PRESIDENTIALISM VERSUS PARLIAMENTARISM -distinction between /dɪˈstɪŋk.ʃən/: a difference between two similar things -incredibly /ɪnˈkred.ə.bli/: extremely -electorate /iˈlek.tər.ət/: all the people who are allowed to vote - be prone to: likely to suffer from an illness or show a particular negative characteristic -nuance /ˈnjuː.ɑːns/: a very slight difference in appearance, meaning, sound, etc -divisiveness /dɪˈvaɪ.sɪv.nəs/: great, and sometimes unfriendly, division between different groups of people, or disagreement within a group of people -apathy /ˈæp.ə.θi/: behaviour that shows no interest or energy and shows that someone is unwilling to take action, especially over something important -pervasive /pɚˈveɪ.sɪv/: present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place -Likewise /ˈlaɪk.waɪz/: in the same way or manner; similarly -perceive /pəˈsiːv/: to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something -engender /ɪnˈdʒen.dɚ/: to cause something to come into existence -Chief Executive /ˌtʃiːf ɪɡˈzek.jə.t̬ɪv/: the president of the United States -legislature /ˈledʒ.ɪ.slə.tʃʊər/: the group of people in a country or part of a country who have the power to make and change laws -hybrid /ˈhaɪ.brɪd/: something that is a mixture of two very different things -proliferation /prəˌlɪf.əˈreɪ.ʃən/: the fact of something increasing a lot and suddenly in number or amount -peril /ˈper.əl/: great danger, or something that is very dangerous -recapitulation/ˌriː.kəˌpɪtʃ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/ (formal of recap): to repeat the main points of an explanation or a description -delineate /dɪˈlɪn.i.eɪt/: to describe something completely, including details -in operation: working in the normal way -tenure /ˈten.jɚ/: the right to remain permanently in a job -be predicated on/upon something /ˈpred.ɪ.keɪt/: if an action or event is predicated on a belief or situation, it is based on it or depends on it -substantial /səbˈstæn.ʃəl/: large in size, value, or importance -line-item veto: the power to veto (= not allow) a single item in a planned new law without vetoing the whole new law -aside from: except for; besides -a litany of sth /ˈlɪt.ən.i/: a long list of unpleasant things, especially things that are repeated -executive /ɪɡˈzek·jə·t̬ɪv/: The executive branch of the US government, including the president, the cabinet, and several departments, manages the duties of government and its laws -trade-off between/ˈtreɪd.ɒf/: a situation in which you balance two opposing situations or qualities -inherent /ɪnˈhɪr.ənt/: existing as a natural or basic part of something -composition /ˌkɒm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/: the mixture of things or people that are combined to form something -that is (to say): used when explaining more clearly what you have just said -contingent on/upon sth /kənˈtɪn.dʒənt/: depending on something else in the future in order to happen -wrangling /ˈræŋ.ɡəl.ɪŋ/: arguments, especially ones that continue for a long time -coalition /koʊ.əˈlɪʃ.ən/: the joining together of different political parties or groups for a particular purpose, usually for a limited time, or a government that is formed in this way -given /ˈɡɪv.ən/: something that is certain to happen -attain /əˈteɪn/=achieve=accomplish=fulfill=realize: to reach or succeed in getting something -demarcation /ˌdiː.mɑːrˈkeɪ.ʃən/: a border or a rule that shows the limits of something or how things are divided -reason that /ˈriː.zən/: to try to understand and to make judgments based on practical facts -administer /ədˈmɪn.ɪ.stər/: to control the operation or arrangement of something, to govern a country, region, etc -judiciary /dʒuːˈdɪʃ.ər.i/: the part of a country's government that is responsible for its legal system, including all the judges in the country's courts -interpret /ɪnˈtɜː.prɪt/: to decide what the intended meaning of something is -review /rɪˈvjuː/: to think or talk about something again, in order to make changes to it or to make a decision about it -constitutionality /ˌkɒn.stɪ.tʃuː.ʃənˈæl.ə.ti/: the quality of being allowed by or contained in a constitution -fused together: connected together -ascension /əˈsen.ʃən/: the act of rising to an important position or a higher level. -simple-majority: a majority in which the highest number of votes cast for any one candidate, issue, or item exceeds the second-highest number, while not constituting an absolute majority. -plurality /plʊəˈræl.