well as demonstrating their
commitment, ensure they communicate the principles, strategies and benefits to
56
the people for whom they have 7 responsibility / development. Only then the
right attitudes will spread throughout the organisation.
A fundamental requirement is a sound quality policy, supported by plans
and facilities to implement it. 8 Customers / Leaders must take responsibility for
preparing, reviewing and monitoring the policy, plus take part in regular
improvements of it and ensure it is understood at all levels of the organisation.
5. Answer the questions about the text.
1. What does TQM ensure?
2. What is TQM combined with?
3. The connection between a customer and a supplier is the core of TQM,
isn’t it?
4. Why is it necessary for the organisation to change its culture?
5. Are there two or three important components of TQM?
6. Do the leaders of the organisation focus on prevention of problems?
7. What do senior and middle managers demonstrate?
8. Who takes part in regular improvements of quality?
6. Give the English equivalents of the following words and phrases from the text.
Всеобщее управление качеством; управление персоналом; качество
продукции; качество услуг; удовлетворенность потребителей;
повысить конкурентную способность; выявление проблемы;
руководитель высшего звена; руководитель среднего звена;
ориентация на качество; распространять; политика в области
качества; основной компонент; нести ответственность;
постоянное улучшение.
7. Look at the picture. What does it illustrate? Make a description. You may use
the following phrases:
In my opinion/Maybe/Perhaps it is a …
It looks like …
It involves …
The picture gives/presents …
The first/second/next element is …
57
4.3.
QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS
1. Choose words related to a tool from the box.
mechanism table
device principle
diagram
means
analysis program
person method technique approach
2. Put the words in the right order to make questions about quality control tools.
Then ask and answer the questions with a partner.
1. Control, know, quality, do, what, you, tools?
2. Used, when, are, where, they, and?
3. Their, are, benefits, what?
3. Match the word halves. Use your dictionary. Learn the words.
vit
mined
toler
laint
vial
predeter
bone
ter
ance
tri
subse
al
comp
fish
scat
quent
4. Read the text and complete it with the sentences A-E.
A It deals only with factors, not quantities.
B The purpose for which the data are collected should always be clear.
C These are not the same as specification tolerances.
D This can be used to test the possible cause-and-effect relationship.
E Their easy-to-use approach combined with their graphical nature makes
statistical analysis easier to understand and apply.
58
SEVEN TOOLS OF QUALITY CONTROL
The ‘Seven Tools of Quality Control’ (also known as 7 QC Tools) are a
set of graphical/pictorial techniques used in troubleshooting quality-related
issues. Kaoru Ishikawa, known as the Japanese father of quality, formalized the
Seven Basic Tools of Quality Control. Ishikawa believed that 95% of a
company’s problems could be solved by using these seven tools and that they
could easily be taught to any member of the organization. 1________ . The
seven tools are described below.
1. Flow chart is a visual representation of a process showing the various
steps. It helps in locating the points at which a problem exists or an
improvement is possible. Detailed data can be collected, analyzed and methods
for correction can be easily understood and developed.
2. Check sheet or tally chart is a simple device onto which data is
collected by putting a mark against predetermined items of measurement.
2
________ . For example, the check sheet can be used to track events by factors
like timeliness (on time, one day late, two days late), reasons for failure (defects
like damage in fruit caused by pest, presence of external moisture, size not
uniform), number of customer complaints each day.
3. Graphs. These are a good way of organizing, summarizing and
displaying data for subsequent analysis. Histogram is a bar graph commonly
used for showing frequency distributions, or how often each different value in a
set of data occurs.
4. Pareto Analysis. Joseph Juran identified the phenomenon of the vital
few and trivial many as a universal rule, applicable to many fields. He applied it
to tackling quality problems and named it the Pareto Principle, after Vilfredo
Pareto, an Italian economist. One of the other names of this tool is the ‘80-20
Rule’, indicating that 80% of the problems stem from 20% of the causes. It helps
to identify the most important areas (‘the vital few’) to concentrate on to solve
problems.
5. Cause and effect diagram. This diagram represents the relationship
between a problem and its potential causes. It is also known as the fishbone or
Ishikawa diagram. 3________ . To prepare a fishbone diagram, all the causes
related to a problem are identified in a brainstorming session among the persons
concerned. The problem is written along the horizontal arrow. All the causes
identified through the brainstorming are classified by themes (human, material,
machine, methods, etc.). Each theme is represented by a diagonal attached to the
spine of the diagram. Individual causes are listed along the diagonal.
6. Scatter diagram. A scatter diagram is used to study the possible
relationship between one variable and another. 4________ . It does not prove
that one variable causes the other, but it does make clear whether a relationship
exists and what the nature or strength of the relationship is.
