Linguistic
Chapter 1: Lesson 2.5
Linguistic
Is the scientific study of language.
It involves:
 Analysis of language form
 Language meaning
 Language in context
Historical development
The earliest activities in the
documentation and description of
language have been attributed to the 6th
century BC Indian grammarian Panini who
wrote a formal description of the Sanskrit
language in his Astadhyayi.
ASTADHYAYI
- is the oldest linguistic and grammar text of any language
and of Sanskrit surviving in its entirety,
PAN N NI / PANINI
- refers to older texts and authors such as the
Unadisutra, Dhatupatha, and Ganapatha some of which
have only survived in part.
Historical Linguistics
- is the study of language change over time,
particularly with regards to a specific language or
group of languages. Historical linguistics was
among the first sub disciplines to emerge in
linguistics. It was the most widely practiced form
of linguistics in the late 19th century.
Noam Chomsky
• is the founder
of Linguistics.
Phonetics and Phonology
- are branches of linguistics
concerned with sounds (or the
equivalent aspects of sign languages)
Phonetics is primarily concerned with
the physical aspects of sounds, such as
their acoustics, production, and perception.
Phonology is concerned with the linguistic
abstractions and categorizations of sounds
Syntax and Morphology
- branches of linguistics concerned
with order and structure of
meaningful linguistic units such as
words and morphemes.
Syntacticians study the rules and constraints that
govern how speakers of a language can organize
words into sentences.
Morphologists study similar rules for the order
of morphemes sub-word units such as
prefixes and suffixes – and how they may be
combined to form words.
Semantics and Pragmatics
- are branches of linguistics concerned
with meaning. These subfields have
traditionally been divided by the role of
linguistic and social context in the
determination of meaning.
Semantics in this conception is
concerned with core meanings
and pragmatics is concerned with
meaning in context.
Semantics in this conception is
concerned with core meanings
and pragmatics is concerned with
meaning in context.
Political Science
Chapter 1: Lesson 2.6
POLITICAL SCIENCE
– was derived from the Greek word
POLIS which means city-state and the
Latin word SCIRE, which means science
or to know.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
– is the study of the city-state.
– It is a social science discipline that
deal with systems of government, and
the analysis of political activity and
political behavior.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
– It deals extensively with the theory and practice of
politics which is commonly thought of as determining of
the distribution of power and resources.
However, political scientists define it as a social science
dealing with a systematic study of the state in its
essential nature, form, manifestation organization, and
development.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
The antecedents of Western politics can be traced back
to the Socratic political philosophers, such as
Aristotle ("The Father of Political Science") (384– 322
BC). Aristotle was one of the first people to give a
working definition of political science. He believed that
it was a powerful branch of science and that it held
special authority over other branches, such as military
science.
Political philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle
began to analyze political thought in a way that
placed more significance on the scientific aspect
of political science, which was contrary to how it
was portrayed by the Greek philosophers that
came before them. Before Plato, the main
commentary on politics came from poets,
historians, and famous playwrights of the day.
Thank You