ə.ti/: the number of votes cast for a candidate who receives more than any other but does not receive an absolute majority -modified form/version /ˈmɒdɪfaɪd/: having been changed slightly, usually to improve something or make it more acceptable -clear-cut /ˌklɪəˈkʌt/: clear or obvious without needing any proof -runoff /ˈrʌnˌɔf/: a second or final election held when no one got enough votes to win an earlier election -illustrate /ˈɪl.ə.streɪt/: to show the meaning or truth of something more clearly, especially by giving examples -slate /sleɪt/: the people of a particular political party who are trying to be elected to offices in government in an election -vote of confidence: an occasion when the members of a parliament or other organization are asked to say that they support the people in authority and agree with their actions -indefinitely /ɪnˈdef.ɪ.nət.li/: for an unlimited or unknown amount of time -It is worth noting that : đáng chú ý là -provision /prəˈvɪʒ.ən/: a statement within an agreement or a law that a particular thing must happen or be done, especially before another can happen or be done -commit offence /əˈfens/: an illegal act; a crime -egregious /ɪˈɡriː.dʒəs/: extremely bad in a way that is very noticeable -impeach /ɪmˈpiːtʃ/: to make a formal statement saying that a public official is guilty of a serious offence in connection with their job, especially in the US -calamity /kəˈlæm.ə.ti/=catastrophe=disaster: a serious accident or bad event causing damage or suffering -malign /məˈlaɪn/=evil causing or intending to cause harm or evil -susceptible to /səˈsep.tə.bəl/: easily influenced or harmed by something -eternally /ɪˈtɝː.nəl.i/: in a way that lasts forever or for a very long time -be at odds with: to disagree -elucidate /iˈluː.sə.deɪt/=clarify: to explain something or make something clear -retain /rɪˈteɪn/: to keep or continue to have something -at your disposal: able to be used by you; able to help you -resort to something: to do or use something because it is the only thing available -mandate /ˈmæn.deɪt/: the authority given to an elected group of people, such as a government, to perform an action or govern a country -repercussion /ˌriː.pɚˈkʌʃ.ən/: the effect that an action, event, or decision has on something, especially a bad effect -endeavor /enˈdev.ər/: an attempt to do something -circumvent /ˌsɝː.kəmˈvent/: to avoid something, especially cleverly or illegally -usurp /juːˈsɜːp/: to take control of a position of power, especially without having the right to -cohabitation: Cohabitation is a system of divided government that occurs in semi-presidential systems, such as France, whenever the President is from a different political party than the majority of the members of parliament -appeal /əˈpil/: the quality of being interesting or attractive -convey to /kənˈveɪ/: to express a thought, feeling, or idea so that it is understood by other people -That is not to say that: it doesn't mean -cast a vote/ballot: to vote in an election -preordain /ˌpriː.ɔːrˈdeɪn/: (especially of a power thought to be greater than ordinary people) to decide or fix what will happen in a way that cannot be changed or controlled -temper /ˈtem.pɚ/: to make something less strong, extreme, etc -come to fruition /fruːˈɪʃ.ən/: an occasion when a plan or an idea begins to happen, exist, or be successful -assign /əˈsaɪn/: to decide a reason for something -lackluster /ˈlækˌlʌs.tɚ/: without energy and effort -contend that /kənˈtend/: to say that something is true or is a fact -beholden to sb /bɪˈhoʊl.dən/: feeling you have a duty to someone because they have done something for you -subset /ˈsʌb.set/: a set (= a group of similar numbers, objects, or people) that is part of another, larger set -margin /ˈmɑː.dʒɪn/: the amount by which one thing is different from another -be in a position to do sth: to be able to do something, usually because you have the necessary experience, authority, or money -lobby sb to /ˈlɒb.i/: to try to persuade a politician, the government, or an official group that a particular thing should or should not happen, or that a law should be changed -fragmentation /ˌfræɡmenˈteɪʃən/: a situation in which an industry or business activity has many companies but no one company is more important than the others -ride roughshod over sb/sth: to do what you want without giving any attention to other people or their wishes -semblance /ˈsem.bləns/: a similarity to something, or the appearance of being or having something -foment /foʊˈment/: to promote the growth or development of -take stock of: To take stock (of something) is to think carefully about a situation or event and form an opinion about it, so that you can decide what to do -befuddle /bɪˈfʌd.