59
7. Control charts. Control charts are graphical representations of
variations found in a process of measurement or observations that are plotted on
graphs against time. These charts comprise two lines called UCL (upper control
limit) and LCL (lower control limit). 5________ . If the results of measurements
exceed these limits, then the ‘cause’ needs to be investigated and action taken on
it immediately. To reduce the variations found in the process, fundamental
changes would need to be made in methods, machines, materials or other
factors. Control charts can be plotted for variable or continuous data (like weight
of bag, temperature of a cold storage, time of baking, speed of a conveyor).
5. Are these sentences:
a) true
b) false
c) there is no information in the text
1. Seven tools of quality control originated in Japan.
2. These tools are helpful in solving critical quality-related problems.
3. 7 QC tools can be applied across any industry starting from product
development phase till delivery.
4. Pareto analysis is named after a French economist.
5. A scatter diagram is also called a fishbone.
6. Histogram was introduced by Karl Pearson.
6. Match quality control tools (a-g) with their examples (1-7).
a) Flow chart
b) Check sheet
c) Histogram d) Control chart
e) Pareto diagram
f) Cause and effect diagram
g) Scatter diagram
60
7. Translate the Russian text into English.
Диаграмма Исикавы
Диаграмма Исикавы, известная также как причинно‐
следственный анализ или диаграмма рыбьего скелета, является
одним из самых важных инструментов улучшения качества.
Впервые использованная К. Исикавой в 1943 г., она представляет
собой пример структурного подхода к решению проблем.
Диаграмма используется для получения информации в
процессе сеансов поиска творческих идей, необходимой для
рассмотрения потенциальных причин возникновения проблем.
Все варианты подвергаются тщательному исследованию до тех
пор, пока не выявляется искомая причинно‐следственная
зависимость.
Диаграмма обеспечивает всестороннее видение процесса
формирования качества и внешних условий его осуществления. К.
Исикава разработал этот метод, чтобы помочь японским
менеджерам анализировать проблемы, связанные с процессами,
за которые они не несут ответственности.
4.4.
SIX SIGMA
1. Finish this statement: Six Sigma is one of the perfect …
2. Six Sigma uses two key methods: DMAIC and DMADV. What do they
mean? What is the difference between them? Discuss in pairs.
3. Match words with the same or similar meaning. Learn the words.
revenue
chronic
voice target shift direct progress specify
incremental
grasp designate
profit
gradual
sound
entail
deviation breakthrough
constant involve understand
61
4. Read the text and choose the best title (a, b, c, d) for the text.
a) Keys of Six Sigma.
b) Six Sigma methodology.
c) Six Sigma general information.
d) Sigma levels.
?
Six Sigma is a data-driven structured problem-solving methodology for
dealing with chronic issues facing a business by reducing variations in the
business processes.
The Six Sigma methodology, started and popularized in 1987 by Motorola
in the United States, provides techniques and tools to improve the process
capability and reduce the defects in any process. Six Sigma essentially has two
elements: the ‘voice of the customer’ and the ‘voice of the process’. It entails
reducing the gap between the two voices and ensuring that they match. Six
Sigma efforts target three main areas:
• Improve customer satisfaction.
• Reduce cycle time.
• Reduce defects.
Six Sigma aims at virtually error-free business performance. Achieving
the goal of Six Sigma requires more than small incremental improvements – it
demands a breakthrough in every area of the business.
Sigma is a Greek letter symbolized by ‘σ’. It is used to designate the
standard deviation of a process. In other words, sigma is a measurement used to
determine how good or bad the performance of a process is, i.e. how many
mistakes a process makes. Traditionally, Six Sigma stands for ‘six standard
deviations’ from process mean.
The table below gives process yields at various sigma levels.
Process yield at various sigma levels
Sigma level
Product meeting requirements:
Defects per million
%
opportunities (DPMO)*
68.26
697,672.15
1
95.45
308,770.21
2
99.73
66,810.63
3
99.9937
6,209.70
4
99.999943
232.67
5
99.9999998
3.40
6
*DPMO with a 1.5 Sigma shift.
DPMO is the result of DPU (defects per unit) multiplied by 1 000 000
divided by opportunities for errors in a unit. For example, if a purchase order has
62
50 opportunities for errors and assuming that the data entry operator who
prepares purchase orders makes 1 defect on average, the DPMO in this case will
be 1 multiplied by 1 000 000 divided by 50 or 20,000.
The first step in calculating sigma or in understanding its significance is to
grasp what a customer expects. In the language of Six Sigma, customer
requirements and expectations are called CTQ (critical to quality).
One of the keys of Six Sigma is to understand better and assess how well
a process performs on all CTQs, not just one or two.
Companies operating at three or four sigma typically spend between 25
per cent and 40 per cent of their revenues fixing problems. This is known as the
cost of quality, or more accurately the cost of poor quality. Companies operating
at Six Sigma typically spend less than five per cent of their revenues fixing
problems. Depending on the size of a company and the volume of its production,
the dollar cost of this gap can be huge. For example, the gap between three or
four sigma and six sigma was costing General Electric between US$ 8 billion
and US$ 12 billion per year.