əl/: to confuse someone -fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/: an occasion when two or more things join or are combined -allocation /ˌæl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/: the process of giving someone their part of a total amount of something to use in a particular way -cobble sth together /ˈkɒb.əl/: to do or make something quickly and not very carefully -futile /ˈfjuː.taɪl/=fruitless: (of actions) having no effect or achieving nothing -by default: because of a lack of opposition, happening or done because no formal choice or decision has been made -at sb's behest/at the behest of sb /bɪˈhest/: because someone has asked or ordered you to do something -vote of no confidence /ˌvəʊt əv ˌnəʊ ˈkɒn.fɪ.dəns/: an occasion when most of the members of a parliament or other organization say that they do not support the people in authority and that they disagree with their actions -vote of confidence: a formal process in which people (such as the members of a legislature) vote in order to indicate whether or not they support a leader, government, etc. -step aside/down: to leave an important job or position, especially to allow someone else to take your place -extant /ekˈstænt/: used to refer to something very old that is still existing -plagued /pleɪɡ/: to cause worry, pain, or difficulty to someone or something over a period of time -downturn /ˈdaʊn.tɝːn/: a reduction in the amount or success of something, such as a country's economic activity -strife /straɪf/=discord=conflict=dispute=struggle: violent or angry disagreement - lose grasp on /ɡræsp/: the ability to get, achieve, or keep something -first among equals: a member of a group who is officially on the same level as the other members but who in fact has slightly more responsibility or power -discern /dɪˈsɝːn/: to see, recognize, or understand something that is not clear -vis-à-vis /ˌviːz.əˈviː/: in comparison with -the Exchequer /ɪksˈtʃek.ɚ/: the government department that receives and gives out public money, in the UK and some other countries -navigate (sth) through sth /ˈnævɪɡeɪt/: to lead a company, activity, etc. in a particular direction, or to deal effectively with a difficult situation ( thong qua mot ban du luat) -conducive to /kənˈduː.sɪv/: providing the right conditions for something good to happen or exist -proportional representation (PR): dai dien theo ty le -single member district (SMD): Đầu phiếu đa số tương đối -at the expense of: so as to cause harm to or neglect of. -more often than not: most of the time, usually -up for grabs: available and ready to be won or taken -sectarian /sekˈter.i.ən/: caused by or feeling very strong support for the religious or political group that you are a member of, in a way that can cause problems with other groups - a multitude of /ˈmʌl.tɪ.tʃuːd/: a large number of people or things -capitalize on sth /ˈkæp.ɪ.təl.aɪz/: to use a situation to your own advantage -anticipate /ænˈtɪs.ə.peɪt/: to take action in preparation for something that you think will happen -corollary /ˈkɔːr.ə.ler.i/: something that results from something else -be cognizant of something /ˈkɒɡ.nɪ.zənt/=be conscious: understanding or realizing something -keep tabs on: to watch something or someone carefully -remedy /ˈrem.ə.di/: a successful way of curing an illness or dealing with a problem or difficulty -scapegoat /ˈskeɪp.ɡoʊt/: a person who is blamed for something that someone else has done -thwart /θwɔːrt/: to stop something from happening or someone from doing something -accountable for /əˈkaʊn.t̬ə.bəl/: Someone who is accountable is completely responsible for what they do and must be able to give a satisfactory reason for it -double-edged /ˌdʌb.əlˈedʒd/: Something that is double-edged acts in two ways, often with one negative and one positive effect -A double-edged sword" = con dai hai lưỡi -> sự việc có cả mặt tốt và mặt xấu, điều lợi và hại -utterly /ˈʌ.t̬ɚ.li/: completely or extremely -rousing /ˈraʊ.zɪŋ/: making people feel excited and proud or ready to take action -steady /ˈsted.i/: not moving or changing suddenly, under control -and so on (or forth): and similar things; et cetera. -poised to (do something): Braced, prepared, or ready to do something in the immediate future. -beneficiary /ˌben.əˈfɪʃ.i.er.i/: a person or group who receives money, advantages, etc. as a result of something else -in question: the person, thing, time etc in question is the one that you are talking about at the present time -at the helm of: in charge or in the position of a leader -apparatus /ˌæp.əˈræt̬.əs/: an organization or system, especially a political one -endogenously: flexible -boon /buːn/: something that is very helpful and improves the quality of life -by extension: used for explaining that a particular person or thing is affected by something only because they are connected to what you have just mentioned -highly regarded=well-regarded=highly appreciated: used to describe someone or something about which people have a good opinion -tenure /ˈten.jɚ/: the right to remain permanently in a job -at the hands of someone: because of someone else's actions -oust /aʊst/: to force someone to leave a position of power, job, place, or competition -coup d'état /ˌkuˌdeɪˈtɑ/: sudden defeat of a government through illegal force by a small group, often a military one -nefarious /nəˈfer.i.əs/: (especially of activities) morally bad -incompetent /ɪnˈkɒm.pɪ.tənt/: not having the ability to do something as it should be done -prematurely /ˌpriː.məˈtʊr.li/: in a way that happens or is done too soon, especially before the natural or suitable time -wreak /riːk/: to cause something to happen in a violent and often uncontrolled way -havoc /ˈhæv.ək/:confusion and lack of order, especially causing damage or trouble -wreak havoc/mayhem/destruction (on something): to cause a lot of damage or problems -attribute sth to sth /əˈtrɪbjuːt/: to say or think that something is the result of a particular thing -proportional representation /prəˌpɔːr.ʃən.əl rep.rɪ.zenˈteɪ.ʃən/: a political system in which parties are represented in parliament according to the number of people who voted for them -thrive /θraɪv/=prosper: to grow, develop, or be successful -contest /ˈkɒn.test/: an attempt, usually against difficulties, to win an election or to get power or control -foment /foʊˈment/=provoke=incite=prompt=motivate -notwithstanding /ˌnɒt.wɪðˈstæn.dɪŋ/: despite the fact or thing mentioned -endowed with /ɪnˈdɑʊ/: If someone or something is endowed with a particular quality or feature, the person or thing naturally has that quality or feature -instrumental in /ˌɪn.strəˈmen.t̬əl/: If someone or something is instrumental in a process, plan, or system, that person or thing is one of the most important influences in causing it to happen -vehicle for /ˈviː.ə.kəl/=method : a way of achieving, producing, or expressing something -legislative body=assembly=chamber=parliament -rank and file /ˌræŋk ən ˈfaɪl/: the ordinary workers in a company or the ordinary members of an organization, and not the leaders -legislate /ˈledʒ.ɪ.sleɪt/: If a government legislates, it makes a new law -rampant /ˈræm.pənt/: (of something bad) getting worse quickly and in an uncontrolled way -incipient /ɪnˈsɪp.i.ənt/=nascent=developing: just beginning -write off someone/something: to decide that someone or something is not suitable or good enough to be successful -prevalence=predominance=pervasiveness -impasses /ˈɪm.pæs/: a situation in which progress is impossible, especially because the people involved cannot agree -propensity to /prəˈpen.sə.t̬i/=tendency: the fact that someone is likely to behave in a particular way, especially a bad way -winner-takes-all: (of a competition) resulting in the entire prize going to the one competitor who wins -edge out: to beat someone in something such as a competition or election by a small amount -consolation prize /kɒn.səˈleɪ.ʃən ˌpraɪz/: a small prize given to someone who has taken part in a competition, but who has not won -please /pliːz/: to want, like, or choose, when used with words such as "whatever", "whoever", and "anywhere" ‘’as’’ -drastic measures /ˈdræs.tɪk/: (especially of actions) severe and sudden or having very noticeable effects -devastating consequences/effects /ˈdev.ə.steɪ.t̬ɪŋ/: causing a lot of damage or destruction -caustic /ˈkɔ·stɪk/: strongly critical -xenophobia /ˌzen.əˈfoʊ.bi.ə/: extreme dislike or fear of foreigners, their customs, their religions, etc -anti-Semitism /ˌæn.tiˈsem.ɪt.