5. Answer the questions about the text.
1. When was Six Sigma developed?
2. Who introduced the Six Sigma methodology?
3. What is the purpose of Six Sigma?
4. What is the symbol of Six Sigma?
5. What gap does Six Sigma reduce?
6. How to calculate defects per million opportunities?
7. What is CTQ?
8. How much of their budget do companies spend on problems fixing?
6. Give the English equivalents of the following words and phrases from the
text.
Голос клиента; голос процесса; решение проблем; сократить время
операционного цикла; уменьшить число дефектов; безошибочный;
стандартное отклонение; оценивать; сигма уровни; число дефектов
на изделие; сдвиг; значение; ожидания клиента; затраты на
неудовлетворительное качество; объем производства.
4.5.
5S
1. What is 5S? Where was it created? Who uses 5S? Discuss in pairs.
2. Choose one strength of 5S from the list (a-h). Describe it.
63
a) quality improvement
b) high efficiency
c) safety improvement
d) waste reduction
e) fewer hazards
f) high employee morale
g) quick problem identification
h) reduced changeover time
3. Match the opposites. Learn the words.
clutter fatigue obsolete storage include uneconomical adjustment
eliminate
trash
contamination valuable consumption advanced
sustain
misalignment
lean
order purification energy avoid
4. Read the text and match the headings (a-e) with the passages (1-5).
a) Seiso (Shine)
b) Shitsuke (Sustain)
c) Seiketsu (Standardize)
d) Seiri (Sort)
e) Seiton (Set in Order)
5S METHOD
5S method (5xS, 5S) is a philosophy, a way of thinking and focusing on
organizing and managing the workspace by eliminating 7 Wastes (Muda) while
improving quality and safety. 5S is customarily implemented in connection with
Kaizen, Lean manufacturing. However, 5S can be a stand-alone program. The
5S stands for the five first letters of the Japanese words: Seiri, Seiton, Seiso,
Seiketsu, Shitsuke. In English, these words are often translated to: Sort, Set in
Order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain. Each S represents one part of a five-step
process that can improve the overall function of a business.
1
________ . It focuses on eliminating unnecessary items from the
workplace. In order to identify mentioned unneeded items a visual method
called red tagging can be used. A red tag is placed on each item that is not
required to complete the job. This process is used in order to evaluate the red tag
items. It is a way to free up valuable floor space and eliminate such things as:
broken tools, obsolete jigs and fixtures, scrap and excess raw material. All these
items are removed from the production area.
2
________ . It focuses on storage methods that are efficient and effective
(sometimes called "Visual Management") like colour-coding: painting floors,
outlining work areas and locations, outlining tools on a tool board, and modular
64
shelving and cabinets for needed items such as trash cans, brooms, mop and
buckets.
3
________ . Once the clutter and junk are eliminated, the next step is to
properly clean the work area. Daily cleaning is necessary in order to sustain this
improvement. Employees feel comfortable in a clean and clutter-free work area.
This step helps to create ownership in the equipment and facility. Workers will
begin to notice the changes in the production place such as air, oil and coolant
leaks, repeat contamination and vibration, broken, breakage, fatigue, and
misalignment. These changes, if left unattended, could lead to equipment failure
and loss of production.
4
________ . If the first three 5S's have been implemented, new practices
have to be standardized in the work area. Employees need to be allowed to
participate in the development of the standards. They are a valuable source of
information regarding the processes.
5
________ . It is the most difficult S to implement and achieve. Human
nature is to resist change. Therefore, the tendency is to return to the status quo
and the comfort zone of the "old way" of doing things. This step focuses on
defining a new status quo and standard of work place organization.
5. Are these sentences:
a) true
b) false
c) there is no information in the text
1. 5S method is critical in the strategic planning of organizations.
2. 5S uses a list of five Chinese words.
3. There is a link between 5S and learn manufacturing.
4. The first step in 5S is sustaining.
5. It is necessary to clean the work area every day.
6. Some companies have added an additional step and titled their process
5S + 1.
6. Make up a dialogue about 5S. Ask and answer the questions below.
– How to launch a 5S system?
– How much does 5S cost?
– What forms of wastes do you know?
– What is a Kaizen approach?
– How does 5S relate to Kaizen?
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Учебное издание
ENGLISH FOR STANDARDIZATION,
METROLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
Учебно-методическое пособие
Ступина Татьяна Владимировна
Бурмага Светлана Викторовна
Арямнова Марина Анатольевна
Компьютерная верстка И. В. Владимировой
Подписано в печать 05.04.2021. Печать плоская. Формат 60×84/16
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