ɪ.zəm/: the strong dislike or cruel and unfair treatment of Jewish people -instance /ˈɪn·stəns/: a particular situation, event, or fact -soundly /ˈsaʊnd.li/: completely -subtle /ˈsʌt̬.əl/: not loud, bright, noticeable, or obvious in any way -plausible /ˈplɔː.zə.bəl/=reasonable=credible: seeming likely to be true, or able to be believed -contrast with /kənˈtræst/: If one thing contrasts with another, it is very different from it -clarity /ˈkler.ə.t̬i/: the quality of being clear and easy to understand -dole out: to give or deliver in small portions -showdown between /ˈʃoʊ.daʊn/=confrontation: an important argument that is intended to end a disagreement that has existed for a long time -gridlock /ˈɡrɪd.lɒk/=impasses=logjam: a situation in which no progress can be made -ensue /ɪnˈsuː/: to happen after something else, especially as a result of it -at the (very) least: used to indicate the least thing that is true, acceptable, desirable, or certain to happen -deprive someone of something: to take something, esp. something necessary or pleasant away from someone -affiliation /əˌfɪl.iˈeɪ.ʃən/: a connection with a political party or religion, or with a larger organization -quasi: almost -tenuous /ˈten.ju.əs/: thin, weak, and easily broken -grind to a halt/standstill: to stop or no longer work well -eschew /ɪsˈtʃuː/=shun: to avoid something intentionally, or to give something up -extralegal: not governed or regulated by law -precipitate /prɪˈsɪp.ɪ.teɪt/=accelerate=trigger=provoke=incite: to make something happen suddenly or sooner than expected -cling (on) to sth /klɪŋ/: to try very hard to keep something -the culmination of /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/: the point at which an event or series of events ends, having developed until it reaches this point -distort /dɪˈstɔːrt/: to change something so that it is false or wrong, or no longer means what it was intended to mean, to change or affect something, especially in a way that makes it worse -seal sb's fate: If an action, event, or situation seals your fate, nothing can stop some unpleasant thing happening to you -the brink (of something): a situation when you are almost in a new situation, usually a bad one -contention /kənˈten.ʃən/: the disagreement that results from opposing arguments -counter /ˈkaʊn.t̬ɚ/: to react to something with an opposing opinion or action, or to defend yourself against something -take umbrage /ˈʌm.brɪdʒ/: to feel upset or annoyed, usually because you feel that someone has been rude or shown no respect to you -conjecture /kənˈdʒek.tʃɚ/=surmise=assumption: a guess about something based on how it seems and not on proof -polity /ˈpɑː.lə.t̬i/: a society or state considered as a political unit -subscribe to something: to agree with or support an opinion, belief, or theory -misguided /ˌmɪsˈɡaɪ.dɪd/=mistaken: unreasonable or unsuitable because of being based on bad judgment or on wrong information or beliefs -biased /ˈbaɪ.əst/: showing an unreasonable like or dislike for a person based on personal opinions -empirical data/evidence /ɪmˈpɪr.ɪ.kəl/: based on what is experienced or seen rather than on theory - a host of: a large number of something -correlate /ˈkɒr.ə.leɪt/=connect: If two or more facts, numbers, etc. correlate or are correlated, there is a relationship between them -refute /rɪˈfjuːt/: to say or prove that a person, statement, opinion, etc. is wrong or false -echo /ˈek.oʊ/: to repeat details that are similar to, and make you think of, something else -compelling /kəmˈpel.ɪŋ/: If a reason, argument, etc. is compelling, it makes you believe it or accept it because it is so strong -disaggregate /dɪˈsæɡ.rə.ɡeɪt/: to separate something into separate parts -dispel /dɪˈspel/: to remove fears, doubts, and false ideas, usually by proving them wrong or unnecessary -espouse /esˈpaʊz/: to become involved with or support an activity or opinion - camp /kæmp/: a group of people who share an opinion, especially a political one - impaired /ɪmˈperd/: damaged in a way that makes something less effective - take sth into account (take account of sth): to consider or remember something when judging a situation - elusive /iˈluː.sɪv/: difficult to describe, find, achieve, or remember - having said that: despite what has just been said - anathema /əˈnæθ.ə.mə/: something that is strongly disliked or disapproved of - perilous /ˈper.əl.əs/=hazardous=high-risk=risky: extremely dangerous - Rather: certainly; yes